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    Adobe Scan 04-Jan-2025 (1)

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    Certificate

    This is to certify that Master HarshSolanki, a


    student of class 12th{science) has successfully
    completed his project work under the guidance of
    subject teacher Mr..Rajesh Kauray during the year
    2016/2017 from Satya Prakash Public. School in
    partial fulfillment of physics practicle examination
    conducted by CBSE.

    Teacher In-charge External Examiner

    Principal School Rubber Stamp


    Acknowledgement
    The success and finaloutcome of this project required a
    lot of guidanceand assistancefrom many people and I am
    extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
    completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
    only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
    forget to thank them.
    Irespect and thank Mr. Rajesh Kaurav, for giving me an
    opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
    support and guidance which made me complete the
    project on time. I would like to express my gratitude
    towards Mrs. Rakhi Mukherjee for helping me in
    conducting practicalsfor project.
    Last but not the least I would like to thank all myfriends
    whosupported me all the way and my parents who helped
    me financially and encouraged me throughout in the
    completion of project.
    INDEX
    S no. Topics

    1.
    Introduction
    " Internal Resistance

    2. Practical Analysis
    Objective
    Apparatus
    Theory
    Circuit Diogram
    Procedure
    Result & Inferences
    Precautions
    Sources of eror

    3. Flowchart Conclusion

    4. Bibliography
    INTRODUCTION

    There is agreat need of batteries in our daily use


    electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
    Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so
    that their potentialcan be increased greatly.
    Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis
    for the factors affecting the internal resistance ofa
    cell.
    When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased
    we can increase the potential difference across it,and
    hence make it more reliable.
    INTERNAL RESISTANCE

    Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the


    electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

    " Its SJ. unit is Ohm (0)

    R.internal Emf, E

    e.m.f oradient r

    For a cell of e.mf. (E)and internal resistance (r), connected to


    an external resistance (R) such that () is the current flowing
    through the circuit,
    E=V+ Ir
    Internal Resistance
    r-y
    PRACTICAL ANALYSIS

    OBJECTIVE
    To study the various factors on which the internal
    resistance ofa cell depends.

    APPARATUS
    Apotentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
    one way keys,a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
    box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cel), ajockey, a
    setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.

    IHEORY
    The internal resistance ofacell is the resistance ofered
    by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
    resistance ofa cell
    " is directly proportional to the distance between the
    electrodes.
    "is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
    electrodes in electrolyte.
    decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
    " is inverselyproportional to concentration of
    electrolyte.
    The internal resistance ofa cell is given by:

    r= (E-V)M

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
    K1

    Power Supply

    A B

    Leclanche cell

    I R.B.
    Ka
    Shunt
    PROCEDURE
    1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
    sand paper and make tight connections according
    to the circuit diagram.
    2. Tighten the plugs of theresistance box.
    3. Check the e.mf. ofthebattery and of the cell and
    make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
    of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
    be obtained.

    To study variation of internal resistance with distance of


    separation

    4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.


    5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
    rheostat resistance small.
    6. Without inserting a plug in key KA, adjust the
    rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
    wire of the potentiometer.
    7. Determine the position of thenull point accurately
    using a set square and measure the balancing length
    () between the null point and the end P.
    8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K3. At the
    same time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W) from
    the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
    the cell.
    9. Slide the jockeyalong a potentiometer wire and
    obtain the null point.
    10. Measure the balancing length (1) from end P.
    Record these observations.
    11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
    12. Then remove the plugs of keys K,and K;. Wait
    for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
    13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
    another set of observations.
    To study variation of internal resistance with area of
    electrodes

    14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase


    the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
    them into the electrolyte at diferent depths for each
    observation.
    15. Obtain three such observations by
    repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
    To study variation of internal resistance with
    concentration of electrolyte
    16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
    concentration ofelectrolyte by adding distilled water
    for diferent observations.
    17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
    7 to 10. Record your readings.

    OBSERVATIONS

    S.no. Ammeter Position of null point(cm) Shunt Internal


    Reading Resistance Resistance
    (4) With R Without R R(Q) r(2)
    () ()
    1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
    2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 1.77
    3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

    Table for effect of separation between electrodes


    S.no. Separation Balancing Balancing Internal rld
    berween point point Resistance
    electrodes lfcm) I:fcm) r(2)
    d (cm)
    1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
    2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
    Table for effect of temperature
    S.no. Temperature lfcm) I:fcm) Resistance Internal Tr
    TeC) R() Resistance (QK)
    r(2)
    1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
    2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
    3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87

    RESULT &INFERENCES
    " The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
    is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
    " The internal resistance ofa cell is directly
    proportional to the separation between the
    electrodes.
    " The internal resistance of acell is inversely
    proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
    electrolyte.
    " The internal resistance ofa cell is inversely
    proportional to the temperature ofelectrolytes.
    " The internal resistance ofa cell is inversely
    proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
    PRECAUTIONS
    1. The connections should be neat ,clean and tight.
    2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
    when the observations are to be taken.
    3. The positive polls of the battery Eand cells E, and
    E; should, all be connected to the terminal at the
    zero of the wires.
    4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
    It should touch the wire gently.
    5. The ammeter reading should remain constant fora
    particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
    the rheostat for this purpose.

    SOURCES OF ERROR
    1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
    2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross
    section and material density throughout its length.
    3.End resistances may not be zero.
    FLOWCHART
    CONCLUSION

    Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell

    Area of Conc. of
    Electrodes Electrolyte
    Inversely Inversely
    Proportional Proportional

    Distance Temperature
    between of
    Electrodes Electrolytes
    Directly Inversely
    Proportional Proportional
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    " www.google.com
    "www.documents.mx
    " www.wikipedia.org
    www.docfoc.com
    " www.slideshare.net

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