T.

Madhu kiran
VU21CSEN0100008

COMPUTER ENGINEERING WORKSHOP

TASK-2

Operating System –
Definition:

 An operating system is a program that controls the execution of

application programs and acts as an interface between the user of
a computer and the computer hardware.
 A more common definition is that the operating system is the one
program running at all times on the computer (usually called the
kernel), with all else being application programs.
 An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources
and services, such as memory, processors, devices, and
information. The operating system correspondingly includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a
scheduler, a memory management module, I/O programs, and a file
system.

Types of operating systems :

• The recent technological advancements, where every gadget is

considered an intelligent device, have revolutionized the world.
Almost everyone has access to these devices, be it mobile
 phones, tablets, laptops, smart watches, or even your personal
computer at home. Also to add to the list the rising number of
modern vehicles.

• All those mentioned above have in common: they use an operating

system to enable their functionality for you to achieve a specific
task. Despite all this fantastic being owned by us, very few of us
understand how the OS that makes it possible to perform different
tasks is structured.

• With this understanding, we can describe an Operating System(OS)

as software that manages computer hardware and resources and
provides standard services for computer programs.
In simple English, an OS is an interface between the user and the
machine that makes it easy for the user to quickly different tasks.

HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM

OPERATING SYSTEM
The operating system is a system program that serves as an interface
between the computing system and the end-user. Operating systems
create an environment where the user can run any programs or
communicate with software or applications in a comfortable and well-
organized way.

Furthermore, an operating is a software program that manages and

controls the execution of application programs, software resources and
computer hardware. It also helps manage the software/hardware
resource, such as file management, memory management, input/ output
and many peripheral devices like a disk drive, printers, etc. These are the
popular operating system: Linux OS, Windows OS, Mac OS, VMS, OS/400
etc.

The operating system's job:

Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of
the software and hardware on the computer. Most of the time, several different
computer programs run simultaneously, and they all need to access your
computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating
system coordinates all this to ensure that each program gets its needs.
Timelines of operating systems:

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you

buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with their
computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating
systems. The most common operating systems for personal
computers are Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface
or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to
click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is displayed on the
screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you
switch to another operating system, it may seem unfamiliar at first.
However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use,
and the most basic principles are the same.

What are the types of Operating Systems?

 Batch Operating System.

 Time-Sharing Operating System.
 Distributed Operating System.
 Embedded Operating System.
 Real-time Operating System.

Desktop operating systems:

Microsoft Windows

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s.

There have been many different versions of Windows, but the most
recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows
8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows
comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most
popular operating system in the world.
macOS

macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created

by Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers or Macs.
Some of the specific versions include Mojave (released in 2018), High
Sierra (2017), and Sierra (2016).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less

than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage
of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple
computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people prefer the
look and feel of macOS over Windows.
Linux

Linux (pronounced LINN-UX) is a family of open-source operating

systems that can be modified and distributed by anyone around the
world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which
can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of
Linux are that it is free, and you can choose from many
different distributions—or versions—.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less

than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux
because it's relatively easy to customize.
To learn more about different distributions of Linux, visit the Ubuntu
and Fedora websites, or refer to our Linux Resources. You can see
MakeUseOf's list of The Best Linux Distributions for a more
comprehensive list.

Operating devices for mobile devices:

The operating systems we discussed were designed to run

on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such
as phones, tablet computers, and MP3 players differ from desktop
and laptop computers, so they run operating systems designed
specifically for mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems
include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you
can see iOS running on an iPad. Operating systems for mobile devices
generally aren't as fully featured as those made for desktop and
laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of the same software.
However, you can still do many things with them, like watching
movies, browsing the Web, managing your calendar, and playing
games.
MS DOS:

WHAT IS MS-DOS?

• A disk operating system (DOS) is a fox86-based personal computer

mainly developed by Microsoft. MS-DOS, its rebranding as IBM
PC DOS, and some operating systems attempting to be
compatible with MS-DOS. Sometimes it is referred to as "D,” s also
the generic acronym for disk operating system.
• MS-DOS was the primary central operating system for PC-compatible
isle personal computers during the 1980s. It was gradually
superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user
interface (GUI) inverted graphic Microsoft Windows working
system generations.
• DOS is also used to describe several similar command-line disk
operating systems. Early computers, such as the Commodore 64,
Atari 800, and Apple II, featured a disk operating system, including
Commodore Business Machines DOS, Atari DOS, and Apple
DOS, respectively. DOS/360 was an OS for IBM mainframes,
which first appeared in 1966, but it is unrelated to the 8086-based
DOS of the 1980s.
Features of DOS:-

