ignalk ng ove& ANGN Chaun nels.

Geometric epreyetaim signals.

Text1 7.1,4.2,43,7:4

A 4ypical Diyitd (omMuniculim sysuw

Memn1 x)
Soe Vector Si

Mi3
Aceires Copls
Noi
(AN&N) Sitn and
Thi's is chanre
dsove k in
ConveitB
asumd l
zet uf
n e Pro duue each edw
A
n u e Si M
S ida
Nnumsey CmtnmO nys
a ector

nten
Comrepmird Si S(t)

M oSE<T

M
Sontte KI5 phajet si
at+ s Cosids a

m e n Stnnbls.
Let M, Ma, 3 . m arenls
. A

in nhake. md SonR ce
t M Spmbols asa emip Sas
emis M Symbak ewe T SecCmds.
 is
pr' rbab kkies PCM:)
i 1, 2, M -O
P(M:)=L
= . .

Sone prenli la vecft sowce

Meast
Shech oduces a e t r q numles

S
S: i I,2, M -
Sia

SiN
ve N dimsim q vectw N SM

T inpt l6 Ikk m i d is thes S (em )

Th mo dddr cms kuel a sistinet inëli eujj

S i a S; CE) hnnii T Bec mds

SCt)dt, i= 1, 2 . M -

a dashnt

Cvey menni
S0nice ontp M , /2l, 2, - M,
w e u g y Sign S;(t) g mendi T e cnnds, han-
mHed thogh the ehan ra.

the chans is a u e e hae S Sneu'et

f t u e t BN,

Sitd S; (t) CoTld hoie , Hs oise is addiKe,

e man stnk masy ansi
6awsj an neik p Cem Ct)

ta Aacejed s i n l t ) is

zCt)= S; Gt) + »CE)

 L t 6awsiamm
h o i NC)

Tra |l
Pecaivod
hit si) (
S t)

ANGN Channel

T Channl P

A 6GN ekanra
Mod

howe ohe o pene g e i , eei h

inevtasy mke occamimw Y
s
e Prba L: G S m enTÝ Pe
t*)
PePm;) PCm =oliant) + Pn;) PCA= ||o
trurnil
gml 1 Cnd'h
 bjee metrf'cPepre stariar S i g a d s .

The ipatante omemc epreenaliä S i g s

is loepre stn any set Memery sitnls SG) s
basis uncham,
n Camhrak m s g orthondmas
Nue NM
N otST+ Symb
dwali
S;t)= S jCt) i1,3,

T Sir,2, M
Here NM
(E)Þ;Ct)Jt -I, N

St =S
and N vdnd basic
me i ms 6,ct), Pat). ¥ t
ostho ndmd set
vms

4 i
Ksonackex deHe

prestn hd Ni, *t g cvemk

vie ed N

ector: dinokd by S
N di'mensinnnd Signad
 N ekmens g ectr S; opeLrkrg o4
inpd,
G5ien
Sitnad s,CA) 2erdts
en

ohstinutf
S1 ni enet
da) sit S; (+)

Sta

S Sche me Viened

a SttlkTsizas
PCt)

thnimad
S ectw

N Numscs
Set

SE) is1, 2, M , 0peLale ip

Al, tven sigt ,

SiN m em
e Cam Cndensa coeffpatns Si1, Si2,

-
t)
S;(t)
banE q N-pvsdhutt

vieed
Cm mm fnpt
am3
 edr
Relim betwen lenatk ect
nd
Sitnal enugH.

vectr Sf in N-dinensind
et n Considek an arbtaty ,

hs neto
knclidkau space smmd k kq

2
(S;, S;) =
S's;
St
= S 1 , Si2 S Sia

Si + S -
N 22

M
1,2,
j
Co-Co -o
dnates
S
sam S; os,'he q
t rectsinst, tHam hi
t S amd S a
s
twecfors S; o m d s
egk
batwean
avms S sTS
iner pro duct S i
Cos 1 ; )Clengt f) ls:||S
CLengtk S
-
** SCt) is
sigras S(t)
ene E amoia td
No
2
SCt)dt
N
Sso)(3h ) dt
-

ovdevin cm),
 N

F;
T
ing rthezend prpuh t)Ct) d itk

e 2
2
F Stj
thw
CorTeapmdins vectr S

NoN Euckdean ohxfance etweun S md ect

S;
NoN,
pestkr sid s; ( ) md S; (t) is
T
drj 1 - l | - L (Sk-7)J-o
al
dij ct) -sjcEs) Je
Schwaz e mality
&{E
*y Sigrelk ,(t),ord
)

