Introduction to Aberrations Lecture #3 Preliminaries
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Preliminaries
• Aberration theory as an geometrical/algebraic exercise. • An opportunity to grow. Must understand/visualize geometrical entities and connect them to mathematical terms. • Appreciate/utilize the role of symmetry. • Key for understanding imaging systems as aberrations impact the point spread function. Prof. Jose Sasian OPTI 518 Optical Path Length (OPL) and geometrical wavefront
Transit time
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Relationships among rays, wavefronts, and point images
OPTI 518 Optical system representation Assume axial symmetry
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 The field and the aperture vectors
y ' E y H ' I y H ' I y E' Exit pupil
Image plane
The field vector is located at the object plane
The aperture vector is located at the exit pupil plane We use the Gaussian image of the field vector in our studies Two points are needed to define a ray These two points are defined by the tip of the field and aperture vectors So we can refer to specific rays using the field and aperture vectors Prof. Jose Sasian OPTI 518 Marginal, chief, and skew rays
Marginal ray
Chief ray Y Image plane
X Pupil Skew ray
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Sign conventions
Ray heights are positive if
above the optical axis and negative if below the optical axis.
Distances are positive
if measured to the right of the reference surface. Negative if measure to the left.
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 The aperture stop and the pupils
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 The stop and the pupils • The aperture stop defines the pupils • The entrance pupil is the image of the aperture stop in object space • The exit pupil is the image of the aperture stop in image space • The aperture stops limits the amount of light through the optical system and sets order on how the rays propagate from every field point. • Every field point and the aperture stop produce a well defined beam of light. • The ensemble of beams pivot at the stop and at the pupils Prof. Jose Sasian OPTI 518 Aberration definition
OPTI 518 Wavefront, reference sphere, exit pupil, Gaussian image point
Radius R of OPD/n reference sphere
Gaussian image point
Chief ray Reference sphere
Ray
Exit pupil Wavefront Image
plane
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Goals of aberration theory • Knowing the optical field everywhere in the optical system.
• In particular at the exit pupil given the field at the entrance pupil.
2 E A R, T exp i H,
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Alternatively
2 G ( H , ) I ( H , ) exp i nS H , W H ,
W H, Is the wave aberration function
I (H , ) Is the irradiance function S (H , ) Is the sphere function
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Questions to ask
• How the wavefront is deformed as it
propagates throughout an optical system? • How the deformation depends on the system parameters? • How do we correct aberrations? • How the irradiance varies throughout an optical system?
Prof. Jose Sasian
OPTI 518 Summary • Optical system representation • Symmetry • Sign convention • Optical path length • Aperture stop and the pupils • Geometrical wavefront • Relationship between wavefront and rays • The field and the aperture vectors • Aberration definition • Goals of aberration theory Prof. Jose Sasian OPTI 518
