1.What is the deference between research question and hypothesis?

A research question and a hypothesis are both important components of a research study, but they serve different
purposes.

 Research Question:

- A research question is a clear, focused, and specific inquiry that the researcher wants to answer through their study.

- It is a broad question that guides the overall direction of the research.

- Research questions are often open-ended and exploratory in nature, seeking to understand a particular phenomenon
or relationship.

 Hypothesis:

- A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction that is proposed before the research study is conducted.

- It is a specific, clear, and measurable statement that suggests the expected relationship between variables or the
expected outcome of the study.

- Hypotheses are used to guide the data collection and analysis process and to test specific predictions.

 In summary, a research question is a broad inquiry that guides the overall direction of the study, while a
hypothesis is a specific, testable statement that predicts the relationship between variables or the outcome
of the study.

2. What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics?

Parametric and nonparametric statistics are two different approaches to statistical analysis, and they differ in their
assumptions, types of data, and the techniques used for analysis.

 Parametric Statistics:

- Parametric statistics are based on specific assumptions about the population distribution, such as normality and
homogeneity of variance.

- They are used when the data meets certain criteria, such as being normally distributed or having a specific
underlying distribution.

- Parametric tests include techniques such as t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and many
others.

- These tests are more powerful and efficient when their assumptions are met, but they can be sensitive to violations
of those assumptions.

 Nonparametric Statistics:

- Nonparametric statistics do not rely on specific assumptions about the population distribution. They are used when
the data does not meet the criteria for parametric tests or when the underlying distribution is unknown.

- Nonparametric tests are often used with ordinal or non-normally distributed data and are considered more robust in
the face of data that does not meet parametric assumptions.

- Examples of nonparametric tests include the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis
test, and Spearman's rank correlation.

- Nonparametric tests are generally less powerful than parametric tests when the parametric assumptions are met, but
they can be more appropriate and reliable when dealing with non-normal data or small sample sizes.

1
  In summary, the main difference between parametric and nonparametric statistics lies in their underlying
assumptions about the population distribution and the types of data they can analyze. Parametric statistics
rely on specific distributional assumptions, while nonparametric statistics do not make these assumptions
and are more flexible in their applicability to different types of data.

3. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics

Descriptive and inferential statistics are two main branches of statistical analysis, and they serve different purposes
in understanding and interpreting data.

 Descriptive Statistics:

- Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset. They provide simple
summaries about the sample and the observations that have been made.

- Descriptive statistics include measures such as mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, variance, and
percentiles.

- These statistics are used to present and summarize the characteristics of the data, such as central tendency,
variability, and distribution of values.

- Descriptive statistics are useful for organizing and simplifying large amounts of data, making it easier to
understand and interpret.

 Inferential Statistics:

- Inferential statistics are used to make inferences or predictions about a population based on a sample of data. They
involve using the information from a sample to draw conclusions about a larger population.

- Inferential statistics include techniques such as hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, regression analysis, and
analysis of variance (ANOVA).

- These statistics are used to test hypotheses, make predictions, and generalize findings from the sample to the
population.

- Inferential statistics are particularly important in scientific research and decision-making, as they allow researchers
and analysts to draw conclusions beyond the specific data they have collected.

 In summary, descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize the characteristics of a dataset, while
inferential statistics are used to make inferences or predictions about a population based on a sample.
Descriptive statistics provide an overview of the data, while inferential statistics help us make broader
conclusions and decisions based on that data.

4. Similarities and difference between parametric and non-parametric test in terms of assumption of each two test?

Parametric and non-parametric tests are two broad categories of statistical tests, and they differ in terms of the
assumptions they make about the data. Here are the similarities and differences in the assumptions of each type of
test:

 Similarities:

1. Both parametric and non-parametric tests are used to analyze data and make inferences about populations based
on samples.

2. Both types of tests are used to test hypotheses and make conclusions about the relationships between variables.

2
  Differences:

1. Assumptions:- Parametric tests assume that the data is drawn from a population that follows a specific
distribution, usually the normal distribution. This assumption includes parameters such as mean and variance.

- Non-parametric tests make fewer or no assumptions about the distribution of the population from which the sample
is drawn. They are often used when the data does not meet the assumptions of parametric tests, such as when the
data is not normally distributed or when the sample size is small.

2. Type of Data: - Parametric tests are typically used for interval or ratio data, where the data points have a known
and consistent interval between them.

- Non-parametric tests can be used for any type of data, including nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data.

3. Robustness: - Parametric tests can be sensitive to violations of their assumptions, such as non-normality or
unequal variances, which can lead to inaccurate results.

- Non-parametric tests are generally considered to be more robust and can be used even when the assumptions of
parametric tests are not met.

4. Power: - Parametric tests are often more powerful (i.e., have a higher probability of detecting a true effect) than
non-parametric tests when their assumptions are met.

- Non-parametric tests may have less power than parametric tests, especially when the underlying assumptions of
parametric tests are satisfied.

 In summary, parametric tests make specific assumptions about the distribution of the population, while
non-parametric tests make fewer or no assumptions about the population distribution. The choice between
parametric and non-parametric tests depends on whether the data meets the assumptions of parametric tests
and the type of data being analyzed.

5. Briefly discuss The Difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Is there any relationship
between the sampling techniques used to gather data and Descriptive/Inferential statistics? Briefly discuss?

A) Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are two branches of statistical analysis that serve different
purposes:

 Descriptive Statistics:

- Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe the basic features of the data, such as mean, median,
mode, standard deviation, and range.

- These statistics provide a clear and concise summary of the data, allowing researchers to understand and interpret
the characteristics of the data set.

 Inferential Statistics:

- Inferential statistics are used to make inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data.

- These statistics help researchers to draw conclusions and make generalizations about the population from which
the sample was drawn.

 In summary, descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize the characteristics of a data set, while
inferential statistics are used to make inferences and predictions about a larger population based on a
sample.

B) Yes, there is a relationship between the sampling techniques used to gather data and descriptive/inferential
statistics:

3
  Descriptive Statistics:

- The choice of sampling technique can influence the descriptive statistics calculated from the sample. For
example, if a stratified sampling technique is used, descriptive statistics can be calculated for each stratum
separately, providing more detailed insights into the population.

 Inferential Statistics:

- The sampling technique plays a crucial role in the validity of inferential statistics. Different sampling techniques
(e.g., simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling) can affect the generalizability of the results and
the accuracy of the inferences made about the population.

 In summary, the sampling technique used can impact both descriptive and inferential statistics. The choice
of sampling technique should align with the goals of the study and the type of statistical analysis being
conducted to ensure accurate and reliable results.

6. What is the difference between standard linear regression and logistic linear regression?

The main difference between standard linear regression and logistic linear regression lies in the type of outcome
variable they are designed to model.

Standard linear regression is used when the outcome variable is continuous and can take any value within a certain
range. The goal of standard linear regression is to predict the value of the outcome variable based on the values of
the predictor variables.

logistic linear regression, also known as logistic regression, is used when the outcome variable is binary, meaning
it has only two possible outcomes (e.g., 0 or 1, yes or no). The goal of logistic regression is to model the probability
that the outcome variable belongs to a particular category based on the values of the predictor variables.

 In summary, standard linear regression is used for continuous outcome variables, while logistic regression
is used for binary outcome variables.