Dept.

of CC GPT, Piriyapattana

CHAPTER -2
IMAGE EDITING

Explore Image Editing Tool Interface.

Software that allows images to be edited and also converted to different graphics formats.

Fotor Canva Adobe Photoshop pixlr Adobe Lightroom GIMP

Customizing Workspaces:
A Workspace consists of individual designs containing resources such as source files and output files with
simulation results.
The Photoshop workspace consists of five main
components:
 Application Bar
 Tools Panel
 Options Bar
 Document Window
 Panel Dock

The Application Bar

The Application Bar, new to Photoshop CS4, is located across the top of the screen. It contains the
old menu bar, along with a number of other controls. The menu bar contains controls for ma naging and
editing files, manipulating images, managing layers, and more.

Tools Panel
The familiar Tools Panel contains a collection of tools for creating, selecting, and manipulating
images. Tools that have a similar function are grouped together.
Options Bar
The Options Bar is located below the Application Bar. The options change depending on the tool
you have selected.
Document Window: The Document Window displays the file you're working on.

Panel Dock: A vertical dock of panels is located on the right of the workspace.

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File Handling:
In multimedia systems, in order to manage large multimedia data objects efficiently, these data
objects need to be compressed to reduce the file size for storage of these objects. o Compression tries to
eliminate redundancies in the pattern of data.

Setting size and resolution parameters:

Screen size is nothing but the physical measurement of the screen in inches, while screen resolution is
the number of pixels on screen.

Importing files:
Import using a file browsing window by choosing File > Import. A Browse window will open to
locate the media you want to import.

Image editing techniques

Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographs,
traditional photo-chemical photographs.
• Image Cropping. • Adjust Image Brightness.
• Contrast Adjustment. • Exposure Correction. White Balance Adjustment.
• Saturation • Colour Vibrance Adjustment
• Sharpness Adjustment.

Adjusting exposure
Exposure adjustment refers to the process of modifying the brightness and contrast of an image to enhance
its visual appeal.

Adjusting colour
used to change the overall tone of your image and also to remove unwanted colors from your image.

Dodging and burning

✓ The Dodge Tool, like in a traditional darkroom, will make areas of a photo lighter.
✓ The Burn Tool will make areas of a photo darker.

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SETTING UP THE DOCUMENT

Setting up your document correctly from the start will make your job much easier as you
work through your project. This will require some advanced planning.

To create a new document, click File > New. This will open the Document Setup dialog
box (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Document Setup dialog box

Here you will be able to name your file, set up the correct page size, and orientation for
your document. Options include, but are not limited to:

Page Size and Orientation

Change the page size by typing in new values for width and height. In the Preset
dropdown menu you can find such common sizes as letter, legal, tabloid, etc..

Resolution

Resolution is a number of pixels on a printed area of an image. The higher the resolution,
the more pixels there are on the page, the better is the quality of the image.

Color Mode

Choose a color mode that will best fit your project.

For example, when making a graphic for a web site, choose RGB. When making an
image for print, choose CMYK.

Background Contents

Choose the background: white, color, or transparent.

When you have entered all of your document settings, click OK

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I N T E R F A C E LA Y O U T

This is the layout of Adobe Photoshop interface.

Menu Bar
If you look at the top of the screen you will see the Menu bar which contains all the main
functions of Photoshop, such as File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, View, Window, and
Help.

Tool Bar
Most of the major tools are located in the Tool bar for easy access.

The Image
The image will appear in its own window once you open a file.

Image Name
The name of any image that you open will be at the top of the image window as shown
above.

Palettes
Palettes contain functions that help you monitor and modify images. By default, palettes are
stacked together in groups. These are the palettes that are usually visible: Navigator, Color,
Histogram, Layer.

Note: if none of the palettes are visible, go to Window in the Menu bar and choose palettes you
need to work with.

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PALET T ES

Below is the description of the most commonly used palettes in Adobe Photoshop.

NAVIGATOR

The Navigator palette (Fig. 1) allows you to resize and move around
within the image. Drag the slider, click on the Zoom In and Zoom Out
icons, or specify the percentage to navigate in the image.

