YEAR 8 Term 2

Periodic
CHEMISTRY
REVISION
BOOKLET

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The Following topics are covered in the booklet:
Topic Pages in the coursebook Pages in the workbook

6.7 What are compounds? 106 50

6.9-6.10 Naming compounds 110-112 52-53

and writing formulae
/oxides,hydroxides,sulfates
and carbonates

6.12-6.13 Mixtures/Separating 116-118 55-56

mixtures filtering and
decanting

Section A- Atoms, molecules, elements, compounds and mixtures

‐ Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

‐ There are different types of Matter: Pure Substances (elements and

compounds) and Mixtures

‐ The composition (structure) of a substance determines its Matter type.

Elements

• Made up of one type of atom

• Cannot be broken down by physical and chemical methods

• Examples: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

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 Sample of the Element Sample of the Element

Compounds

• Form when two or more

different elements join (bond) together
chemically

• Composition is identical in each

sample

• Can be separated only by chemical

methods

• Properties of a compound are totally

different than the properties of the
elements that form them

• Examples: Water, Carbon dioxide, Sugar

Mixtures

Mixtures are often referred to as homogeneous or heterogeneous.

The most 2 abundant elements in the earth’s crust are :

 Silicon
 Oxygen
The 2 most abundant elements in the universe are:
 Hydrogen
 Helium
The 2 most abundant elements in the atmosphere ( air) are:
 Nitrogen
 Oxygen

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Comparison between a compound and a mixture.

Compound Mixture

Number of types of atoms More than one ,joined More than one
together.

Can it be separated into Not easily-chemical reaction Yes

simpler substances? needed

Properties Different properties from its Same properties as

elements substances in it

Amounts Amounts of its elements are Amounts of substances can

always in the same ratio. change

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 1- What is separation techniques?

These are techniques used to separate the components of different mixtures

2- Separating by magnet : It is used to remove iron , steel, nickel or cobalt from any
mixture.

3- Separating by hand : Used to remove the large components from a mixture that can be
handled by hand.
4- Decantation: Decanting is a process to separate solid- liquid heterogeneous mixture.
Decanting separates a liquid from a solid, or liquids of different densities

Eg: sand and water

The following steps are done:
a) Wait for the solid to settle down.
b) Decant or pour the liquid into another beaker
c) Keep the solid in the first beaker.

5- Filtration: It is used to separate the components of solid-liquid insoluble mixture.

Steps of filtration:
a) Stir the mixture very well
b) Pour the components over the filter funnel that is supported by a filter paper
c) The solid will be trapped on the filter paper
d) The liquid will pass through the filter paper

Filtrate: it is the liquid that passes through the filter paper

Residue: it is the solid that is trapped by the filter paper.
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Naming compounds
Rule 1: When two elements ( one metal and one non-metal combine ) to form a compound, the
naming will be as follow:
A: the metal goes first and it will stay the same as the periodic table.
B. the non-metal will be qritten as the second part of the name and we change its ending into –“-
ide”.
Element Naming in the compound
Oxygen oxide
Carbon Carbide
Flourine Flouride
Bromine Bromide
Chlorine Chloride
Iodine Iodide
Nitrogen Nitride
Phosphorous Phosphide

Rule 2: When three or more different elements combine and one of them is Oxygen, the
ending will be “………ate”. (metal goes first)

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 Name of

compound

Nickel Sulphur Oxygen Nickel sulphate

Magnesium Nitrogen Oxygen Magnesium nitrate
Sodium Nitrogen Oxygen Sodium nitrate
Copper Sulphur Oxygen Copper sulphate
Aluminium Bromine Oxygen Aluminium bromate
Calcium Carbon Oxygen Calcium carbonate

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Rule 3:
CASE 1 : When two identical elements combine the name does not change.

CASE 2 : When two non-metal elements combine the number of atoms of each element in the
compound should be included with indicating how many atoms of each by using the following
prefixes;

1. The formula of a compound shows the number and the type of atoms in it.
2. A small number after the symbol for each element in a compound shows how many
atoms each molecule contain.

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____________________ ______________________ ___________________________

What are oxides?

• Oxides : are compounds of oxygen with another element.
• Many of them exist naturally in the earth’s crust
• Examples: sand is silicon dioxide
• Some elements join to oxygen without heating.

• Example :aluminium
• Other elements join to oxygen if heating is applied.

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 • Example: magnesium
•
Metals and Non-metals oxides
Metal oxides are bases, then used to neutralize acids like sodium oxides
Most of Non metal oxides are acidic, example bubbling carbon dioxide gas in pure water forms
an acidic solution with PH less than 7
Oxides are used based on their properties, for example magnesium oxide has a very high
melting point then it is used in furnaces
Hydroxides
Definition: Hydroxides are compounds that contain the hydroxide ion, OH-
 Formula: General formula is M(OH) where M represents a metal.
 Examples:
o Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
o Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂)
 Uses: Used in making soaps, as bases in neutralization reactions, and in industrial
processes.
 Properties: Most hydroxides are alkaline, meaning they raise the pH when dissolved in
water.

