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NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
The He-Ne Laser Experiment

MADE BY;
2024UCA1836-Ananya
2024UCA1837- Tanishka
2024UCA1838- Chetanya Gupta
2024UCA1839-Krishna Singh
Certificate
This is to certify that Ananya, Tanishka, Chetanya Gupta, and Krishna Singh of CSAI-1 branch have successfully completed their
physics project for the first semester practical of the year 2024-2025.
___________________________________________
Professor In Charge
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our esteemed professor in
charge for their invaluable guidance and support throughout this project on
the He-Ne Laser Experiment. Their expertise and encouragement were
instrumental in our successful completion of the experiment. We extend our
heartfelt thanks to the lab assistants for their assistance and patience, which
greatly facilitated our research process. This project was an enriching
experience, and it wouldn't have been possible without our unwavering
determination and collaboration.
Table of Contents
1 AIM & INTRODUCTION
2 APPARATUS USED
3 THEORY AND FORMULA USED
4 PROCEDURE , CALCULATION & RESULTS
5 PRECAUTIONS AND ERROR
6 USES OF LASER
7 LASER IN TELECOMMUNICATION
Aim and Objectives
Primary Aim
1 To understand the principles and operation of a Helium-Neon laser.
Objective 1
2 Measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light using diffraction grating.
Objective 2
3 Analyze the intensity distribution of the laser beam.
Objective 3
4 Investigate applications in telecommunications and data transmission.
Apparatus Used
The following apparatus was used for the He-Ne Laser
Experiment:
He-Ne Laser
Diffraction Grating
Screen
Meter Scale
Spirit Level
Optical Bench
Theory and Apparatus
The He-Ne laser experiment relies on the principle of The partially reflective mirror allows a portion of the amplified
stimulated emission and optical resonance to produce a laser beam to escape. This beam is then directed towards a
coherent light beam. The laser tube, containing a mixture of diffraction grating, which acts as a device for measuring the
helium and neon gases, emits light at a wavelength of 632.8 wavelength of the light. The diffraction grating is a surface with
nm when an electrical current is applied. This excitation regularly spaced lines that diffract the incident light, creating a
causes the neon atoms to transition to an excited energy state. pattern of bright and dark bands known as diffraction orders.
As these excited neon atoms return to their ground state, they The angle at which the diffracted light emerges depends on
release photons. These photons can stimulate other excited the grating spacing, the wavelength of the light, and the order
atoms to emit identical photons, leading to amplification of the number of the diffraction pattern. This relationship is described
light within the optical cavity. This cavity is formed by two by the grating equation: λ = d(sin θ) / n, where λ represents
mirrors placed at the ends of the laser tube, one of which is the wavelength, d is the grating spacing, θ is the diffraction
partially reflective. angle, and n is the order number.
Grating Equation
The grating equation, λ = d(sin θ) / n, is used to

determine the wavelength of light (λ) based on
the spacing (d) of lines on a diffraction grating,
the angle of diffraction (θ), and the order number
(n) of the observed diffraction pattern.
Procedure and Calculations
1 Setup
Align He-Ne laser with diffraction grating and screen.
the central maxima is due to undeviated rays
2 Measurement
Record distances between diffraction spots on the screen.
Measure the distances of first order (N=1) from central spot(Y1) then (Sinθ1) and then wavelength
Measure the distances of second order (N=2) from central spot(Y2) then (Sinθ2) and then wavelength'
then repeat for other wavelengths
3 Calculation
Use the diffraction formula to determine the laser's wavelength.
4 Analysis
Compare calculated wavelength with the known value of 632.8 nm.
Observations
Order (n) position of the distance from the distance from the Sinθ= Calculated λ
screen from the center(a)(cm) center(b)(cm) y/√x2+y2 (nm)
grating(x)(cm)
1 25 4.5 4.5 0.1177 596
2 25 9.5 9.5 0.3584 612
3 20 3.7 3.7 0.18191 616
4 20 8 8 0.371 620
5 15 2.8 2.8 0.1834 612
6 15 5.7 5.7 0.355 597

Calculations and Result
Mean of Wavelengths(nm)=608.833nm
Actual Wavelength=632.8nm
ERROR=(632.8-608.833/632.8)*100=3..713%
Precautions and Sources of Error
Safety Alignment
Wear protective goggles. Never look directly into the laser Ensure precise alignment of laser, grating, and screen to
beam. minimize errors.
Environment Measurement
Control room temperature and vibrations for accurate Use high-precision instruments to reduce systematic errors
measurements. in distance measurements.
Lasers
1 Invention
First He-Ne laser developed by Ali Javan in 1960 at Bell
Labs.
2 Principle
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
(LASER).
3 He-Ne Specifics
Mixture of helium and neon gases, emitting at 632.8 nm
wavelength.
Laser in Telecommunication
Laser light is used in underwater communication network
Lasers are used in space communication radars and
satellites
Laser light are used in optical fiber communication to send
information over large distances with low losses

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NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

The He-Ne Laser Experiment

2024UCA1838- Chetanya Gupta

3 THEORY AND FORMULA USED

4 PROCEDURE , CALCULATION & RESULTS

5 PRECAUTIONS AND ERROR

The grating equation, λ = d(sin θ) / n, is used to

1 25 4.5 4.5 0.1177 596

2 25 9.5 9.5 0.3584 612

3 20 3.7 3.7 0.18191 616

5 15 2.8 2.8 0.1834 612

6 15 5.7 5.7 0.355 597

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