The document contains an assignment on neuroscience by Tatheera Zainab, including a table of higher and lower brain areas. It explains the differences between automatic and involuntary movements, the concept of relay in neuroscience, and provides examples of declarative and episodic memory from personal experience. Key concepts include reflex actions, the role of the thalamus as a relay station, and personal memories related to facts and experiences.
The document contains an assignment on neuroscience by Tatheera Zainab, including a table of higher and lower brain areas. It explains the differences between automatic and involuntary movements, the concept of relay in neuroscience, and provides examples of declarative and episodic memory from personal experience. Key concepts include reflex actions, the role of the thalamus as a relay station, and personal memories related to facts and experiences.
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It includes the basic terms that related to neuroscience behaviour
The document contains an assignment on neuroscience by Tatheera Zainab, including a table of higher and lower brain areas. It explains the differences between automatic and involuntary movements, the concept of relay in neuroscience, and provides examples of declarative and episodic memory from personal experience. Key concepts include reflex actions, the role of the thalamus as a relay station, and personal memories related to facts and experiences.
The document contains an assignment on neuroscience by Tatheera Zainab, including a table of higher and lower brain areas. It explains the differences between automatic and involuntary movements, the concept of relay in neuroscience, and provides examples of declarative and episodic memory from personal experience. Key concepts include reflex actions, the role of the thalamus as a relay station, and personal memories related to facts and experiences.
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Name: Tatheera Zainab.
Reg # : 1210401412
Assignment No.6 Neuroscience
1. Make a table on the names of higher and lower brain areas?
Higher Brain Lower brain
areas areas Cerebral Cortex Brainstem (Frontal, (Medulla Parietal, Oblongata, Temporal, and Pons, Midbrain) Occipital lobes) Cerebellum Prefrontal Spinal Cord Cortex Reticular Hippocampus Formation Amygdala Basal Ganglia Thalamus Hypothalamus
2. What is the difference between automatic movements and Involuntary
movements?
Automatic, involuntary, spontaneous all mean not under the control of the will.
Automatic movement: That which is automatic, however, is an invariable
reaction to a fixed type of stimulus Or in simple words a reaction that always happens in the same way when a specific stimulus is present. Examples: The knee-jerk reflex when a doctor taps your knee. Blinking when something approaches your eyes suddenly. Heartbeat regulation without conscious thought. Pupil dilation in response to changes in light. Swallowing reflex when food touches the back of your throat. Involuntary movements : The term involuntary refers to a response that is not consciously controlled and may vary according to the occasion, circumstances, mood, etc. Examples : Shivering when you’re cold. Goosebumps when you’re scared or cold. Sneezing when dust or irritants enter your nose. Crying out in pain when you accidentally touch something hot.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/automatic
3. What is the concept of relay?
A relay is like a small electrically operated switch that controls circuits. It gets an electrical signal and uses it to turn something on or off. Relays are found in many devices, like home appliances and machines. Relay in neuroscience: In neuroscience, a relay refers to the process where neurons pass signals from one area of the nervous system to another, often involving a relay station like a synapse. Working: A sensory or motor signal is sent from one neuron or group of neurons. The signal is transmitted through specific neurons, often in a structure like the thalamus (a major relay centre in the brain).The relay neurons pass the processed signal to the next target, such as another brain region or the spinal cord. Example: The thalamus acts as a relay station in the brain.
4. Give example of declarative and episodic memory from your own life? Declarative memory is related to facts (semantic memory) and personal experiences (episodic memory) that we can consciously recall and describe. Semantic memory: Semantic memory is related to facts and general knowledge about the world that we have learned and can consciously recall. Examples: All Muslims around the world celebrate Eid al-Fitr on the 1st of Shawwal. Sun rises from the east . All mosques in the world are the holy house of Allah . Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, helping us understand how people think, feel, and act. Episodic memory: this involves the personal knowledge, events, experience from your life. Examples : I celebrated my birthday on 28 December. Two years ago, while returning from university, my heart rate suddenly became very fast. I thought it would improve on its own, but by evening, it worsened, and my breathing became irregular. I was taken to a hospital in Daska, where doctors advised transferring me to Sialkot or Lahore due to the delay. I was admitted to a hospital in Sialkot, given drips, and an ECG was performed. By night, my heartbeat had stabilized.
