EIA ereje

Environmental Impact Assessment Report
PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

FOR
CONCRETE POLE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING PLANT
LOCATION: OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SHEGER CITY ADMINISTRATION, GELAN SUB-CITY ,
SIDA AWASH WEREDA ADMINISTRATION
PROMOTER: - DEREJE ABERA
PREPARED BY
Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc
Contact person: TESFAYE DEGEFA

Phone Number: 251922156248
Email:Tesdegefa@gmail.com
st
Address: In Labu 01 Sara build 1 floor Addis Ababa
Submitted to GelanSub City Environmental Protection Authority
JANURY , 2025
Gelansub-city , Ethiopia
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Contents
ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................4
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................5
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................7
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.2 Approach to the Study................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Objective of the Study.............................................................................................8
1.2.2 Methodologies Employed.......................................................................................9
1.2.3 Limitations of the Study........................................................................................11
1.3 Environmental Scoping............................................................................................11
1.3.1. Limits of the Study Area......................................................................................11
1.3.2. Valued Environmental Components within the Study Area................................12
1.3.3. Report Structure..............................................................................................12
Chapter 2..........................................................................................................................13
2. Legal and Policy Framework.......................................................................................13
2.1 Economic Development Policies and Strategies.....................................................13
2.1.1 The National Economic Development Strategy....................................................13
2.1.2 Ethiopian Investment Strategy..............................................................................14
2.1.3 Policy and Legislation on the Sector....................................................................15
2.1.4 Export Sector Development Program..................................................................15
2.2 Environmental Policies and Strategies....................................................................16
2.2.1. The Constitution..................................................................................................16
2.2.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE).....................................................16
2.2.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia.................................................................17
2.2.7. Sectoral Policies and Strategies..........................................................................18
2.2.8. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy................................................19
2.2.9. Legislative Instruments........................................................................................20
2.2.10. International Conventions and Protocols.........................................................25
2.3 Institutional Framework..........................................................................................26
2.3.1. National...............................................................................................................26
2.3.2 Regional................................................................................................................26
2.3.3 Gelansub-city Gelanworeda district....................................................................27
Chapter 3..........................................................................................................................28
3. Project Descriptions.....................................................................................................28
3.1 Background to the Company and/or the Project Owner.........................................28
3.1.1 Project Goal.........................................................................................................28
3.1.2 Location................................................................................................................28
3.2. Project Objectives and Justification.......................................................................28
3.2.1. Project Objectives...........................................................................................28
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3.2.2. Project Justification........................................................................................29

3.2.3. Project life cycle Activities..............................................................................31
3.3. Description of, Production process Raw materials, and the Products...................33
3.3.1. Production Description...................................................................................33
3.3.2. Raw materials.................................................................................................36
3.3.3. Production Process.............................................................................................36
3.4. Machinery and Equipment Requirement...........................................................42
3.5. Utilities..............................................................................................................45
3.6. Organizational Structure....................................................................................45
Chapter 4..........................................................................................................................49
4. Descriptions of Baseline Environmental Conditions.................................................49
4.1 Biophysical Environment........................................................................................49
4.2. Physical Environment.............................................................................................49
4.3. Socio-Economic Environment................................................................................51
4.4. Historical, Cultural, Religious and Archeological Resources................................53
Chapter 5..........................................................................................................................54
5. Potential Environmental Impacts Identification and Mitigation measures of the Project54
5.1 Potential Positive Impacts.......................................................................................54
5.1.1. Socio-Economic Benefits.................................................................................54
5.1.2. Employment Creation opportunity..................................................................55
5.1.3. Marketing........................................................................................................55
5.2. Environmental Impact and Mitigating Measures......................................................56
5.2.1. Constriction Phase Adverse Impact...................................................................56
5.2.2. Adverse Negative Impacts during Operational Phase.......................................58
Chapter 6..........................................................................................................................65
6. Alternative Analysis..................................................................................................65
6.1. Alternative of the proposed project Vs the no Project Alternative.........................65
6.2. Cessation Phase of the Project:.............................................................................65
Chapter 7..........................................................................................................................66
7. Environmental Management Plan..............................................................................66
7.1 Environmental Management principles...................................................................67
7.2 General principles of hazards and pollution problems minimization.................67
7.3. Waste management............................................................................................68
7.4. Air pollution management.................................................................................68
7.5. Solid and Liquid Wastes and Litter Management Plan.....................................68
7.6. Occupational Health and Management Plan....................................................70
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7.7. Noises and Vibration Controls..........................................................................71

7.8. Vegetation..........................................................................................................71
7.9. Environmental Training plan............................................................................72
7.10. Environmental Management System (EMS)......................................................73
Chapter 8..........................................................................................................................75
8. Environmental Monitoring Plan........................................................................75
8.1. General Consideration............................................................................................75
8.2. Monitoring the Environmental Protection Measures..............................................75
8.3. Monitoring Process Waste Management System...................................................76
8.4. Monitoring Employees’ Health Hazard Protection Measures................................76
Chapter 9..........................................................................................................................81
9. Conclusions and Recommendations..........................................................................81
9.1 Conclusions............................................................................................................81
9.2 Recommendations..................................................................................................81
10. References..................................................................................................................82
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADLI Agricultural Development led-Industrialization’
ASL Above Sea level
CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR Environmental Impact Study Report
EMB Environmental Management Branch
EMP Environmental Management Plan
CEFCC Commission of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
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Declaration
Environmental and Social Impact assessment Report for Concrete Pole production Project Location:
Gelansub-city Sida Awash woreda district
Project Owner: Mr. DEREJE ABERA
Consultant Name: Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc
Declaration of the Proponent Concrete Pole confirms that the content of this report are a true
representation of the Environmental and Social Impact assessment Report of the Concrete Pole project.
Name: ______________________________
Signature: __________________________
Declaration of the Consultant Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc. the
registered firm of experts by the Environmental, Forest and Climate Change Commission of Ethiopia,
confirm that the contents of this report are a true representation of the Environmental and Social Impact
assessment Report of the Concrete Pole project.
Name: ____________________________
Signature: __________________________
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 Executive Summary
This Environmental and social Impact Assessment study of proposed Concrete Pole products manufacturing plant
located at Oromia regional state, Sheger City administration, Gelan sub-city Sida Awash woreda promoted by
Dereje Abera has been conducted by Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc.
The project will require initial investment capital of 5.00million ETB on plot area of 1.2951 hectare in
Gelan sub-city Sida Awash woreda district Sub City industrial zone, and it is supposed to create job
opportunities 72 Permanent (Skilled 42& Unskilled 30). This report presents the results of an
environmental and social impact assessment of Concrete Pole products manufacturing plant to be
envisaged on the land obtained through lease basis by micro enterprise transformation. The site is
considered to be a suitable location for this project as it is within an acceptable operational distance from
Addis Ababa city centers and has access to the main road and vehicles.
The company will apply an environmentally-sound technology to manufacture a Concrete Pole products
manufacturing electric material and other purposes from qualified billets raw materials local and
imported from abroad.
The purpose of the study is to generate sufficient information on significant impacts that enable the
preparation of an environmental and social impact assessment and mitigation measures which will be used
to determine things under what conditions a project should proceed.
The Methodologies employed in identifying, predicting and analyzing the impacts for this project is simple
cause-effect matrices. To achieve these objectives the assessment collected baseline data firstly through
desktop studies on a: national level; regional, and then finally physical inspection of the site and
surrounding areas. These were to identify and analyze impacts in order to fully prioritize them and develop
efficient and appropriate mitigation measures.
As per the environmental policy and regulatory of Ethiopia, undertaking environmental and social impact
assessment (ESIA) is a prerequisite for granting a license to operate for major development projects.
Accordingly, this environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been undertaken in order to
identify adverse and positive effects on the natural, social, including on the cultural, environment and put
in place an environmental management system to minimize the adverse effects likely to result during the
implementation and operation of the factory. The potential anticipated adverse impacts of the project
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during its implementation are dust and air emissions, solid and liquid wastes, and occupational health and
safety among others that can affect the environment and human health.
On the other hand, the envisaged company has significant economic benefits to the country and the local
people as well. Some of these are employment opportunities, provision of market for supply of concrete
pole based Electric Power products for electric material and other purposes, increased economic
activities and government revenue, stimulation to urban development etc.
The negative environmental impacts of the project are also significant unless the proposed mitigation
measures are not taken at the project implementation phase. An environmental management plan and
mitigation measures has been prepared to control the adverse negative impacts associated with the
operation of the factory’s activities for the existing project. It is considered that through good
environmental management during construction and operation phases, the management of environmental
risks and health and safety management, the potential adverse impacts can be mitigated to levels that are
not significant. Finally, the proponent has proposed easily achievable impact monitoring and evaluation
actions with environmental audit plan.
Special consideration should be given to enhancement of positive effects of the project. To address the
management of the identified environmental issues associated with the project as well the team allocated a
budget of ETB 515,000.00 to implement Environmental management and monitoring plan, in consent with
the project proponent.
It can be surmised that the implementation of the project have net positive impacts to the environment of
the immediate and surrounding areas. As a result, the company’s activities can be classified as an
environmental improvement program. The environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) of the
company has been prepared in accordance with the environmental impact assessment proclamation of the
government of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation number 299/2002 and other legally
binding documents as described in this report.
Generally, the environmental and social impact assessment study report contains findings carried out as
integral part of the safeguards instrument for facilitating the consideration of environmental issues and
submitted to the Gelan sub-city environmental protection Authority for legal approval based on
environmental and social impact assessment guidelines
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1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the project

An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) should be seen as a process that starts at the
conceptual design stage of a project and continues throughout project construction, operation and
decommissioning. During the process, several deliverables are prepared to guide the activities of the
specific project stage.
This Environmental and social Impact Assessment study of proposed Concrete Pole manufacturing plant
has increasingly focused on the potential risks to the health of the society and the environment rising from
establishment of new projects. Looking after the environment is essential if we are to sustain living
conditions today and preserve for generations to come. Managing environmental issues has also become a
critical success factor for business. Environmental awareness drives innovations and resource savings,
leading to efficient production and reduced costs. It is the fact that, the level of impact on the society and
the environment, however, varies from project to project. In this regard the paper and paper products
manufacturing factory project have an environmental and health impact if the proposed mitigation
measures are not properly implemented.
The purpose of this report is, to carry out environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) on this
project particularly concerning environmental management and monitoring plans. As the initial
environmental examination indicates there is a sufficient ground for the requirement of detailed
environmental and social impact assessment for this project. Environmental and social management plan is
necessary to indicate what measure should be taken at the implementation of the project, particularly in
relation to pollution control and human health and safety strategies.
This environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) is a live document and should always reflect the
varying needs and environmental baseline conditions. Accordingly, the worst-case scenario was
approached in order to ensure the maximum potential impacts are predicted and understood and their
relative mitigation measures are set. Therefore, the promoter undertook this environmental and social
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impact assessment study that enables to identify impacts and adapt alternative optimization/mitigation
measures to effects raised at the project operation stages.
The promoter of the project is sole proprietor business registered in the name of the promoter that is a well-
experienced business person and performance wise. They have been successful in smoothly undertaking
their existing business activities transactions and generated encouraging return over the preceding years.
The promoters’ rich experience and returns of their business engagements serves as spring board for the
project under consideration they are working on.
This report concerns ESIA of promoter which is working in Gelan sub-city Sida Awash wereda
administration on a total area of 1.2951 hectare obtained by lease basis in the industrial zone.
The promoter is an Ethiopian business man of aluminum based Concrete Pole products manufacturing
factory. Its products are confirming to the National and International standards meeting the stringent
demand of the discerning customers has been synonymous with quality.
Accordingly, the worst-case scenario was approached in order to ensure the maximum potential impacts are
predicted and understood and their relative mitigation measures are set. The environmental and social
impact assessment (ESIA) report was mainly prepared to assess the impacts and provide the mitigation
measures for the project activities. This environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) report is
conducted under the requisites of the environmental impact assessment proclamation (176/2012) and its
Guideline of Oromia Regional state.
1.2. Objectives of the ESIA Study

