Ntmcrical lllv€stigrtior ofc.

s Tu rlrine Com b|tstion Chrmber

Flows

l*.hftd S. Moi.mD.d,i Sh.loir ll. Aljdmb.,' Mokdld n. R.bh&,r

Rddrd d ,&l /?0{{
a.c.Dr.J or lv.l/1005

Th. p+er p.H.D. ri{b.ndcrt rd.t tor l*cnihensioml rn-yrd.ii.,

!,i.liq Eir.uletir& .llilri.., ru.brt.or rd Hrrids noi iusnh rnnu,.r
.omburioi Thc pr.*rr nodel n iBrrtcrd ro rirSleph$e, kitr..i.i y irflued..d
.onbu:tion with nrglieibre rrdiitun h.rl trrNfer.th. h.rh.drti.rl mod.t
.onpriles dlft renri,lequ{rion l0r : Coirirrrrl, hon.dru4 rs.rtion editrlpy,
concnt!rio( rurbul.nc? .iercy . *lll lrr.rion approach i. incorponted ro.ih
m0dd ro simnl're rh. bound'r)
rh.r. equlionr b, f,.rnr or ! l]Mldilr.rcn.e {ttrltor rtgonrhn yietd! rh.
ulu6 o, rh. vrirbro a. dl iirerD.t Srid nod6, Alt procedure is br!.d oo
d.reloDrcnrolrco purer nro3rrd h.rrut.rcorbr.toi'th. Dr.dicted rcsutb
indlcrle lhrt rt. iol.t renp.nlrE h.v. rkr ic.rt crld. o, lh. p.rrorn.!c. of
,lor lt ld. Thenun.risel r.sulr.ho*i Bood rtE.m.d b.h'io. of r tt prcp.niA
orfioefield.
Ii.rsord!: Cf D. Coi:hunio1, I u.bN tou

