06-01-2025

Basic concepts of OO

Basic Concepts of Object Oriented

 Object
 Class
 Message
 Basic Principles of Object Orientation
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Interface and Abstract Class

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What Is an Object?
 Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software.

 Physical entity
Truck

 Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process

 Software entity
Linked List

A More Formal Definition

Attributes

 An object is an entity with

a well-defined boundary
and identity that
encapsulates state and
behavior.
 State is represented by
attributes and relationships.
 Behavior is represented by
operations or methods, and
Object
state machines.
Operations

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An Object Has State

 The state of an object is one of the possible
conditions in which an object may exist.
 The state of an object normally changes over time.

Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Professor Clark Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad: 3

Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
Date Hired: July 25, 1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance Professor Clark
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes

An Object Has Behavior

 Behavior determines how an object acts and re-acts.
 The visible behavior of an object is modeled by the
set of messages it can respond to (operations the
object can perform).

Professor Clark
Professor Clark’s behavior
Submit Final Grades
Accept Course Offering TakeSabbatical()
Take Sabbatical(leave)
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes Professor Clark

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An Object Has Identity

 Each object has a unique identity, even if the
state is identical to that of another object.

Professor “J Clark” teaches Professor “J Clark” teaches

Biology Zoology

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Objects Need to Collaborate

 Objects are useless and unless they can

collaborate together to solve a problem.
 Each object is responsible for its own behavior and
status.
 No one object can carry out every responsibility on
its own.
 How do objects interact with each other?
 They interact through messages.

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What Is a Class?
 A class is a description of a set of objects that share
the same properties and behavior.
 An object is an instance of a class.
Class: Professor

Objects
Attributes

Professor Smith

Professor Mellon

Professor Jones
Operations

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A Sample Class
Class: Automobile
Data Items: Methods:
◦ manufacturer’s name ◦ Define data items
◦ model name (specify manufacturer’s
◦ year made name, model, year, etc.)
◦ color ◦ Change a data item
◦ number of doors (color, engine, etc.)
◦ size of engine ◦ Display data items
◦ etc. ◦ Calculate cost
◦ etc.

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The Relationship Between Classes and

Objects
 A class is an abstract definition of an object.
◦ It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the
class.
◦ It serves as a template for creating objects
 Objects are grouped into classes.
 An object is an instance of a class.
From Real World Class: Professor
Professor Jones Professor Smith abstracting
Objects
Professor Mellon
instancing
Objects
To computer World

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What Is an Attribute?
 An attribute is a named property of a class that
describes a range of values instances of the
property may hold.
 A class may have any number of attributes or no attributes
at all.

Attributes

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Attributes in Classes and Objects

Class name: M. Modano

address: 123 Main
studentID: 9
dateofBirth: 03/10/1967

Objects

name: D. Hatcher
address: 456 Oak
studentID: 2
dateofBirth: 12/11/1969

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What Is an Operation?
 An operation is the implementation of a service
that can be requested from any object of the
class to affect behavior.
 A class may have any number of operations or
none at all.

Operations

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Practice Questions

 Draw UML class diagram for Patient Class with any five
attributes and three operations with visibility markers in
Healthcare Information System.
 Draw UML class diagram for Customer Class with any four
attributes and two operations with visibility markers in
Banking Information System.
 Draw UML class diagram for Customer Class with any three
attributes and two operations with visibility markers in
Online shopping System.
 Draw UML class diagram for Student Class with any six
attributes and three operations with visibility markers in
Students Information System.

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Example : Instance of Professor

wang : Professor

name = “wang”
age = 35
speciality = “computer”

Professor wang = new Professor (“wang”, 35,

“computer”);

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What is a message?
 A specification of a communication between objects
that conveys information with the expectation that
activity will ensure
One object asks another object to perform an operation.

What is
your name?

Professor wang
wang.getName()

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Example: Object Interaction

 The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate
the total dollar value for the order.

calculateOrderTotal()
orderID
date
salesTotal
tax
shipDate

Message

OrderEntryForm Order

The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total dollar
value.