• Here are some of the distinguishing features of a disk operating

system, such as:
• MS-DOS does not offer GUI (Graphical User Interface) and doesn't
accept mouse inputs. It is a character-based interface system
where all commands are entered in the text at the command-line
prompt.
• A disk operating system manages files and folders and allows
program loading and execution. It can control hardware devices
such as disk and memory and allocate resources.
• MS-DOS offers a file system to organize, read and write files to the
disk storage.
• It is a single-user operating system and performs various tasks to
ensure the proper operation of systems.
• It uses a 16-bit file allocation table (FAT16), and a 16-bit interface
uniquely defines each file's memory's location. These identifiers
are stored in a tabular format with the name File Allocation table.
• MS-DOS does not support a multiuser operating system; it is less
secure and does not have a concept of user roles. It is very
lightweight due to its primary interface and limited features.
Installation of windows:

1
Create Windows Installation media. If you order Windows 10
for a new PC build, they may send you an installation media. If you don't
have a Windows installation media, you can make one. You'll need a
computer with internet access and an 8 GB USB flash drive (16 GB
recommended). You also need to know if the computer you want to
install Windows 10 on has 32-bit or 64-bit architecture. You will also
need to purchase Windows to get a product key. This can be done
before or after the installation. Use the following steps to create a
Windows Installation Media:
 Insert a USB drive with at least 8 GB of space into
any computer with internet access. This will wipe
any existing data on the USB drive, so be sure to
back up any data you want to keep.
 Go to https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-
download/windows10 in a web browser.
 Click Download Tool Now.
 Open the "MediaCreationTool.exe" file in your web
browser or Downloads folder.
 Click Accept.
 Select "Create Installation Media (USB drive, DVD,
ISO file) for another PC" and click Next.
 Select your language, Windows edition, and PC
architecture and click Next.
 Select "USB flash drive" and click Next.
 Select your USB drive and click Next.
2
Make installation media on a USB flash drive. Select “Download
tool now” under the “build Windows 10 installation media” section
on Microsoft’s Windows 10 download website. To install the
software, save it to a USB disc.

3
Start the setup program. Click on the installer tool to start it. Accept
Microsoft’s terms, go to the “What do you want to do?” screen, and
choose “Create installation media for another PC.” You’ll be asked
what type of media you want to use after picking the language you
wish Windows 10 to operate in and which version you want (32-bit
or 62-bit).
Although installing from a USB device is the preferred method, you
can also use a CD or ISO file. When you select your device, the
installer utility will download and save the necessary files to your
hard disc.

4
Put your installation media to good use. Insert your installation
disc into your device, then go to your computer’s BIOS or UEFI
settings. These are the systems that allow you to control the core
hardware of your computer.
The procedure for gaining access to these systems varies for each
device, but the manufacturer’s website should be able to assist
you. As your computer boots up, you’ll usually need to press the
F2, F12, or Delete keys.
 5
Alter the boot order of your PC. Once you’ve gained access to
your computer’s BIOS/UEFI, look for the boot order settings. The
Windows 10 installation tool must be placed higher on the list than
the device’s current boot drive, the SSD, or HDD where your
current operating system is kept. The drive containing the installer
files should be moved to the very top of the boot order menu.
When you restart your device, the Windows 10 installation should
now be the first thing to load.

6
Restart your computer or device. Reboot your machine after
saving your BIOS/UEFI settings.

7
Finish the installation process. After restarting, your device should
now load the Windows 10 installation program. The rest of the
installation process will be guided by this.

Installation of Linux:

If you’re happy with your Linux distribution and it works well on your PC,
you can choose to install it. The Linux distribution will be installed on an
internal system drive, like Windows.

There are two ways to do this: You could install Linux in a “dual-boot”
configuration, where it sits alongside your Windows operating system on
your hard drive and lets you choose which operating system you want to
run each time. Or, you can install Linux over Windows, removing the
Windows operating system and replacing it with Linux. If you have two
hard drives, you can install Linux on one of them and use them in a dual-
boot scenario.

We recommend installing Linux in a dual-boot configuration to give

yourself the option of which to use. If you know you don’t want to use
Windows and want to reclaim some hard disk space, go ahead and
remove Windows. Remember that you’ll lose all your installed
applications and files you haven’t backed up.
To perform the installation process, run the installer from the live Linux
system. It should be easy to find—it’s generally an icon on the default
live desktop.

The installation wizard will guide you through the process. Go through
the installer and choose the options you want to use. Read the options
carefully to ensure you’re installing Linux how you want to. In particular,
you should be careful not to erase your Windows system (unless you
want to) or install Linux onto the wrong drive.
You’ll be asked to reboot your PC when the installation process is done.
Reboot and remove the USB drive or DVD you installed Linux from. Your
computer will boot Linux instead of Windows—or, if you choose to install
Linux in a dual-boot scenario, you’ll see a menu that lets you choose
between Linux and Windows every time you boot.

What is meant by a Software?

software, instructions that tell a computer what to do.

Software comprises the entire set of programs, procedures,
and routines associated with the operation of a computer
system. The term was coined to differentiate these instructions
from hardware—i.e., the physical components of a computer
system. A set of instructions that directs a computer’s
hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software
program.