:*4Jr. tJF J!' -Er'r/lr4

q)lli Jr jJ!r".'!J -! J' r,sJ-ii jt:r
;s.i.r>!.rs jrJb J* .$,ir j!r:^^.n Jc'.iiri e, i, ,rr!
:E{ j)rF:'Ji}r'i j. ji-llr..rr'',4r! iLte u4 la JAJ"ir J
J-+d L:!j' ''!n). )!i iii ,+ !- .- Jl.d. i'I -rer .lu, :& rr 6 .*y
J+ ei P eY+ Eru ri. J. !r r]$r .rl lrl il{] ..!rr i!",r .r,!I
priri ri-+r J4 dra c.!, $!r il , Jttl lirlri d ,rrtr ,!Er .!. Jr !9r+'
dJJ ,ri u! ]!il+ Jr &r! rJ > 1+! 4L s4rrr dJJjr ir } iBrJ Es rra
c,r !r.E ! Jit, !!rrr r& rF, !! J.! j!,!. ar- Jr Jr!, &..r' .Jr I
..!P.JrL:-jr Fu +
.h.minry Ttr. moddina rhould aho
Th. nodclin8 of a B6 rulbin lc6unr lor suddm exFnslon of
cmbNd should indude now 6.lds mixruE of in Md iEl at iile! , lb.
. lal tuf.i rufbulem. ud chdislry !f cotubcrion ofliquid furl
mhErim plEmm.d. TlB4 @ i. !ir. fi. ilo 6.ld clrtuistics of
MjuErdn* ditrssn Nmd* rh. mixruE IU- TtE Rd 6cld
P,!cB thtn 6 pll}3ics (furl cmDudion in ga rdt'E @mb@r
mcch..iG ad tuDon) md is bss{n on dE rchnicE for fi.
nMi!6r&j€lEdT.furs
solurioi oflhe ellifln pinial equarion io be mad. for spaifiladoi ol lhc
rolqh$ sirh lhc ,lnir. - Er b.udarl cd,lirion sd den .i€ts
lh.miol t:i" 6 Tl. rombu.!] ss*n Fe of CrD ,PPEnJ .'l'o
may b? .onsida.d siiel. Dh.i
dirl6io. conrolhd. Bj_ .sini.8 prcdiclion .l .ombEting io* i3
fie behavior oi veLo.iry. prc$@, po$ible *irhour i P'ellnlnatY
cvdLudior of rhd PhYsid ionrl
cmpo lie .l poifi theulhour ih. .mb€dded in th. @nPder .od.s
now, .h. n.rh.r.lrql mod.ls ofs6 und, l6s &'Mding mndi.io[ !h.
ubin..mbrs* 6is! ola sd of srudy of noftoobBans E$ tubi@
sinulllmus panid difermrial cmbNor il.* b.@G Bk of
.qudions *i.h .ddniM6l El.rio. tur sEd in rhh muk rovti
rhc at.E hdabl.s. [onhn exp6sion
'mpotum.
i En.E rcl'abilit) and cont'idene oI
for fte BG of produdion of various lne numeli.al hod.ll ind their u.c in
q6tili6 @ r.quir.d.,:6.xmpL
dE F.ddim of .tsriel ,pdis
may !. ddn!.d iEm rh. h* oa R.roE d*nbin8 lhc ptubld -
6s frdid nidnng .psopriar. dednd.n! :h. ptubl.m en6.di.d i.
lh{modyrmic d @tid ac d.e l]le F€nr \ork n d*rit€d. Th.
t2l s6m.f, ol rh. Poblem is show, in
CohpubiioMl fllid dyMic fige (l) ,A pEmircd firel - an
(ct-D) ha d6in?d si3nifid mirle is idnlfcd ncadily inro.xi -
!dvD.@6 i. @dEbly pr.diding srmmdidl .mb.rio6 ch.mb..
tunul. llo*s by ofimp|lld fiaving lnr. dilurio hole ofdnnat.
'n@6
.nd hiSlH M&.
nod.lin8 6pobiliti6
numcri. rehniqB, ln p6en . of
l0 nm is .l lh. bp *t[ or
.ombErion ch.mbs The dilurion
Elcrin8 flNs, design and plmmdn. k.ta disran..
hole lnro the chamher
oprimirdioc ot @mbErifr syiEn ofm nm &d rh. kcond at l1r 6'n
comPoncnts (i.jc6n. bum! liffi. while rh. rhid n d 200 mD Th.
orbuus, d) pe hidl, diftculr combdion ch.nbq sus e
.h!ll.n36, utd s.ill h.w to reU M cYlindial h.iM 30 Dm id6il
dmers and 150 mm lenqrh Ih. E!
of difiercnili quiritns forl $lEd
1herc arc lwo n.n r.quisns fdr
a con cl ev.luation oiCFD mod.h,
e rrv,v!,l,riluf,ke, dd h
rhc lvallsbiliry oi . d oa Q@fii6 obbind noft luxilhr'j
.rpcnMl d.h acmr. md rcldioE e. T,mn,E.ir,and P.
d.6iLd .den b hable 0E
rpeific{id oi th. boundr} ,-l Th. n!ll. - dln reDc. lrld .id
condirion ad a conparis, benveen
Thefiiirc - dodaii 8nd emplor.d
inloh{ion eLi linihiions of rhe he* dnibis40'20srid mod6 ii lh.
n umQicil mode h, ifiDl incdi on h.v. r and r diEdion Esp*tiv.lt The
disrdbdion of $e g d node n rurbtrlctrc. hodel, rnd I combuslion
Gveakn in fiE!re (2). Th. g!i,l
tpsi.3 i. Itu Bdill diRrion i3
Egul...kcrrncu &of r)mfter'.
.nd spdciig in th. *ial diEdim is torbuI{c.mod.t
ftgular fiod side wall Mtil rhe rhnd . Scvsal modds ol rulbulence hav.
dilurion holc ond cn chaEEd bedn pu forward hy dilIc(Buthor.
shoolnly to minimiu d. 'n6. mod.ls d,*r in @mDl*iiy
rtidiodio or lhe aonr.l e.!6.) ud .e8c oi applicabitny; ttEy il$
ol rhc lirilt dificme &I. ft du. h iNolv. d. $lution ol ditrcEn(
va able gid rpacinB and in such numbeis ol difernii.l .rtuarions ,
r'vay lhal . hinlrcr coi.cnlo otr of The rubul.nc. nod.l in.orpoEr.d
.odcs o.c6 nor i]I hole. A iD@ rhn Beh is tl. high Re)molds
crlindncd p.lfi s)n.m of nunb.r({ M cqurions nodel of
ctudiMG *nh rh. lonsitudinal BrrloY 0d N,loyre. [5] d
dircction alignrd sirb rhr
riis ol rhc ,1.!elop.d by Lmd.r ind Spnldilg
combusb.ls u$d, ile snul6 is nor 16l. lhis frodcl rcqfiB rh. solurion
includod, and ole hmispheiar hqd of No diiLrctuial .qurtl6s, for rhe
lnd Ihc dilrdm hol6 e l*o rld.l.G p..Odie rh. ldGric
lp9Bimd.d by rtaryulr slrye eE s, l, dd
ol luhol*r ns
€ 'ft.
'lissiparion 'ar.
model h
nlod{de ir complerilY, It hrs ben
e(enri\rr us.d bY n$Y
in!.sj9r6 and he pmEi b hr
rd.qde oE. a *i& dn!. of rlo*