1.2.1. General objective
The main objective of the ESIA for the company is to enable the factory to comply with the Environmental
Protection Authority's environmental regulations and procedures. Moreover, the assessment will make the
project activities to be implemented in environmental conscious and socially acceptable manner for the
sustainable benefits of the factory itself and local community.
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1.2.2. Specific Objectives

 To categorize and describe elements of community and environment likely to be affected by the
proposed developments and/or likely to cause adverse impacts to the proposed project, including
natural and man-made environment;
 To classify and quantify emission sources and determine the significance of impacts on community and
environment
 To propose mitigation measures for identified adverse impacts of the factory;
 To develop environmental management plan and monitoring/audit requirements to ensure the
implementation and the effectiveness of the environmental protection and pollution control measures
adopted.
1.3. Scope of the ESIA Study
The scope of the study entails assessment of the environmental and social impact of the project activity in
Gelan sub-city Sida Awsh woreda district. The total plot area of the project is 1.2951hectare.
Environmental and social impact assessment covers physical and social impacts of project activities during
implementation phases of the project.
1.4. Methodologies Employed to Assess ESIA

This ESIA has been prepared to identify and assess potential environmental and social impacts of the
project on the biophysical and human environments and to set out measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate
and manage adverse impacts to acceptable levels.
1.4.1. Review of Relevant Literature, Policies and Legal Documents

The first phase started by getting existing project documents (feasibility study, investigation reports,
operational activities, etc.) location and topographic maps that was relevant to the factory activities
followed by an intensive desktop review of available reports and documents. Policies, legislation and
guidelines pertinent to environmental protection were gathered and reviewed for assessing the relevant
environmental policies, laws and regulations related to environmental protection matters in general and the
expected environmental impacts of the factory in particular. Moreover available documents related to the
project were collected and reviewed in order to obtain important data about the factory.
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The factory site location, technologies to be employed, product mix, potential environmental impacts,
capital and operating costs, suitability under local conditions, and institutional, training, and monitoring
requirements were considered in the evaluation of alternatives. The factory impacts were identified using
interviewing Authorities experts and local people, literature review, field visit and pertinent secondary data
and documents. Impacts were first distinguished as either positive or negative. The factory negative
impacts were analyzed to denote their significance based on their characteristics and this was also impacts
per project phase. Significance was judged based on their capacity to change baseline conditions beyond
acceptable standards or legislative provisions.
1.4.3 Site observation:

This involves a transect walk across the land rented and the neighboring area to get acquainted with the
natural environment and also to cross check issues, arising from the interviews above. Furthermore, field
visit was undertaken to understand the likely impacts of a development project, Concrete Pole products
manufacturing in this case on the environment around the project site through making transect walking
along the intended project site. This field survey also helped to gather the base line environmental
condition of the area for better prediction and evaluation of the adverse environmental impacts. In the field
visit the Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc identified different
areas of attention like pollution from wastewater, air pollution, noise pollution, and land pollution from
improper solid waste disposal especially the plastic waste during the project implementation human health
and safety impacts.
4 Project justification
The envisaged project in Gelan sub-city Sida Awsh woreda distric is aimed to produce Concrete Pole
products manufacturing materials. Total company premises area is 1,2951 hectrare of land. This electric
material based Concrete Pole products manufacturing will install on 1,2951 hech. Within the compound of
electric material based Concrete Pole products manufacturing there will be a Packing Materials and
recycling activity. The project created job opportunity for over 74 permanent and temporary workers.
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1.4.5 Limits of the Study

The Partial Environmental and Social Impact Assessment were prepared for those areas that would be
influenced by the impact of the project’s implementation. But the area where the project is to be established
is an industrial area and the impact from the nearby project was not entertained in detail. Data inadequacy
due to personal error may be another limitation which will cause the unforeseen impacts to occur at any
stage of the project cycle.
1.4.6 Report Structure
The ESIA report is organized in 5 prefaces.

Preface I: cover page
Preface II: table of content
Preface II: figure of table
Preface III: abbreviation
Preface IV: Executive summary
The ESIA report is organized in 12 sections.

Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Environmental scoping
Section 3: Policy, Legal & Administrative Framework
Section 4: Description of the project and its Alternative
Section 5: Baseline information of the project
Section 6: Identification of Environmental and Social Impact
Section 7: Potential Environmental and Social Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures
Section 8: Environmental and Social Impact Management Plan
Section 9: Environmental Monitoring/Auditing Program
Section 10: Conclusion and recommendation
Section 11: Reference

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2. Environmental Scoping Report
The scoping concerns identifying the project location and its area coverage, sensitive environmental
components from field observation and prescreening reviews as well as the final report. The study includes
detailed characterization of existing status of environment in an area around project for various identified
environmental components air, noise, and water, land, biological and socio-economic.
2.1 Assumption and/or Gap in Knowledge

Even though some progress is made regarding ESMP, management and monitoring on the proposed project
and even for other projects as far as we know, there are a lot of issues to be realize objectives of the
proclamation in Ethiopia investment. Some of the information contained in this report was compiled based
on responses of the proponent, staff and the public. There are difficulties in verification of this kind of
information. During this assessment, the consultants have attempted to independently evaluate information
obtained within the limits of the established scope of work. Generally, the limitation for this study is deep
knowledge on the proposed project.
2.2 Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area

The primary function of scoping also referred to as setting the Terms of Reference of a PESIA, is to
establish the environmental priorities and set the boundaries for the study. The objective is to avoid
creating a voluminous report and make the assessment process concise and focused. Impacts of the
Aluminum frame and profile fabrication products manufacturing Project will totally cover around 1.2951
hectare found in around Sheger City Administration, Gelan sub-city. Primarily water and air are the
natural ecosystem to be impacted by the project as result of the dust generated during construction and
transportation, loading and unloading activities. Landscape changes because construction affects the flora
and faunas reduce water quality and quantity of the area. Physical injuries and human health affected from
the dust emission during construction, processing, loading and unloading. Noise pollution is also another
effect raised from the machines used to full fill the purposes of the project.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

3.1. General overview
This Chapter provides an overview of the regional, national policy and legal framework within which the
project is being developed. The overall policy and legal framework in Federal and Regional Autonomous
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are considered, together with specific sectorial laws on environment, land use and health & safety. The
policies, regulations and administrative framework within which the project is to be implemented with
respect to environmental management and protection are reviewed in this section. The review includes the
sector-specific Environmental and Policies and Regulations of, National policies regarding socio-economic
issues and the Administrative framework of various agencies with the implementation of the proposed
project
3.2. Policy Issues

The economic policy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) is market- based agricultural
led industrialization mode of economic development. The administrative structure is at federal as well as
regional level with duties and responsibilities shared among them. Responsibilities of development
activities are clearly demarcated between Federal and Regional Governments based on the scale
characteristics and magnitude of the investment to be undertaken.
3.2.1. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

Countrywide studies of the existing natural resource base and environmental conservation and protection
strategies have been conducted in early 1990‟s and Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) has been
approved. The CSE emphasizes the importance of incorporating environmental issues in to development
activities right at the initial stage of development.
3.2.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE)

The overall policy goals of the EPE is described as “... to improve and enhance the health and quality of
life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable social and economic development through the sound
management and use of natural, human made and cultural resources and the environment as a whole so as
to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs”. The guiding principles of the EPE are:
 Every person has the right to live in healthy environment;
 Sustainable environmental conditions and economic production systems are impossible in the absence
of peace and personal security. This shall be assured through the acquisition of power by communities
to make their own decision on matters that affect life and environment;
 The development, use and management of renewable resources shall be based on sustainability; and
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 The use of non-renewable resources shall be minimized and where possible their availability extended
(e.g. through recycling) among the others
3.2.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Pro. No.299/2002)

The regional Environmental Protection, Land administration & Use Authority (EPLAUA) has developed
general EIA guideline based on the federal EIA guideline as an overall framework to integrate
environmental concerns in its Regional Development Strategies. The document outlines the guiding
principle underlying the objectives of EIA studies.
3.2.4. National Policy on Women

The constitution of FDRE recognizes equal rights of women and men; however, the traditional societal
structure keeps women in a very low position and vulnerable situation. Women occupy a very small
percentage of key political and government decision making positions. The National Policy on Women was
formulated in 1993, aimed to create appropriate structures within government offices and institutions to
establish equitable and gender-sensitive public policies. The policy goals are: ensure women’s right, create
favorable environment for women, ensure the supply of basic services to women, and eliminate gender
based discriminations. The policy has four major objectives;
 Laws, regulations, systems, policies and development plans that are issued by the Government should
ensure the equality of men and women, special emphasis should be given to the participation of rural
women.
 Economic, social and political policies and program, as well as cultural and traditional practices and
activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country’s resources and decision-
making process.
 The central government and regional administrations should ensure that women participate in and
benefit fully from all activities carried out by central and regional institutions.
 Development institution, programs and projects should ensure women’s access to and involvement
in all interventions and activities.
3.2.5. Health policy of Ethiopia

Ethiopia’s health policy was issued in 1993, with the aim of giving special attention to women and
children, to neglected regions and segments of the population, to victims of manmade disasters. The
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priority areas of the policy are in the field of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) of
health to create awareness and behavioral change of the society towards health issues, emphasis on
the control of communicable diseases, epidemic, and on diseases that are related to malnutrition and
poor living condition, promotion of occupational health and safety, development of environmental
health, rehabilitation of health infrastructures, carrying out applied health research provision of
essential medicines, expansion of frontline and middle level health professionals.
3.3. Legal Frameworks

There are several proclamations provided by the FDRE related to Environmental protection issues.
Among these are:
3.3.1. The Federal Constitution

The Federal Constitution of 1995 sets out important articles related to development and
Environmental rights; Article 43 discusses the right to development. The constitution under Article
44 highlights about environmental rights as follows:
 All persons have a right to live in a clean environment;
 All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of the state programs have the right to commensurate monitory or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.
Under article 92 the constitution discusses about environmental objectives as:
 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment.
 The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not damage or
destroy the environment;
 People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in planning and
implementation of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly.
 Governments and Citizens have the duty to protect the environment.
3.4. Institutional and Administrative Framework
3.4.1. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
The EPA was established in August 1995, in response to the requirements of the constitution
(Proclamation No.9/1995). The objective of the EPA is to ensure that all matters pertaining to the
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country’s social and economic development activities are carried out in manner that will protect the
welfare of human beings as well as sustainability of the project, to develop and utilize the resource
bases on which they depend for survival. Roles and responsibilities of the EPA
 The EPA is the Competent Agency at the Federal level in Ethiopia. It is, therefore, the
responsibility of this authority in the EIA process to:
 Ensure that the proponent complies with requirements of the EIA process;
 Maintain co-operation and consultation between the different Sectorial agencies throughout the
EIA process;
 Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to guidelines on the process; and Evaluate
and take decisions on the documents that arise from the EIA process. At the regional
level, the Federal EPA has devolved responsibility to the Regional equivalent of EPA. The regional
authorities should ideally establish an EPA-type institution to deal with environmental issues at
the regional level.
3.4.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2012

The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation Oromia region No. 176/2012): has made it
mandatory that all development projects should be subjected to the environmental study. It means
that EIA is a legal requirement. The core environmental law for this study is the Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation No.176/2012. This Proclamation prescribes that no person shall
commence any new development activity under any category listed in any directive issued pursuant
to this Proclamation (“project”) which requires an environmental impact assessment without
authorization of the Environmental Protection Authority or the relevant regional environmental
agency.
It states that the proponent shall undertake an environmental impact assessment, identify the likely
adverse impacts of his project, incorporated the means of their prevention or containment, and
submit to the Authority or the relevant Zonal environmental agency the environmental impact study
report together with the documents determined as necessary by the Authority or the relevant
regional environmental agency. This Proclamation has addressed the minimum contents to be
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addressed in Environmental Impact Assessment report under Article 11 (Environmental Impact

