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    Computer Software: Introduction To Computer Science I

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    Computer software includes programs, libraries, documentation and media that provide instructions to computers. There are two main types: application software performs tasks like word processing, while system software operates hardware and allows interaction between hardware, other software and users. Key parts of system software are operating systems, which manage resources and services. Early operating systems like DOS were single-tasking and used command lines, while modern systems are graphical, multi-tasking and support multiple users simultaneously. Operating systems come in local and network varieties and support different processor architectures.

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    Computer Software: Introduction To Computer Science I

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    Iama Feminist
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    Computer software includes programs, libraries, documentation and media that provide instructions to computers. There are two main types: application software performs tasks like word processing, while system software operates hardware and allows interaction between hardware, other software and users. Key parts of system software are operating systems, which manage resources and services. Early operating systems like DOS were single-tasking and used command lines, while modern systems are graphical, multi-tasking and support multiple users simultaneously. Operating systems come in local and network varieties and support different processor architectures.

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    7th Lecture

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    Computer software includes programs, libraries, documentation and media that provide instructions to computers. There are two main types: application software performs tasks like word processing, while system software operates hardware and allows interaction between hardware, other software and users. Key parts of system software are operating systems, which manage resources and services. Early operating systems like DOS were single-tasking and used command lines, while modern systems are graphical, multi-tasking and support multiple users simultaneously. Operating systems come in local and network varieties and support different processor architectures.

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    43 views5 pages

    Computer Software: Introduction To Computer Science I

    Uploaded by

    Iama Feminist
    Computer software includes programs, libraries, documentation and media that provide instructions to computers. There are two main types: application software performs tasks like word processing, while system software operates hardware and allows interaction between hardware, other software and users. Key parts of system software are operating systems, which manage resources and services. Early operating systems like DOS were single-tasking and used command lines, while modern systems are graphical, multi-tasking and support multiple users simultaneously. Operating systems come in local and network varieties and support different processor architectures.

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    Lecture 7 Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

    Lecture 7
    Computer Software
    Computer software, or simply software, is a collection of data or computer
    instructions that tells the computer how to work. In computer science and software
    engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems and
    programs. Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-
    executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer software has to
    be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard disk or RAM). Once the software
    is loaded, then the computer is able to execute the software. Computers operate by
    executing the computer program. This involves passing instructions from the application
    software, through the system software, to the hardware which receives the instruction as
    machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation - moving
    data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.
    Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into two parts.

     Application software
     System Software

    Application software
    Application software is software that uses the computer system to perform special
    functions or provide entertainment functions. There are many different types of
    application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern
    computer is so large.
    Lecture 7 Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

    System software
    System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware, to provide
    basic functionality needed by users. System software is the first layer of software to be
    loaded into memory every time a computer is powered up. They also enable functional
    interaction between hardware, software and the user. System software includes:
    - Operating systems;
    - Device drivers;
    - Utilities;
    - Language translators

    Operating systems
    Operating systems are essential collections of software that manage resources and
    provides common services for other software. Programs, boot loaders, shells and window
    systems are core parts of operating systems. Operating systems allow to provide the
    communication between hardware, system programs and other applications. An operating
    system (OS) is the software that controls a computer's hardware and peripheral
    devices and allows other programs to function.
    A user wants to write and print a report to an attached printer. A word processing
    application is required to accomplish this task. Data input is done using a keyboard or
    other input devices and then displayed on the monitor. The prepared data is then sent to
    the printer. In order to the word processor, keyboard, and printer to accomplish this task,
    they must work with the OS, which controls input and output functions, memory
    management, and printer spooling. Today, the user interacts with the operating system
    through the graphical user interface (GUI) on a monitor or touchscreen interface. The
    desktop in modern OSs is a graphical workspace, which contains menus, icons, and apps.
    The disk operating system (DOS) was a popular interface used in the 1980s.
    Lecture 7 Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

    DOS (Disk Operating System) is an operating system that runs from a hard disk
    drive. It is considered the earliest version of OS and commonly named MS-DOS
    (Microsoft Disk Operating System). Disk operating system is also used to describe
    several very similar command line disk operating systems.  These early operating
    systems did not multitask, as they were only able to run one program at a time.
    The command line interface, in which a user has to type in commands, required the user
    to remember commands to run programs or do other operating system tasks, making it
    difficult for novices to use.
    In reality, the earliest computers didn’t have OS. Because they were huge machine
    and tasked with one program at the time. For that reason they didn’t really need operating
    systems.

    Types of Operating Systems


    Operating systems are characterized in different ways.
    For their tasking method OS can be divided into 2 parts: Single-tasking and Multi-
    tasking OS.
    Lecture 7 Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

    Single- and multi-tasking OS


    A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multi-tasking operating
    system allows more than one program to be running in concurrency. This is achieved
    by time-sharing.
    For user’s count OS can be divided into 2 parts: Single-user and Multi-user OS.

    Single- and multi-user OS

    Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users. A multi-


    user operating system extends the basic concept of multi-tasking with facilities that
    identify processes and resources, such as disk space, belonging to multiple users, and the
    system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time.

    For using from resources OS is classified as Local OS (or simply OS) and Network OS
    (NOS).

    Local and Network OS


    Local OS allows personal computer to access files, print to a local printer, use 1 or ore
    disk on the computer. For example: MS-DOS, Unix, Macintosh, OS/2, Linux, most
    versions of Windows. NOS allows the computer to communicate over a network. It uses
    from computers and server. NOS is a computer OS that supports workstation, personal
    computer and terminal. NOS provides printer sharing, common file systems, database
    sharing application etc. NOS is considered distributed operating system. For example:
    Windows NT Server, Apple Share, Novell Netware.
    For level of processor OS can be like that:
    - 8 bits OS;
    - 16 bits OS;
    - 32 bits OS;
    - 64 bits OS.
    Lecture 7 Introduction to Computer Science I ZU-019

    8 and 16 bits OS are older versions of OS. Today we mostly use from 32 and 64 bits OS.
    Selection of this level depends on the capacity of RAM. If the capacity of RAM is less
    than 4 GB, 32 bits OS is suitable for the computer. But if the capacity of RAM is 4 and
    more than 4 GB, then you can select 64 bits OS.

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