COURSE INSTRUCTOR: Mr ZEESHAN SAIF CHADHAR

Short Questions

1 What is public policy?

Public policy is government action to address societal issues. It includes laws and
regulations for public welfare. Good policies improve citizens' quality of life.
2 What is a public good?
A public good is a service or resource accessible to everyone, like parks. It benefits the
community and cannot be limited to one person. Public goods improve quality of life.
3 What is the purpose of taxes?
Taxes fund essential services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. They support
government operations and community welfare. Taxes ensure resources for public
benefits.
4 What is socialization?
Socialization is the process through which individuals learn and adopt the values and
norms of their society. It occurs through family, education, and media.
5 What is globalization?
Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness among countries through
trade, communication, and cultural exchange. It affects economies and societies
worldwide.
6 What is a stereotype?
A stereotype is a widely held but oversimplified belief about a particular group of people.
Stereotypes can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
7 What is a demographic?
Demographics are statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within
it. They include factors like age, gender, income, and education level.
8 What are agents of socialization?
Agents of socialization include family, peers, schools, media, and religious institutions
that influence and shape an individual's social development.
9 What role does family play in socialization?
Family is the primary agent of socialization, teaching children values, beliefs, and
behaviors during their formative years.
10 How do peers influence socialization?
Peers provide social interactions that help individuals develop independence, form
relationships, and adopt behaviors that align with group norms.
11 What is primary socialization?
Primary socialization occurs in early childhood and is mainly influenced by family,
laying the foundation for future social interactions and values.
12 What is secondary socialization?
Secondary socialization takes place later in life and involves influences from schools,
workplaces, and social groups that build on primary socialization.
13 How does culture affect socialization?
Culture shapes the values, norms, and practices that individuals learn during
socialization, influencing their behaviors and perspectives.
14 How does media impact socialization?
Media influences socialization by shaping perceptions of reality, providing role models,
and disseminating cultural norms and values.
15 What is gender socialization?
Gender socialization is the process by which individuals learn the behaviors and
expectations associated with their gender through societal influences.
16 What are social institutions?
Social institutions are organized systems that fulfill essential functions in society, such as
family, education, and government.
17 What are some examples of social institutions?
Examples of social institutions include family, education, religion, economy, and
government.
18 What is feminism?
Feminism is a social and political movement advocating for the rights and equality of
women and challenging gender-based discrimination.
19 What is social stratification?
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on
factors like wealth, power, and prestige.
20 What is diplomacy?
Diplomacy is the practice of managing international relations through negotiation,
dialogue, and communication between states and other entities.
21 What is a nuclear family?
A nuclear family consists of two parents and their children living together as a single
household.
22 What is an extended family?
An extended family includes not just parents and children but also other relatives such as
grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins living together or maintaining close ties.
23 What is a single-parent family?
A single-parent family consists of one parent raising one or more children, often due to
divorce, separation, or the death of a partner.
24 What is a blended family?
A blended family, also known as a stepfamily, is formed when one or both partners in a
relationship have children from previous relationships and then unite as a new family
unit.
25 What defines a childless family?
A childless family is a couple who has chosen not to have children or is unable to have
children, living together without any dependent offspring.
26 What is matriarchy?
Matriarchy is a social system in which women hold primary power, dominating roles in
leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.
27 How does matriarchy differ from patriarchy?
Matriarchy contrasts with patriarchy, where men hold primary power; in matriarchal
societies, women are typically in charge of decision-making and family lineage.
28 What is matrilocality?
Matrilocality is a practice where a couple resides with or near the wife's family after
marriage, often seen in matriarchal societies to strengthen maternal ties.
29 How does matriarchy influence family dynamics?
In matriarchal families, women often make decisions regarding family welfare,
education, and resources, shaping family structures and roles differently than in
patriarchal systems.
30 What is the relationship between matriarchy and feminism?
Matriarchy and feminism both seek to elevate women's roles in society, but matriarchy
specifically focuses on systems where women hold power, while feminism advocates for
equality.
31 What is the role of clergy in religion?
Clergy are religious leaders who perform rituals, provide spiritual guidance, and interpret
religious teachings for their communities.

32 What is religious pluralism?

Religious pluralism is the acceptance and coexistence of diverse religious beliefs and
practices within a society, promoting dialogue and understanding.
33 What is ethnography?
Ethnography is a research method where anthropologists immerse themselves in a
community to study its culture firsthand. It involves participant observation and detailed
notes. Ethnographies provide in-depth insights into cultural practices.
34 What is criminology?
Criminology is the scientific study of crime, its causes, and its impacts on society. It
examines criminal behavior, law enforcement, and social responses to crime.
Criminologists aim to understand and reduce crime.
35 What defines a marginalized community?
A marginalized community is one that faces social, economic, or political disadvantages.
These groups are often excluded from mainstream society due to factors like race,
gender, or economic status. Marginalization results in limited access to resources and
opportunities.
36 How do marginalized communities experience discrimination?
Marginalized groups face prejudice and unequal treatment in areas such as employment,
education, and healthcare. This discrimination can be based on race, gender, disability, or
sexual orientation. It perpetuates inequality and limits their social mobility.
 37 Why women are considered a marginalized community?
Women, particularly in patriarchal societies, face gender-based discrimination, unequal
pay, and limited opportunities. They may also experience violence, underrepresentation,
and social inequality. Feminist movements advocate for equal rights and opportunities for
women.
38 What role does education play in addressing marginalization?
Education provides marginalized individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to
improve their social and economic status. It promotes awareness and understanding of
diverse experiences. Inclusive education helps reduce discrimination and build more
equitable societies.
39 What does transgender mean?
Transgender refers to individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex they were
assigned at birth. This term encompasses a wide range of gender identities, including
male-to-female and female-to-male. Transgender people may or may not undergo
medical transition.
40 What challenges do transgender people face?
Transgender individuals often face discrimination, violence, and social exclusion due to
their gender identity. They may also encounter legal and healthcare barriers, including
difficulty accessing gender-affirming care. Mental health issues like anxiety and
depression are also more common in the community.

Name of marginalized communities

Here are some examples of marginalized communities:

1. LGBTQ+ Community
Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or other sexual
orientations and gender identities often face social stigma and discrimination.
2. Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Groups such as African Americans, Indigenous peoples, Latinx, Asian Americans, and
other racial or ethnic minorities often experience systemic racism and social exclusion.
3. People with Disabilities
Individuals with physical, mental, or developmental disabilities often encounter social
stigma, lack of accessibility, and limited opportunities in various aspects of life.
4. Women and Girls
Women, particularly in patriarchal societies, face gender-based discrimination, limited
opportunities, and violence. Gender inequality remains a persistent issue worldwide.
5. Low-Income and Homeless Individuals
People living in poverty or experiencing homelessness often face exclusion from
resources, education, healthcare, and stable housing.
6. Immigrant and Refugee Communities
Immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers often face legal and social challenges,
including discrimination, lack of access to resources, and difficulties in integration.
7. Religious Minorities
Groups practicing minority religions, such as Muslims, Jews, Hindus, or Sikhs, may face
religious intolerance, discrimination, and exclusion in certain societies.
8. Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous communities often face displacement, loss of land, and marginalization in
terms of access to healthcare, education, and political representation.
9. Elderly Individuals
Older adults may face ageism, limited healthcare access, social isolation, and
discrimination in the workplace or other areas of life.
10. Formerly Incarcerated Individuals
People who have been incarcerated often face barriers to employment, housing, and
social reintegration, as well as stigma due to their criminal records.