JAVA INTRODUCTION
Instructor: DieuNT1
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Agenda
Introduction to Java
01. 04. Java Data Types
First Java Program
02. 05. Java Operators
Basic Java Syntax Variables and Constant
03. 06.
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Section 1
Introduction to Java
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Introduction to Java
▪ History:
✔In 1991: OAK
✔A programming language that was introduced by Sun Microsystems
in 1995, later acquired by Oracle Corporation.
• Originally for intelligent consumer-electronic devices
• Then used for creating Web pages with dynamic content
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Introduction to Java (2)
▪ Now also used for:
✔Develop large-scale enterprise applications
✔Enhance WWW server functionality
✔Provide applications for consumer[tiêu dùng] devices (cell phones, cloud,
etc.)
▪ Object-oriented programming
▪ Java Tutorial Online at
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
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Main Features of JAVA
▪ The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all
of the following buzzwords:
✔Simple
✔Object oriented
✔Distributed
✔Multithreaded
✔Dynamic
✔Architecture neutral
✔Portable
✔High performance
✔Robust
✔Secure
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Java Platform
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Java terminology
Java Development Kit(JDK)
• A complete java development kit that includes JRE (Java Runtime Environment),
compilers and various tools like JavaDoc, Java debugger etc.
• In order to create, compile and run Java program you would need JDK installed
on your computer.
Java Runtime Environment(JRE)
• JRE is a part of JDK
• When you have JRE installed on your system, you can run a java program
however you won’t be able to compile it.
• JRE includes JVM, browser plugins and applets support. When you only need to
run a java program on your computer, you would only need JRE.
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Java terminology
▪ Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
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Basics of a Typical Java Environment
Program is created in an
Phase 1 Editor Disk editor and stored on disk in a
file ending with .java.
Compiler Compiler creates bytecodes
Phase 2 Disk and stores them on disk in a file
ending with .class.
Primary
Memory
Phase 3 Class Loader Class loader reads .class
files containing bytecodes
from disk and puts those
bytecodes in memory.
Disk . ..
. .
.
Primary
Memory
Phase 4 Bytecode Verifier Bytecode verifier confirms that
all bytecodes are valid and do
not violate[vi phạm] Java’s security
restrictions[giới hạn].
. ..
. .
.
Primary
Memory Interpreter reads bytecodes
Phase 5 Interpreter and translates them into a
language that the computer
can understand, possibly
storing data values as the
program executes.
. ..
. .
.
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JVM Architecture
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JVM Architecture
• The class loader reads the .class file and save the byte
Class Loader
code in the method area.
• There is only one method area in a JVM which is shared
Method Area among all the classes. This holds the class level
information of each .class file.
• Heap is a part of JVM memory where objects are
Heap
allocated. JVM creates a Class object for each .class file.
• Stack is a also a part of JVM memory but unlike Heap, it
Stack
is used for storing temporary variables.
• This keeps the track of which instruction[câu lệnh] has been
executed and which one is going to be executed. Since
PC Registers
instructions are executed by threads, each thread has a
separate PC register.
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JVM Architecture
• A native method can access the runtime data areas of
Native Method stack the virtual machine.
• It enables java code to call or be called by native
applications. Native applications are programs
Native Method interface that are specific to the hardware and OS of a
system.
• A class instance is explicitly created by the java code
Garbage collection and after use it is automatically destroyed by garbage
collection for memory management.
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JVM
▪ Difference JDK, JRE & JVM?
✔JRE: JRE is the environment within which the java virtual machine runs. JRE
contains Java virtual Machine(JVM), class libraries, and other files excluding
development tools such as compiler and debugger.
✔JVM: JVM runs the program by using class, libraries and files provided by JRE.
✔JDK: JDK is a superset of JRE, it contains everything that JRE has along with
development tools such as compiler, debugger etc.
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Section 2
First Java Program
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First Sample: Printing a Line of Text
//This is a simple program called First.java
public class First {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("My first program in Java ");
}
}
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First Sample: Analyzing the Java Program
▪ In which:
✔The symbol // stands for commented line.
✔The line class First declares a new class called First.
✔public static void main(String[] args)
This is the main method from where the program begins its execution.
✔System.out.println("My first program in Java ");
This line displays the string My first program in java on the screen.
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Compiling and executing
The java compiler creates a file called 'First.class' that contains the byte codes
To actually run the program, a java interpreter called java is required to execute the code.
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Passing Command Line Arguments
public class CommLineArg {
public static void main(String[] pargs) {
System.out.println("These are the arguments passed to the main method.");
System.out.println(pargs[0]);
System.out.println(pargs[1]);
System.out.println(pargs[2]);
}
}
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Passing Command Line Arguments
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Section 3
Basic Java Syntax
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Code Comment
/*
* Multi line
*/
// Single line
/**
* Special comment for Javadocs
*/
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Name Styles
▪ In Java, names are case-insensitive, may contains letter, number,
the dollar sign "$", or the underscore character "_".