Study Report).
Accordingly, this EIA study report is prepared to harmonizing and integrating environmental,
economic, cultural and social considerations in the implementation of the project under the
custodianship of the EIA Proclamation No.181/2011. Article 12 of the Proclamation addresses the
EIA report review procedures. This article states three decisions to be given after the review process.
The first is approving the project without conditions and issue authorization. The second is to
approve the project with conditions and issue authorization. The last decision is to refuse the
implementation of the project. Article 21 of the Proclamation requires that the environmental impact
statement be make available to the public and solicit comments on it. Monitoring of the
implementation of an authorized project in terms of commitments made in the report and conditions
of authorization is a requirement as stipulated in Article 15 of the proclamation.
3.4.3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002

This Proclamation came into effect in December 2002, and its primary objective is to provide the
basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be
developed, and to make the violation of these standards a punishable act.
The Proclamation advocates a “polluter pays” principle and sets out requirements for managing
hazardous waste including, a permitting system for generating, keeping, storing, transportation,
treatment or disposal of hazardous wastes. Operators dealing with hazardous waste have to prevent
any damage to the environment and human health. Chemicals need to be registered, packed and
labeled according to the relevant standards. In addition, the Proclamation states the various types of
environmental standards. However, no standard values were established in the law.
The law requires urban administrations to collect, transport, recycle, treat and disposal of municipal
waste safely.
The EPA together with the Regional Environmental Agencies (REAs) is required to monitor and
evaluate the adequacy of municipal waste management systems and ensure the effectiveness of
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implementation. All premises to which the public has access have to be provided with adequate and
suitable toilets and containers and other facilities for the disposal of waste.
3.4.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation (Proc. No. 513/2007)

Measures related to waste handling and disposal:
 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which does
not affect the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid, or any other waste in a manner which contaminates the
environment or affects the health of the society.
3.4.5. Waste Handling and Disposal Guideline, 1997

The Waste Handling and Disposal Guidelines have been in use since 1997. The Guidelines are meant
to help industry and local authorities handle medical waste situation at the local level. Ethiopia has
robust standards for pollution control, emissions and waste as outlined in the Proclamation for
Environmental Pollution Control. However, the implementation quality and enforcement standards
are highly uneven across cities and municipalities. The Environmental Protection Authority have
produced a number of documents to guide any person or organization who is undertaking activities
that may have positive or negative impacts on social, physical or cultural environments.
3.4.6 Labor Proclamation (Proc. No 1156/2019)

As stated previously the proposed company will have a total of 72 employees. The number of
employees is vast so it requires a strong human resource management approach. The maximum
working time period of workers should comply with the international standards. This proclamation
highly emphasized that an employer should take the necessary measures to safeguard the health and
safety of his workers. The employer shall in particular:
 Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this proclamation.
 Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified about the
hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and
injury to health.
 Provide workers with protective equipment’s, clothing and other material and instruct them of its
usage, etc.
20
In general, to ensure workers safety and job security the need to respect the proclamation that has
been clearly stated in the document is vital and mandatory. The Occupational Health and Safety
Guideline were developed as a follow-up to the labor Proclamation and provide guidance on
occupational health and safety requirements.
3.4.7. Public Health Proclamation (Proc. No 200/2000)

In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labor
laws, this public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries or instruments
that can generate excessive noise of minimizing the effect by the use of noise reducing apparatuses
or instruments. In addition, the proclamation prohibits:
 The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated form septic tanks, seepage pits and
industries in to water bodies or water convergences.
 The disposal of solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner, which contaminates the
environment or affects the health of the society.
3.5 Regulation pertaining to standards

3.5.1 Effluent standards
Ethiopia has no national standards governing effluent discharges from industries. However,
since 2003 Ethiopia has had draft regulations governing the quality of the effluent
discharged from facilities to public sewers and surface water systems. These draft guidelines
require the facility to meet certain basic water standard for trade effluent including sewage
as shown in table 1 below.
Table 1: limit values for discharge to water sources
Parameter Limit Value

Temperature 40 C
pH 6–9
BOD5 at 200C 200 mg/l
COD 500 mg/l
Suspended solids 50 mg/l
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Total ammonia (as N) 30 mg/l

Total nitrogen (as N) 60 mg/l
Total phosphorus (as P) 10 mg/l
Oils, fats, and grease 15 mg/l
Mineral oils at oil trap or interceptors 20 mg/l
Chromium (as total Cr) 2 mg/l
Chromium (as Cr VI) 0.1 mg/l
Chlorides (as Cl) 1000 mg/l
Sulphides (as S) 1 mg/l
Phenols 1 mg/l
During the detailed design stage of the project , facility requirements will be finalized and
will require use of sewage system that conform to international standards and criteria for
the protection of potable water sources down streams.
3.5.2 Noise standards

Ethiopia has no national legislative standards for noise, but World Bank guidelines have
been adopted by EPA and are used for benchmarking purposes along with the draft national
noise standards that are being prepared. The guideline for daytime perimeter noise is 55
decibel (dBA). Table 2 provides noise standards being adopted by EPA for Ethiopia.
Table 2: Limit values for noise level
Area Category of area Limits in dBA

code Day time Night time
A Industrial area 75 70
B Commercial area 65 55
C Residential are 55 45
Day time reckoned to be between 6:00 am to 9:00pm
Night time reckoned to be between 9:00pm to 6:00am
3.5.3 Ambient air quality standards

Table 3: Limit Values for Emissions to Air
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Parameter Limit value

Total particulates 50 mg/Nm3
Volatile organic carbons 75 g/m2 product produced
Total hydrogen Sulphides, Sulphides and mercaptans (as S) 5 ppm v/v
Ammonia 40 ppm v/v
Acid vapor’s (as HCl) 30 mg/Nm3
3.6Relevant International Conventions

In addition to national environmental legislations, the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia is also
a party to a number of regional and international conventions and protocols on environment. The
government has established Commission of Environment, Forestry and Climate Change this
Authority is designated as focal point for the implementation of these conventions and protocols.
According to; Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia provides
that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or established procedure, it
automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land. Consequentially, the convention and
the Protocol are the laws of this land. Therefore; the following international conventions and
protocols are relevant to the propose garment manufacturing project.
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity

The convention on biological diversity has three goals. These are:
 Conservation of biodiversity;
 Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and
 Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The convention was ratified by Ethiopia through proclamation No.98/94 on May 31, 1994.
3.6.2 Framework Convention on Climate Change
Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This convention
takes into account the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts. The basic objective of
this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of greenhouse gases into the
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atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It also aims to prepare countries to
minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.
3.6.3 The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer
The basic objective of the convention is to combat the negative impact on the environment and
human beings resulting from ozone depleting substances by reducing the amounts released and
eventually banning their commercial use through internationally agreed measures. The Montreal
protocol entered into force in 1989 to facilitate the implementation of this convention.
Ethiopia ratified and become party to the Vienna convention and the Montreal protocol in January
1996. The National Meteorological services agency has been mandated for the coordination and
supervision of implementation of this convention.
3.6.4 The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification
The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of droughts in
countries experiencing serious drought and or desertification, particularly in Africa. Ethiopia has
ratified the convention through its proclamation no. 80/1997.
3.6.5 The Basel convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary movement of
hazardous wastes. The Bamako convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the level of the African
continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel convention through its proclamation No. 357/2002. Its
amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2002. The country has also ratified the
Bamako convention through proclamation No. 355/2002.
3.6.6 The Stockholm Convention
In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm convention on persistent organic
pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of persistent organic pollutants.
The Commission of Environment and Forestry has the full mandate to implement the convention at
the national level.
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3.6.7 Convention on international trade in endangered species of Fauna and Flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species and to
ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner which ensures
stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as to control and regulate
illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their derivatives. Ethiopia ratified the
convention through proclamation No.l4/1970. The mandate to implement the convention at federal
level is the responsibility of the Ethiopian wildlife protection and development organization
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT & ITS ALTERNATIVE

General Overview
Gelansub-city Sida Awsh woreda is an Ethiopian manufacturer of Concrete pole is the structure used to
support supply and/or communication cables and associated equipment which is made by mixing
cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water together in proportions. Concrete poles are also
called pre stressed concrete poles, pre stressed cement concrete poles, just to consider the addition of
reinforcing steel rod in the cement, sand, and aggregate mix based Concrete Pole products of Grade
RB500 Standard, Grade 60 Quality. Its product is confirming to the National and International standards
meeting the stringent demand of the discerning customers has been synonymous with quality. The project
will be established on a total plot area of 5,519m 2 through lease basis to manufacture electric material
based Concrete Pole products from billets raw materials imported from abroad and local in achieving
environmentally sound and sustainable development.
4.1. Location of the proposed Project

The proposed project is located in the Oromia regional State, Sheger Gelan Sub-city woreda in the
industry zone which is located some 20 km from the capital, Addis Ababa.
4.2. Objective of the Propose Project

4.2.1. General Objective
The main objective of this project is to manufacture, cost effective, market oriented, client based and
quality structural metals and concrete pole products for both local market and international market.
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4.2.2. Specific objectives

 To manufacture various high quality structural concrete pole products as per market demand
at affordable prices to the product users
 To provide overview of the global Concrete Pole

 To analyze and forecast the global Concrete Pole market
 To evaluate market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers,
restraints, opportunities, and future trend
 To analyze key concrete electric pole market players influencing the market along with their
SWOT analysis and market strategies
 To Engage in manufacturing of concrete electric pole
 Continuously improve quality & quality of the products/service,
 Increase Sustainability & Flexibility of the company,
 Improve Supply Chain & Efficiency of the company,
 Maximizing the company’s profit/asset
4.3. Description of Raw materials
 Cement
Cement is adhesive substances of all kinds or the binding materials for aggregate used in
building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders
that, when mixed with water, set to a hard mass (concrete). Setting and hardening result
from hydration, which is a chemical combination of the cement compounds with water that
yields submicroscopic crystals or a gel-like material with a high surface area. Because of,their
hydrating properties, constructional cements, which will even set and harden under water, are
often called hydraulic cements. Cement clinker is made by heating in a rotary kiln at high
temperature. The products of the chemical reaction aggregate together as molten minerals at the
9 sintering temperature. The sintering temperature for modern cements is about 1450 °C.
Aluminum oxide and iron oxide are present as a flux and contribute little to the cement
strength. However, there are two mostly used for the construction of building materials. The
26
cement used in the manufacture of pre-stressed concrete poles shall be Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) conforming to the characteristics of fast condensation time and high operational strength.
Cement shall be stored at site in well covered sheds in such a manner as to prevent deterioration
due to moisture or due to intrusion of foreign matters.
 Reinforcing Steel bar
Reinforcing steel bars are used for reinforcement of concrete structures, manufacture of
anchor bolts, etc. The amount of carbon has a great effect on the performance of steel. If
amount of carbon is higher, the strength of steel will be higher, the rigidity is higher and
the hardiness is lower. If the carbon content is low, the strength of steel will also be low,
the rigidity will be low, but the toughness and plasticity will be better. At present, the
steel of concrete cement products business can be divided according to the chemical
component into high-carbon steel C>0.6%.
The low carbon steel and high carbon steel mainly is used in the structure of reinforced
concrete and prestressed concrete. Recent years the carbon content of parent metal of
prestressed concrete steel wire used widely in cement products is high, contains C0.7%～
0.8%. As the number of annular and longitudinal bar of pole has been stipulated by national
standard regarding to the small diameter, low loading pole, when designing consumption
of steel and choosing the materials varieties, the economical factor can be only considered. The
practical experience has proved that the low carbon cold draw steel wire for low voltage, low
loading capacity pole is most safe and economic. Conversely, the pole with higher bearing
capacity used in middle and high voltage transmission and transformation using high
carbon steel wire is very safe and economic. Reinforced Concrete is a common building
material for construction facilities and structures. While concrete has high compressive
strength, it has limited tensile strength. To overcome these tensile limitations, reinforcing bars
are used in the tension side of concrete 10 structures due to this the application of reinforcing
steel has a great effect on the improving of various performance indexes of concrete pole.
 Steel wire and Round bar
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Steel wire is important material for concrete pole manufacturing. It is made of carbon steel
which is used for weaving, and baling in general. It used for home use and the construction.
Steel wire is obtained by means of thermal annealing; endowing it with the properties it
needs for its main use - setting. The physical property of annealed metals is relatively soft
and can be cut and shaped more easily. They bend easily when pressure is applied. As a rule,
they are heated and allowed to cool slowly. In addition to steel wire round bar is also
another important raw material which is used to make cage skeleton of the concrete pole.
 Electrode/steal wire
In concrete pole manufacturing we can use steel wire or electrodes alternatively. The
welding electrodes are metal wires with baked on chemical coatings. It is used for arc
welding purpose. The coating protects the metal from damage, stabilizes the arc, and
improves the weld. The diameter of the wire, less the coating, determines the size of the
welding rod.
 Aggregate
Aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction,

