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Linux Class Notes 2

The document provides an overview of file permissions in UNIX/Linux, detailing user types, permission types, and methods for changing permissions using the 'chmod' command. It also explains the concept of pipes for redirecting command output and lists various miscellaneous commands for file management and system information. Key commands include 'ls', 'pwd', 'head', 'tail', and others for interacting with the system.

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LE 406 uday
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10 views

Linux Class Notes 2

The document provides an overview of file permissions in UNIX/Linux, detailing user types, permission types, and methods for changing permissions using the 'chmod' command. It also explains the concept of pipes for redirecting command output and lists various miscellaneous commands for file management and system information. Key commands include 'ls', 'pwd', 'head', 'tail', and others for interacting with the system.

Uploaded by

LE 406 uday
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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File permissions

****************
changes the permissions for files and directories
3 types of users
# primary
# group
# others
3 permissions for all users we have:
# read (r)
# write (w)
# execute (x)
2 ways we can give permissions:
1. symbolic or text method
2. using mode number
notations
u:user
g:group
o:other
+:add permission
-: remove permission
r:read
w:write
x:execute

command used to change permissions for files and directories is


chmod : change mode
chmod u-w+x,g+x-w,o-wx <file name> {symbolic or text method)
this command will change the permissions of user,group and others
note + and- are used to add permission and remove permissions repectively.
chmod 777 new3.doc {using mode number} 777 is given to all user,group and others
full permissions

decimal binary permissions


r w x
0 0 0 0 NO
1 0 0 1 Execute
2 0 1 0 write
3 0 1 1 W & E
4 1 0 0 Read
5 1 0 1 R & E
6 1 1 0 R & W
7 1 1 1 R W & E

what pipe?
pipe are used to redirect a stream from one program to another program.
the output of one command redirect it to the input of another "|" vertical bar
command1 | command2 | command3 |...

ls -l | wc : it prints no.lines,no.of words and no. of bytes of all file present in


current directory

Miscellaneous Commands
----------------------

1. ls  list all the files and directories.


2. pwd  present working directory.
3. head display the top 10 lines of the file.
4. Tail  Display the bottom 10 lines of the file.
5. Tac  Display the lines in the reverse order.
6. More  Similar to cat command. We can display large content.
7. Less  we can display small content.
8. Id  Display the ID of the user (or) group.
9. Ping  check the network connectivity, status of network/server.
10. Hostname  Display the owner name.
11. Ps  used to list the currently running processes and their PIDs along with
some
other information depends on different options.
12. Kill  It is used for manually terminating the processes.
13. who  lets you display the users currently logged in to your UNIX or Linux
operating system.
14. Whoami  It displays the username of the current user when this command is
invoked.
15. Date displays current date and time
16. Cal  display current year calender

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