University of Baghdad
College Of Engineering
Department of Electronic and
Communication
Experiment:
Delta Modulation & Demodulation (DM)
Done by: Ayoub Ahmed Jawad
9/10/2024
Objective:-
To study and implement the generation and detection of delta
modulation signals.
Equipment :-
- Oscilloscope.
- Function generator .
- Pulse generator .
- DC power supply.
- 741 Op-Amp
- BC107 npn transistor
- Resistors and capacitors
Theory:-
In DM, the system encodes analog signals into binary pulses at the output. These pulses are
locally decoded back into an analog signal and compared with the analog input through a
feedback loop to form an error signal, which is quantized into one of two possible levels
depending on its polarity. A block diagram of the system is shown in figure (1). The
transmitter consists of comparator / modulator whose input is the difference between its
accumulated output and the input signal f(t). The clock pulses trigger the modulator. If the
amplitude of the input signal f(t). is greater than the accumulated output at the clock time, a
positive output pulse results. Conversely, if f(t). is less than the feedback signal, a negative
output pulse is generated. A similar integrator at the receiver, smoothed by a low pass filter
will produce an output approximating the original signal f(t).
Figure 1. Delta modulation system. (a) Modulator, (b) Demodulator
A practical circuit that realizes the above system is shown in figure (2-a). 𝑃𝑖(𝑡) is a train of
short duration positive pulses. If 𝑓(𝑡) is greater than 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) (the RC integrator's output) the
transistor is OFF and 𝑃𝑜(𝑡) is the same as 𝑃𝑖(𝑡). When 𝑓(𝑡) is less than 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) the transistor is
ON and the 𝑃𝑜(𝑡) is the inverted form of 𝑃𝑖(𝑡). This is the operation of delta modulation and
the waveforms are shown in figure (2-b).It may be observed from figure (2) that if the input
signal level remains constant, the reconstructed DM waveform exhibits a hunting behavior
known as idling noise. This idling noise is a square wave at one-half the clock rates. An
estimate of the rate of rise limit, or slope overload, condition for DM may be obtained quite
easily for sinusoidal modulation.
If the step size used in the DM system is alpha, then the maximum rate of rise, which can be
handled, is:
Small step size is desirable to accurately reproduce the
input waveform. However small step size must be
accompanied by a fast clock rate to avoid slope
overload. The performance of the DM system depends
on the frequency and amplitude of the modulating signal
𝑓(𝑡), the frequency of the pulse train 𝑃𝑖(𝑡) and the step size of the integrator's output 𝑓 ′ (𝑡).
This step size depends on the duration 𝜏 and amplitude A of 𝑃𝑖(𝑡) and the values of R and C,
as follows
Procedure:-
1. we Design the circuit shown in figure(2-a) for values of R and C to meet the
following requirements: 𝛼 = 25 𝑚𝑉 𝑓(𝑡) = 0.1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 ∗ 100)𝑡 Duty cycle of
𝑃𝑖(𝑡) is 10%, A=5V then we Choose R1 = 1𝑘Ω, 𝑅𝑓 = 1𝑘Ω, R2 = 82𝑘Ω, RB = 39𝑘Ω .
2. we Connect the circuit and sketch to scale𝑃𝑖(𝑡),𝑃𝑜(𝑡), 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) and the output
of the comparator.
3. And we Keeping R, C and 𝜏 constant, then we find the limiting values of the
following variables beyond which slope overload starts:
-Input frequency
- Input amplitude
-Pulse train frequency
-Pulse train amplitude
4. We Connect the circuit for demodulating 𝑃𝑜(𝑡). This consists of a passive RC
integrator similar to that of the transmitter, followed by a second-order
active LPF for additional smoothing. Then we Sketch the output.
Report:-
1. Define delta modulation and state its advantages.
Delta Modulation (DM) is a form of analog-to-digital signal conversion technique where the
signal is encoded by approximating the signal's amplitude at each sample point. Instead of
directly encoding the amplitude of the signal at each sampling instant, DM encodes the
difference between successive samples. This method results in a simpler and more efficient
representation of the signal for transmission or storage.
Advantages of Delta Modulation
1.Simplicity 2.Low Data Rate 3.Less Complexity in Quantization 4.Efficient for Slowly-Varying
Signals 5. Reduced Bandwidth Requirement 6. Lower Power Consumption 7. Improved Noise
Immunity 8. Simple Receiver Design
2. What are the major drawbacks of delta modulation?
The major drawbacks is
Slope overload: Distortion when the signal changes too quickly for the modulator to
follow.
Granular noise: Distortion caused by a large step size that loses fine details in the
signal.
Limited fidelity: Delta modulation struggles with signals having high-frequency
components or sharp transitions.
Dependence on step size: The choice of step size significantly affects performance,
requiring trade-offs between slope overload and granular noise.
Low resolution: Only 1-bit resolution per sample limits the ability to accurately
represent the signal.
Cumulative error: Drift in the reconstructed signal due to accumulated errors over
time.
Limited frequency response: Poor performance for high-frequency signals or fast
changes.
3. What is Slope Overload distortion and Granular Noise in Delta Modulation?
Explain your answer with figures.
Slope overload distortion happens when the step size Δ is too small to keep up with
the fast changes in the input signal. It results in large errors where the modulated signal
fails to follow the rapid changes of the original signal.
Granular noise occurs when the step size is too large, leading to a coarse
approximation of the signal and a loss of small, subtle variations.
4. Suggest a method to overcome the problem of slope overload distortion.
The Slope Overload Distortion in Delta Modulation (DM) occurs when the signal changes too
rapidly (high slope) for the modulator to keep up with it, given the fixed step size Δ. To
overcome this issue, several methods can be employed to adapt the system to handle rapid
signal variations more effectively. One of the most widely used techniques is Adaptive Delta
Modulation (ADM).Another Method: Two-Level Delta Modulation (2LDM) or Variable Slope
Delta Modulation (VSDM)
5. Derive the equation of the step size which is 𝛼 = 𝐴𝜏/𝑅𝐶
τc=RC
For constant input voltage Vin=A
where:
A is the amplitude of the input signal,
τ is the sampling period (the time between samples),
R is the resistance of the integrator,
C is the capacitance of the integrator.
6. Briefly explain the difference delta modulation and PCM.