including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geo synthetic aggregates.
Aggregates are the most abundant natural resources and most mined materials in the
world. More than 90% of asphalt pavement and 80% of concrete consist of construction
aggregate. The remainder is a binder such as asphalt or cement. About 52% of all
construction aggregate is crushed stone, while 48% of the remaining is sand and gravel.
For the production of concrete pole both coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel), and
fine aggregate (sand) are important.
 Fine Aggregate (sand)
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Fine aggregates are the aggregates whose size is less than 4.75 mm sand is generally
composed of rounded particles, and may or may not contain clay or other impurities. It is
obtained from the 11 banks and beds of rivers. River sand is a particle size that is too large
to have any cationic exchange capacity.
 Admixtures
It is a chemical ingredient in concrete other than Portland cement, water, aggregate that
are added to the mix immediately before and during mixing. The main reasons of using
admixture are to reduce the cost of concrete construction; to modify the properties of
hardened concrete; to ensure the quality of concrete during mixing, transporting, placing,
and curing and to overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations. Moreover,
admixtures should not contain calcium chloride or other chlorides and salts which are
likely to promote corrosion of prestressing steel.
 Water
Water is the other important material for concrete pole manufacturing. The concrete
solidifies and hardens to rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration.
The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, creating a
robust stone-like material. The water used for pole production should be free from
chlorides, sulphates, other salts and organic matter. Potable water will be generally suitable.
The materials and inputs required for the production of concrete pole can be made available
by the local markets are cement, aggregate, sand/fine aggregate and steel bar (Ethiopian
Quality). Besides, the Reinforcement bar, electrode, and admixture importing from abroad
as long as there is no problem of securing foreign exchange in sufficient amount. Hence, the
materials and inputs to be used for the same is sourced from domestic and foreign
country
 Total Cost of Row

material
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Table 5.5. Cost of raw material

Estimated Annual Raw material @ Raw material Raw material
Raw material requiremts
Cost 60% @ 70% @ 80%
Reinforced bar
Cement
Aggregate
As clearly indicated in the above table the promoter needs Birr 50 million if it operates at
full production capacity. But it is planned to start operation with the capacity of 60% and
Birr 30 million is needed.
 Utilities
(a) Power Consumption

The PLC requires sufficient electric power installation since it strongly ties with electricity. It utilized
electricity in the production process as well as to give lighting and office use. The total annual energy
consumption estimated to Birr 310, 125. The electric utility requirement of the plant at full capacity
operation is indicated in Table 7.5.
Table 5.6. Annual Utilities Requirements and Cost

Electricity power consumption cost
Power Consumption at full capacity kw 801.00
Total Power requirement by the project 200,250
Tariff Per KWH 1.5
Service charge 53.5
Annual Electric Consumption Cost 300,428.50
Service charge per Annum 696.5
Total Electric cost at full capacity 301,125.00
(b) Water
Another utility required by the project is water. Water is another crucial utility required in the
production process of concrete pole. It is assumed that the total water cost required by the project will
be Birr 300,000 annually.
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1. TECHNOLOGY
1.1. Production process of concrete pole
Poles can be produced from steel, wood, concrete and other materials. The study explicates the state of
art of technology of using a high strength concrete mix with a low water content that is spun in a high
speed rotating mould to form a smooth, dense, blemish free concrete pole. Spun concrete pole
manufacturing process comprises of the following sections:
 Pre-production
 production
 Quality assurance
1.1.1 Overall Process Description of Concrete Pole Manufacturing
Manufacturing of both pre-stressed and reinforced concrete poles begins with receiving product
specifications from customers and preparing suitable concrete pole sample design containing the
aggregate mix design type, type of pole, height, strength, diameter and others for the customers to
choose. After the customers chose the desired pole design specifications, samples are produced for
display. Specific type of Reinforcement bar is cut to make the desired cage assembly. Reinforcement
bars are pre-stressed with pre tensioned jacks (only for pre-stressed concrete poles). Then concrete mix
will be poured. Mould is assembled in order to spun the mould containing the concrete mix together
with the reinforced or pre-stressed bars.
After one or one and half hour later, the spun concrete is left to preset for further stress transfer. Then
the poles can be cured with the suitable method before or after de-molding. Basic pole information are
then capped and marked on the poles. Finished poles are then checked of their quality and to be stored
on the yard assisted by the over head cranes and will be ready for transportation and dispatching
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1.1.2 Fig 6.1 production process of concrete electric pole
Verification of the strength of the fixed pole is carried out at a distance of 0.1 H.from the
base for various types of poles with height, diameter, weight and so on. The fixed end must
have sufficient continuity in the sense that under maximum stress it must not present
appreciable sags. In addition, fixing the end must be done in such a way that it does not
cause buckling in the fixed pole portion. The test consists of not only a pulling force of the
value tension on the top but also for taller poles ,a second pulling force of another tension
applied from the second height from the top and to the force of the wind distributed along
the pole.
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3.3. Machinery and Equipment Requirement
The production process of the plant requires manual and machine operations which includes the
following activities. The total cost of machinery and equipment is Birr 33 million. The list of the
necessary machinery and equipment are listed in Table 6.1.
1.1.3 Table 6.1: list of machinery and equipment and cost
Aggregate
Sr.No Major Machinery
machinery cost
1) Reinforcement bar cutting machine
2) Button heading machine
3) Pre-tensioning jack
4) Concrete mixing machine
5) Concrete pump
6) Auxiliary machinery and equipments
7) Over head hoist cranes
39,349,922.00
8) Gantry
9) Boiler
10) Compressor
11) Generator
12) Concrete pole mould
13) Centrifugal spinning machine
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In this project estimation the machinery is required. It include machineries like Reinforcement bar cutting machine,
Button heading machine, Pre-tensioning jack, Concrete mixing machine, Concrete pump, Auxiliary machinery and
equipments, Over head hoist cranes, Gantry, boiler, Compressor, Concrete pole mould, Centrifugal spinning and etc
4.6. Plant Capacity and Production Program
Plant Capacity Assumptions
 The project is assumed to operate one shift of 8 hours each day efficiently.
 It is presumed that in the 1st year, the capacity utilization will be 60% followed by 70% in the
next year and 80% in the subsequent years.
Manufacturing process line will run in 80% capacity utilization rate after two year of project
implementation. Considering the manufacturing process involved i.e. the time required for
mastering the skill of assembling and maintenance work, the plant will operate at 60% of its
installed capacity during the first year of operation. Then, it is planned to increase to 70%, 80%
during the second year and fourth year and then after respectively. The detail production
program is shown in Table 5.2 and Table 5.3
1.1.4 Table 5.2: Annual production program
product list annual production
300 Dan ,10m 5,000.00

500 Dan ,10m 4,500.00
800 Dan ,10m 4,000.00
300 Dan ,11m 3,500.00
34
500 Dan ,11m 3,000.00
800 Dan ,11m 2,500.00
300 Dan ,12m 2,000.00
Total 24500
As clearly indicated above, the project has the capacity to produce up to 24,500 concrete
poles that has different diameter and length sizes in year
Table 5.3. Production at Different Capacity Utilization Rate
A utility pole is a column or post typically made out of wood used to support overhead power
lines and various other public utilities, such as electrical cable, fiber optic cable, and related
equipment such as transformers and street lights. It can be referred to as a transmission pole,
telephone pole, telecommunication pole, power pole, hydro pole, telegraph pole, or telegraph
post, depending on it purpose. The PLC will produce 14,700 different size pose in the first
year, 17,150 in the second year and 19,600 in the third year of project operational years
4.7. Utilities
A number of utilities would be put in place in order to ensure smooth functioning of the project. The
project will become a fully automated production facility and electricity is the main power to be used
at all of its construction and operational phases. In average the annual electric consumption of the
factory will be estimated to be 9640 MW. The Company will receive fresh water from the municipality
of the town water office or it will have their own borehole. The annual water consumption of the
proposed project will be estimated to be 1.2951 hectare
The two important utilities required are electric power and water
4.8. Organizational Structure & Human Resource

4.8.1. Organizational Structure
The proposed organization structure for the envisaged plant will have three functional departments to
be further subdivided in to divisions and sections. The functional departments are manufacturing
department, administration and finance, and commercial department. The organizational structure of
the project is designed by including all the necessary personnel under the right division.
Project Owner
General Environmental Unit

Executive Manager
Manufacturing Administration and Commercial

Department Finance Department
Figure 1: organizational structure
4.8.2. Human Resource Requirement

For smooth and efficient operation of the project under study it has been anticipated that each
department will have adequate number of qualified and experienced manpower. The manpower
components of the project will include general manager, department heads, skilled, semi-skilled
and unskilled employees to be hired from local community of the town and the market. The total
manpower requirement for the existing company to operate on whole shift basis has been
estimated at 260 of which permanent skilled 111 and unskilled 10 and 89unskilled temporary
basis workers for the company.
2
5. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT AREA

General Overview
Environment means surroundings, which are comprised by living things and physical conditions.
Pertaining baseline environmental conditions comprise bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural
aspects. The study area comprises the project site and all surrounding areas that will be under
significant influence, i.e. where the environmental and social impacts of the factory can be felt
particularly the direct one that can be affected the project.
5.1. Physical Environment

5.1.1. Location
The proposed packaging materials manufacturing factory is to be located in Gelansub-city sida awash
woreda administration in Industrial zone area. Gelansub-city Sida Awash woreda district sub city is
one of the reforming cities of Oromia found in Sheger City, 20 kilometers East of Addis Ababa along
the Addis Ababa to Bishoftu transport route.
5.1.2. Landscape and Topography

The topographic condition of the project site can be expressed based on qualitative and
quantitative values. The qualitative approach describes the project site’s relative topographic
feature with respect to the local topographic condition. With this respect, the project site is
categorized under the flat topography as per group field site observation. The project site
specifically is characterized by flat plain land with uniform slope appearing proportionally. This
type of land feature is important in minimizing the cost of land preparation.
5.1.3. Climate
The climate of the town is characterized by two distinct seasonal weather patterns. The main
wet season, locally known as Sumer, extends from June to September, contributing about 70% of
the total annual rainfall. A minor rainy season, locally known as winter, contributes moisture to
the region from mid-February to mid-April. The remaining months are dry season. The average
elevation in Gelan sub-city Sida awsh woreda district sub city lies 1900m above sea level, and
hence has a fairly favorable climate and moderate weather conditions. The highest temperature
of the town is 29.3 co while the lowest is 7.1co which is the temperature of Semi temperate. The
highest mean annual rainfall is 95mm and the lowest mean annual rain fall is 48mm.
3
5.1.4. Soil Types

