Applications based on IoT

CH 5 : Applications based on IoT

Repeated Questions ( For Reference Only )

Q 1: Describe various types of sensors used for IoT applications.

OR list the types of sensors.

Sensors are vital components in IoT systems, collecting data from the environment for
analysis and decision-making. Below is a list of easy-to-remember sensors commonly used in
IoT applications, along with brief descriptions:

1. Temperature Sensor

• Purpose: Measures ambient temperature.

• Example: LM35, DHT11.

• Applications: Smart thermostats, weather monitoring, industrial temperature control.

2. Humidity Sensor

• Purpose: Measures the amount of water vapor in the air.

• Example: DHT22.

• Applications: Greenhouse monitoring, air quality systems, HVAC systems.

3. Motion Sensor

• Purpose: Detects motion or presence.

• Example: PIR (Passive Infrared) Sensor.

• Applications: Security systems, automated lighting, intruder detection.

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4. Light Sensor

• Purpose: Measures the intensity of light.

• Example: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), TSL2561.

• Applications: Smart lighting, outdoor environmental monitoring.

5. Pressure Sensor

• Purpose: Measures pressure in gases or liquids.

• Example: BMP180.

• Applications: Weather monitoring, industrial process control, automotive systems.

6. Proximity Sensor

• Purpose: Detects the presence of nearby objects without physical contact.

• Example: Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04).

• Applications: Object detection, parking assistance, robotic navigation.

7. Gas Sensor

• Purpose: Detects gases like carbon monoxide, methane, or smoke.

• Example: MQ series (e.g., MQ-2, MQ-7).

• Applications: Gas leak detection, air quality monitoring, safety systems.

8. Vibration Sensor

• Purpose: Measures vibration levels.

• Example: Piezoelectric Sensor.

• Applications: Machine health monitoring, earthquake detection.

9. Soil Moisture Sensor

• Purpose: Measures the water content in soil.

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• Example: Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor.

• Applications: Smart irrigation, agricultural monitoring.

10. Sound Sensor

• Purpose: Detects sound levels.

• Example: Microphone Sensor (e.g., KY-038).

• Applications: Noise pollution monitoring, voice-activated systems.

Q 2: List the types of actuators.

Actuators are devices that convert energy into mechanical motion or action based on
signals from IoT systems. Here is a list of easy-to-remember actuators with brief descriptions:

1. DC Motor

• Purpose: Converts electrical energy into rotational motion.

• Example: Standard DC motor.

• Applications: Robotic arms, conveyor belts, automated vehicles.

2. Stepper Motor

• Purpose: Provides precise control of rotational motion in steps.

• Example: NEMA 17 Stepper Motor.

• Applications: 3D printers, CNC machines, camera gimbals.

3. Servo Motor

• Purpose: Provides controlled angular motion.

• Example: MG995 Servo Motor.

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• Applications: Robotics, remote-controlled vehicles, robotic arms.

4. Solenoid

• Purpose: Creates linear motion by converting electrical energy into a magnetic field.

• Example: Solenoid Valve.

• Applications: Automatic door locks, fluid control, vending machines.

5. Relay

• Purpose: Electrically operates a switch to control high-power devices.

• Example: SPDT Relay.

• Applications: Home automation, industrial equipment, HVAC systems.

6. Linear Actuator

• Purpose: Converts rotational motion into linear motion.

• Example: Electric Linear Actuator.

• Applications: Adjustable beds, solar panel trackers, window openers.

7. Piezoelectric Actuator

• Purpose: Generates small, precise motions using piezoelectric materials.

• Example: Piezoelectric Buzzer.

• Applications: Medical devices, precision instruments, buzzers.

8. Hydraulic Actuator

• Purpose: Uses fluid pressure to create linear or rotational motion.

• Example: Hydraulic Cylinder.

• Applications: Heavy machinery, automotive brakes, construction equipment.

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9. Pneumatic Actuator

• Purpose: Uses compressed air to create motion.

• Example: Pneumatic Valve.

• Applications: Industrial automation, packaging machines, pneumatic tools.

10. Heater (Thermal Actuator)

• Purpose: Converts electrical energy into heat for temperature control.

• Example: Peltier Module.

• Applications: Heating systems, food processing, incubators.

Tips to Remember These Actuators

• Link them to common applications (e.g., DC Motors in toys, Relays in home

appliances).

• Group them by motion type: Rotational (DC, Stepper, Servo), Linear (Solenoid,
Linear Actuator).

• Use real-world examples like automatic doors (Solenoid) or HVAC systems (Relay,
Pneumatic Actuator).