Fig. 1. Navigator palette

COLOR, SWATCHES, STYLE

The Color palette (Fig. 2) displays the current

foreground and background colors and RGB
values for these colors. You can use the sliders
to change the foreground and background
colors in different color modes..
Fig. 2. Color palette

In the Swatches palette (Fig. 3) you can choose a foreground

or background color or add a customized color to the library.

Fig. 3. Swatches palette

The Styles palette (Fig. 4) allows you to view, select, and apply preset layer styles.
By default, a preset style replaces the current layer style. You can use the styles in
the palette or add your own using the Create New Style icon.
Fig. 4. Styles palette

HISTORY
The History palette (Fig. 5) stores and displays each action performed allowing you
jump to any recent stage of the image alteration. The alterations should be created
during the current working session;

The History palette can store up to 20 stages.

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Working with LAYERS

Layers let you organize your work into distinct levels that can be edited and viewed as individual
units. Every Photoshop CS3 document contains at least one layer.

A) Layer Visibility - The eye shows that the

selected layer is visible. Click on or off to see or to
hide a layer.

B) Layer Locking Options - Click the checkered square icon to

lock Transparency; click the brush icon to lock the Image; click
the arrow icon to lock the Position; click the lock icon to lock all
options.

C) Layer Blending Mode - By choosing a

particular blending mode from the dropdown menu
you can create a variety of special effects.

D) Fill - By typing in a value or dragging the

slider you can specify the transparency of the
color of the image or object.
Fig. 6. Layers Palette .

E) Opacity - By typing in a value or dragging a slider you can specify the transparency of the
entire layer.

F) Layer Lock - The icon shows when the layer is locked and disappears when it is unlocked.
Double-click the icon to unlock the layer.

G) Layer Options Menu - Click the black triangle to see the following options: New Layer,
Duplicate Layer, Delete Layer, Layer Properties, etc. Some of the options are presented as
icons at the bottom of the Layers palette.

H) Link Layers – Can be used to link layers together.

I) Layer Styles - If a layer has a style, an "F" icon shows at the bottom of the Layers palette.
Click the little black triangle to see style options.

J) Layer Mask - A grayscale image, with parts painted in black hidden, parts painted in white
showing, and parts painted in gray shades showing in various levels of transparency.

K) Layer Set - This option helps to organize images with multiple layers. Click the icon to
create a folder for several layers.
L) Create New Fill or Adjustment Layer - Click the icon and select an option to create a new
fill or adjustment layer. M)Create New Layer - N) Delete Layer -

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T OOLBOX

If you used other Adobe products, such as Illustrator or InDesign, you should be familiar with the
toolbox in Photoshop CS3 as it shares some of the tools from these applications.

Some tools in the toolbar have additional "hidden" tools. These tools have small black
triangles in the right-hand corner. To view the "hidden" tools, click and hold down o n any tool
that has a black triangle in the corner (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. "Hidden" tools

SELECTION TOOLS

ALTERTION TOOLS

DRAWING & SELECTION TOOLS

ASSISTING TOOLS

COLOR BOXES AND MODES

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S E L E C T I O N T O OLS

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Marquee Selects an object by drawing a rectangle or an ellipse around it.

Click the tool button, choose a rectangular or an elliptical

marquee. Drag the marquee over the area of the image you wish to
select.

Move Used to select and move objects on the page.

Lasso Selects an object by drawing a Freeh and border around it.

Polygonal Selects an object by drawing a straight-edge border around it.

Lasso
Double-click to finish.

Click on the starting point on the image, drag around the area of the
Magnetic image. The tool will make fastening points at the edges. To finish
Lasso selecting, drag the border to the starting point and click precisely in
the point.

Magic Selects all objects in a document with the same or similar fill color,
Wand stroke weight, stroke color, opacity, or blending mode. By
specifying the color range, or tolerance, you can control what the
Magic Wand tool selects.

Crop Tool Selects and cuts parts of an image.

Slice Tool Used to cut images into slices, which can be exported to a web page.

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A L T E R A T I O N T O OLS

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Healing Corrects small blemishes in scanned photos.

Brush
Select the tool, hold down the ALT key and left-click on the base
color you need to heal. Then left-click over the blemish.