3.1.2-I!e9g!E!94-q!Ce!
Du ng cmbBiid rhe tu.l
(hi{ur ofh}ircnt r) rs *.Ih
oridd ncm lan ) ro fom produ.rs
of combuflion . The producb ar nor
ulually tumcd in liigt chenical
lil Edioi rh. ircl conpon.nc dd rh.
oxi,.d otut reo a *nB @'im [?].
'In. cmhdid mod.l mrloy.d
he.. ir. r.hrivdy simpl..hemically
slsrem (SCRS), which
'diir
a$u'n.s innanbieos E crion wnh

l,I Ti.ohBhrl odek:

Two main phr-sical todcls ft Eadio. a$umprion frplics rhrl
enplo)€di iMely . hydrcdynamic *hercvs lucl aDd oxidant exisi
bEe$d { a Finr, chcmioal cacroD
vill pro$.d itrstnbeolsly tu cooplde !h. lomulalion Ih.,
.onplelion n' siiele !.p md CeneBl fom of dr. govming
prodd.i+ corLphr. $mlunion dilr*enti.L .qdarid, \hich .m be.
proddi .4J a cc6.quenr. oa $ir cxpcsed r1l ih3 (PDES) 6ed in
asmrption, tuel md o:.iddt ma. no!
piesenr in 0E sanr. pl&e thc me
rimc How.v.. because the flo* h "Y! - trrtt + r\,$o)
ltrhul.d :h. liic.nrdi.n( of tu:i
anJ oxlscn flucru3t. }ifi ftic so thd a.-.1
', "ir) L if.r,:gl=
tt.l'?t)
s"
- r
ar the same poinr. tuel add oxysen
mxy be pment *pamtly, d dilleEnt In rhe ab.!c equaron d idcnri,lcs
ti'nes. Thc . the !o.d nuduarion ol rhc dep.nded r.rirblc 1/ h
E concmhrions *ill aftad rh. locil
rime ftm valu.s oa mbuned lueL iden cally eq!,Iro eirher $o mixlure
dssir, p 0 Eo 'f, is lhe
rc&ijor, consqu.nn). 0 elimac 4proPdare exchanSe coefilcie lor
ol $e magnirude of 6. iuduarioi rir rdablc / 1 ond r.n the souft
md ils efiecr on rh. Et oireqi.i k
rm *hich indud6 both the souEs
.r (poinE 6r *e.!ivO ed oy
I
tulbulent flo$s by an irrbeoius oLha rems cundt Ji.d a plae
expidsion tor Imiu tows nd by "hich
on th. kn - hand side ot the equati.n
fie €ddy brerk up nddcl for Table ( l) sumnariB the equdiions in
the fom rhar are solved in prescnr

