Introduc)on to Smart Grids*

*SMART GRID
Fundamentals of Design and Analysis
by James Momoh, 2012
CHAPTER 1:

SMART GRID
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS
 INTRODUCTION

Today’s electric grid was designed to operate as a

ver.cal structure consis)ng of
• Genera)on,
• Transmission
• Distribu)on

Today’s electric grid was supported with controls and

devices to maintain
• Reliability
• Stability
• Efficiency

3
 INTRODUCTION

However, system operators are now facing new

challenges including:
• the penetra)on of renewable energy
resources (RER) in the legacy system
• rapid technological change
• different types of market players and end
users

4
 INTRODUCTION

The next itera)on, the smart grid, will be

equipped with
• communica)on support schemes
• real-)me measurement techniques

5
 INTRODUCTION
The new grid will be capable of:
• Handling uncertain)es in schedules and power
transfers across regions
• Accommoda)ng renewables
• Op)mizing the transfer capability of the
transmission and distribu)on networks
• Mee)ng the demand for increased quality and
reliable supply
• Managing and resolving unpredictable events
and uncertain)es in opera)ons and planning
more aggressively 6
 TODAY’S GRID VERSUS THE SMART GRID

Table: Comparison of Today’s Grid versus Smart Grid

Preferred Characteris.cs Today’s Grid Smart Grid
Ac)ve Consumer Consumers are uninformed Informed, involved consumers
Par)cipa)on and do not par)cipate — demand response and
distributed energy resources
Accommoda)on of all Dominated by central Many distributed energy
genera)on and storage genera)on—many resources with plug-and-play
op)ons obstacles exist for convenience focus on
distributed energy renewables
resources interconnec)on
New products, services, and Limited, poorly integrated Mature, well-integrated
markets wholesale markets; limited wholesale markets; growth of
opportuni)es for new electricity markets for
consumers consumers
Provision of power quality Focus on outages—slow Power quality a priority with a
for the digital economy response to power quality variety of quality/price op)ons
issues —rapid resolu)on of issues
7
 TODAY’S GRID VERSUS THE SMART GRID

Table: Comparison of Today’s Grid versus Smart Grid (con)nued)

Preferred Characteris.cs Today’s Grid Smart Grid

Op)miza)on of assets and Lidle integra)on of Greatly expanded data
operates efficiently opera)onal data with asset acquisi)on of grid parameters;
management—business focus on preven)on,
process silos minimizing impact to
consumers
An)cipa)ng responses to Responds to prevent Automa)cally detects and
system disturbances further damage; focus on responds to problems; focus
(self-healing) protec)ng assets following on preven)on, minimizing
a fault impact to consumers
Resiliency against cyber Vulnerable to malicious Resilient to cyber adack and
adack and natural disasters acts of terror and natural natural disasters; rapid
disasters; slow response restora)on capabili)es

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 RATIONALE FOR THE SMART GRID

9
The features needed to facilitate the development of an energy-efficient and reliable system
 RATIONALE FOR THE SMART GRID

10
The features needed to facilitate the development of an energy-efficient and reliable system
 FIVE KEY ASPECTS

Five key aspects of smart grid development and deployment 11

 FIVE KEY ASPECTS
1. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Computa)onal intelligence is the term used to describe the

advanced analy)cal tools needed to op)mize the bulk power
network

The toolbox will include:

• Heuris)c
• Evolu)on Programming
• Decision Support Tools
• Adap)ve Op)miza)on Techniques
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 FIVE KEY ASPECTS
2. POWER SYSTEM ENHANCEMENT

Policy-makers assume greatly expanded use of renewable energy

resources will:
• help to offset the impacts of carbon emissions from thermal
and fossil energy
• meet demand uncertainty
• increase reliability of delivery

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 FIVE KEY ASPECTS
3. COMMUNICATION AND STANDARDS

Since planning horizons can be short as an hour ahead, the smart

grid’s advanced automa)ons will generate vast amounts of
opera.onal data in a rapid decision-making environment.