From field observation, the soil and its layer around the project sites are identified as black
cotton soil types. The black cotton soil in the site is characterized with very hard and crack when
dry, but become sticky and high plasticity and high degree of swelling often when wet. The
project site is potentially good for the proposed project construction if recommendation for
earthwork, foundation design, and floor slab support are implemented attentively.
5.1.5. Hydrology
The main water source of the project is ground water through boreholes. As a result, there won’t
be a water problem in the area. The water table is close and the recharging rate is quite high.
According to the information obtained from the town administrator the main water supply for
the project is water pipeline prepared for the investment site.
5.2. Biological Environment

The long-standing annual crop cultivation, population pressure and sole dependence on bio-
mass fuel as the energy source; have severely depleted the flora and fauna resources of the area.
Major proportion of the land is covered by crops, while communal grazing grounds are also left
at intervals.
5.2.1. Flora and Fauna

The immediate impact zone of the project comprises mostly of manmade habitats and therefore
the floral diversity was found to be low. There is no natural forest and/or plant species occurring
on the proposed site area and no wildlife population found at or on the project site as the
existing land use is industrial zone.
5.3. Socio-Economic Conditions

5.3.1. Human Population and Settlement Pattern
As per the data of 2016, the Gelan sub-city Sida awash woreda district sub city total population is
estimated to be 114,027.Out of this, 56,010 (49.12%) male and 58,017 (50.88%) female.
Children under 14 years estimated to be 29,190.9 (25.6%) while 14-64 age groups estimated to
be 66,135.66 (58%). The remaining 18,700(16.4%) of the population are age group above 65.
The human settlement, schools, clinic, public or social services, private firms, infrastructures and
facilities identified during scoping field assessment but not affected by the project operation.
4
5.3.2. Education
The participation rate of the Gelansub-city Sida awash woreda district Sub City population’s in
different educational levels is greater than the regional level. However, rapid population growth,
which results in increasing the size of the school age population, continuous challenging the
government’s effort of meeting one of the sustainable development goal. According to the town
administration educational office, the town has 13 Kindergarten, 16 primary schools, and 3
secondary schools. As per the observation and consultation with the local Government it is
recognized that there are no schools, near by the project site. So, it obvious that the schools‟
children and school facilities are not being impacted by the factory
5.3.3. Health Facilities

According to Gelansub-city Sida awash woreda district Sub City administration Health office has
3 health posts, 2 health centers, 1 private Hospital, 10 clinics, 6 pharmacies and 1 veterinary
clinic. Based on the number of population and health facilities the town has less facility when
compared to other cities.
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS

Overview
Any project done for any purpose has its own merit and demerit; accordingly this section
identifies and discusses both merit and demerit of the associated with the proposed project. The
potential impacts from the proposed project area are recognized and assessed based on the
nature, magnitude and advantage /or disadvantage of the various activities associated with the
project, the anticipated positive and negative impacts of the proposed project during
construction, operation and decommissioning phases
6.1Positive Impacts
The envisaged project promotes the socio-economic goals and objectives stated in the strategic
plan of the Oromia National Regional State. At the same time, therefore, it helps diversify the
economic activity of the region. The other major benefits are listed as follows:
6.1.1 Employment and Income Generation

The proposed project is expected to create employment opportunity to several citizens of the
country. That is, it will provide permanent and temporary employment to 902workers and
support staff.
5
6.1.2 Profit Generation

The project is found to be financially viable and earns profit within the project life. Such result
induces the project promoters to reinvest the profit which, therefore, increases the investment
magnitude in the region.
6.1.3 Tax Revenue

In the project life under consideration, the region will collect annual from tax payment. Such
result creates additional fund for the regional government that will be used in expanding social
and other basic services in the region.
6.1.4 Import Substitution and Foreign Exchange Saving

The analysis conducted revealed the presence of strong dependence on imported packaging
materials. Thus, with the introduction of this project a portion of the import burden will be
relieved. This will create room for the saved hard currency to be used in other vital and strategic
sectors.
6.1.5 Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities

Women efficiency in carrying out and handling assignment given to them is preferable for the
factory production processes. This gender specific opportunity will address the historical
disproportionate burden of unemployment on woman and the proposed project will consider
gender issues in its employment agenda.
6.2Negative impacts
A project with the magnitude of the proposed manufacturing of aluminum based Concrete
Electric Pole products manufacturing is expected to have environmental impacts on certain
aspects of biophysical and socio-economic environment of the project area both during
preconstruction, construction, operation and decommissioning stages. The impacts of the
project were assessed and are generally grouped into those affecting soil, water resources, air
quality, flora and fauna, community and their economic activities, vegetation and forests, land
acquisition and landscape, noise and human health impacts of packaging materials/carton and
printing manufacturing project are indicated below.
6
6.2.1 Impacts during Pre-construction Phase

6.2.1.1 Loss of productive lands or natural habitants
During Pre-construction there will be essentially removal and loss of some, if not most, of the
existing trees and underlying grassland at the project site, and the permanent erection of block
and Aluminum frame and profile concrete structures associated with site new infrastructure.
This would constitute a loss of alternative land use, an irreversible commitment of land
resources, and thus a direct long-term impact.
6.2.1.2 Impact due to Location of the Project

There are no residential houses in the demarcated areas of the project site so that there will not
be displacement of people at least in the short run. Similarly, the site has not any sensitive and
endangered species of flora and fauna cover. It does not have any biodiversity and have no
recognized wildlife habitat so that it does not have wildlife and floral conservation value. There
are also no historical relics, burial sites, cultural monuments and archeological sites that might
be damaged. In addition, scenic value or the appearances of land escape will not be impaired by
the project’s activity. Hence, the project pre-construction activity will not cause adverse impacts
on natural and social environments.
6.2.2 Impact during Construction Phase

The impacts on Air, Noise, Water, Soil, and Ecology of the surrounding environment due to the
activities carried out during the construction phase are discussed below.
6.2.2.1 Impact on landscape and land use pattern alteration

During preliminary works, some landscape and visual impact will occur due to increased traffic,
construction sites, presence of personnel and machinery, and constructing structures.
Construction works will cause partial alteration of usual views and landscape. Expected visual
and landscape changes will be slightly perceptible for local population as infrastructural objects
and construction site are apart from residential zones. Potential receptors of these changes could
be resident around the project area. Some construction impact may be seen from the road,
though considering distances it should not cause significant discomfort for passengers passing
on the road.
6.2.2.2 Impact on the soil

During the construction phase, in the project influence zone, the following impacts may have
place on the soil and ground fertile soil layer destruction/damage, disorganization of the
7
stability; soil contamination. During the project implementation, the fertile soil layer damage and
disorganization of the stability is mainly expected during the preparatory and construction
works, which will be related to the vehicle movement, land works and arrangement of
permanent and temporary infrastructure on the dam placement territories.
6.2.2.3 Solid waste

Solid waste generated during site preparation and construction work would include cleared
vegetation and typical construction waste (e.g. wasted concrete, Aluminum frame and profile,
wooden scaffolding and forms, bags, waste earth materials, etc.). This waste would negatively
impact the site and surrounding environment if not properly managed and disposed of at an
approved dumpsite.
6.2.2.4 Liquid waste

Construction phase requires large quantities of water to be used in various processing such as
material preparation in equipment’s. Change in quality of water forms an important concern
associated the project particularly during the construction phase. Earth works, crushing of
stones, cutting and modification of the terrain, alteration of drainage systems and soil erosion
are the major factors that affect the water quality during construction phase. Improper storage
and handling of fuel and oil would inevitably result in spillage during equipment refueling and
maintenance exercises. Spilt petrochemicals would have the potential to contaminate soil and
inhibit plant growth on the site.
6.2.2.5 Air Pollution

During the construction phase the ambient air quality in and around the proposed project site
will have marginal adverse impacts due to the various activities which are part of construction
phase. The various activities include during construction phase such as site preparation,
approach roads, excavation, drilling, foundation, tunneling, deployment of machinery, erection,
transportation, dumping will cause dust and gaseous emissions. Dust emissions from the
construction activity will affect the plant and animal respiration activity. Emissions such as PM 10,
PM2.5, NO2, SO2 from D.G sets and other vehicles may also cause respiration problem for the
surrounding organisms. The extent of the pollution will be about 2km form the project area. Due
to the short duration of the Planned Action, any impacts on ambient air quality during
construction activities are expected to be short term.
8
6.2.2.6 Flora and Fauna

Impact on flora on the construction phase may be direct (damage, loss) and indirect
(emission).The territories selected for arrangement of construction camp, water intake,
diversion pipeline are rare bushy plant areas. Only small amount of bushy and grass plants will
be destroyed during construction phase. Indirect impact (dust and exhaust impact) will be local,
insignificant and time-limited.
6.2.2.7 Traffic accidents

At present, the technical condition of roads is satisfying. Road damage is expected due to intense
transport movement during construction phase. A small increase of traffic is expected on
construction phase, but considering that most likely there will be no delay on road, and as for
safety-related risks –they will insignificantly increase.
6.2.2.8 Health and safety hazards

During the construction activities some health and safety-related risks (for population and
personnel) are expected. Impacts could be direct (e.g.: accidents, power stroke, falling from
heights, injuries from construction machinery, etc.); and indirect (emissions, increased acoustic
background, climate change, contamination of water and soil). Social risks are also related to
health and safety, namely risk of infectious diseases’ spread (including AIDs and STDs). This risk
is related to migration of personnel during construction phases.
6.2.2.9 Impacts of Noise and Vibration

Foundation work will involve land excavation, affecting environment by noise. Structural work,
deployment of machinery, approach of road construction and erection of roads will result in
noise and vehicular traffic. Material handling and transportation would also lead to significant
noise pollution. Continuous Exposure of workers to high sound levels may result in annoyance,
fatigue. Even though annoying, this negative impact will be short-term (limited to the duration of
the construction works) and is not considered to be a significant threat to the health or
wellbeing of humans.
6.2.3 Impacts during Operation Phase

6.2.3.1 Emission of Air Pollutants
The potential impact on air quality and dust would mainly be from combustion of fuel in
operation processes. The operation of diesel generators would be only during the power
interruption from supply from the main source, when emissions due to combustion of fuel (High
9
Speed Diesel) will take place. The anticipated key air emissions from the project would be
particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen (NO2), (SO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO). Emission of PM10,
PM2.5, NO2, SO2 from D.G set and Vehicular traffic and also dust emission from vehicular
movement may pollute the ambient air quality which in turn cause breathing problem to the
patients and student and employees.
6.2.3.2 Generation of Solid Wastes

Some environmental impacts caused by waste generation would include soil contamination,
water and air pollution, whereas health risks include: breathing complications and respiratory
diseases, cancer, skin disorders, poisoning etc. This type of waste poses risks to both human and
environmental health and thus the proposed project would require an adequate waste
management strategy, occupational health and safety strategy, and hazardous material safety
plan.
6.2.3.3 Surface and Ground Water Quality Degradation

Potential sources of impacts on hydrology and ground water quality during the operation phase
are as follows: Soil run-off from the site leading to off-site contamination- particularly during
rainy season: The excavated area, if linear, could act as a conduit to extend groundwater
contamination to new areas. Improper disposal of construction debris leading to offsite
contamination of water resources or blocking of drainages leading to flooding, spillage of oil and
grease from the vehicles and wastewater stream generated from onsite activities.
6.2.3.4. Increased Water Demand

During the construction phase, both the construction works and the construction workers will
create additional demand for water in addition to the existing local demand. Water will mostly
be used in the creation of concrete for construction works and for wetting surfaces or cleaning
completed structures. It will also be used by the construction workers for washing and drinking.
6.2.3.5. Energy Consumption

Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may have serious environmental
implications on its availability, price and sustainability. The proposed project will also use
electricity supplied by Ethiopian hydroelectric Power is generated mainly through natural
resources, namely, water and geothermal resources. In this regard, there will be need to use
10
electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity negatively impacts on these natural
resources and their sustainability.
6.2.3.6. Workers Accidents and Public Safety (OHS Risks)