3;-Ge!!a!4ri!&I9qidls!1!!! shm,,=.,? l)l

The nalhemaina Jomulatioi
ol ihe nos[ md ihe phli,c, m.3ek
undenying lhs fomularion, zre ln =h=tlt .. . .11)

pBenred in thk rdlon Tnar

includs the p lial diff*enrial is iD ihe iable eqDti.n 6r is ihe
equarios (PDtiS) . rhar dsfibc $. gcnemrion lem for the kinetic onocv
nuid floq Ther equlions.re based
on fic .onssv ion olnas (for n.L
rnd maner, momcmum. d rhenal ;l Lr 'rt .l Ll
ener8/ equaiion .To deDon{ule L\e
efl{t of olbulenc. on $e llo\Y - o
{l 't;-'- )
iurhulencc model lhich involvs de
solurion olt$o rftnspon equaidn fdr
rherdrbuld ki'rlic e.s$, k and whft 4/ i! the lan ind or molecular
ns dtsipaion mE . , will be
descriLed The fral.had.il modcL vkcosily ofrhe fuid Onen /r is

conb,is sofc ftmarks aboul vnv laG. .omoared $ilh lr and

addition&l e,tldiotr cquned .o
 Tibl. ())
4d. 6 br r*m cqull b 4
coveming Di6-*nrial
whhour ntodwing sious doB.
Thii p@tie h splq.d i. d. The h*qulie expBs6 ihc
Flenr rclt .R@mqld.d ElEi @nsn.'atim ol rh. n.gdid
l9l fn dE m@.ppatins i. tE mrhllp) of$e mitue GEnd b,:
r, nlrd =..r.. (6)
I it &rir.d lom $. fNr lN of
rh.mod)nmic egflhs *irh !m
simpliryins bsumFion cr. [10].
Th. Schnidr trrmber dj,ar.
sd.rirkah. llErW.ll
io. th. disripatotr Er dfru.bukncc h T. :v.id rh. ned lor deil.d
cahuldioc in lhc near wall Egions,
al8ebrcjc Elations @ emPldyed for
(.: r)"6; !h. E.r *all sid node\ *hi.h h.v.
ro b. spaled ar su.h a dinance froi!
thr ncighboing *alh rhol li. *ilhh
rhc s(alled losrlmic lryd SGh
f. s; rhrioB @ &lmd $ll tuicriod.
R.r.ft6 fl 1l- ed c dnit ds E
b EpddE iddridll, rrE
impl{ro6 ol dP "log&ilDic
U ,o,il6.' *ih uifm shd @$
pEvrilirg up b dE *all gid
9 ; 'ff dhsip.ri',
nod., dd Sdatod and
-i'i\5tiit i)= -7 ofcerg, l@ally in 6rlance

The vel@iri.s ii
fluid layen paEll.l
ro, &d idnediot ly adjoinin8, a *all
o&t o nodified loganlhnic k* ' law

, =L.[,.]
-
=r:::E
a ir dE kmn Eleily
 The ti',e meaD\ valu. olthe
nixrure d.Eny n detmined

- d dishne oarh. rall 1io6

"=c ... .......... .oi
(, : .onnans d.p.ndinC on wall
*her lvl is .alcula@d lrcm dre

{ is lhe vonloE 1t-,,- }!'. r/.,- n ,! -ra, -a{r L

1 (; n"{! -
con$ant = 0..r
Wherc .r ii2o, and n..: are rho
+nr kiFh scale ol iurbulcn.q ,ninw lturions ol rhe unbumcd
which is linled to I and 6 . fEl, *ar.r vapor, and @bon dioxide.
ls.pbponionll ro rhe nomal distmce
rThc difiusion of rurbulcncc kin.ric
lhe spe.inc hah dt consbi( prc$urc
*dg, noftal rd such boudatus h of: rhc tueL, ol o mirture ol cor and
H:O Esulrin8 nom noi.hionetic
cohbuniod of luel in O,, and a
ajThe Eou,lioo o, tbc Aulilian mixrm ol equal m.ses ofNi dd aia
]4r:icEe!
To compld. 6e marh.mari@l
Bp.ctively Funh.morc,
a,/".cp.,r,/rr4and C!N:., are
lomlularlon. addilioDal equarions oE
a$umed 10 vfiy linerly wilh
lemperatua according b rh.
Thecodb{sior Yrrlrbhsr -
3.3.1
Fom rables r rhe varue ol
tuel a$ ir.crio. iid ralu. of
Melhlne r€ciion can b€ c.kulainl as .,.!:,:,=]][-0l6sJr,a
Lj4) n =q! oriir !4
Thc cons@B in equrions above
srr. oprimiad so 6 ro pmdue ihe
be$ fir for the individual sp{ific
h.ds, o\s rh. tu8. of IempeBtuE
inrenig.red; the rclcrence rdlu$ ol
. .ompois speifiu fiear bein8
... ..illr dose reponed in Eferencc I l2].
Ihe rim+m.an sdic re'np*arurc h
,, - i"!l i,tr, s: nlnhondnc nio

