REREPORT ON:SMARTGIRD

SUBMITTED BY: CHANDAN MEENA

DR. K.N. MODI UNIVERSITY NEWAI

B.TCEH(EEE) 4TH YEAR

 INTRODUCTION
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers
using two-way digital technology to control appliances at
consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase
reliability and transparency. It is capable of assessing its health
in real-time, predicting its behavior, anticipatory behavior,
adaptation to new environments, handling distributed
resources, stochastic demand, and optimal response to the
smart appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to
focus on evolving true business drivers by enabling cost
containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a more
secure infrastructure. The grid is considered to have
observability with nodes data integration and analysis to
 support advances in system operation and control. This
includes power delivery integration and high level utility
strategic planning functions. The existing transmission and
distribution systems use techniques and strategies that are old
and there is limited use of digital communication and control
technology. To achieve improved, reliable and economical
power delivery information flow and secure integrated
communication is proposed .The Smart Grid with intelligent
functions is expected to provide self correction, reconfiguration
and restoration, and able to handle randomness of loads and
market participants in real time, while creating more complex
interaction behavior with intelligent devices, communication
protocols, standard and smart algorithms to achieve complex
interaction with smart communication and transportation
systems.

The Smart Grid is planned to have the following

key characteristics:

 Self-healing: A grid, which is able to rapidly detect, analyze, respond and

Restore from perturbations.

 Empower and incorporate the consumer: The ability to incorporate

consumer equipment and behavior in the design and operation of the grid.

 Tolerant of attack: A grid that mitigates and stands resilient to physical

and cyber security attacks.
 Provides power quality needed by 21st century users: A grid
that provides a quality of power consistent with consumer and industry needs.

 Accommodates a wide variety of generation options : A grid

that accommodates a wide variety of local and regional generation
technologies (including green power).

 Fully enables maturing electricity markets: Allows competitive

markets for those who want them.
 Optimizes assets: A grid that uses IT and monitoring to continually
Optimize its capital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs.
Overall, the Smart Grid design goals are to provide grid observability; create
controllability of assets, enhance power system performance and security; and
reduce costs of operations, maintenance, and system planning. Benefits of the
Smart Grid with bring forth the following:

 Improved system performance meters.

 Improved ability to supply information for rate cases, visibility of utility
operation / / asset management
 Availability of data for strategic planning, as well as better support for
digital summary
 More reliable and economic delivery of power enhanced by information
flow and secure communication.
 Life cycle management, cost containment, and end-to-end power delivery is
improved in the smart grid design.
 Improved ability to supply accurate information for rate cases- with
compounding impact in regulatory utilities.
 Input visibility of utility operation to asset management.
 Impact access to historical data for strategic planning.
WHAT IS SMART GRID

A SMART GRID deliver selectricity from supplier to consumers using two-

way digital technology to control appliances at consumers homes to save
energy ,reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the
electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels
from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the
power distribution grid.Such a modernized electricity networks is being
promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy
independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters
may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute smart grid
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of
superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the
capability of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind.
When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on
selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that
can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn of selected appliances to
reduce demand.

FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE SMART GRID

ARCHITECTURE: For the functional scope of the Smart Grid
architecture[2], eight functional scenarios have been defined. A short
description of each case is provided in the following subsections.
1)Variable-Tariff-Based Loa
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day ahead before
the delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed after transmission to the
customer and, as such, the customer can rely on it. The price profile will look different
for each day, reflecting market conditions that vary from day to day. These variations
will likely further increase with expanding generation from fluctuating sources like wind
power and photo voltaics. Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as well
as of generation units at the customer site as it is up to the customer which devices are
allowed to be managed according to the variable tariff. To enable in-home energy
management, a suitable domestic system is required together with an automatic home
management device coupled to an intelligent meter.

2)Energy Usage Monitoring and Feedback

In the ³Action Plan for Energy Efficiency´, the European Commission estimates the EU-
wide energy saving potential of households at approx. 27%. As one important measure
for realizing this potential, the action plan states that awareness must be increased in
order to stimulate end-customer behavioural changes. A timely display of energy
consumption is expected to have positive effects on energy savings. Personalized and
well targeted advice on how to save energy can further help exploit the savings
potential. A portal or display that combines information about present and past
consumption, comparisons to average consumption patterns, and precise suggestions
how to further lower consumption, which are tailored personally to the customer, is
expected to be the most effective way of realizing the targeted increase in households¶
energy efficiency.

3)Real-time Portfolio Imbalance Reduction

This function is rooted in the balancing mechanism as used by Transmission System
Operators (TSOs) throughout the world. In this context, a whole sale market participant,
that is responsible for a balanced energy volume position, is called a Balance
Responsible Party (BRP). These parties have an obligation to plan or forecast the
production and consumption in their portfolio, as well as notify this plan to the TSO.
Deviations of these plans may cause (upward or down-ward) regulation actions by the
TSO. The TSO settles the costs for the used reserve and emergency capacity with those
BRPs that had deviations from their energy programs. On average this results in costs

for the BRP referred to as imbalance costs. This business case scenario focuses on the
balancing actions by a BRP in the near-real time (i.e. at the actual moment of delivery).
Traditionally, these real-time balancing actions are performed by power plants within the
BRP portfolio. The key idea of this function is the utilization ofreal-time flexibility of
end-user customers to balance the BRP portfolio
4)Offering (secondary) Reserve Capacity to the TSO
Taking the previous function one step further, the BRP uses these VPPs to, additionally,
bid actively into the reserve capacity markets.