The Schwaz ine mlr ly Stutes

s, (t)SCt) dt ssCt yd+ s Ct) dt

ko lds nd my it sa(t) = c S, (4) AShsre

Cis am C s t a .

le s,(E) md Sal t) ekprmd in tol d orlknbms

6sis mukas f, ) md fat) ay

S,Ce)-S #+S12falt)
S,ct) =
piCE) + Saad a+)
amd Ct)
ssit
ortiandmalhy Cardifm
(t) NL

i ij

emutn
Sa
S Sa

Suryanarayana NK
Dept of ECE
SVIT, Bengaluru 64
 vetmp
S,Ct)mdSCt).
Spr

S
S

Sa Su

Cos

Ist1sal
-dt
s,L4) Satt)

(Sste d) *(Sster44

huve Cosel=1, it
and ip s2Ct) -,6)
Nt C

Suryanarayana NK
Dept of ECE
SVIT, Bengaluru 64
 Schmid+ Orthognalsatim Pro edue.
ram
SC)
Aeal vadntd enuH zal s, (t), SaCt).
each g ohwalim T Secnds YepresCn l
N

Si(t) = Si;C t ) , o s t s T i1,2, . M

hene co - efeu'emt espmdim deyiad dy

S-S,ct) tjce)dt, J1, 2,2 N

amd v d n a d basis mek P,Ct), ACt)-

T í-JN
PCt)p;t) = 1, -

,1t
em O Cam Cpmndad

s,CE)= S P,C+) +Sa t ) + +SIN PNlt) ) t:|

4
Salt) S2, (t) +S2a ta Ct)+ +Sa l(+)
SaCt)= 1 f ,CE) +Sgaalt) + +gn n(t) A3

tSmN Pnlt) J 4N
SmCt) Smi , lt) tSma fa(Y) +E

Suryanarayana NK
Dept of ECE
SVIT, Bengaluru 64
 to ind orlkantmnd set g basjswmuhs.

sT 1 Pt Si; =0, exapt S in em 4 |

S,(t) =
S, P, Ct)
PC+) = S,Ct
S Shae S = JE, eruTIGSiz
S, Ct)
t n d S , Syuae cm 4 bolk si'das amd

Secmds.
inliyrali on T

S'sce)d+ - t)d4 -
hVing unit magnifrk

S (s2(E)JE -

Step 2 Cmsi der em 42.

SCt) = Sa o,Ct) +Saa taCt) 42
nu TSem
wwlkply k sideu by éct) nd ingin o

Sa Ct) ,ct) d+
) 0, ifj

S2 SaCt) f,ct) dt
 Nou et aCt) = Salt) - Sa #,C+)

ere ga (t) =
Saa Palt)

Oe T etnds.

Ce)Ct) dt - 9 Cd+

Saa 9 CJ+
rm e m ()
.a(t) = ) -

'Ce)dt
Canhnming h s ud a, he
M , in gener N
d i-
,Ct)=S; (t)-2 Á; (t) , j=1, 2-- i-

SSi S; (t) f,ce)d+, j-l.a.. . i-i

-(
P:(t) = (t)
j-, 2- . .
N

t)dt
Suryanarayana NK
Suryanarayana NK
Dept of ECE
Dept of64
SVIT, Bengaluru ECE
SVIT, Bengaluru 64
 Summa

,Ct)= shre =Ce)dt5

VE
Cni du inlovmedinli 4mekm 9. lt)
j-2--1-l
(t)= S; (4)- Sj CE)
have N

t)