The two main types of software are system software and

application software. System software controls a computer’s
internal functioning, chiefly through an opearating system and
also controls such peripherals as monitors, printers, and
storage devices. Application software by contrast, directs the
computer to execute commands given by the user and may be
said to include any program that processes data for a user.
Application software thus includes word processors,
spreadsheets, database management, inventory and payroll
programs, and many other “applications.” A third software
category is that of network software, which coordinates
communication between the computers linked in a network.
In its most general sense, the software is a set of instructions or
programs instructing a computer to do specific tasks. Software is a
generic term that describes computer programs that run on PCs, mobile
phones, tablets, or other intelligent devices. Software is often used to
describe a computer’s functional aspects that do not refer to its physical
components (hardware). Scripts, applications, programs, and
instructions are often used to describe software. Everything that “runs”
on a computer, from an operating system to a diagnostic tool, video
game, or app, can be defined as software.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
Typically, there are two major software classifications, System
Software, and Application Software.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

System software aids the user and the hardware to function and
interact with each other. It is software that manages computer
hardware behavior to provide the user's basic functionalities.
InTheystem software is an intermediator or a middle layer between
the user and the hardware. These computer software sanction a
platform or environment for the other software to work in. This is why
system software is essential in managing the entire computer
system. When you first turn on the computer, the system software
gets initialized and loaded into the thintosystem’s memory. The
system software runs in the background and is not used by the end
users. This is why system software is also known as ‘low-level
software .

Application Software:

Application Software, also known as end-user programs or

productivity programs, helps the user complete tasks such as doing
online research, jotting down notes, setting the alarm, designing
graphics, keeping an account log, doing calculations, or even playing
games. They lie above the system software. Unlike system software,
they are used by the end-user and are specific in their functionality
or tasks and do the job they are designed to do. For example, a
browser is an application designed specifically for browsing the
internet, and MS PowerPoint is an application explicitly used for
making presentations. Application Software or apps can also be
referred to as non-essential software as their requirement is highly
subjective, and their absence does not affect the system’s
functioning. The apps we see on our mobile phones are also
examples of Application Software. C specific software is exclusively
made for app development, like Meteor and Flutter. These are
examples of Application software too.
Types of Software:

Microsoft Office:

It is an Application Software. Microsoft Office (or simply Office) is a

family of server software and services developed by Microsoft. Bill Gates
first announced it on August 1, 1988, in Las Vegas. The first version of
Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft
PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially
closer with shared features such as a standard spell checker, data
integration, etc. Office is produced in several versions targeted towards
different end-users and computing environments. 1. Microsoft Word:
Helps users in creating text documents. 2. Microsoft Excel: Creates
simple to complex data/numerical spreadsheets. 3. Microsoft
PowerPoint: Stand-alone application for creating professional multimedia
presentations. 4. Microsoft Access: Database management application.
Winrar:

WINRAR is a trialware file archiver utility for Windows, developed by

EUGENE ROSENTHAL of WinRAR GmbH. It can create and view
archives in RAR or ZIP file formats [6] and unpack numerous archive file
formats. To enable the user to test the integrity of archives, WinRAR
embeds CRC32 or BLAKE2 checksums for each file in each library.
WinRAR supports creating encrypted, multi-part, and self-extracting
archives. WinRAR is a Windows-only program. An Android application
called "RAR for Android" is also available.[7] Related programs include
the commandline utilities "RAR" and "UNRAR"[8] and versions for
macOS,[4] Linux, FreeBSD, Windows CE, and MS-DOS
VLC Media Player:

It is an Application Software VLC media player (previously the video LAN

Client and commonly known as simply VLC) is a free and open-source,
portable, cross-platform media player software and streaming media
server developed by the Video LAN project. VLC is available for desktop
operating systems and mobile platforms like Android, iOS, and iPad.
VLC is also available on digital distribution platforms such as Apple's
App Store, Google Play, and Microsoft Store. VLC supports audio and
video compression methods and file formats, including DVD-Video,
Video CD, and streaming protocols. It can stream media over computer
networks and can transcode multimedia files. UNIX It is a System
Software UNIX, a multiuser computer operating system. In the late 20th
century, UNIX was widely used for Internet servers, workstations, and
mainframe computers. The main features of UNIX were its simplicity,
portability (the ability to run on many different systems), multitasking and
multiuser capabilities, extensive library of software, and hierarchical file
system.

Open office:

Apache OpenOffice is the leading open-source office software suite

for wordprocessing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases a
nd more. It is available in many languages and works on all common
computers. It stores all your data in an international open standard
format and can also read and write files from other common office
software packages. It can be downloaded and used completely free of
charge for any purpose.

Web browser:

A web browser takes you anywhere on the internet, letting you see text,
images and video from anywhere in the world.
The web is a vast and powerful tool. Over the course of a few decades,
the internet has changed the way we work, the way we play and the way
we interact with one another. Depending on how it’s used, it bridges
nations, drives commerce, nurtures relationships, drives the innovation
engine of the future and is responsible for more memes than we know
what to do with.