l.l.: r&!aqdi!!ar!
 ih.lcngihoflhc reror irow and lhis
due h incre ing in kindi. energv ol
dr flow. 11 citr & rei lom rh$e
difrcr. tlal .quario^s.i.
The set ol figure also the valu. ofex( velociry
fi61 toCuced tu finire diFrr.n e as labeied in figua is suiuble tor
equarior exhihnrns upwind lomaiion l[bLn. nage rvhen inld M.ch number
oflhc coeiriient Ealrl l.,nd rhen aboul 0.1. Thsc fielres givu, good
solve'l iteralively by the 'SIM?LE lg'eemeir for ihe vrltre of v.locir,
pocodue ref I14l.A deuiled lmh dE idd to exn oa lhe
descriprion of rhe pdicule soldion cofrb60r, lor e\impL., nsu'e (1)
p'nedure enployed here i5 prcsent'l ilere the inpur veLsirt 137 dq d,e
in rcr[]5l. e\n \rlocny 561 mh and rhe$ vclues
is re$onable for the p.rfotrii.. of
'I]re
eas remlaBrure contouA are
numqicall! od f.r E@rng iLLLsnaled in liglrcs (6i0) For rlE
n.s wnh ad wnhout 'udulefu
h6! rB$rer rwo cdes to be nudkd the values ol
under the @nditions illEtmred in rhe rempecrure is iicmsd when
forgoj.g scc{ions whsE lhc ni{se licE6ing Ti\ f/A Flios, and tuel
fldw of an and ft'el ins de gas lulbine ryp* -Ihis is becaus. iicrea\irg in
combdor is buned a diskncenear 1lt encr8) inpur o rc th3 flos .For
$c inler ni{m thek Bulrs
olth. erampG in fism (6,rhe contod line
lnclude rh? flN fie il ad rh.nizl flmbe. ll. the t.mpemru.e vslre is
chaacrr;nnr lni difcarr iild l5;i x $hih in ficu.e (?-231 the
tmf*atures ro rhe .ombu5lor tm. conrou lire .unber 13, rhe
(631,656-673 K"), Jiferd tuelan k peniurcis 2531 (". This
otio (001 0013,0.016), rnd te lilBlsin3 in tieLd ftmpesnre
rudulence quanlles lor diileEar sp..i.lly ii the cxil ol lhe combunor
n nsesary bsBusq it sires ene+y ro
Fisures 1l-51 prsenl thc vdocio rhe Ilos. burrhh i0crcasingis limired
vedor plor, md dea y indiic rhe ro P.rm;sible vtrlue for lhe Mbne
sinilanq in ,o* behavior fo. nlo bLade. ad lins !!ll. Aho when
cises ro be iudies. 1 lE mdn ledlri nrusing F/A niio to cedin ifritto
orthe now panem, Nch .s r lesal i': srihncd n ble, ls! combu io., and
dre pr:mary zone.j.t pendrlion, md lo* pollurio.. The b.havior of field
dre flo$ ar.elemriotr lo&rd rh. .\n i.mp$aiua h esonrble evcrywheE
ofconbu or. a( de ly indicatd ir TIE tuel rich mixluE prevailinC iD ihe
rhcir fieur.s. lhe h.havio, of no$ in prifraq D$ ol $e combdor rcsuhs
illrcsions lnrhe conblnor ihat nly in hish 8as emp€Bnft ii lhis zne
.oftain ner{rrgnanl uo* prclid.s due ro .ombErion prdce$ 6 lhe
viudble rsisr.trcc. IrcD rlresc $lrh hea( bei.g added al rh.
figures ir cai bs s.cn rhar the value oI .nrane, The slbscquen! admissioi
velocit)' incrssed \hei in rc!*d olan do\cn{rsm bingr Ihe mixiure
Tin.dnd F/A ftrios rd ( is .lear tio'n nL.oolerrcsions in ornhuhr mrrhe
*!lk Th. Egiois summdiiB rh. losn vdlue dE ro nixirg wilh th.
.rir of s4hcB is Eldn€lt hich.r mixrurc. Sell .dd ofoxxln ma$
in r.nlpaituE rhan ftar ol dr ull, n dioi \vi$ incr6inB i.kr
bui h 16r fian the rgion n.0 rhi r.mpcdrue and F/A rarlo. ol lhc
.nrra,e. ll shotrr Sndu,lly d@,
fDm aYis ol5}1nfr.tt to ttE sdl. !ig@ (15) .ho$5 6. tulbdor
Tlr t@sp.n df nEl is illunBr.d by kineic mrgy dirrihnjoi !r difl.rcnr
lh. mntour plob ol l-u.l m6s lEdion veldcir) i6rio5 (u,/ui). 1hc rulbulenr