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Basic Principles of Object Oriented

Object Orientation

Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Abstraction

Inheritance
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What Is Abstraction?
Abstraction can be defined as:
 Any model that includes the most important, essential,
or distinguishing aspects of something while
suppressing or ignoring less important, immaterial, or
diversionary details. The result of removing
distinctions so as to emphasize commonalties.
(Dictionary of Object Technology, Firesmith, Eykholt,
1995)
Abstraction
Emphasizes relevant characteristics.
Suppresses other characteristics.
BriefCase
- Capacity
- Weight
+ open()
+ close()

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Example: Abstraction

Student Professor

Course Offering (9:00 AM,

Monday-Wednesday-Friday) Course (e.g. Algebra)

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What Is Encapsulation?
 Encapsulation means to design, produce, and
describe software so that it can be easily used
without knowing the details of how it works.
 Also known as information hiding

An analogy:
 When you drive a car, you don’t have know the
details of how many cylinders the engine has or how
the gasoline and air are mixed and ignited.
 Instead, you only have to know how to use the
controls.

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What Is Encapsulation?
Hide implementation from clients
 clients depend on interface

Improves Resiliency

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Encapsulation Illustrated
Professor Clark
 Professor Clark
needs to be able to
teach four classes in
the next semester.
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad:4
SetMaxLoad(4)

TakeSabbatical()

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Encapsulation – Information/Implementation
hiding
Information which can’t be
accessed by client
Balance
Interface insterestYTD
Owner
Client Deposit() Account_number
Withdraw()
Transfer() Deposit() {…}
Withdraw() {…}
Transfer() {…}

Implementation details
which are unvisuable for
client.

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What Is Inheritance ?

 Inheritance —a way of organizing classes

 Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye
color, hair color, and so on.
 Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties are
only defined once.
 Inheritance is a kind of relationship
 “Is a” relationship
 “Part of” relationship
 “Kind of" relationship
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An Inheritance Hierarchy
Vehicle

Automobile Motorcycle Bus

Sedan Sports Car School Bus Luxury Bus

What properties does each vehicle inherit from the

types of vehicles above it in the diagram?

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Example: Single Inheritance

 One class inherits from another.
Ancestor

Superclass
(parent)

Inheritance
Relationship

Savings Checking
Subclasses

Descendents

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Example: Multiple Inheritance

 A class can inherit from several other classes.

Multiple Inheritance

Use multiple inheritance only when needed and

always with caution!
Question: Draw a class hierarchy diagrams for university
systems(Indian or Foreign)

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Polymorphism
 Polymorphism—the same word or phrase can be
mean different things in different contexts
 Analogy: in English, bank can mean side of a
river or a place to put money
 In Java, two or more classes could each have a
method called output
 Each output method would do the right thing
for the class that it was in.
 One output might display a number whereas a
different one might display a name.

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What Is Polymorphism?
 The ability to hide many different implementation
behind a single interface.

Manufacturer B
Manufacturer A Manufacturer C

OO Principle:
Encapsulation

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Example: Polymorphism
Get Current Value

Stock Bond Mutual Fund

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What is an Interface?
 An interface is a collection of operations that specify a service of a
class or component.
 Interfaces formalize polymorphism
 Interfaces support “plug-and-play” architectures
Tube
<<Interface>>
‘How’
Shape

‘What’ Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube

Realization relationship (stay tuned for realization relationships)

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How Do You Represent An Interface?

Tube
Elided/Iconic
Representation
(“lollipop”) Pyramid

Shape
Cube

Tube
Canonical
<<Interface>>
(Class/Stereotype) Shape
Representation Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube

(stay tuned for realization relationships)

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What is an Abstract Class?

 An abstract class is a class that may not has any direct
instances.
 In the UML, you specify that a class is abstract by writing its
name in italics.
 An abstract operation is an operation that it is incomplete
and requires a child to supply an implementation of the
operation.
Shape
Abstract class
{abstract}
draw () {abstract} Abstract operation

Circle Rectangle

draw () draw ()

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Further Reading

 Chapter02 from Ali Bahrami textbook

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