2. Sulphates
Definition: Sulphates are compounds made up of a metals, oxygen and sulfur containing the
sulphate ion, SO-24
 Formula: General formula is MxSO4 where M is a metal or positive ion.
 Examples:
o Copper(II) sulphate (CuSO₄)
o Magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄)
 Uses: Used in fertilizers, medicines (like Epsom salts), and the chemical industry.
 Properties: Sulphates are typically soluble in water, though some (like barium sulphate)
are insoluble.

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3. Carbonates
Definition: Carbonates are compounds made up of a metal, carbon and oxygen containing the
carbonate ion, CO32-
Formula: General formula is MxCO3 where M is a metal.
 Examples:
o Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
o Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)
 Uses: Used in making cement, glass, and as an antacid.
 Properties: Many carbonates decompose when heated to produce carbon dioxide gas
and a metal oxide.

Question 1

Name the following ionic compounds:

1) NaBr __________________________________________

2) CaO __________________________________________

3) Li2S __________________________________________

4) MgBr2 __________________________________________

Question 2
Write the names of the following covalent (molecular) compounds:

1) SO3 __________________________________________

2) N2S __________________________________________

3) BF3 __________________________________________

4) P2Br4 __________________________________________

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 5) CO __________________________________________

6) SiO2 __________________________________________

7) SF6 __________________________________________

8) NH3 __________________________________________

9) NO2 __________________________________________

Question 3
Write the formulas of the following covalent (molecular) compounds:

1. nitrogen trichloride __________________________________________

2. boron carbide __________________________________________

3. dinitrogen trioxide __________________________________________

4. phosphorus pentafluoride ______________________________________

5. methane __________________________________________

6. sulfur dibromide __________________________________________

7. oxygen difluoride __________________________________________

8. carbon disulfide __________________________________________

9. nitrogen monoxide __________________________________________

Question 4

Which method would you use to obtain the first named substance from each of the
following mixtures?
a. Iron fillings and sulphur: __________________
b. Sand and water :_________________
c. Powdered chalk and copper sulphate solution: ________________

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Question 5

Identify the method of separation of each diagram.

Method 1 Method 2

_____________________________ ____________________________

If you have a mixture of mud and water, Which method is more efficient? Explain
___________________________________________________________________________________

Question 6

In a chemistry lab, a student is given a mixture of soil, water, and iron filings.

a. Describe the most efficient method to separate each component.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

b. Explain why filtration alone would not be sufficient for complete separation and
identify additional techniques you would use.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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Question 7

Classify each molecular picture as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure

substance, classify it as an element or a compound. If it is a mixture, classify it as
homogeneous or heterogeneous. Put your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. _______________________ 3.______________________

2. _______________________ 4. ____________________

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Question 8
a. Complete the table by putting tick (✓) in the correct box under
compound, mixture or elements.

Only tick (✓) one box in each row

Change made compound mixture element

can only be separated by chemical

methods

can be separated by physical methods

made of only one type of atoms

made by a chemical reaction

cannot be separated into anything

simpler

Keeps the properties of the substances it

is made of
[3]

b. Classify the following as a pure substance – element or compound, or

a mixture – homogeneous or heterogeneous. Use a separate sheet of
paper.

a. Gasoline
b. Stream with gravel at the bottom
c. Air
d. Steel
e. Copper metal

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Question 9
Which of the following compounds are likely to be ionic? Which are likely to be
molecular (covalent)?
a. CH4
b. NaBr
c. BaF2
d. CCl4
e. KBr
f. NaCl

Question 10
Complete the below table.
Formula Name

sodium chloride

Al2O3

potassium bromide

ZnI2 zinc iodide

Question 11
Write the name of the following compounds.
Example: NO: Nitrogen monoxide

N2O CH4
SO3 N2O3
S2Cl2 PCl5
CF4 CCl4
H2O NaOH
NH3 CaCO3

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Question 12

Label the below diagram of filtration technique.

Question 13
1. Complete the tables below

Which compound has the most oxygen atoms? Which compound has the most
hydrogen atoms?
(Tick One) (Tick One)

O2
C6H12O6
Fe2O3
C6H14
H2S04
H2S04
C6H12O6
NH3

Which compound has the most nitrogen atoms?

(Tick One)

HN03

NH3

N2

CH4

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Question 14

How many ELEMENTS in each compound ? Identify these elements.

Name of compound Chemical Number of elements in Names of elements in

formula the compound the compound

magnesium oxide MgO 2 magnesium, oxygen

potassium oxide K2 O

Iron sulphide FeS iron, sulphur

potassium hydroxide KOH 3

calcium carbonate CaCO3

Question 15
Complete the table below.

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