in fielm ( r l.t 2)- Two €s6 e ro bc kidic !n6$ o.ar5 d llN i6.n!1
sudi.d. dilt Ed inl.r rsp.rdur., lnd :h. rhe Ciluio. ho,.s and Ih6
and difi.rcir F/A fttio. Snill dsi..s apidly and spEadr
incrcasing in f@l m4! fidion ibout dor6iMfr $. r.eio. snh fte jeB
loya by ircEinA inld @p.r.lE combied x is rcGd ,trr rh. .trd. of
ol fi. ninuE ard ft.| O/pe dlc ro v.laio Bli6 ir w, smll
h.d addilion io lh. now withour everywh.rc exccpr 01 rh. .ntry retioi
ircftsin3 ln m6s no( ol ihe and dis du. !o diltrcice in
rniiG. Ii. iD@in3 of F/A dio ,6ludior hsp.( otrd dissiprio
non 0.016 r. 0.{D }irr ii.ai. rh. oi kidi. turbul.nt s.E, b.Men
vJlue of luc hN iB{o. b} 15% rh. rhe F:rs oi fic cn1r, j.$
dE to ifr.rirg rfi. qun.ill/ of tu l Midd uirh difiedr v.leiry
di6. Fi3. (16), ..d (17) lhos d.
.ombdion value abov. l% @6 prcdi.a.d 6ffi ol tudulcnr
only lnii r]t pimlry zone olihc viscoliry for diftrcn! T,, and F/A
.orb6u The nd j.L unihl. to Btio. lr ir evidcnt for i(83*d I"
P.tr.Ed. rh. roroid.l v@x and F/A rb. li.ld iurbuloi visdirY
Prcvailin* in .ombunor head, nrirs incrcls.d, Fton fiese fiEu6 i( en h.
rifilhe lwirler flor aid .r.pr r..n rhar rh. v!lu$ ol scoriry
beNcn rhe dn.r ieG. b.ii! ch E InrcUh rh. no* fi.kl shich
rdpon d n.ar Lt ulllnh Eds.d imE6in3 in ?on6 ol hi8h tn6Ihnr
mixins wilh lhe cenl l cor. ot rhe kineric ctr*p/ did ligh tcrpeBtue
Ror, aorm.J nainlr b] prihrry jet du. ..hbBtion ol miitore and
nlid I. rhc dildio, reid! rhc i.b, dcEing trnh ircdsd of .ri.l
blclur ol rhsn $c!ld pen.l.alion dkiane du. b ..hanc. th. nirin8
dive llE tlcl tosdd d. cenrerlim. b€.w..n 6ry lnd dilution potu.
1h. 6doui plc in fieus (ll-l,r)
st!* of, orreln msi 6-&rior The
c.s.s de ro h. $udi.d, difleEnr inld Nu..ial inwnir3do! ot flow fi.ld
=!C!ld$&!l
r.mperaorc. ditGrelr F/A 6rio, dd insid. ea tudi.c combunor i!
ditr mr irl
q?€. Ih6. 6glB m p€rfom.d. Thc n@i.d nudy h
.6ily sho! ihar rh. oxygo m6 dN !y slvine dE goEning
tr@idn valu.s above 80 percnt in tlar are bascd on rh.
equ iotu
rh. r.Eions n.ar d ilur iotr hole b.o6. oamion ot EN l@L ond matrcr,
no fEl Th. r.gi6! ol pd,!ur-- e 6ing 6nir ditr rcn6 tcchnjqE.
aid axis ofcomhNrd haE Eldiv.rv Finn. domain compurer pBsm ind
could tEndl. E Ddblcm h I I- TlE irctui4 oa F/A rdio vill
d.Elopol re c.s ft inc@ lhc vilu. of tuel md
inv*tiCard: dificEd inld 6!ciio. by 15% Vile abov. l%
khFElw. and difi.rc.r F/A Brio o.cE only wnhin rh. primary @n.
The dktribuion .f velairy,
cohposirion va rhh, .ddy vn.osiry. l:- Thi orygcn mBr imclon vaLuct
c
nd odld flor Drood, ciY.n in m 8bov. 30 Erc.nr in tn. fsions
rh. gnpuinin. TIE Ein
@nd6iG ol$is wk &: - ll- The edds .f Dlimdy are ud
l. h. cfier ol Gleiry ari6 i! qis ol .mburb, hr,. EldiEU
v.ry snatl everylh.r. er.pr o1rh. loser dE oioitFn mas n&don.
14-Small .6*t oi o:ygen mss
2. Inc'e6ed l^ 6nd F/A Nill
fimtlon qnh incHsine inL.i
d&E6e :h! ,i.ld ludul.Dt vhcosi!.
l. Th. pek ot rulhrld ki'Eric
.ncr8! of j.ts d6., mpidly .!d !r-a!cEEr!Cd9!!:
In lhis slion s@ p.rpc.k &
spHd fith do{a.tu dislre i.
ln.rcgionBIE rh. j.ls iombimd. n.d. fn irprcving ed .n ,rding th.
4- The hlu.r ol vhcosily cha8. p6enr nm. cll modcl. Th6.
thrduEn rhe flow frcld which
lncE6ing i. zor$ ol hilh rulbuhni
I ExGtrd rhe pescnr model 10