During operation of the proposed project, safety risks can arise from manufacturing activities
such as operation and movement of heavy equipment and vehicles; injuries from falling objects;
and injuries from hand tools. Safety issues associated with production activities involve
improper handling, storing and disposing of fuels, oils, lubricants and chemicals as well as
accidents occurring with the operation of moving equipment. A significant amount of pollutants
can be subsequently introduced to the environment. While the magnitude of this impact is
difficult to quantify, they can be divided into two categories, those confined with on-site and off-
site workers, as occupational hazards, and those expanding to affect the general population, as a
consequence of environmental pollution.
On the other hand, occupational health hazards can vary from site to site according to the
technologies and adopted methods. However, the project activities could prove harmful to
human health with the lack of proper measures.
6.2.3.7. Exposure to Noise and vibration

Noise pollution is caused due to the various activities which involves the vehicular movement.
Offsite operations can be significant sources of noise pollution with potential impacts on
workers and nearby residents. The noise emissions are functions of the circulation of the
vehicles, use of generators for energy supply, excavators, skidders, the loading and
transportation of products. Noise that may be generated from the transport of raw material is
negligible and is not anticipated to significantly affect human amenity especially if adequate
noise reduction/suppression measures are undertaken.
6.2.3.8. Impact due to Land Traffic

During operation, the facility will result in significant impacts on the traffic flow along the roads
leading from the sites of operations as well as the main site to the Addis Ababa where the main
market are found. In addition, traffic impacts are expected along secondary and tertiary roads,
depending on the location of off-site activities and routings as the project requires the use of
trucks and heavy equipment almost on a daily basis for different purposes. This will lead to an
increase in the transportation fleet over time, as well as the use of the road network.
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7. POTENTIAL ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION

MEASURES
This section describes the environmental mitigation measures during construction, operation
and demolition phase of the proposed project. Mitigation is the implementation of measures
designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a proposed project on the environment. The
companies and also as an individual’s all have an important role to play in protecting the
environment, which is very sensitive to change and once damaged can take a long time to
recover.
7.1Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase
7.1.1 Mitigation for Loss of productive lands or natural habitants

Landscaping of the site, after building completion, will see the introduction of plants and trees
that should offset any negative impacts associated with the removal and loss of existing trees at
the project site. The numbers and types of vegetation to be introduced during the landscaping
exercise are expected to be greater and more diverse than presently obtains and these are
expected to play a greater role in terms adding ecological value and attracting birds and other
terrestrial fauna during the operational phase of the project, apart from being more pleasing
aesthetically.
7.1.2 Mitigation for Location of the Project

Since there is no any adverse impact of the project due to the location of the project, the
mitigation measures of this impact is not necessary.
7.2. Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
7.2.1. Mitigation for Landscape and Land Use Pattern Alteration

Landscaping and replanting of trees will be carried out to enhance the ecology and appearance of
the site. In addition to enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the project site, landscaping provides
the means for partially restoring the site's natural elements and ecological habitats. Restoration
of trees in other degraded areas outside the project site in collaboration with the local
12
community and soil removed from the construction site will be distributed over the project land.
The landscaping plan should seek to avoid the use of non-native and potentially invasive species.
7.2.2. Mitigation for Soil impacts

The following measures must be ensured by the factory, in order to prevent pollution of soil on
Construction phase. The soil will be collected separately and preserved in stacks with side slopes
not exceeding 1:5. The topsoil will be preserved separately in a stack covered by sheet and
efforts will be made to reinstate the soil for backfilling purposes. Topsoil will be reused for
landscaping purposes. The spillage of oil from the machinery or cement residue from concrete
mixer plants might contaminate the soil if not properly collected and disposed of. Thus most
stringent safety and construction management norm will be implemented at site. Waste
management plan provides the systematic supervision of fulfilling the measures.
7.2.3. Mitigation for Solid Waste

A site waste management plan should be prepared by the contractor prior to commencement of
building. This should include the designation of appropriate waste storage areas, collection and
removal schedule, identification of approved disposal site, and a system for supervision and
monitoring. Preparation and implementation of the plan must be made the responsibility of the
building contractor with the system being monitored independently. Special attention should be
given to minimizing and reducing the quantities of solid waste produced during site preparation
and construction. To reduce organic waste, softer vegetation may be composted onsite and used
for soil amendment during landscaping. Most of the Concrete Electric Pole like soil, bricks,
concrete will be reused in the backfilling, road construction, and sub-grade reparation etc.
works. Metals, word scraps & bitumen junks will be recycled either within site or outside with
help of the local authority. The measures like reusing materials on-site and /or donating /selling
salvaged items reduces waste, virgin material use and disposal cost.
7.2.4. Mitigation for Liquid Waste

Mitigation measures must be implemented to minimize impact on water pollution during
construction. Pit latrines and community toilets with temporary soak pits and septic tanks shall
be constructed on the site during construction phase to prevent wastewater from entering the
ground water or surrounding water bodies. Surface and ground water to prevent contamination
by oil/grease, leak proof containers shall be used for storage and transportation of oil/grease.
13
Excavation can be avoided during rainy season and check dams shall be provided to prevent
construction runoff from the site to the surrounding water bodies.
7.2.5. Mitigation for Air Pollution

All machineries to be used for construction purpose will be of highest standard of reputed make
and compliance of air pollution control norms by these equipment’s will be emphasized by
company. The working area for the uprooting of shrubs or vegetation or for the removal of
boulders or temporary or permanent structures shall be sprayed with water immediately before,
during and immediately after the operation so as to maintain the entire surface wet. Feasibility
of putting up acoustic enclosure / temporary barrier around areas with high noise levels will
also be explored.
Transport vehicles and construction machineries will be properly maintained to reduce air
emissions and machinery’s will be periodically checked for pollutant emissions against
stipulated norms.
7.2.6. Mitigation for Flora and Fauna

Mitigation measures must be conducted in order to minimize impact on flora and fauna namely
cutting of trees-plants must be carried out by supervision of authorized government bodies;
instruction of personnel about protecting of vegetation cover before commencement of works;
and planting of local species trees-plants at the adjacent territory of the project to be
implemented.
7.2.7. Mitigation for Traffic Accidents

In order to minimize impact following mitigation measures must be implemented. All the
damaged road objects must be rehabilitated after completion of works and it should be restored
to their initial condition; ensure maximum limitation of machinery movement on public roads;
ensure minimal disturbance of the population/passenger movement during road
rehabilitation/construction; and selection of optimal bypass road to construction site.
Population will be informed about time and period of civil works execution; and registering of
discontent/complaints if any and proper response.
7.2.8. Mitigation for Health and Safety Hazards

At the project site proper drinking water, sanitation and first aid facility will be provided with
trained shift supervisors, which will ensure minimum adverse occupational health impacts on
14
the construction worker. Instruction of personnel on health and safety issues during acceptance
on the job and later, several times a year; corresponding warning, prohibiting and directing sign-
boards must be arranged at the construction areas for personnel and local population, for health
and safety purpose; and standard medical kits must be delivered to construction sites at
sections, potentially dangerous for health and safety. Maximal implementation of safety rules
during execution of transport operations; and regular on-site risk assessment should be
conducted in order to determine risk factors for population and to develop corresponding risk
management plan. Personnel medical insurance must also be provided.
7.2.9. Mitigation for Noise and Vibration Impacts

Construction activities that will generate disturbing sounds should be restricted to normal
working hours. Workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with
noise protection gear. Workers operating equipment generating noise levels greater than 70 dBA
continuously for 8 hours or more should use earmuffs. Workers experiencing prolonged noise
levels of 70 – 80 dBA should wear earplugs. The construction activities will be restricted to the
daytime and no construction will be practiced during night. To reduce the impact of air and noise
pollution and to provide a clean, healthy environment, it has been proposed to create and
maintain a green belt within the building complex and along the roadsides
7.3. Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase

7.3.1. Mitigation for Air pollution
The proponent should use advanced air emissions control technology to combat emissions
during aluminum products manufacturing as aluminum industries emit huge amount air
emissions. Dry scrubber, wet scrubber, electrostatic precipitate, cyclone or combination of them
can be used to control air emissions.
Using clean fuel and proper maintenance of the vehicles will also minimize the NO2, SO2 from the
exhaust of the vehicles. Location of DG sets and other emission generating equipment should be
decided keeping in view the predominant wind direction so that emissions do not effect nearby
residential areas. Using low Sulphur diesel will minimize the emissions from D.G set. Informatory
sign shall be provided to encourage vehicle owners to maintain their vehicle and follow the
emission standards fixed by Government Authorities. Development of adequate green belt at and
around the project site will help in reducing the impacts on the flora and fauna as the plant
15
species will act as air emissions sink. Thus, the impact on the terrestrial ecology of the area
would be minimized during the operational phase of the project
7.3.2. Mitigation for Solid Waste pollution

Integrated solid waste management should be used to manage solid wastes generated from the
plant. Proper solid waste storage containers should be provided in sufficient numbers.
Arrangements should be made for the regular collection of waste and for its disposal only at the
dump site/s. Ensuring proper management of waste by engaging a consultant to come up with
measures and guidelines in accordance with the healthcare waste management plan.
7.3.3. Mitigation for Wastewater Pollution

As the manufacturing company is Aluminum based Concrete Electric Pole products’
manufacturing it is highly water demanding project for cooling and washing purposes in
addition to drinking and domestic sanitation. The primary sources of potential impacts on water
quality will be from pollutants such as wastewater, oil and fuel products and chemical storage
facilities in site runoff water which enters surface water.
The domestic wastewater resulting from the administrative building and workers facilities
should be collected in a separate septic tank. Once the collection tank reaches its full capacity, it
should be transferred to a planned wastewater treatment stations (if available) or to a
wastewater disposal site approved by the EPA.
Water used in vehicle and plant servicing areas, vehicle wash bays and lubrication bays such as
oil and fuel products should be collected and connected to the drainage system via an oil/grease
trap. Washing water generated from the action of vehicles washing should be conveyed to a local
network or to a septic tank or can be biologically treated in a constructed wetland or other
filtration system.
The industrial wastewater treatment plant purifies the wastewater generated from production
processes while consuming large quantities of energy and water for production processes during
Aluminum frame and profile manufacturing that burdens the environment. As the environmental
impact from industrial wastewater treatment is hard to evaluate using only one of these
parameters, several appropriate parameters shall be selected to meet the local conditions.
Hence, the promoter should construct ETP to treat industrial wastewater.
16
7.3.5. Mitigation for Occupational Health and Safety

Limiting the risk of injury at the sites of operation mainly lies in promoting awareness and good
management practices among workers at the main site, especially when it comes to machine
operation and chemicals handling, which has serious adverse impacts on those directly exposed
to especially during storage, application and disposal.
The recommended mitigation measures to be adopted at the main site include restricting
unattended public access by proper fencing; using adequate safety barrier and signs; Proper
labeling storage of chemicals, oils and fuel; Promote safety education through training about the
fundamentals of occupational health and safety procedures; Provide appropriate personal
protective equipment such as gloves, masks, ear plugs, gas detectors, brightly colored working
overalls equipped with light reflecting stripes, safety boots, safety helmets, etc.; provide fire
extinguishers at different locations of the operational site and develop and emergency response
plan in case of fire explosion; Provision of electrical grounding, spark detection and prevention;
and elimination of external ignition sources; and to prevent fire risks equip with fire
extinguishers of a quantity and type suitable for the expected fire risk, in an accessible location
close to the store and communicate to the main office or emergency system is recommended.
7.3.6. Mitigation for Exposure to Noise and vibration

In order to minimize the noise and vibration distribution levels during the operational phase of
the factory, implementation of the following mitigation measures are expedient. Operators of
noisy equipment and noisy facilities must use earplugs or other war protection equipment such
as ear muffs in order to reduce the impact of high noise levels on them; technical functionality of
the machinery-equipment; insuring personnel with protection means (earmuffs); staff
instruction before starting the works and once every 6 months; proper maintenance of vehicles
and record keeping on the same will reduce noise levels; the noise produced by the D.G sets can
be minimized by providing proper acoustic enclosures and isolating the D.G set will ensure
minimum noise at the receiver’s end; noise for the site should not reach objectionable levels, and
whenever possible, noisy operations within the facility premises should be enclosed. In case of
grievance entry, their recording/registration and appropriate action should be crucial.
7.3.7. Mitigation for Land Traffic