5)Distribution System Congestion Management

This function is aimed at the deferral of grid reinforcements and enhancement of
network utilization to improve the quality of supply in areas with re stricted capacity in
lines and transformers. The Distribution System Operator (DSO) avoids infrastructural
investments and optimizes the use of existing assets by active management using
services delivered by smart houses. By coordinated use of these services, end-customer
loads can be shifted away from periods at which congestion occurs and
simultaneousness of local supply and demand can be improved.

6)Distribution Grid Cell Islanding in Case of Higher- System

Instability
The main principle of this is to allow the operation of a grid cell in island modein case
of higher system instability in a market environment. The scenario hastwo main steps,
the first occurring before a possible instability and involves keeping a load shedding
schedule up-to-date. The second step is the steady islanded operation. The transition to
the island mode is automatic and neither end users nor the aggregator interferes with it.
The system manages the energy within the island grid and it is considered that all nodes
within the islanded grid will participate in the system.

Black-Start Support from Smart Houses

The most important concept of this function is to support the black start operation of the
main grid. It is assumed that after the blackout the local grid is also out of operation. The
main goal is to start up quickly in island mode and then to reconnect with the upstream
network in order to provide energy to the system.

Integration of Forecasting Techniques

The volatility of the production level of distributed generators, like renewable and CHP,
makes forecasting a necessary tool for market participation. The market actor with the
lowest forecasting error will have the most efficient market participation. Moreover, the
usage of intelligent management tools for handling the information about the
uncertainties of large-scale wind generation will improve the system-wide operational
costs, fuel and CO2 savings The Smart Grid architecture under development must
interact with these forecasting tools and additionally ensure accurate data collection for
these tools.

SMART GRID AND IT’S NEED

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts
about our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern
civilization, a complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more
electricity but fewer fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs,
more secure distribution with less maintenance, effective new construction and
efficient disaster reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen
drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we
are exacting more from
grid that is simply not up to the task.

POWERSYSTEM

HOW SMART SHOULD A SMART

POWER GRID
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user
hardware, from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use
that to better balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage
hours.Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the
delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a
smart move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both
electrical utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms,it also
enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak demand
to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with consumers who
have ³smart meters´ to see exactly how much electricity is being used at any particular
time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and consumer. So they can
cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that it’s advantageous to both. And it allow
to the use of two way metering so that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel
or their ownwindmill can sell surplus electricity back to the utility.

1.Intelligent :Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent

or minimize a potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions required
resolution faster than humans can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of
utilities, consumers and regulators
.
2. Efficient:Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without
addinginfrastructure.

3. Accommodating:Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including

solar and wind as easily and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating
any and all better ideas and technologies ± energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they
are market proven and ready to come online.

4. Motivating:Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility,

soconsumer can tailor their energy consumption based on individual
preferences, like price and or environmental concerns.
5. Resilient: Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes
moredecentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.

6. Green :Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement

TECHNOLOGY USED IN SMART GRID

The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such
as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in
grid operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key
areas

1.Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been
developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being
collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement
include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory
control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and fiber optics.
Integrated communication will allow for real time control, information and data
exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.

2.Sensing and measurement

core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health,
energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced
microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area
monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based on online reading by distributed
temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems),
electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing
tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective
relays.

3.Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage in
real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and
provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets
(smart socket) and other smart gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices
can shut down during times of peak demand.
4.Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and
diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids.
Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation
superconducting wire ,high temperature superconducting cable,
distributed energy generation and storage devices ,composite conductors, and intelligent
´ appliances.

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM
Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators
and switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to
any particular distribution substation. Distribution system comprises of feeder
towers, poles and insulators etc. which distribute power from distribution
substation to any particular area. Parameters influencing T&D system:

1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-there is two type of losses in transformer losses
a) IRON LOSSES:-The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in
transformer steel core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES: The total power loss taking place in the winding of
transformer is called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses
.Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2Now,

ENERGY CONSERVATIONTECHNIOUES
1.ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSIONSYSTEM
Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-
1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce ur’s from this
surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or
ACSR conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.

ACC ACSR CONDUCTOR

2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS:This can be done by following methods-

A) By using voltage controllers
B) By using voltage stabilizer
C) By using power factor controller

STABILIZER POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER

2.ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQ UES IN

TRANSFORMER Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving
parts. So, a transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only
electrical losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer
is high around 95-98%.Thus, energy conservation opportunities for transformer are
available only in design and material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can
increase efficiency of system.