kin.tic o.l8y dd high r.FFratur

due .mb6no. of mi\tuE &l I E{.Dd ri. pG5cln ody for
&.EG€d qil]j i6d!d of snl dififfi! .nE) potu of iEl d
l. Unng da rc.d model to
t 16. hhavior ol now reprertued stody twcph.$ flN combu$ion
b) vedor plos in .ll rceions itr rh. 4' srudyi'rs fie odi.lion heai taisier.
.onrbsror fiuvidd good bgeemurG.
6.ih. value of vcLo.iD in.It&s
$h.n in.raing Tim.d F/a dio! III chri$p.\. Du*is, .|]ucricll
7- It. ulE ol .xn whi!. i! and Erp.d@d V.liddion of A CE
3uibble lor ubiB ii8r rhen iDld D6ier aor
Turbrm C@busrff
O6ifcd Biffa3 Cmbdion',
8. The bchavior ol fi.ld r.mpeittrE LicenriaG rh.sn Sh.kholm s*c&n.
9- The ie8ions surbuidinC dr .xk [2j Joq Jamcs Ril.y ]., "Pro8lc* in
ol symmer] h.ve rcl.tiv.l] hish.r Dir.cr Numei@l Simuldion of
Iemr.dE rh& thd of rlE $ll. bur Idhllst Re&ling Flos' AIAA
it ir 16 rhe rh. cBims IE rhc ,oftrl t!1. 2?,No.rl, Normb.r
loThe temp.GruE tBlEs shov Ir) Dns S., ThEM s, Pindrg.
3rcdu.lly d..ay frcm axn ol f.. ,lumcial Siruhrion ol ,D
Readn3 rlor in cas Turbirrc
t4 a r-tud€/ vr a, Nr 3.: rir Nlcddhg'iglhdcIldE