2, 3- M-1,
T
- Sa, Sa3, Set
E; 4:Ct)dt

Suryanarayana NK
Dept of ECE
SVIT, Bengaluru 64
z

&

suryanarayana NK,
Dept of ECE ,SVIT
W
 suryanarayana NK,
Dept of ECE ,SVIT

O
S2
suryanarayana NK,
Dept of ECE ,SVIT

N
 suryanarayana NK,
Dept of ECE ,SVIT
E

N
w
 w
w

O
suryanarayana NK,
Ao Dept of ECE ,SVIT

M
(2) ihen S,Ct), SaCt) SsC+) obtuin ortha goralisim
,

wncta wing Grm Schud+ Proudwe

4S, Ct) Ss C4)
3
4 S2Ct)
3 1
2. 2 3

T 3clands
S,CE), S2CE). SCt) 4w
- -

encry si
peenfed
N stTT
S;(+) Sj #;ct), 20,, 2. -. M

S,(+) SiP Ct) T

S sfCtd+
,C+) S,Ct)
=

SI Lo

S-se 4 -e-
s, C+) o sts 4
+)

step 2 r i- et w
d falt).
SgCt) = Sa P,+) +Saa fat)
et gCt) = Saa a lt)
T
Sa2 9Ct) d +

bt aCt) S t ) - Sa P C+)
Sa C+) SC+) ,Ct)d+
3 .sSo
bu

/ x Z =3
4 S2 Ct) #,4)
Sa3|

No
No, , (+) =
S, Ct)
-

Sa1P, C9
Satt)
3-3 ,

S2,t)

+74
432Ct)
32
O
NoH 3

S31 3.d+4x2 4

Ss Ct)
3
S32 (-k)-
itt)
S323

HoH Ct) = g t) - S31f,C4) - g2f2t)

- + 0
3
402
-t
sCt)4 3-- 0

oi (t): i s
S33
Ssafalt) hot exist

alt)

s,Ct) 6f

SCt) 3 - 3 2 $3
(3) wi r
3win Schnudt rlIha gtvakisafon P a dy

detek mun ortho ndmal bsis tnchms t r h

4 SaCt) st)
45t)

T 2T
.
Soluim
N
So st$T
sl S;Ct) 4, i
i,2 -. M
JI
i1,2. . M
Sij jl,2 N

Cme
Ct) 6CE) Jt 1, ij

or i,em0
S,Ct) S,, P,CE)
PCt)=,(E)
'sCt)dt+

,Ct)= S4) S T 12 J
TIs
3 SCt)
S
VT T
StST
P) olkwj-
 O is
sl a: fr ia3, c m

Sa(t)= S21 #+) + Saaflt)

T
dCt)S2aLO| 2Ct) 5()

SaC PaCt)=2lt)

S2
2Tl

Ct)=SaCt) - S2, P, CE)

Ts
T S2Ct)
Sa
o2Tl
4S21C) Sa1,Ct)14)
T
92Ct) S,sts

T aTl oStT3
2T
Sa29ct)d+
Ts aGt)» 1CE)
Te 7stsT
ostSTl
Sfep 3

4 ) - SCE)-,/,ct)-f4)

Ss Ct)
d

S T T

Ct) 3 Ct)
:O
S33
T
Ss2 t ) S322C

ASsLt)
T T

S3O
Th

oTI
- o-1 o

s32 T
faces T

)
Th T T *T

ST St<T
T 9C+) o st $4T, t T
 $38 (T-2)
2T

SCt) SaCt) TYS+sST

, T , oStSTl3
S33

sl 4 No 1m avefr ms ve
4SCE)

s Tls

Ts T

SCt) =SCt) FSs lt)

S , Ct)=T )

faCt)
S Ct) TT
S CE) 9,C)tTfaCt)
 As t) 4C)

- 3

sl 4oris1, ind Su, P,(t)

V2
Su scd /
P,t)S,(t)
osts 2
S ookav i

sp ori-a, kd Sa, , Sza, #2(+) | , ct) is kuei

Sa S t#, (t) dE 2 t) Sa Ct) -

Sa, 4, C4)

S 9C.d Pa Ct)
S22
SLt)

Sa
9

-Kde+(-a)d+ 1 P C )

2
 s t s |

9t) 6,(t), ol i k

S22 .d+ -
0sts
3aCt)=aCt),
a Ct)= Sa
o,oloTi

sla i-s, S31, 32, ss, Pslt)|,Ct), CE) as

t)

S32 sC)Cd
2

s4)

9, (t)
-

S3af2C+)
,C4)S Ct)- S3, PCe)a)
°sts]
Ws ts
-1+ tl -
%Ctl
stss
-0o

t13
 isC4) stS|
Ta, °sts
StS3

Jlay4 +

1 ) - stSasts
t) S33

sl 4by obsctvivg
k waef s,

SyCt) =
S, Ct) + S2lt) +Sz +)
S+) st) Vag, +)
S2Ct) 1, (t)
.

Saie)
+As Ct)

9,CE)-/a)

s4)= 4)-9,L4)++
SCt)
givem S, (E) and St), wi 6.S. paadhe fin
t ) nd alt) amd skath fCt) 4 ¢2tt)

AS t) AS2Ct)
A

T T2
Solusn
SSasteie =/'e AJT

A sT
Pce)5)
S AT:

T
S2l+)
2At
Sa SC+) ,CE J+
0

T2 t
Tl2 T

T
Sa lt)
SA hvT
t
Th
S22 (Sa Ct)-Sa ce) dt| SaCt) AJTVF

Tl, 2

CA-A)JH+ |(0-A4
Tla
TaJ ' T * AT
PaCt) = Jalt) Sat)-Sa P,Ct)
S22 S22 A S2G+)
A

T
Sa4l5
stsT
P2Ct)
StST

,4)

t
Convesi
COnveysi am
m cndnuong AN,N chanrel inlo
ehaune.
a Ve ctor

(t)
Si t)
ceived sima
trursullad

nal NCt)
i bansian noix

lombinatm
is i n a
Set oM -eneuysitnns S;C+)
ndmd bw dnctm
N- lho
S ost< T
S(t) = t e , 2 , 3 . .. M

Shve coe t c ' t e p d i m n n

T M
S;(t);t)dt ta,a. N

I Aevdnd bai funetns ,(t),,t) 4)

m slks ndms wf
m

is
than Aa/ved Sinas zlt)
(t) = SCt) t NCE) -
ostS T
1 2 . M1M

are Ct) is sampk mtßm 4 k i i euwsian noig

pAces (E) 4 a mean é PSD No
 A

(U)
H

Type text here

2
 Sij t
Considet a ne o Sto chaske p cen X (t) ko
Let
*' (E) dalalid l6 Aatalved Sir t)
metkm
Samp N

z'(t) =
z(t- Yhe)
e m Swbsk han
Subsk : em
N

* (t) =
S; (t) + (E)
N
N
S (E) +wl£)
J

N
- s + ( t ) - s p é )- 2 ÁU)

(t) =
N(t)- ÁjCE)
hoi pro ces NCt)
nce x'(+ dapnds mby
m

and o t Sinad S (t)

m

't) = 't)

cam se li n
en , x(t)

xt) =
2 t)+ + *'(t)
j P em
 N

Ct) =
2 (t) + 'Ct)

Ceived sima C se Aaprenfed 67 ectr

nne
form
Ct)
(t) = Lx +'Ct)

statisth( chasacteaize-tim q Corelut ohpuls

O o obtnin van L X
t x() deno Stockaske p Cess, a Sampk untßm
h i t k is epreKnib ecaied sind xtt) .

vatallk ho sSannph van

Let
LtiX; olens Aondm

j 1, 2 - N,COTnItr ontpt.
epreknl by ,

Let N; dmeLmdmm vnu'ash vepre n d

orreltor in
Sumph vnns pevuud b
re to SAEGanaiaun mpment NCt).

andam vntasu hsae mLan , a channel

fR preces hCE) repnund NCt) hu
N e
kar mLan.
mLan.
 nne Mean depens my m
Sij
ELXJ
E[Sj +j]
- ElS]+ E[j]

Sij ean ansiau

nor is Zio.'

to stwM Valience

Varie nce isiren by

=VarLX]
ELCX )T
FfCX-S]
X - Sij +
m em ( Aeplata
and Ni by hj (Aandam
Vww 'aly )

; =WCEg,ctvdt
2 N ) ; ) du
 u) NCt) Nu) dt.du

techamt des ndegsties expectan

T

X
-
C4) RCt, ) dt du

ato Conrelutim untim

ki ne'k pocés NCtE)
m

Sinte, his is Stas muy , Rs Ctu) dapends my

i diHe nie
t-u
R C t , «) =
/N)&Ct-u)

en, e get
Swishhk*a en® in

T T

X No Ct) pw) &lt-u)

d+du

sina
Ppe
No
Cu) t-)du

e t ea1

No
 Aich shows s a t all t CoTrelnN htpali, deno
N hae a vw'ence egmnl l6 s
byXi=1,a
PoseL peckd deai N, ofnoi pe Cem WLE),

to shoN tht X; u mnmally untorre lufed.

cevXX] ElC Xj-)( -

-
B))
- E[(-5i)- S ) ]
=Si +
- E[
T

/T

e R,Ct, u) No C4)

:CE) ,Cu) S Ct-u) dt.du

S

au

PCt)

Jtk
O
Opiwwm uC ves i ng Cokeret dalechnm.

ML deosing ( Maasmnm Lhlkhwd daodhing).

Het w Cmide M pouisk Sitrads S, Ct), Sa t)..

SmCt) truns melt k e n psbat; ky /n
T Secmds

Coweltrs
C mm m

hns, el p t ect
is
as Ct) copd
tamk C&rltws, dina dsaui nd .

i mhip betwean 0Swavali m eetr md

2
Paaid nnd pein
Noik e c t hN.

ecr

S Sinad e c t w
 Sind delethun stlimn

to hmnk amld s
em
in n
Ny tt ianvd mi'nmme presasky
M
Cem"
e u i m mksns

eutmbe x.
M, Ke
Snpp kus'm mk:n Mad M a

e r e i n dausan is
awer nLy gf

eMj,L) |- P(M; at
l z) -

p tmunm oleunm l n l .

Set M,
P(M t | x ) >P (Me ant|)
a E Í , ka1, 2,3. - .
M

This i Lnlhd MAP (Maai'mum ostevi om polnkls

Tk r ( Im)
trr)
F pve brlty ranlsmto M
 m;)
(dibnd ahkh dem
ww. Landom esseLvalian ectw
Xm M am ma'lld Syol Mg

candti nW sakK dea

fxC) ww.k m .

n Aashi i Ank g du'hm,in texns

L(M)
St M;if L(M) is mari mum Jr Eí

Vhw, MRmnm hteLhnod decoder Lamputy o

keih vod
Mmag Sm bo/s amdC
Compases i m amd dectdes
in 4av

p h i c d m t l i ni a deui nle

pale
tw

is Z prk and ind.

e t a f l burwin veace
M deuim ugm 1, m

bevwli vectr x hes in vem z if LME)

amuM ki.
 Deu'siM
bnd

P&*3

- JE
E

Pg n 4

hstane X-Sis ma Mum or c ff

k--(- N

Yt feNm nneud m if is indapemdat

N
ise k. Secane teum n inner nesnet q 0&vnm
vectw Z md r u ml hd iW Se . t i v d tLm

N
:p S2
me MaNmm akhwd daunm Anl Astald
o5wd veutw x Ls iu rgm ,
S AIN MWM
(%-E)
 Correlaahi an Peces'u

ANGN Chunel, Shan trawmlie Sitrads a

emalJkaly, opiwmm Auui vw ieh minim
awun ikly ews CPe) s wrelk m uaiv.
Jhih sis5 g tho
pS.
Pt a Sm g Coe lndvs shav ontys s'*

Pste Sital ansSim deiodey

atcutr
dlenne hdd
KCE), ast <T, 6 M
Peuu'y

- + .

+
t)
mal

eutr MAX
ktelhod
rlkonsmw
Iner t
nis nnthm Susnt 4
C
Max-Likehhnd deods
peauli. an *' pva duce

(M) d n e fe
Matthad Fl etu i ves
Cortk 4,t) 4 )

4 ) tsel

idv
p
4

LTI WIE impud

, t ) = J x( h,Ct-)47

viz, s'stsT, (plon T7 t)

Ct)=z( A;(T-t)Jt

No Cinnder deleut» 6d m n Co elasa

h;CTt)= ; t) stST, jl,2-- M

 impod m darind
e my eareM (nmdrkm
ImpnNL
M
hCt) f(T-6) 9stT, j-ha-

Raue TACT-
xL)

Mathad
Snpk
atT
Jl

fCt) i 5 impad
M
ep hlt) s ies
r Ost T
hCE) = ( T - t )

s
Calld
mretm
mathid l t a i n plag
l t Aeerie