New algorithms will help it become adap)ve and capable of

predic)ng with foresight.
In turn, new rules will be needed for:
• managing
• opera)ng
• marke)ng networks. 14
 FIVE KEY ASPECTS
4. ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMICS

When fully developed the smart grid system will allow:

• customer involvement
• enhance genera)on and transmission with tools to allow
minimiza)on of system vulnerability, resiliency, reliability,
adequacy and power quality
The training tools and capacity development to manage and
operate the grids and hence crate new job opportuni)es is part of
the desired goals of the smart grid evolu)on

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 FIVE KEY ASPECTS
5. TEST-BED

The smart grid evolu)on which will be tested using test-bed.

To achieve the rapid deployment of the grids test bed and research
centers need to work across disciplines to build the first genera)on
of smart grid.

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 GENERAL VIEW OF THE SMART GRID
MARKET DRIVERS
To improve efficiency and reliability, several market drivers and new
opportuni)es suggest that the smart grid must:
• Sa)sfy the need for increased integra)on of digital systems for
increased efficiency of the power system. In the restructured
environment, the deregulated electric u)lity industry allows a
renova)on of the market to be based on system constraints and
the seasonal and daily fluctua)ons in demand. Compe))ve
markets increase the shipment of power between regions, which
further strains today’s aging grid and requires updated, real-)me
controls. 17
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE SMART GRID
MARKET DRIVERS (con)nued)
To improve efficiency and reliability, several market drivers and new
opportuni)es suggest that the smart grid must:
• Handle grid conges)on, increase customer par)cipa)on, and
reduce uncertainty for investment. This requires the enhancement
of the grid’s capability to handle demand reliably.
• Seamlessly integrate renewable energy systems (RES) and
distributed genera)on. The dras)c increase in the integra)on of
cost-compe))ve distributed genera)on technologies affects the
power system.
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 STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND FUNCTION
As in the legacy system, cri.cal a>en.on must be paid to the
iden.fica.on of the stakeholders and how they func)on in the grid’s
development.
Stakeholders range from u)lity and energy producers to consumers,
policy-makers, technology providers, and researchers.
An important part of the realiza.on of the smart grid is the complete
buy-in or involvement of all stakeholders.
Policy-makers are the state regulators responsible for ensuring the
cohesiveness of policies for moderniza)on efforts and media)ng the
needs of all par)es.
The primary benefit of smart grid development to these stakeholders
concerns the mi)ga)on of energy prices, reduced dependence on
foreign oil, increased efficiency, and reliability of power supply. 19
STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND FUNCTION
SMART
GRID:
Stakeholders

UTILITIES: Installation
and implementation of
power grid technologies

POLICY-MAKERS: Establishment of
standards for operation, monitoring,
interoperability etc.

TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS: Development of

smart grid technologies for the grid
enhancement

RESEARCHERS: Development of tools and technologies for

the smart grid

CONSUMERS: Consumer input and participation, consumer buy-in etc.

Stakeholders
Figure and their func)ons
1.4. Stakeholders and their functions.
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 Key Characteris)cs of the Intelligent Power Grid
The key characteris)cs are:
• Grid equipment and assets contain or are monitored by intelligent
IP-enabled devices (digital processors)
• Digital communica.on networks permit the intelligent devices to
communicate securely with the u)lity enterprise and possibly with
each other
• Data from the intelligent devices and many other sources are
consolidated to support the transforma)on of raw data into useful
informa)on through advanced analy)cs
• Business intelligence and op.miza.on tools provide advanced
decision support at both the automa)c and human supervisory level
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 WORKING DEFINITION OF THE SMART GRID
A working defini.on should include the following a>ributes:
• Assess grid health in real )me
• Predict behavior, an)cipate
• Adapt to new environments like distributed resources and
renewable energy resources
• Handle stochas.c demand and respond to smart appliances
• Provide self-correc.on, reconfigura)on, and restora)on
• Handle randomness of loads and market par)cipants in real )me
• Create more complex interac.ve behavior with intelligent devices,
communica)on protocols, and standard and smart algorithms to
improve smart communica)on and transporta)on systems. 22
 WORKING DEFINITION OF THE SMART GRID

The working defini)on becomes:

The smart grid is an advanced digital two-way power flow power

system capable of self-healing, and adap:ve, resilient, and
sustainable, with foresight for predic:on under different
uncertain:es

It is equipped for interoperability with present and future standards

of components, devices, and systems that are cyber-secured
against malicious a;ack 23