comhr@B" DIMSET, Unn.6ir! oi Il2I Spi.u, H. M, Ed., Teh.isl

Csnoh 20m, vk Monbll.gro Dar. m Fkl. Six Edhid tublisH
by fi. girirh Nari@l comniG
[ljMccunkrr. Primr L.V . " In! Word poweed Confeme, Londor,
flow inside a VrdA Ca Tlrtie
combusb.: calculdioi' ll3l Spalding, D. 4., a Nov.l
Tmsadians of rhc ASME vol, lr5. Fiiit..Dill*nc. Fomulation lor
Diftenlial Expr$ion hvolvinE
[5] llarlow F,H., M],yaou P.1,, Ilor h firi 6id s..ond Denvaiive 'lnr
"Transpon ol Trbulent Ens8y Jourial ol Nume c.l Nkrhods in
De.ar_ R.b'. Los AlmG Sei L.b., Ljngi^..inB vol 4, 1972, pp.55l-
Uiiveuiry ol Calilohia LA-33r.1, 559
llal c&(o ind o!h.E, ^ Two
t6t L
nde. B.E, spddiry DB.. " Clhuldion Pdedurc ror Steady-
the Nmericzr compultrrlon ot TlE . Dinnsionrl tlos With
TubuLem flo*J . ConpuE MertEds Reirll.tjon, Poecding of rhB
ii Appli.d VchlnEr ond dlnd lnl Conf. On Nunsial
EiBiEriry, vol 3. PP. 169-:c0. [l.rhods in Fluid Mehdics, Vol. ll,

Irl ve6'es rl'x.- Mdd6.k6 u.,

_An Ilrl Moldld H. AbcRogtEr., '
lnr,ol@lion r. cdpd @1 nE Nmsic.l oti ErDdimc.El
Fldd D)1hi6. Th. FiniG Volum InEti3.ri otllos fi.ld iBide G6
Mcrh.d Los'M Grdp Ltil. 1995. ldtim C.mbMr '. Plr.D. Tl6,s
[3] S€ne-Erdin MA, ,nd D.B. Uii6n, of T<hnolo$,. B:€hd.d.
Sp6lJin* -Cs,p diB of llG.
Cffib6rion Chamb.. alos"
Tr3lrffim oa dE As\lE vllrol,
[9]Take M,Iir., dd Tomomj.
Mi)uzli, " Turbuled comb!{ioi
cha.ad*istics of A PE*unad
Nlethane Ak CDnbunor und* Fu.l.
Rnh Condino6" UPCC 1000

ll0l SpalJing, D. B.. Diffr.nrilL

&urion ol a Reacridn co{inuum,'

Snginesitrg Depr, Repon r.f.

llllspildirs D.B, - con.eik.lion

Fluduaiior in ibhd lulhuhni ljree
,cr Ch!m. L4. Sic., 26 PP 98-
 1

'r/

',s k' i. lel('ry\( d'o' l. o'il"

"-'.r,0 '1dlF-a03

Fieurc (2) Velert) veclor ld T"= 613 K' Fieu (5) Vde ry vedor for T"- 614 K"
and F/A= 0 02

Fieurc (,11 velocily retur for-f"- 673 K' Ficurc (61 Temperarorc co our 1or

,nd f1A- 0 02
lisurc(7)TenpcEture.o ou. IorT -655(' FiEUre(9) lempdarure conlour

FiCtrE(3) Temp.EiuEcouour iir T,=673 l.' Fieurc( lO) T.mpeBtue coitour lor T"= 6l{ K"
 NY---trf i

riguE (I3)oxyp is. ndion rd

nge (rr) FEr ffi ndjo fdr
difi.Mt r. (t)T-<Y x (b)r-5r5 x
dlfi.Efr 1jn (.)T-'63,1 K lb)T-- 6$

T
KS-EIEtr
lE--=-
l1ll)
'gl/^\=--l ! I

[i$E
ffiilIT
(r2) rud s! rra Loi diftmr
Fisudl4) xye.i rGi
(')
fitrrion tu'
r/^ htid G) P^-0 0: o) r/ . 0.0 r 1
ditii*d Fr^ 6rio IrA=0.02 (b) F/A
t
I

Fal@ (ls) Di*ihdon of rindic

hnB, (.) uiru.=o.5 b) u_&ir = r o
(c)UrLi=1.2

Figm ( r 7)Turbulent lor diff4.ni

(c) 1,, =573 K