Brush Tool Draws lines of different thicknesses and colors.

Use the Options bar to change the Brush, Mode, Opacity, and
Flow.

Clone Stamp Takes a sample of an image and applies over another

image, or a part of the same image.

Select the tool. Hold down the ALT key and left-click on a
certain point of the document where you want to start your copy
point..

Art History Paints over an image using the source data from a specified
Brush history state or snapshot.

Select the tool, specify the Brush, Blending Mode, Opacity,

Style, Area, and Tolerance.

Erase Tool Removes part of an existing path or stroke. You can use the
Erase tool on paths, but not on text.

Select the tool, click on the part of the image you wish to erase.
Drag to erase pixels.

Paint Bucket Fills and entire area with a specific color of your choice.
Tool

Gradient Tool: Applies a gradient fill to a selected part of the

image or to an entire layer.

Blur Tool: Blurs the sharp edges of an image.

Select an area where you wish to apply the tool. Click the tool
button, choose the Brush, Mode, and Strength.

Dodge Tool : Lightens areas in an image.

Select the area where you wish to apply the tool. Choose the
Brush, Range, and Exposure. Click on the spots you wish to
highlight.

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DRAWING AND S E L E CT I ON T OOLS

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Direct Selects paths and path segments.

Selection
Tool Select the tool, click anywhere on the path.

Type Tool Types text on a page. Every time you click the Type Tool
on a new portion of the page a new layer will be created.

Select the tool, click on the page and begin to type. You can
specify the font and size in the Options bar. You can also resize
and transform the text box by dragging the squares at the sides
and corners. Use the Move Tool to move the text on the page.

Pen Tool Draws smooth-edged paths.

Select the tool, click on the page, drag to draw a path. Click
and drag the anchor points to modify the path.

Rectangle Draws a rectangle shape. Other shapes that are hidden in this tool
Tool are: Rounded Rectangle Tool, Ellipse Tool, Polygon Tool, Line
Tool, and Custom Shape Tool.

Select the tool, click and drag on the page to draw a

shape. The shape will be automatically filled with the
current foreground color

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A S S I S T I N G T OOL S

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Notes Tool Serves as a comment feature. Usually used for electronic text
edits.

Select the tool, click on the spot on the page where you wish to
make a comment. Type in the text box.

Eyedropper Takes color samples from colors on the page and displays them in the
Tool Color Boxes.

Select the tool, click on the color in the image you wish to sample.
The Color Box will display this color.

Hand Tool Allows you to move around within the image.

Select the tool, click on the spot on the page, hold the mouse
button down, drag to move in the area.

Magnifying Magnifies or reduces the display of any area in your image

Glass Tool window.

Select the tool, choose Zoom In or Zoom Out in the Options bar,
click on the area of the image you wish to magnify or reduce.

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COLOR BOXES AND M ODES

BUTTON TOOL DESCRIPTION

Color Boxes The foreground color appears in the upper color selection box
and represents a color that is currently active. The background
color appears in the lower box and represents an inactive color.
To change the foreground color, click the upper color selection
box in the toolbox.
To change the background color, click the lower color selection
box in the toolbox.
To reverse the foreground and background colors, click the
Switch Colors icon (the arrow) in the toolbox.
To restore the default foreground and background colors, click
the Default Colors icon (the little black and white boxes) in the
toolbox.

NOTE: If you are using the Gradient Tool, the currently

selected foreground and background colors will be the default
colors of the gradient.

Modes Edit in Standard Mode and Edit in Quick Mask Mode are
used for modifying images in the unmasked or masked area.

Standard Screen, Full Screen with Menu Bar, Full Screen

are used for viewing larger or smaller are of the image.

Edit in ImageReady is used to transfer the file for editing in

Adobe ImageReady.

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BASIC I M AGE EDIT ING

CROPPING

Cropping is one of the most basic editing techniques that can improve your images.
Cropping helps to bring out the most important features in your image and focus the viewers'
attention on these features. Cropping also allows you to make your image a standard photo
size.

