Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII 1

2
When the free energy change G of the Pollution Reactivity of Metal
system is negative, the system does free working High Presence of impurities  1st Law  Amount of chemical reactions which occurs at any electrode
Continuous during electrolysis by a current is proportional to the quantity of
electrical work on surrounding supply of energy efficiency in metal electricity passed through electrolyte  m = Zit
Nature When the free energy change G of Presence of reactive
 2nd Law  Amount of different substances liberated by same quantity of

Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

of solvent the system is positive, no electrical Applications gases in air
electricity passing through electrolytic solution are proportional
Temperature work is done by the system Presence of electrolyte
Galvanic cell that converts to their chemical equivalent weights  …… W1 W2 W3
rG° =–RT InK in water  
Viscosity energy of combustion of fuels E1 E2 E3
of solvent Rusting of iron, like H 2, CH4 directly into
tarnishing of silver  rG° = –n FE°cell electrical energy.
Solvation Faraday’s laws
of ions Painting, barrier
protection, rust Corrosion of electrolysis
solutions Factors
Nature of
electrolyte Strong Electrolyte Electrochemical phenomenon in Mercury cell
ac which metal oxide of metal forms Fuel cells Products of
F

to KCl, HCl electrolysis

rs coating on metal surface. ''when Leclanche cell (Dry cell)
a ff Weak Electrolyte it comes in contact with air,
ect d)
ing CH3 COOH moisture or oxygen '’ be reuse (Lead storage battery,
el nnot
ectro d ca Ni-Cd cell)
conduction lytic e an
onc
Daniell Cell: cathode: Copper, anode : Z inc; Salt Classification of Batteries 2.303RT [M]
electrolytes Corrosion Ecell = E° cell – log n+
bridge : Agar agar; electrolyte : KCN/KNO3 nF [M ]
 Reduction : Cu2+ + 2e  Cu; Oxidation : 0.059 1
Zn(s) Zn2++2e– ;Zn| Zn2+(C 1) || Cu 2+(C2)|Cu Ecell = E°cell – log n+
Nernst n [M ]
When metal ion undergoes equation Mn+(aq) + ne–  M(s)
no change – Null Electrode
Types
Electrochemistry KC = Antilog 
 nE° cell 

 0.0591 
n

of Cells
e

Resistance
electr ncy of a

When the metal

or ga de is loos

2.303 RT
ctron

Half–cell  E°cell = log K C

atoms get oxidized two portions of cell
– oxidation electrode nF
in ele

When the valencies of metal constituting

o
e

V
Tend

[E°]

When the metal R= Unit : Ohm () the electrodes are similar
ion gets reduced I Zn/Zn2+(c1) Cu2+ (c2)/Cu
– Reduction
electrode Potential difference
between electrode A chemical When the valencies of metals constituting
and electrolyte compound l the electrodes are different
that dissociates R= 
Electrode potential when into ions and U shaped inverted A Cd(s)/Cd2+(c1) Ag+(c2)/Ag+(s)
Factors a

concentration of all conducts electric tube connecting  = Resistivity

Nature of species in half –cell is unity two electrolytic Electronic conductance:
current Unit : Ohm – Meter Depends on:- Nature and
metal & ions solution
structure of metal,
ffect

Electrode : Pt coated with Cathode  -No of valence electrons per atom,

Pt black, electrolyte : s -Temperature (Decreases
tal
ing

Reduction takes place

than H+/H2
Negative E- Stronger

reducing agent
Negative E° Weaker
reducing agent

The concentration acidic solution pressure

Anode  me with increase in temperature)
of ions in the 1 bar Pt(s) |H2(g)| H+(aq)
Oxidation takes place
solution
S.H.E of Zn2+/Zn Electrode [–0.76V] Conductivity
Cell Electrolytic (Ionic) Conductance:
Temperature Ecell = E° cathode depends on:- Nature of electrolyte added,
– E° anode S.H.E of Cu2+/Cu Electrode [+0.34V] -Size of ions solvation,- Nature of solvent and
positive E° Weaker is viscosity,- Concentration of electrolyte,
-Temperature (increases with increase in
reducing agent than H+/H2 Two copper strips dipped in an aqueous solution of Temperature)
A series of half–cells arranged in increasing CuSO4  Anode : Cu  Cu2+ + 2e– cathode :
Reactivity of metals standard oxidation potentials Cu2+ + 2e–  Cu 1 A Unit : Siemens (S)
C= =
R l or ohm Increases on
s