Q 3: Explain interfacing of sensors and actuators with Arduino.

Interfacing sensors and actuators with an Arduino involves connecting them to the
Arduino board and writing a program to process input from the sensors and control the
actuators. Here's a simple step-by-step explanation:

1. Basics of Arduino Interfacing

• Sensors: Provide inputs to the Arduino by measuring physical quantities (e.g.,

temperature, light).

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• Actuators: Perform actions based on the signals from the Arduino (e.g., turn on a
motor or light).

2. Steps to Interface Sensors

1. Choose the Sensor:

• Example: A temperature sensor like LM35 or a light sensor like LDR.

2. Connect the Sensor to Arduino:

• Use analog pins (A0-A5) for sensors that output variable voltages.

• Use digital pins (D2-D13) for sensors with binary outputs (e.g., motion
detection).

3. Write the Code:

• Read the sensor data using analogRead() or digitalRead() functions.

• Example for an LM35 Temperature Sensor:

int sensorPin = A0;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
float temperature = (sensorValue * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 100.0;
Serial.println(temperature);
delay(1000
}

3. Steps to Interface Actuators

1. Choose the Actuator:

• Example: A DC motor, LED, or servo motor.

2. Connect the Actuator to Arduino:

• Use digital pins for ON/OFF actions (e.g., LED).

• Use PWM pins (marked with ~) for controlling actuators like servo motors.

3. Write the Code:

• Use digitalWrite() for ON/OFF control.

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• Use analogWrite() for variable control (e.g., brightness or motor speed).

• Example for an LED:

int ledPin = 9;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

4. Combining Sensors and Actuators

• The sensor provides input, and based on the input, the Arduino controls the actuator.

• Example: Temperature-Controlled Fan

• Sensor: LM35 Temperature Sensor.

• Actuator: DC Motor (Fan).

int tempSensor = A0;

int motorPin = 9;
void setup() {
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(tempSensor);
float temperature = (sensorValue * 5.0 / 1023.0) * 100.0;
if (temperature > 30) {
analogWrite(motorPin, 255);
} else {
analogWrite(motorPin, 0);
}
delay(1000);
}

5. Hardware Connections

• Sensors: Connect power (VCC and GND) and data pins to Arduino.

• Actuators: For devices like motors, use external power and a driver (e.g., L298N
Motor Driver).

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6. Applications

• IoT Home Automation: Use sensors to detect room temperature and actuators to turn
on/off fans.

• Robotics: Combine proximity sensors and motors for obstacle detection and
navigation.

Q 4: Explain working of any system based on Arduino. OR Give

an example of Arduino based minor project.

understand how an Arduino-based Smart Light System works in simple steps. This
system uses a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) as a sensor to measure light intensity and
an LED as an actuator to control lighting automatically.

1. Components Required

1. Arduino Board: To control the system (e.g., Arduino Uno).

2. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): Measures the light intensity.

3. LED: Acts as the light source.

4. Resistors: To limit current for the LDR and LED.

5. Jumper Wires: For connections.

2. Objective

The LED automatically turns ON in the dark and OFF in bright light using the LDR to
measure light levels.

3. Steps to Implement the System

Step 1: Connections

1. LDR Circuit:

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• Connect one terminal of the LDR to 5V.

• Connect the other terminal to A0 (analog input pin) of Arduino

and GND through a resistor.

2. LED Circuit:

• Connect the positive leg (longer leg) of the LED to digital pin 9.

• Connect the shorter leg to GND.

Step 2: Arduino Code

Here’s a simple program to make the system work:

int ldrPin = A0;

int ledPin = 9;
int ldrValue;

void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
ldrValue = analogRead(ldrPin);
if (ldrValue < 500) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
delay(100);
}

4. How It Works

1. Reading Light Levels:

• The LDR detects the surrounding light intensity.

• In bright light, the resistance of the LDR decreases, producing a higher analog
voltage at pin A0.

• In low light, the resistance increases, producing a lower voltage.

2. Controlling the LED:

• Arduino reads the LDR value using analogRead().

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• If the light level is below a threshold (e.g., 500), the LED is turned ON
using digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH).

• If the light level is above the threshold, the LED is turned OFF.

5. Applications

1. Automatic Street Lighting: Streetlights turn ON at night and OFF during the day.

2. Home Automation: Lights automatically adjust based on ambient lighting.

Key Concepts

• Input: The LDR provides data about the environment.

• Processing: Arduino analyzes the data and decides whether to turn the LED ON or
OFF.

• Output: The LED acts based on Arduino’s decision.

This is a simple and practical Arduino-based system.

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