▪ Some convention name styles:
✔ Class names: CustomerInfo
✔ Variable, function names: basicAnnualSalary
✔ Constants name: MAXIMUM_NUM_OF_PARTICIPANTS
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Name Styles: Naming best practice
▪ Name should be meaningful
▪ Avoid very sort name, except for temporary "throwaway" variables: a, i, j
▪ Avoid confuse name: TransferAction class and DoTransferAction class, so
which one will really performs the action?
▪ Class name should be a noun, use whole words, avoid acronyms and
abbreviations: Student
▪ Variable name should begin with a noun: numberOfFiles
▪ Variable names should not start with underscore ('_') or dollar sign ('$')
characters, even though both are allowed.
▪ Distinguish singular - plural: Student - Students
▪ Method name should begin with verb: countNumberOfFiles()
▪ As clear as possible: annualSalary instead of salary
▪ Avoid mixed-language, ex Vietnamese + English + Japanese.
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Java Keywords
abstract continue for new switch
assert*** default goto* package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum**** instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp** volatile
const* float native super while
* not used
** added in 1.2
*** added in 1.4
**** added in 5.0
true, false, and null might seem like keywords, but they are actually literals; you cannot use them as identifiers in your programs.
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Standard Java Output
▪ System.out is standard out in Java
▪ System.err is error out in Java
▪ Ex:
public class Output {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Print, no new line!");
System.out.println("Print, add platforms new line at end.");
System.out.flush();
System.err.println("Standard error output");
}
}
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Standard Java Input
▪ System.in is standard input in Java
▪ The following program reads characters from the keyboard then print out to the
screen.
public class Echo {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
int ch;
System.out.println("Enter some text: ");
while ((ch = System.in.read()) != '\n') {
System.out.print((char) ch);
}
}
}
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Escape characters
▪ Escape characters is backslash ( \ )
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Basic Data Types
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Basic Data Types
• The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -
byte 128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive).
• The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -
short 32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive)
• The int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -
Int 2,147,483,648 and a maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive).
• The long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -
Long 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive)
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Basic Data Types (2)
• The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is
float from 3.4E-45 to 3.4E38
• The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of
double values is from 1.7E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E308
• The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. Use this data type for
simple flags that track true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of information,
boolean but its "size" isn't something that's precisely defined.
• The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of '\u0000'
char (or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
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Basic Data Types (3)
▪ Default Values
✔It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared
✔Fields that are declared but not initialized will be set to a reasonable default by the compiler
✔Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null, depending on the data type. However, is
generally considered bad programming style. Data Type Default Value (for fields)
byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
char '\u0000'
String (or any object) null
boolean false
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Section 4
Operators
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Operators
▪ Simple Assignment Operator
= Simple assignment operator
▪ Arithmetic Operators
+ Additive operator
- Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
▪ Unary Operators
+ Unary plus operator; indicates positive value
- Unary minus operator; negates an expression
++ Increment operator; increments a value by 1
-- Decrement operator; decrements a value by 1
! Logical compliment operator; inverts the value of a boolean
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Operators
public class ArithmeticOperator { // Using multiplication operator
public static void main(String[] args) { result = number1 * number2;
System.out.println("number1 * number2 = " + result);
double number1 = 12.5, number2 = 3.5, result;
// Using division operator
// Using addition operator result = number1 / number2;
result = number1 + number2; System.out.println("number1 / number2 = " + result);
System.out.println("number1 + number2 = " + result);
// Using remainder operator
// Using subtraction operator result = number1 % number2;
result = number1 - number2; System.out.println("number1 % number2 = " + result);
System.out.println("number1 - number2 = " + result); }
}
Output:
number1 + number2 = 16.0
number1 - number2 = 9.0
number1 * number2 = 43.75
number1 / number2 = 3.5714285714285716
number1 % number2 = 2.0
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Operators
public class UnaryOperator { // ++number is equivalent to number = number + 1
public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("number = " + ++number);
// number is equal to 6.2 here.
double number = 5.2;
boolean flag = false; // -- number is equivalent to number = number - 1
System.out.println("number = " + --number);
System.out.println("+number = " + +number); // number is equal to 5.2 here.
// number is equal to 5.2 here.
System.out.println("!flag = " + !flag);
System.out.println("-number = " + -number); // flag is still false.
// number is equal to 5.2 here. }
}
Output:
+number = 5.2
-number = -5.2
number = 6.2
number = 5.2
!flag = true
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Operators
▪ Equality and Relational Operators
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
▪ Conditional Operators
&& Conditional-AND
|| Conditional-OR
?: Ternary (shorthand for if-then-else statement)
▪ Type Comparison Operator
Instance of Compares an object to a specified type
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Operators
public class RelationalOperator { public class InstanceofOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) { public static void main(String[] args) {
String test = "FPT";
int number1 = 5, number2 = 6;
boolean result;
if (number1 > number2) {
System.out.println("number1 is greater than number2."); result = test instanceof String;
} else { System.out.println(result);
System.out.println("number2 is greater than number1."); }
}
}
} number2 is greater than number1.