A.OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER: The environmental

protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K WH of electricity
is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid system showed
that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total transmission and
distribution losses. Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as
recommended by REC), the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its
losses can be reduced. The load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

Transformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25KVA 685-466W
63KVA 1235-844W
100KVA 1760-1196W

B.IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER: This is

nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be reduced by
following methods:-
 BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER: By using superior quality or
improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) laminations, the no-load
losses can be reduced to 32%.

 BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER:Transformer with superior quality of

core material i.e. amorphous alloy is called Amorphous Transformers. Amorphous
alloy is made up of Ironboron-silicon alloy. The magnetic core of this transformer
is made with amorphous metal, which is easily magnetized / demagnetized.
 Typically, core loss can be 70±80% less than itsMolten metal mixture when cooled
to solid state at a very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not
crystalline. This is called Amorphous.

3)ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

This is done by considering following points:-

1)BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD:As a result of unequal loads on individual

phase sequence, components causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors
motors. Thus, increasing losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under
unbalanced voltage conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence
voitage within limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )as
well as energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly μ as is
practical between the phases.

2)POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT: Low power factor will lead to

increased current and hence increase losses and will affect the voltage. The power factor
at peak is almost unity. However, during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the
power factor decreases to around 0.8, this m ay be due to following reasons,
Wide use of fans.
Wide industrial loads.
Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.
Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.

SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that
information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process
known as telemetering.

These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as

communication, data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates ,and
are intended to be deployed as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
solution. Smart meters are the next generation of electricity and gas meters.
smart meter will empower customer to make choices on how much energy
they use. Supplier will install two-way communication system that display
accurate real time information on energy use in the home to the consumer and
back to the energy supplier.

Advantages Of Smart Grid-

Reduces the cost of blackouts.
Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.
Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.
Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid

Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.
Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and
sensors so it is costly.
Some type of meter can hacked.
HACKER-
Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.
Increases or decreases the demand of power.
Not simply a single component .various technology components are used
are software, system integrators, the power generators.

Future
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.

RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the grid and
addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability due to their
volatility. Demand response and electric storage resources are necessary for addressing
economics of the grid and are perceived to support grid reliability through mitigating
peak demand and load variability. Electric transportation
resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental targets and can be used to
 mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the characteristics of these resource
types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability Reliability has always been in
the forefront of power grid design and operation due to the cost of outages to
customers. In the US, the annual cost of outages in 2002 is estimated to be in the order
of $79B [5] which equals to about a third of the total electricity retail revenue of $249B
[6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail revenue would be of the order of $109B.
Much higher estimates have been reported by others. The reliability issues in modern
power grids are becoming increasingly more challenging. Factors contributing to the
challenges include: Aggravated grid congestion, driven by uncertainty, diversity and
distribution of energy supplies due to environmental and sustainability concerns. The
power flow patterns in real-time can be significantly different from those considered in
the design or off-line analyses.More numerous, larger transfers over longer distances
increasing volatilityand reducing reliability margins. This phenomenon is aggravated
by energymarkets.
The grid being operated at its edge´ in more locations and more often because of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for
limited transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for monitoring, analyzing and
control Consolidation of operating entities giving rise to a larger ³foot print´ with more
complex problems and requiring smaller error margins and shorter decision times. This
problem may be aggravated by depletion of experienced personnel due to retirement,
etc.

DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

The reliability problem also arises due to faults occurring in the
system. A set of advanced automation functions is developed to
combat this problem. These new distribution management functions
can be summarized as follows:
1)The Fault Diagnosis and Alarm Processing Function:This function is
automatically triggered immediately after the occurrence of a fault. It produces
a diagnosis of events on the basis of a set of pre-defined scenarios (a
comparison of the remote information flow is made with the patterns
predefined by experienced operators). The diagnosis produces an analysis of
the type of fault enabling the operator to quickly understand what happened in
the network under its control. The function can also detect missing remote
control signals.

2)The Fault Location Function:After detecting and analyzing the fault, it is

necessary to find the location of the fault. The goal of this function is to
quickly determine the section of the feeder where the fault occurred. This is
performed by analyzing the information sent from fault indicators to the
control center. Operators can then intervene and isolate the fault area by
remotely opening the corresponding switches. The degree of accuracy depends
on the density of fault indicators on the MV network.

3)The Service Restoration Function:After locating the fault, this function finds
all the plans allowing powerrestoration to lost customers of the non-faulted
section of the feeder whileconsidering technical constraints. Each plan
consists of a series of actions,(opening/closing of switching devices) leading
to power restoration.

CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby increasing
demand, and depleting resources the need to be μsmart and
efficient in our energy usage has become an imperative.
Implementation of Smart Grid concept would go a long way in
solving many of the present energy issues and problems. The
whole network needs to be upgraded to meet the requirements
i.e. at transmission as well as distribution level.Researches are
going on to find the optimal solution and new technology to
make all the desired characteristics possible. Smart Meters,
Smart Homes, Smart City and so on would constitute the Smart
Grid. As the new technologies would be invented and existing
ones boosted up to meet the desired specifications the Smart
Grid would become a reality and change the whole energy
pattern throughout the world.

Resources of information
Articles
Energy Conservation Through Energy Management
- by Prof. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)
WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power
- by Syed Khadeerullah (Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
Magazine of ³Electrical India 2010´
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com