There are several ways to crop images in Adobe Photoshop:

1. Cropping with the Crop Tool

2. Cropping to a specific size

3. Cropping with the Marquee Tool

CROPPING WITH THE CROP TOOL

The Crop Tool allows you to make a precise selection of an image you wish to edit. To crop
with the Crop Tool, follow these steps:

1. Open the image you wish to crop (see Getting Started for detailed instructions).

2. Select the Crop Tool from the Toolbox (see Selection Tools for location and
description).

3. Click on your image once and drag the mouse out to make a cropping border (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Cropping border

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4. Resize the border by dragging the squares at the sides and corners till you are satisfied
with the way your image looks.

NOTE: You can also rotate your cropping border. Move the cursor outside the border, you will
see how it turns into a double-headed arrow (Fig. 2). Drag the arrows in the directions you wish
to rotate your selection.

Fig. 2. Rotating the cropping border

5. Once you are completely satisfied with your cropped image, press ENTER.

CROPPING TO A SPECIFIC SIZE

If you wish to print your digital photos or other images on standard size photo paper, you will
have to crop your images to a specific size, such as 8x10. To crop an image to a specific size, do
the following:

1. Open the image you wish to crop.

2. Select the Crop Tool from the Toolbox.

3. In the Options bar, specify the values for Width and Height (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Crop Tool Options bar

4. Click in your image and drag the cropping border. Notice that the border is constrained - you
cannot make it wider or longer than the specified values (Figure 4). For example, if you entered
8 for Width and 10 for Height, whatever size you make the border, the area within it will fit on
an 8x10 photo.

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Fig. 4. Cropping to a specific size

5. Once you are completely satisfied with your cropped image, press ENTER.

CROPPING WITH THE MARQUEE TOOL

If you are in a hurry and need just a simple crop, you can use the Marquee Tool and a menu
command. To crop with the Marquee Tool, follow the steps below:

1. Open the image you wish to crop.

2. Select the Rectangular Marquee Tool from the Toolbox (see Selection Tools).

3. Click in your image and drag the mouse to draw a marquee around the area you wish to crop
(Figure 5).

Fig. 5. Drawing a marquee

4. In the main menu, go to Image > Crop (Fig. 6). The image will be immediately
cropped.

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RESIZIN G

Resizing in Photoshop can help you print your images in standard photo sizes, resize and
preserve the high quality of digital photos, and enlarge small images to a poster size.

RESIZING TO A SPECIFIC SIZE

To resize your image to a preset size, follow the steps below:

1. In the main menu, go to File > New.

2. In the New dialog box, click on the Preset dropdown menu. You will see several preset
sizes, such as 2x3, 4x6, 5x7, 8x10 with the preset resolution of 300 ppi (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Preset size in the New dialog box

3. Choose the size that you wish and click OK.

NOTE: All the preset sizes are in portrait orientation. If you wish to resize an image with the
landscape orientation, you need to create your own preset. To create your own size, do the
following:

1. Type in the values for Width and Height, for example 7x5.

2. Type in your desired resolution (150 ppi is enough for high quality printing, and 72 ppi is
good for the web images).

3. Click the Save Preset button

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RESIZING DIGITAL PHOTOS

Digital photos usually have large dimensions but low resolution, 72 ppi, which effects their
quality when their size is decreased or increased. When printed, the photos with the changed
size will look pixilated. To resize the digital photos without loosing the quality, follow these
steps:

1. Open the digital photo you wish to resize.

2. In the main menu, go to View > Rulers. You will be able to see the dimension of your
photo (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Dimensions of a digital photo - 11.111 x 8.333

3. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.

4. In the Image Size dialog box, check the Resample Image box off (Fig. 4). Type in your
desired resolution (anything between 150 and 300 ppi). The photo is now 6.667 x 5 inches.

Fig. 4. Changing resolution.

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ENLARGING
If you want to make your digital photo into a poster size image, you can do it in the Image
Size dialog box. However, just increasing the dimensions will make the image appear blurry
and pixilated. To enlarge the image without loosing the quality, follow these steps:

1. Open the digital image you wish to enlarge.

2. In the main menu, go to Image > Image Size.

3. In the Image Size dialog box, make sure the Resample Image box is checked off and
choose Bicubic Smoother from the dropdown box (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Increasing the size by 10 percent

4. Change the Document Size measurements to Percent. Type in 110; this will
increase the size of the image by 10 percent (Fig. 5).