During operations, environmental impacts associated with transport of raw material, final
products, and other aspects necessary for the operation of the entire facility, will be controlled
17
by good vehicle maintenance and housekeeping, adherence to permitted routes, observation of

highway restrictions and maintaining responsible driving practices.
7.3.8. Mitigation for utilities impact

The large energy requirements of the industrial sector also provide us with an opportunity to
reduce the overall environmental costs of energy production across the state. By increasing
overall energy efficiency and use of renewable energy and incorporating green belt and green
transportation technologies, it can be a model for energy smart industrial development. It is to
be ensured that the project’s energy-related systems are installed, and calibrated to perform
according to the industry specific requirements, basis of design and construction documents.
In order to conserve water, recycling and reusing waste waters, installing water-conserving
automatic taps and toilets should be used. Moreover, any water leaks through damaged pipes
and faulty taps will be fixed promptly by qualified staff. In addition, the proponent will be
sensitized to use water efficiently by reducing water delivery in taps, installation of low flow
devices or aerators on taps and Install water efficient plumbing. Press action taps and flush
valves shall be used to minimize water wastage Sensors on urinals, which ensure flushes, occur
only when required in public areas of the proposed project.
7.4. Training
Training shall be provided in the Factor’s policy and practices for both employee and other
external stakeholder grievance mechanisms, relevant to their exposure and responsibilities for
managers, all other employees, contractors and visitors, which shall include as a minimum:
• Expected behaviors and accepted practices when interacting with employees and
stakeholders in order to avoid a grievance in the first instance;
• Routes available for employees and other external stakeholders to lodge a grievance; and
• Roles and responsibilities for handling and resolving grievances
The factory training program helps to acquire better theoretical knowledge and practical skills
as trainee are aided by practical works in the manufacturing process. Hence, training is believed
to bring efficient implementation of the company manufacturing activities and also the skills of
trainee of the area as it is least developed. To this effect, to realize its objectives, the factory has
planned to provide both on job and off job training. It believes that it is through training and
18
continues skill development that it is possible to enhance employee contributions to factory’s

business profitability and to raise its competence level.
8. Environment Management and Monitoring Plan

8.1Environment Management Plan (EMP)
The EMP need to be integrated in overall project planning process covering all phases of project
cycles i.e., location, design, construction and operation. Management by provision of necessary
safeguard in planning of the project itself can lead to reduction of adverse environmental
impacts due to project. This chapter spells out the set of measures to be undertaken during
project construction and operation to reduce or mitigate or bring down the adverse
environmental impacts to acceptable level based on the proposed Environmental Management
Plan.
The most reliable way to ensure that the plan will be integrated into the overall project planning
and implementation is to include the plan as an integral component of the project. This will
ensure that it receives funding and supervision along with other investment components. For
optimal integration of EMP into the project, there should be link for Funding; Management,
Training and Monitoring.
The purpose of the first link is to ensure that proposed actions are adequately financed. The
second link helps in embedding training, technical assistance, staffing and other institutional
strengthening items in the mitigation measures to implement the overall management plan. The
third provides a critical path for implementation and enables sponsors and the funding agency to
evaluate the success of mitigation measures, as part of project supervision and as a means to
improve future projects. For every use discussed in the above sections, the implementing agency
as well as staffing, equipment, phasing and budgeting have been presented as far as possible. All
required funds will be channeled through the project authority. All developmental activities will
bring some impacts associated with its origin, which can be broadly classified as reversible,
irreversible, long and short-term impacts. In this section an endeavor has been made to identify
various Environmental Impacts associated with the proposed project both during construction
and operational phase.
Based on the possible worst-case emissions and waste generation from the proposed project and
also taking into consideration the baseline Environmental status at the proposed project site, the
19
environmental factors that may likely be affected (Impacts) are assessed. Both instrumental
(positive) and detrimental (negative) impacts are accounted for this purpose. The prediction of
impacts helps in the preparing a sound Environmental Management Plan which has to be
executed during operational and construction phase to minimize the adverse impacts on the
environmental quality.
The potential impacts on the environment from the proposed project are identified based on the
nature of the various activities associated not only with the project implementation and
operation, but also on the current status of the environmental quality at the project site. The
tables below comprise the impacts predicted, proposed mitigation measures, responsible body
for the mitigation measures and the estimated cost of mitigation measures (where applicable) as
a result of project location, design, construction and operation.
20
Table 5: Environmental Management Plan at Construction Phase
Project Project Adverse Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost Estimates
Stage (Birr)
Activity Impacts Responsibilities
Site clearing,  Restoring the site's natural elements and

Construction
excavation activities, Landscape ecological habitats. Contractor 20,000.00

disturbance of land and Land Use  Landscaping
Pattern
Phase
surface & construction  replanting of trees

of the factory Alteration  Avoid the use of non-native & invasive species.
Site clearing,  Preserve topsoil separately in a stack covered by
Construction
excavation activities, sheet.

disturbance of land Soil impacts  Reuse topsoil for landscaping purposes. Contractor 10,000.00
surface & construction  Training of the personnel on environmental &
of the factory safety issues
Site clearing,  Prepare site waste management plan

excavation activities,  Reuse the construction materials.
disturbance of land Solid Waste  Avoid burning of vegetation and combustible Contractor 20,000.00
surface & construction waste on the site.
of the factory  Unusable construction waste must be disposed of
at an approved dumpsite.
 Properly managed and controlled the stockpiling
of construction materials.
 properly stored hazardous chemicals
 post conspicuous warning signs
Site clearing,  Construct pit latrines and community toilets
 Controlled withdrawal of groundwater during
Construction
excavation activities, construction.

disturbance of land  Avoid excavation during rainy season.
surface & construction Liquid Waste Contractor 20,000.00
 Proper waste management in order to avoid water
of the plant pollution;
21
Stage (Birr)
Site clearing,  Sprinkle with Water around dust generation areas.
excavation activities,  kept the road clear of dusty materials;
disturbance of land Air Pollution  properly maintain transport vehicles and
Construction
surface & construction construction equipment’s/machineries;

Contractor 20,000.00
of the factory  Periodically checked equipment’s for pollutant
emissions.
 Wash vehicles to remove any dusty materials.
Site clearing,  Cutting of trees-plants must be carried out by
excavation activities, supervision of authorized government bodies.
disturbance of land  Planting of local species trees
surface & construction  Implement measures in order to reduce dust
of the factory during execution of the works;
Construction
 Instruction of personnel about protecting of Contractor 15,000.00

vegetation cover
Flora, &Fauna  Pits, trenches and other must be protected to
prevent fall of animals.
 Ensure maximum limitation of machinery
movement on public roads;
Site clearing, Traffic  Population will be informed about time and period
excavation activities, Accidents of civil works execution;
disturbance of land Contractor 20,000.00
 Ensure maximum limitation of machinery
surface & construction movement on public roads;
of the factory  Population will be informed about time and period
of civil works execution;
 Road rehabilitation during preparatory works
Construction
 Selection of optimal bypass road to construction

site;
 Registering of discontent/complaints if any and
proper response
22
Stage (Birr)
 Construction related activities will be confined
only to project site area,
Site clearing,  Provide proper drinking water, sanitation and first
excavation activities, aid
 Instruction of personnel on health and safety
disturbance of land
Health and issues
surface & construction
Safety  Arrange warning, prohibiting and directing sign-
of the factory
Construction
Hazards boards Contractor 20,000.00

 Deliver standard medical kits
 Maximal implementation of safety rules during
execution of transport operations;
 Personnel medical insurance;
Table 6: Environmental Management Plan of at Operation Phase
Project Project Adverse Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Stage Estimates
Activity Impacts Responsibilities (Birr)
Production of  Utilize advanced air emission Abate Technologies

Aluminum based  Use of Clean fuel and proper maintenance of the
Operational Concrete Electric Pole Emissions to vehicles Project 35,000.00
products air & dust  Development of Green belt with specific species proponent
manufacturing  keep DG sets and other emission generating
equipment in view the predominant wind direction
Production of Solid Waste  Ensure proper waste management practices. Project

Aluminum based pollution  Ensure proper management of waste in accordance proponent
Operational Concrete Electric Pole with the healthcare waste management plan. 25,000.00
products
manufacturing
23
Stage Estimates
 Construct ETP for industrial wastewater

 Prevent the contact of rain water with the
Operational Production of Water Aluminum frame and profiles.
Aluminum based Pollution  Collect domestic wastewater in a separate septic
Concrete Electric Pole tank.
products  Collected and connected water used in vehicle and
manufacturing plant servicing areas, to the drainage system via an
oil/grease trap. Project 30,000.00
 Spent oil and lubricants should be collected and proponent
stored for recycling or proper disposal.
 Control the impacts on water resources through
appropriate design and site management practices.
 Avoid pollutants such as oil and fuel products in site
runoff water which enters surface water.
 Proper labeling storage of chemicals, oils and fuel;
 Promote safety education through training about
the fundamentals of occupational health and safety Project 35,000.00
procedures. proponent
Production of
 Provide appropriate personal protective equipment
Aluminum based
Operational Concrete Electric Pole Health and  Restrict unattended public access by proper
Safety fencing;
products
 Use adequate safety barrier and signs;
manufacturing
 Provide fire extinguishers at different locations
 Enhance ventilation in enclosed areas;
 Implementing of speed limits for vehicles entering
and exiting the site
24
Stage Estimates
 Selection of equipment with low sound power level;

 Well-maintained mechanical equipment should be
operated on-site; Project 25,000.00
 Equipment that may be intermittent in use should proponent
Operational Production of Exposure to
be shut down between work periods or should be
Aluminum based Noise
controlled to minimum;
Concrete Electric Pole
 Installing suitable muffles on engine exhausts and
products
compressor components;
manufacturing
 Technical functionality of the machinery-
equipment;
 Provide PPE for workers
 “Noisy” works only in daytime;
 Insuring personnel with protection means
(earmuffs);
 Staff instruction before starting the works and once
every 6 months;
 In case of grievance entry, their
recording/registration and appropriate action;
 equip the site’s facilities with basic firefighting

equipment,
Operational Production of Fire Risk  assigning a team for fire watching, and
Aluminum based  providing emergency numbers at several locations
Concrete Electric Pole  Store flammable liquids in safe storage areas
products  Remove dried vegetation around and within the Project 30,000.00
manufacturing site. proponent
 Assure that exhausts of vehicles within the site are
not hot enough to induce fires by frequent
maintenance and inspection of vehicles.
 Prohibiting smoking in the areas that are
designated with risks of fire occurring.
25
Stage Estimates
Operational Production of  Traffic control measures should be applied to site