}
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Operators
public class ConditionalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int februaryDays = 29;
String result;
result = (februaryDays == 28) ? "Not a leap year" :
"Leap year";
System.out.println(result);
}
}
Leap year
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Operators
▪ Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators
~ Unary bitwise complement (đảo bít)
<< Signed left shift
>> Signed right shift
>>>Unsigned right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR (triệt tiêu = XOR)
| Bitwise inclusive OR
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Operators
public class LogicalOperator {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number1 = 1, number2 = 2, number3 = 9;
boolean result;
// At least one expression needs to be true for result to be true
result = (number1 > number2) || (number3 > number1);
// result will be true because (number1 > number2) is true
System.out.println(result);
// All expression must be true from result to be true
result = (number1 > number2) && (number3 > number1);
// result will be false because (number3 > number1) is false
System.out.println(result);
}
}
true false
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Operators
public class BitwiseOperatorDemo { result = num1 ^ num2; // generates 1 if they are not
public static void main(String args[]) { equal, else it returns 0.
System.out.println("num1 ^ num2: " + result);
int num1 = 11; /* 11 = 00001011 */
int num2 = 22; /* 22 = 00010110 */ result = ~num1;// changes the bit from 0 to 1 and 1 to
int result = 0; 0.
System.out.println("~num1: " + result);
result = num1 & num2;
System.out.println("num1 & num2: " + result); result = num1 << 2;
System.out.println("num1 << 2: " + result);
result = num1 | num2; result = num1 >> 2;
System.out.println("num1 | num2: " + result); System.out.println("num1 >> 2: " + result);
}
}
Output:
+number = 5.2
-number = -5.2
number = 6.2
number = 5.2
!flag = true
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Operators Precedence
Operators Precedence
postfix expr++ expr--
unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative */%
additive +-
shift << >> >>>
relational < > <= >= instanceof
equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive
^
OR
bitwise inclusive
|
OR
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
ternary ?:
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=
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Type Casting
▪ In type casting, a data type is converted into another data type.
▪ Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
▪ Example:
public class AutomaticTypePromotion {
public static void main(String[] argv) {
byte a = 40;
byte b = 50;
byte c = 100;
int d = a * b / c;
b = b * 2; // Error! Cannot assign an int to a byte!
System.out.println("Value d: " + d);
}
}
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Type Casting
▪ Type casting in Expressions
Casting is used for explicit type conversion. It loses information above the
magnitude of the value being converted
▪ Example:
float f = 34.89675f;
d = (int) (f + 10);
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Type Casting
Widening[an toàn/mở rộng]conversions:
• char->int
• byte->short->int->long->float->double
Here are the Type Promotion Rules
• All byte and short values are promoted to int type.
• If one operand is long, the whole expression is promoted to long.
• If one operand is float then the whole expression is promoted to float.
• If one operand is double then the whole expression is promoted to double.
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Section 5
Variable and Constant
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Variables and constants
▪ Variable:
▪ Three components of a variable declaration are:
✔ Data type
✔ Name
✔ Initial value to be assigned (optional)
▪ Syntax
datatype identifier [=value][, identifier[=value]...];
▪ Example:
int foo = 42;
double d1 = 3.14, d2 = 2 * 3.14;
boolean isFun = true;
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Variables and constants
▪ Constants:
✔It makes code more readable
✔It saves work when you make a change
✔You avoid risky[rủi ro] errors
✔In the case of string text
▪ Syntax
static final datatype CONSTNAME = value;
▪ Example:
static final int MAX_SECONDS = 25;
static final float PI = 3.14f;
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Variables and constants
public class DynVar {
▪ Example: public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
double len = 5.0, wide = 7.0;
double num = Math.sqrt(len * len + wide * wide);
System.out.println("Value of num after dynamic
initialization is " + num);
}
}
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Scope and Lifetime of Variables
0 Variables can be declared inside a
1 ▪ block.
The block begins with an opening curly brace and ends with a closing curly brace.
▪ A block defines a scope.
▪ A new scope is created every time a new block is created.
02
Scope specifies what objects are visible to other parts
of the program.
03 It also determines the life of an object.
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Scope and Lifetime of Variables
▪ Example:
public class ScopeVar {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int num = 10;
if (num == 10) {
// num is available in inner scope
int num1 = num * num;
System.out.println("Value of num and num1 are " + num + " " + num1);
}
// num1 = 10; ERROR ! num1 is not known
System.out.println("Value of num is " + num);
}
}
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Summary
01. Introduction to Java 04. Java Data Types
First Java Program
02. 05. Java Operators
Basic Java Syntax Variables and Constant
03. 06.
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Questions
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THANK YOU!
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