A
on

Feasibility of redox reaction ti = l dilution

Fe2+ (aq)+ Cu(s) Cu2+ (aq)+Fe(s) ica
pl
Ap Calculation of E° cell m =
A, 
m = V
Displacement of metals Kohlrausch law of independent l
migration of ions Limiting molar conductivity : If molar conductivity
from salt solution reaches a limiting value when concentration
+ 1. Calculate °m for any electrolyte from ° of individuations.
Mn (aq)+ ne−  M(s) approaches zero. C  zero,  m = m
(Oxidised form ) (Reduced form) 2. Determine value of dissociation constant for weak electrolytes.
3. Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. Strong electrolyte
Weak electrolyte
m=°m – AC½ (KCl) 
Electropositive  = m (acetic acid)
Trace the Mind Map
Displacement of hydrogen metals from m
character of metals dilute acids Limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as
First Level Second Level Third Level


& non-metals 2H +form acids (aq) +2e–  H2 (g) sum of individual contribution of anions and cations of the electrolyte
°m = v+°++v–°–
 Molecularity of Elementary Reaction Molecularity of Complex reaction In terms of decrease of
Ea and proper orientation of the molecules 1 2FeCl3+6KI2FeI2+6KCl+I2 [A] Concentration
H2O2H2O+ O2
determine the criteria for an effective collision. 2
molecularity =1, unimolecular reaction]
In terms of increase in the
Pseudo Unimolecular Reactions
+ concentration of B
Number of collisions CH3COOC2H5+H2O H CH3COOH+C2H5OH
activation Energy=Threshold energy - Average Rate = PZABe –Ea/RT per unit volume of (Ethyl acetate) (In excess)
energy possessed by reactant molecule P is Steric or reaction mixture Rate =K [CH3COOC2H5]
Ea= Ethreshold - E reactants Probability factor Rate = ZAB e-Ea/RT Reactions involving the Reactions involving
same stoichiometric different stoichiometric
coefficients of reactants coefficients of reactants
and products and products
Collision in which molecules collide with sufficient k[CH3COOC2H5]
kinetic energy and proper orientation for breaking Appearance of products or
of bonds and formation of new bonds. Number of reacting species disappearance of reactants
taking part in an elementary over a long time interval. Formation of Ammonia Decomposition of N2O5
They over come  • Energy barrier
reaction colliding to bring out N2(g)+3H2(g) 3g 2N2O5g4NO2(g)+O2
 • Orientation barrier Rate of reaction depends a reaction. d [P]
on the collision frequency rav = dt = slope
and effective collisions. –d [R]
Activation Energy, Ea : Energy required to form an intermediate called Sum of powers of rav = dt = –slope Rate of change in concentration of
activated complex (c) Ea= Threshold energy - Average Kinetic energy concentration of the e reactant/product at a particular time
t
of reacting molecules reactants in the rate Ra rinst= –d[R] =+d[P]

B
s
ou

ate
s A
law. dt dt
Collision ane

ea ge R
Molecularity of nt
sta

on
k = Ae–Ea/RT Theory a Reaction Rate of disappearance of R

a
Graphical Method In

er
ct i
Ea

Av
Rate(a)n log k = log A – Decrease in concentration of R – [R]
2.303RT Order of r = =
Rate=k(a)n of Time taken t
a Reaction
k
log= 2 =
Ea
k1 2.303RT T1T2[ [
T2 – T 1 Arrhenius
Equation
Change in concentration of
reactants or products in unit Rate of appearance of P
Initial Rate Method time; Unit : mol L-1 s-1 or atm s-1 Increase in concentration of P + [P]
Rate of Chemical = =
Methods to determine the concentration Reaction Time taken t
Integrated Rate

Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

Law Method Concentration : Higher the concentration of
Integrated Chemical reactants, faster is the rate of reaction.
Rate Equation Kinetics Temperature : Increases with increase in tempera-
Integration of differential rate equation to give a relation
between concentrations at different times and rate constant. ture. Becomes almost double with 10°C rise.
Presence of Catalyst : Increases with a catalyst.
Order Integrated Straight Units Surface Area : Greater is the surface area, faster
Rate Law Plot (k) is the rate of reaction.
In[R] Reactions of Activation Energy : Lower the activation energy,
1 kt =ln {[R]0 /[R]} s-1 fractional order faster is the reaction.
vs t
Half-life of
a Reaction
Pseudo First Expression in which reaction rate is
• Decomposition of Acetaldehyde CH3CHOCH4+CO Order Reaction given in terms of molar concentration of
Rate=k[CH3CHO]3/2 Order=3/2=1.5 reactants with each term raised to power
Third Order which may or may not be same as
First Order Reaction
Reaction Second Order stoichiometric coefficient of reactants in
Are not truly of first order but under certain Reaction a balanced chemical equation.
conditions behave as first order reaction aA + bB — cC + dD
Acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate x y d [R]
Rate = k [A] [B] =
Inversion of sugar dt
• Decomposition of • Decomposition of Time in which the concentration
Ethyl alcohol nitrogen pentoxide of a reactant is reduced to one half
1
C2H5ClC2H4+HCl N2O52NO2+ — 2 O2
of its initial concentration Order Unit
Rate=K[C2H5Cl] Rate=K(N2O5)
Order of reaction=1 Order of reaction=1 1 s-1
• Reaction between
NO and Cl2 1st Order
2 mol-1Ls-1
Trace the Mind Map • Decomposition of Nitrogen dioxide NO2 2NO+Cl22NOCl2
First Level Second Level Third Level 2NO22NO+O2 Rate=K[NO]2 [Cl2] t1/2 =
0.693
3 mol-2L2s-1


Rate=K[NO2], Order of reaction=2 Order of reaction=2+1=3 k

3
4 Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII
 Dissolved in water : potassium Dissociate completely into simple ions when
 Central atom is listed first ferrocyanide K4 [FeCN]6), dissolved in water.
 Ligands in alphabetical order. potassium tetracyanido nickelate Potash alum : Mohr’s salt FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O · Coordination entity : A central metal atom/ion bonded
(I) [K2[Ni(CN)4] to fixed number of ions or molecules. [Ni(CO)4]
Charge density on the central metal ion
Cu2+>Ni2+>CO2+>Fe2+>Mn2+Ed2+  Formula is enclosed in square bracket. K2So4.Al2(So4)3.24H2O
· Central atom/ion : Atom/ion to which a fixed number of
Polyatomic ligands in parenthesis.

d

ions/groups are bound in a definite geometrical arrangement.

ixe
No space between ligand and metal.

af
 · Ligands : Ions or molecules bound to central atom/ion types :

to
 Charge is indicated outside brackets. Unidentate – single donor, Bidentate –two donors

d
ke
Charge of cation(s) balanced by charge of anion(s) Polydentate – several donors, Chelating – Di-or polydentate

in

which forms more than one coordinate bonds.

l
is
Ambidentate : Can ligate through two different atoms.

ion
 Cation is named first. · Coordination number : No. of ligand donor atoms to which

or
Nature of ligands

 Naming of ligands in alphabetical order. metal is directly bonded

om
 Anionic ligands end in–o, neutral and cationic are same · Coordination sphere : Central atom/ion and the ligands

at
attached to it and enclosed in square bracket.

tal
 Prefixes mono, di, tri etc. are used.
· Coordination polyhedron : Spatial arrangement of ligand

me
 Followed by roman numeral in parentheses. m
riu atoms with central atom/ion.

tral
lib · Oxidation number : Charge of central atom if all ligands are
Metal atom/ion under the influence of ligands ui

cen
removed along with e– pairs shared with central atom.

eq
can use its (n–1) d, ns, np or ns, np, nd orbitals for
· Homoleptic complex : Metal is bound to one type of donor

ha

by
hybridisation; sp3(Tetrahedral), dsp2(square

d
whic
2
planar), sp3d (Trigonal pyramidal), sp3d and d2sp3 groups. [Co(NH3)6]3+

sse
· Heteroleptic complex : Metal is bound to more than one type

pre
(Octahedral); Magnetic moment = n(n+2)= BM

nds in
of donor groups [Co(NH3)6Cl2]+

: ex
Metal–carbon bond possess both  and  character
·In coordination compounds metals show primary and

ity
Compou

il
dative s secondary linkages (valancies)

Stab
e.g., Metal CO ·Primary valences are ionisable and are satisfied by
dative s negative ions.
[Ma+] [Lx- ] n
Factor are:
[MLN]b+

·Secondary valencies are non-ionisable and are satisfied

Ligands are point charges and there is by neutral molecules or negative ions.
electrostatic force of attraction between ·Ions/groups bound by secondary linkages to metal
ligands and metal atom/ion. Degeneracy of d Coordination
have characteristic spatial arrangements corresponding
orbitals is lighted causing splitting of d
Compounds to different coordination numbers.
K=

orbitals. ° depends upon the field produced

by the ligand and charge on metal ion. · In analytical chemistry.

Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII

solution · Estimation of hardness of water.
Stabilit y of coordination compounds in
Caused by d-d transition; the colour is · In extraction metals.
complementary to wavelength absorbed · In purification of metals.
Linkage [Co(NO2)(NH3)5]Cl · In biological systems.
isomerism [Co(ONO)(NH 3)5]Cl · As catalysts for industrial processes. ••
Neutral ligands: H2O••(aqua)
· In black and white photography. NH3 (ammine), CO (carbonyl)
Coordination [Co(NH 3)6] [Cr(CN)6]
isomerism · In medicinal chemistry.
[Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN) 6]
Anionic ligands : F–(fluoride)
–
Cl chloride, Br– (Bromide)
rge
ha Cationic ligands :
[Co(NH3)5SO4]Br al: images which fc +
Ionisation Optic so NO+ (Nitrosonium), NH2 – NH3
isomerism [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 ot be superimposed se
n n

a
ca (hydrozinium)

eb
th
3+ 3+
Unidentate ligands:

bases of number of
en en
Hydrate [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 [Co(en)3]3+ HO2 , F– , NH2– , NO2–
isomerism [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O
en Co Co en Bidentate ligands:
COO2–, NH2–CH2–CH2–NH2

—
Cl NH3 COO
Pt en en

ligand
Cl NH3 Mirror
Tridentate ligands:
Cis

dono
Cl NH3 Four coordination's Six coordination's NH2- CH2-CH2-N-CH2-CH2. NH2

:
Pt compound compound Four coordination's Six coordination's H (diethylenetriamine)

r
Cl

s' at
NH3
(Ma2b2)n± (Ma4b2)n± compounds compounds Tetradentate ligands
Trans

o
ms
(Ma2bc)n± (Ma3b3)n± Penatadendate ligands
Trace the Mind Map
– – –
First Level Second Level Third Level (Mabcd)n± [M(AA)2a2]n± Octahedral Containing Containing bidentate Bridging ligands OH , NH2 ,NO2


Square planar Tetrahedral

M(AB)n± complexes monodentate chelating agents
complexes

5
ligand
6 Oswaal ISC Mind Maps, CHEMISTRY, Class-XII
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