Aluminum based operations from the point of collection to the point
Concrete Electric Pole Land Traffic of return. Project 15,000.00
products  apply speed restrictions proponent
manufacturing
Operational Production of  Use renewable energy
Aluminum based  Reduce Auxiliary power consumption to conserve
Concrete Electric Pole Energy. Project 20,000.00
products  Reduce water delivery in taps, through the proponent
utilities
manufacturing installation of low flow devices or aerators on taps
impact
 Press action taps and flush valves shall be used to
minimize water wastage Sensors on urinals, which
ensure flushes, occur only when required in public
areas of the proposed project; and
 Install water efficient plumbing.
Total 360,000.00
The impact assessment should consider each phase of the development, including:
 Construction: this includes all potential changes that occur on site from the initial point of access;
 Operation: this encompasses all phases of the site development once operational; and
 Decommissioning: this includes any permanent changes that are made to the site following cessation of the industrial
activity.
26
8.2Environmental Monitoring Plan
An environmental monitoring plan provides feedback about the difference between actual environmental
scenario and the impacts of the project on the environment and helps to judge the adequacy of the
mitigation measures in protecting the environment. The purpose of environmental monitoring is to
evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically
monitoring the important environmental parameters within the impact area, so that any adverse effects are
detected and timely action can be taken.
The environmental monitoring plan for the proposed project has been developed in view of the
institutional, scientific and fiscal issues pertaining to the project. For each component, suitable
measurable environmental indicators which are appropriate to the impact mechanism and scale of
disturbance and have a low natural variability, broad applicability and an existing data series have been
defined. Environmental monitoring is carried throughout project operation to detect changes in the key
environmental quality parameters, which can be attributed to the project.
For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored;
location of monitoring sites; frequency and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the
applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. Various physical, biological and
social components identified as of particular significance in affecting the environment at critical locations
in various stages of the project have been suggested as Performance Indicators (PIs) listed below shall be
the focus for monitoring air quality with respect to PM10, PM2.5 and CO; water quality with respect to
COD, BOD and Coliform count; noise levels around sensitive locations; and replantation success /
survival rate.
As per the EIA guidelines of Oromia Region, environmental monitoring shall be required during
construction and operational phases. The schedule for monitoring ambient air quality, ambient noise
quality, ground water quality, and waste water quality both during the construction and operation phases
of the project is given in table.
27
Table 7: Environmental Monitoring Plan at construction & operational Phases
Project Object of Mitigation Measure Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Responsibil Cost
Monitori to be ity
Stage ng Monitored
 Sprinkle water during

drilling, excavation, Particulate  Constructi  Instrumental Contractor
loading. matter in on sites; measuring  During Proponent 30,000.00
 Regular maintenance of the air,  Constructi  Visual control construction EFCCA
vehicle on site  Technical works
 Use covered trucks for access inspection of  During
transportation. roads; machinery operation
Construction & operational Phase
 kept the road clear of  Operation works

dusty materials; site
;
Air and dust impacts
 properly maintain  Nearest

transport vehicles and receptor
construction area
equipment’s/machinerie
s;
 Periodically checked
equipment’s for
pollutant emissions.
 Wash vehicles to remove
any dusty materials.
 Minimize emissions from
D.G sets and vehicles
28
Monitori to be ity
Stage ng Monitored
 Restrict construction  Instrumental  Technical

activities to normal  Constructi measuring; inspection of Contractor
working hours. Noise level on sites  Control machinery - Proponent
Noise and Vibration
 Equip workers operating  Nearest conditions of before works EFCCA

operational Phase
equipment with PPE receptor buildings  Regular control

Construction &
 create and maintain a (populate  Technical – periodical

30,000.00
green belt within the d area) inspection of measurement
building complex and  Operation machinery; or in case of
Impacts
along the roadsides site complaints.
 Preserve topsoil  Constructi  Regular

separately in a stack on sites; control,  Regular
covered by sheet.  Operation supervision inspection;  Propon
operational Phase
 Reuse topsoil for site  Technical  Inspection after ent

soil acidity,  EFCCA 25,000.00
Construction &
landscaping purposes.  Material inspection of completion of

 Training of the and waste machinery works.
Soil impacts
Soil
personnel on storage  Lab control
pollution
environmental & safety areas
pH
issues
29
Monitori to be ity
Stage ng Monitored
 construct septic tank  BOD5,  Constructi  Visual control

 construct ETP (If  COD, on camps;  Technical  During

needed)  SS,  At sections inspection of preparation of  Propon
 Avoid excavation during  settabl adjacent machinery construction ent
rainy season. e to surface  Waste water sites  EFCCA 25,000.00
Liquid waste
 Construct pit latrines solids, water (at management  Regular

and community toilets  pH water Control. inspection;
 Controlled withdrawal of  Temp0 intake,  Lab control
groundwater during C, roads)
construction.  TDS,  Operation
 Proper waste  heavy site
management in order to metals
avoid water pollution;
 Prepare site waste Volume  Periodically,

management plan and types  Constructi  Visual control especially in  Propon
 Reuse the construction of solid on site of the windy weather ent
 Avoid burning of wastes and/or its territory  During
25,000.00
vegetation and adjacent  Solid Waste transportation

combustible waste on territory; management / storage of
the site.  Solid control solid waste;
 Unusable construction Waste
Solid waste
waste must be disposed storage

of at an approved areas
dumpsite
 Properly managed and
controlled the
stockpiling of
construction materials.
 properly stored
hazardous chemicals
 post conspicuous
warning
 signs
30
Monitori to be ity
Stage ng Monitored
 Provide proper drinking  Inspection

water, sanitation and Periodical  Regular control  Propon
first aid  Constructi control of during works ent
 Instruction of personnel Health and on sites/ availability  EFCCA

on health and safety Safety areas and  LSA 20,000.00
Occupational safety
issues  Operation functionality Office

 Arrange warning, sign- al area of personal
boards; protection
 Deliver standard medical equipment
kits
 Maximal implementation
of safety rules during
execution of transport
operations;
 Personnel medical
insurance;
Total 155,000.00
The impact assessment should consider each phase of the development, including:
 Construction: this includes all potential changes that occur on site from the initial point of access;
 Operation: this encompasses all phases of the site development once operational; and
 Decommissioning: this includes any permanent changes that are made to the site following cessation of the industrial
activity.
31
9. Environmental auditing plan and Program
The proponent will propose an independent and objective examination based on checklist
monitoring and auditing system to whether practices complies with the expected standards
set at environmental mitigation output or not. Broadly, kind of testing and verification of
the actual and predicted impacts will be done for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of
predictions and the effectiveness of impact management practices and procedures.
This will be used for considering an alternative optimizing/mitigation measures to the

assessed and identified project impacts; and how an assessment and impact management
process will be operating. The promoter will propose monitoring, auditing and subsequent
feedback, to build a continuous revision of the mitigation measure for impacts at different
processes of the project.
Therefore, to take correction, the proponent has planned to examine the accuracy and
efficiency of impact predictions and mitigation measure proposed in the EIA, i.e. testing
how accurate the environmental impact predictions and how much the mitigation is
effective as comparing them with actual monitored impacts once the project is underway.
Each environmental audit shall be geared towards achieving and examining compliance
with regulatory requirements; identifying current and potential environmental problems;
examining the line management systems, plant operation, monitoring practices and data,
procedures and plans; checking the prediction of the environmental evaluation assessment
and ensure that its recommendations are being implemented and recommending areas of
improvement in operations management.
The company’s internal environmental Audits will follow its quality environmental and
monitoring management plan based on developing checklists. The company will conduct
internal environmental audit once in a year.
10. Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter presents the key findings and recommendations from the ESIA process based
on the specialist studies and on the environmental suitability of the project and whether
the project should receive environmental authorization.
10.1. Conclusion
The essence of ESIA process is aimed at ensuring informed decision-making and
environmental accountability, and to assist in achieving environmentally sound and
sustainable development. Therefore, negative impacts on the environment and on people’s
environmental rights should be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be
altogether prevented, they must be minimized and remedied in terms of “reasonable
measures”. “Reasonable measures” implies that “every person who causes, has caused or
may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment must take reasonable
measures to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring,
or, in so far as such harm to the environment is authorized by law or cannot reasonably be
avoided or stopped, to minimize and rectify such pollution or degradation of the
environment”.
It is acknowledged that any development will impact on the environment. The proposed
project will have impacts on the biophysical and the social environment. This ESIA
investigated and assessed these impacts as a result of project actions. A key positive impact
pertains to the regional and national economic benefits associated with increased export of
aluminum based Concrete Electric Pole products manufacturing to neighbor countries and
local procurement of goods and services along the supply chain as well as the generation of
foreign revenue from export. These benefits would be experienced at a national and
provincial level. The “no-go” or “do nothing” alternative for the project would have negative
implications for the economy through direct loss of foreign exchange generation and
indirect impacts on the supply chain.
The conclusions of this ESIA are the result of specialist assessments, based on issues
identified within the ESIA study. The evaluation of the impacts indicated that the identified
adverse impacts can be minimized with the implementation of the proposed mitigation
33
measures and appropriate environmental management system. The study, therefore,
forwarded technical and landscape mitigation measures that potentially help to reduce
and/or avoid the negative impacts and fosters the positive ones. Environmental
management plan have been presented along with the mitigation measures.
10.2. Recommendations
This ESIA has been conducted based on the best and latest available information during the
course of the study. The report has been prepared in full compliance with the requirements
of the environmental regulations and laws and has provided information on the nature and
extent of all possible environmental impacts arising from the construction and operation
phases of the proposed Aluminum frame and profile fabrication products manufacturing
plant project.
Overall, based on the findings of this ESIA, it is concluded that, with planned mitigation and
the implementation of best practices to avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts,
the environmental impacts during all phases are not rated significant, except in the event of
certain worst-cases, for which some environmental impacts could be significant but are
highly unlikely to occur. This report has also clearly demonstrated general acceptability of
the residual impacts and thus the environmentally sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the
new project would be successfully protected.
Thus, it is recommended that the proposed Aluminum frame and profile fabrication
products manufacturing plantproject to be approved on the basis that the project
proponent will continuously adhere to the requirement of the environmental guidelines,
employing mitigation measures to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and
recommended criteria.
34
11.References
1. Gelansub-city Concrete Pole Products Manufacturing Factory), project proposals,

Oromia regional State, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No.
1/1995.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia:
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2000), Guideline Document: Environmental
Assessment and Management; EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2002. Addis Ababa.
8. FDRE EPA, 2003. Guideline for reviewing environmental impact study reports (final
drafts), Addis Ababa.
9. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The conservation strategies of Ethiopia, Vlume1. The resource
base, its utilization and planning for sustainability, Addis Ababa
35

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Environmental Impact Assessment Report

PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Contact person: TESFAYE DEGEFA

3.2.2. Project Justification........................................................................................29

7.7. Noises and Vibration Controls..........................................................................71

Project Owner: Mr. DEREJE ABERA

Consultant Name: Bright star management and environmental consultancy plc

1.1. Background of the project

1.2. Objectives of the ESIA Study

1.2.2. Specific Objectives

1.4. Methodologies Employed to Assess ESIA

1.4.1. Review of Relevant Literature, Policies and Legal Documents

1.4.3 Site observation:

1.4.5 Limits of the Study

1.4.6 Report Structure

The ESIA report is organized in 5 prefaces.

Preface II: table of content

Preface II: figure of table

Preface III: abbreviation

Preface IV: Executive summary

The ESIA report is organized in 12 sections.

Section 2: Environmental scoping

Section 3: Policy, Legal & Administrative Framework

Section 4: Description of the project and its Alternative

Section 5: Baseline information of the project

Section 6: Identification of Environmental and Social Impact

Section 8: Environmental and Social Impact Management Plan

Section 9: Environmental Monitoring/Auditing Program

Section 10: Conclusion and recommendation

Section 11: Reference

2. Environmental Scoping Report

2.1 Assumption and/or Gap in Knowledge

2.2 Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area

3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

3.2. Policy Issues

3.2.1. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

3.2.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE)

3.2.3. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (Pro. No.299/2002)

3.2.4. National Policy on Women

3.2.5. Health policy of Ethiopia

3.3. Legal Frameworks

3.3.1. The Federal Constitution

3.4.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2012

addressed in Environmental Impact Assessment report under Article 11 (Environmental Impact

3.4.3. Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation No. 300/2002

3.4.4. Solid Waste Management Proclamation (Proc. No. 513/2007)

3.4.5. Waste Handling and Disposal Guideline, 1997

3.4.6 Labor Proclamation (Proc. No 1156/2019)

3.4.7. Public Health Proclamation (Proc. No 200/2000)

3.5 Regulation pertaining to standards

Parameter Limit Value

Total ammonia (as N) 30 mg/l

3.5.2 Noise standards

Area Category of area Limits in dBA

3.5.3 Ambient air quality standards

Parameter Limit value

3.6Relevant International Conventions

3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity

3.6.2 Framework Convention on Climate Change

3.6.3 The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer