1.

Political science is the study of power relations within society, focusing on how political
authority and institutions are influenced by social structures such as class, status and group
dynamics. This definition emphasizes the role of societal factors in shaping political authority
and institutions. In other words, political science is the systematic study of politics, government
and political behavior. It seeks to understand the organization, distribution and exercise of
powers within society. Political science examines the structures and functions of government,
the development and influence of politics and the behavior of political entities like political
party, voters and leaders. By analyzing political science, individuals can understand how
decisions are made and how these decisions affect people and institutions.
Nature of Political Science:
1. Scientific Approach: Political science combines empirical research with normative theory. It
uses scientific methods such as data collection, statistical analysis and case study to understand
political behavior and system.
2. Interdisciplinary: Political science intersects with history, economics, law, sociology,
psychology and anthropology. This allows political science to draw on various perspectives to
analyze issues like human rights, international conflict and public policy.
3. Systematic Study of Power: It examines the nature and distribution of power in society. It
considers who has power, how they acquire it and how they use or misuse it.
4. Analytical and Practical: Political Science is both theoretical and practical. It develops
theories about governance, democracy and international relations. Besides it provides insights
that are useful for policymakers, diplomats and civic leaders.

Scope of Political Science:

1. Comparative Politics: This branch compares different types of political systems, institutions
and practices across different countries to understand why they vary and how they operate it.
2. International Relations: It deals with the relationship among nations, covering topics like
war, diplomacy, international organization and global issues like human rights and
environmental politics.
3. Public Administration: Political science studies how governments are organized and
operated. It looks at the role of bureaucracy, policymaking and the implementation of laws and
politics.
4. Law and Governance: This focuses on the legal frameworks that define political authority,
including the constitution, legal rights, and the structure of government institutions.

Through political science, the parliamentary system of Bangladesh, the role of the president
and prime minister can be understood. Political science in international relations is helpful in
analyzing the role of United Nations in peacekeeping missions and establishing human rights.
Besides, political science describes two types of system: democracy and dictatorship, explaining
how they work and how they influence political authority and institutions.
Finally, it can be said that political science plays an important role in bringing about permanent
changes in the society by analyzing the political structure, government and policies from different
perspectives.
2. Definition of good citizenship and duties of a good citizen

Good Citizenship is a legal and political status that establishes a formal relationship between an
individual and a state. It confers upon individuals certain duties and responsibilities such as the
right to vote, hold public office, own property, receive legal protections and access to social
services. In return, citizens are expected to fulfill duties such as paying taxes, obeying its law
and potentially serving in the military. In other words, good citizenship refers to the behavior,
responsibilities, and contributions of an individual that demonstrate respect for the laws,
norms, and values of their society. Citizenship can be acquired through birth and naturalization.
It is a fundamental concept in political science, shaping individuals’ identities, opportunities and
participation in civic life. For example, individuals born in Bangladesh are typically granted
citizenship by birth if both parents are Bangladeshi citizens. Foreign nationals can apply for
citizenship through naturalization, though this process involves strict criteria, including a long
period of residence which is typically five years and a proven contribution to the country.
Besides, non-Bangladeshi women married to Bangladeshi men can apply for citizenship by
registration. But non-Bangladeshi men married to Bangladeshi women do not qualify
automatically for the same. This reflects a gender-based distinction in Bangladeshi citizenship
law.
Key Aspects of citizenship include:
1. Legal Status: Citizenship is primarily a legal status granted by the government. It entitles
someone as a recognized member of a state and country, typically with protections under its
laws. A citizen is usually entitled to a passport, the right to vote and access to social services.
2. Rights: Citizens generally have rights granted by their country’s laws which may include

, healthcare and welfare systems.

3. Responsibility: Citizenship often involves duties and responsibilities. Citizens are required to
follow the laws are regulations set by their country’s government. Taxes are crucial for funding
public services like healthcare, education and defense. Citizens are expected to contribute to
these through income, sales and property taxes. Besides citizens are expected to inform and
participate in civic engagement like voting.

A good citizen is an individual who actively contributes to the well-being of his community and
society, as well as country. They demonstrate a sense of responsibility and respect towards
others.
Key responsibilities of good citizen:
1. A good citizen respects and follows the laws of the country which may include not only
criminal laws but also civic regulations like traffic rules and public safety rules.
2. Good citizens actively participate in democratic processes such as voting, staying informed
about political issues and contributing to public discussions.
3. A good citizen respects the rights and freedom of others, including those from different
backgrounds.
4. Good citizens take responsibility for the actions and decisions.
 5. A good citizen is conscious of environmental issues, taking necessary steps to conserve
resources, reduce waste and support sustainable practices.
6. Good citizens advocate for fairness, justice and equal rights, standing up against
discrimination and inequality.
7. A good citizen contributes to the funding of public services.
Good citizenship emphasizes the balance between individual rights and social responsibilities to
ensure a harmonious, inclusive, and progressive society. Good citizenship is not merely about
following rules but also about contributing positively to the growth and well-being of society. A
good citizen understands their role in shaping a just and thriving community.

3. Comparison among evolution theory, force theory, patriarchal theory

The evolution theory in political science explains how political systems, institutions, and
processes develop and adapt over time to meet the changing needs of society. It draws
inspiration from Charles Darwin's biological evolution but applies the idea metaphorically to
understand political change and development. The theory emphasizes gradual progress,
adaptation, and the survival of institutions that are best suited to their environment.

Key Ideas

1. Gradual Development: Political systems often change incrementally over time rather
than through sudden revolutions. Reforms and adjustments are made as societies grow
and face new challenges.
2. Adaptation to Change: Political institutions evolve in response to social, economic, and
technological changes. For example, as societies became more industrialized, they
required new forms of governance to manage the complexities of urban life and labor
rights.
3. Survival of the Fittest Institutions: Only the institutions that effectively meet societal
needs and maintain stability survive. For example, democracies have evolved to address
issues like representation and human rights to maintain their legitimacy.
4. Conflict and Competition: Political systems evolve through internal struggles (like social
movements) and external pressures (such as wars or globalization), which push them to
adapt.

One example is the evolution of democracy in the United Kingdom. Starting with the Magna
Carta in 1215, political power gradually shifted from the monarchy to Parliament, expanding
rights and representation over centuries.

The force theory in political science is one of the earliest explanations for the origin of political
states and governments. It posits that states were established and governments were formed
when one person or group used force to gain control over an area and its people. This theory
highlights the role of coercion and power in the creation of organized political systems.
According to this theory, a state is born when an individual or group asserts dominance over
others through the use of physical power or the threat of violence. This domination forces
 people to accept the authority of the ruler or ruling group. The use of force establishes a
hierarchy where the ruling power exercises authority over the governed. This authority is
maintained through laws, enforcement, and the suppression of dissent.

The Liberation War of 1971 is a direct and prominent example of force theory in action. The
West Pakistani military used extreme violence and oppression to maintain control over East
Pakistan following the 1970 general elections, where the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, won a majority. When East Pakistan demanded autonomy, the military responded
with Operation Searchlight, unleashing brutal force on March 25, 1971, to suppress the
independence movement. In response, the people of East Pakistan waged a violent struggle for
independence, using force to overthrow the authority of West Pakistan.

Finally, the Patriarchal Theory is a concept in political science that explains the origins of
political authority and governance based on the traditional structure of a patriarchal family.
This theory suggests that early political systems were modeled after the family unit, where the
male head of the family (patriarch) exercised authority over his household. Over time, this
familial structure was expanded to form tribes, clans, and eventually larger political
organizations such as states.

Key concepts:

1. The family is seen as the first and most natural form of society, with the father acting as
the leader. The authority of the father over his family members serves as the prototype
for political authority in larger groups.
2. As families grew and formed tribes, the patriarch's role expanded. Tribal leaders were
often selected from male family heads who held authority due to age, experience, or
lineage.
3. In many societies, patriarchal authority was justified through religious or divine
sanction. Leaders were seen as chosen by gods or as descendants of divine beings,
reinforcing their power over the population

For example, High rates of domestic violence and gender-based discrimination in Bangladesh can
be seen as manifestations of underlying patriarchal structures that perpetuate male dominance
and female subordination. Moreover, women in Bangladesh often face significant socio-economic
disparities, including limited access to education, employment, and property rights. These
disparities can be linked to patriarchal norms that restrict women's opportunities and perpetuate
gender inequality.

Comparison:

Theory Core Idea Key Processes Strengths Weaknesses

Gradual Acknowledges
development from Natural and gradual change, May oversimplify
simpler social organic growth, emphasizes social power dynamics,
Evolutionary structures (family, adaptation development neglects conflict
 clan)
State arises from Recognizes the Oversimplifies by
conquest and Coercion, importance of focusing solely on
domination by a warfare, power, highlights force, neglects other
Force powerful group subjugation historical examples factors
Oversimplifies by
Expansion of attributing all state
State emerges male authority, Emphasizes gender formation to male
from the extension patriarchal dynamics in power, dominance, may
of male dominance power highlights historical oversimplify gender
Patriarchal within the family structures inequalities roles

4. Four pillars of constitution

A constitution is a fundamental legal document or set of principles that outlines the framework
and governing rules of a nation, organization, or institution. It serves as the supreme law,
providing the structure, powers, and responsibilities of government institutions, as well as
guaranteeing the rights and duties of citizens. It is a set of written and unwritten rules for
governing the state. The constitution of a state clearly spells out the powers of the ruler, the
rights and duties of the ruler and the nature of the relationship between the two. There are two
types of constitution based on amendment method, namely- Written constitution and
unwritten constitution. The Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took
steps to frame the constitution on January 10, 1972 after being freed from Pakistan’s prison. On
January 11, 1972, Sheikh Mujib issued the ‘Provisional Constitution Order’ as the head of the
state. Finally, the constitution came into effect, marking a significant milestone in Bangladesh's
journey as an independent nation. The constitution of Bangladesh contains four main pillars:
Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy, Secularism.

Nationalism: Nationalism, as a pillar of the Bangladeshi Constitution, emphasizes the unity and
solidarity of the Bangladeshi nation. It promotes a shared sense of identity and purpose among
the people of Bangladesh, fostering a collective spirit that transcends regional, ethnic, and
religious differences. The principle of nationalism is rooted in the historical struggle for
independence, where the people of Bangladesh united against oppression and fought for their
right to self-determination. It recognizes the shared experiences, cultural heritage, and
aspirations of the Bangladeshi people, emphasizing their collective strength and potential.
Nationalism in the Bangladeshi context also promotes the idea of a sovereign and independent
nation, where the people have the power to shape their own destiny and determine their own
path to development and progress. It encourages a sense of national pride and a commitment
to building a strong and prosperous nation. In the 9th article of the constitution, it is said, ‘ The
Bengali nation, which has a linguistic and cultural identity and has achieved the independence
and sovereignty of Bangladesh through the national liberation war through determined
struggle, the unity and solidarity of the nation shall be the basis of Bengali nationalism’.
Socialism: The principle of socialism in the Bangladeshi Constitution aims to establish a society
free from exploitation and ensure economic and social equality for all citizens. It envisions a
system where the benefits of development are shared equitably, and no one is deprived of
basic necessities due to economic disparities. While Bangladesh has not fully embraced a
socialist economic system in the traditional sense, the principle of socialism has influenced
various policies and initiatives aimed at reducing poverty and inequality. It reflects the state’s
commitment to ensuring social and economic justice. Although its application has evolved, it
continues to inspire policies aimed at reducing poverty, promoting equality, and building an
inclusive society.

Democracy: Article 11 of the constitution states that ‘The Republic shall be a democracy, in
which fundamental human rights and liberties shall be guaranteed, and effective participation
of the people shall be ensured through elected representatives in all administrations’. It reflects
the commitment of the state to ensure governance by the people, for the people, and through
the people. As a constitutional pillar, democracy guarantees popular sovereignty, political
equality, and participatory governance in Bangladesh. The Constitution establishes a
parliamentary system of government, where the people elect members of parliament (MPs) to
represent them in the Jatiya Sangsad (the national parliament). The party with the majority of
seats in the Jatiya Sangsad forms the government, and its leader becomes the Prime Minister.
The Constitution also guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all citizens, including the
right to vote, freedom of speech, and freedom of assembly. These rights are essential for
ensuring that the people can participate meaningfully in the democratic process. It is an
important part of the Bangladeshi Constitution, reflecting the nation's commitment to building
a government that is accountable to the people.

Secularism: It is one of the foundational pillars of the Constitution of Bangladesh (1972). It

ensures that the state remains neutral in matters of religion, guarantees freedom of religion to
all citizens, and prohibits the use of religion for political purposes. Secularism as a constitutional
principle reflects Bangladesh's commitment to religious harmony and the equal treatment of all
faiths in a diverse society. Article 12 of the constitution stated that ‘No particular religion would
be recognized as the state religion of Bangladesh. People will have full religious freedom. Abuse
of religion for political purposes will be diminished. Every person can observe, practice and
propagate religion according to his own choice. No discrimination shall be accorded to persons
belonging to a particular religion.’ For example, Bangladesh officially observes holidays for
major religious festivals of Muslims (Eid), Hindus (Durga Puja), Christians (Christmas), and
Buddhists (Buddha Purnima). Besides, National festivals like Pohela Boishakh (Bengali New
Year) celebrate cultural unity beyond religious boundaries, fostering inclusivity and shared
heritage.

The four pillars of the Bangladeshi Constitution—Nationalism, Secularism, Democracy, and

Socialism—serve as the foundation for the nation's governance, identity, and development.
They embody the ideals of unity, equality, justice, and sovereignty that emerged from the
country's historical struggles, especially the Liberation War of 1971. Nationalism unites the
people through their shared language and culture, while secularism ensures religious harmony
and freedom for all. Democracy empowers citizens to participate in governance, and socialism
promotes social and economic justice. Together, these principles guide Bangladesh in building
an inclusive, equitable, and progressive society, ensuring that the dreams of its founding
leaders and citizens are upheld for generations to come.

5. Comparative analysis of 27th article, 39th article, 36th article, 41th article

The Constitution of Bangladesh is the supreme law of the land, adopted on November 4, 1972,
and enacted on December 16, 1972, to establish the framework for governance, rights, and
responsibilities in the newly independent nation. It outlines the fundamental principles,
structure of the government, the rule of law, and the rights and duties of its citizens. The
Constitution serves as the guiding document for building a just, democratic, and equitable
society in Bangladesh. The Constitution begins with a preamble that reflects the core principles
of the state: Nationalism, Secularism, Democracy, and Socialism. These four pillars represent
the ideological foundation of the nation. These emphasize equality, freedom, justice, and
human dignity. The Constitution of Bangladesh has 11 parts, 153 articles, 4 schedules and 1
preamble as well as it has been amended 17 times since its adoption.

27th Article: Article 27 of the Constitution of Bangladesh states that ‘All citizens are equal before
the law and are entitled to equal protection of the law’. This simple yet powerful statement is a
cornerstone of the legal and constitutional framework of Bangladesh. It establishes the
principle of equality as a fundamental right, ensuring fairness and justice in the legal and social
systems of the country. This principle implies that no one is above the law, regardless of their
social status, political affiliation, religion, ethnicity, or gender. It demands that laws be applied
equally to everyone, ensuring that no one enjoys special privileges or suffers disadvantages
under the law. Besides, it promotes justice and ensures that state institutions, like law
enforcement and judiciary, act impartially. Furthermore, it encourages fair treatment in all
aspects of life, including public employment, education, and resource distribution.

36th Article: Article 36 of the Constitution of Bangladesh states that ‘Every citizen shall have the
right to move freely throughout Bangladesh, to reside and settle in any place therein, and to
leave and re-enter Bangladesh’. This article is a part of the Fundamental Rights section (Part III).
It guarantees the freedom of movement for all citizens within the country and protects this
right from arbitrary restrictions by the state. Every Bangladeshi citizen has the right to move
freely across the country without unnecessary restrictions. Moreover, Citizens can choose to
reside or settle in any part of the country as well as they can travel abroad and return to
Bangladesh freely. For example, citizens can freely travel across districts, whether for work,
education, or leisure, without any permits or approvals. Besides, many individuals migrate from
rural areas to cities like Dhaka or Chittagong for better opportunities, exercising their right to
settle anywhere in the country. But during the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions on movement
were imposed to protect public health, demonstrating how reasonable restrictions can be
applied in line with the Constitution.

39th Article: Article 39 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantees the Freedom of Thought
and Conscience, and of Speech. Moreover, the press is entitled to operate independently and
without undue interference from the state. This includes the ability to publish information,
 opinions, and criticisms freely. It is a cornerstone of democracy, protecting the rights of
individuals to express their opinions, share ideas, and access information. However, it also
includes certain reasonable restrictions to balance these freedoms with public interest and
order. This guarantees individuals the right to think freely, hold personal beliefs, and maintain
their own convictions. It emphasizes the protection of intellectual and ideological diversity.
Every citizen has the right to express their views without fear of censorship or punishment,
whether through speech, writing, art, or other forms of communication. For example, citizens
have exercised their freedom of speech through protests and activism, such as the July
movement (2024), which called for justice against the fascist government.

41th Article: Article 41 of the Constitution of Bangladesh states that ‘Every citizen has the right
to profess, practice, or propagate any religion; every religious community or denomination has
the right to establish, maintain, and manage its religious institutions’. It guarantees the
freedom of religion and safeguards religious practices and institutions. It is a crucial provision
that ensures that all individuals, regardless of their faith, have the right to practice, profess, and
propagate their religion without interference, while also ensuring that religion is not misused to
harm others. Citizens are free to follow their own religion, practice its teachings, and spread its
message, as long as it does not harm public order or morality. For instance, actions that incite
violence, promote religious extremism, or disrupt social harmony can be regulated. It ensures
that no citizen or group is forced to follow any religion or participate in religious activities
against their will. For example, Citizens freely observe religious festivals such as Eid-ul-Fitr,
Durga Puja, Christmas, and Buddha Purnima, reflecting the spirit of religious freedom.

Comparative Analysis:

Similarities: All four articles guarantee fundamental rights of citizens. Each article acknowledges
that these rights are not absolute and can be subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of
public order, morality, and national security.

Differences: Article 27 focuses on legal equality and non-discrimination. Article 36 deals with the
right to move freely within the country. Article 39 concerns the freedom of thought, expression,
and belief. Article 41 addresses the right to profess, practice, and propagate religion.

Overall, these four articles together form a crucial part of the Bangladeshi Constitution,
safeguarding fundamental rights and freedoms that are essential for a just and democratic society.
They emphasize the importance of equality, liberty, and individual autonomy while recognizing the
need for reasonable limitations in the interest of the public good.