5. Continue enlarging by 10 percent till you are satisfied with the size.

Retouching:
Photo retouching is the process of altering an image to prepare it for final presentation
Sharpening and noise Reduction
If an image is less clear than you'd like it to be, you can sharpen it.
If an image has a lot of noise, or graininess, you can reduce the image noise.

They are two common image editing techniques that can improve the quality and clarity of your
photos

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CORRECT ING

Digital cameras tend to cause various problems, such as "red eye" or "hot spots", if you use flash,
or underexposure, if you don't. In Photoshop, you can correct these problems, as well as adjust the
overall color of your digital photo.

RED EYE REMOVAL

The digital camera flash is located right above the lens, which causes the "red-eye"; however,
you can fix your photos easily in Photoshop. To remove the "red eye", follow the steps below:

1. Open a photo you wish to correct.

2. Select the Zoom Tool from the Toolbox. Click and drag to draw a rectangle around the eye
(Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Red eye zoomed in

3. Make sure your default Foreground and Background colors are black and white (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Foreground and Background colors set to black and white

4. Click on the little black triangle of the Healing Brush Tool button and
select the Red Eye Tool.

5. Click on the red and paint, holding

down the mouse button. You will see how
the red will disappear (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Red eye corrected

6. Repeat the steps for the other eye.

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HOT SPOT REMOVAL

Using a flash can also cause another problem - shiny areas on people's faces or the flash
reflection in the shiny surfaces. To correct this problem, follow the steps below:

1. Open the photo you wish to correct.

2. Select the Clone Stamp Tool from the Toolbox.

3. In the Options bar, change the Blend Mode from Normal to Darken (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Setting the options for the Clone Stamp Tool

4. Set the Opacity to 50 percent.

5. Choose a soft-edged brush, set the diameter to 40 or 50 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Brush settings

6. Hold down the SHIFT key and click in the clean area (without "hot spots") to get a
sample of color (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Clone Stamp selection

7. Paint over the "hot spot", the light area will gradually darken
(Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Corrected image

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ADDING FLASH
If you took pictures indoors without a flash, they will turn out underexposed and dark; in
Photoshop, you can make your photos lighter. To fix underexposed photos, follow these steps:

1. Open a digital photo you wish to correct (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Underexposed photo

2. In the main menu, go to Layers > Duplicate. In the Duplicate Layer dialog box, name
the layer Layer 1.

3. Make sure Layer 1 is selected in the Layers palette. In the

Blending Mode dropdown box, change the Blending Mode to Screen (Fig. 9). The whole
image will lighten.

4. Keep duplicating Layer 1 till you are satisfied with the quality of your image (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Corrected photo

Fig. 9. Changing the Blending Mode

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COLOR ADJUSTMENT
Color adjustment options in Photoshop CS3 can help you to make your digital photos look more
natural. To color correct your images, follow these steps:

1. Open the image you wish to correct.

2. In the main menu, go to Image > Adjustments > Levels. You will see a dialog box displaying
a diagram of the colors in your image (Fig. 11).

The black triangle is for shadows, the gray is for midtones, the white is for highlights. In the
Channels dropdown menu, you can choose between RGB, Red, Green, or Blue. These indicate
whether your changes effect all the colors, or just one (red, green, or blue).

Fig. 11. Levels dialog box

3. Make sure the Preview box is checked off. Choose the channel you wish to change and drag
the triangles.

✓ Dragging the black triangle to the right will make the shadows in your photo darker;
✓ dragging the white triangle to the left will make the highlights in your photo lighter;
✓ dragging the gray triangle to the left will make the midtones in your photo lighter, dragging it
to the right will make the midtones darker.

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SHARPENING/SOFT ENING

SHARPENING
If your digital photos are slightly out of focus, you can use the basic sharpening technique to
make your images look crisper. To sharpen your photo, follow the steps below:

1. Open an image you wish to sharpen. Note that this technique can sharpen images that are
only slightly blurry.

2. Use the Zoom Tool to make sure you are viewing your image in its full size, that is, at 100%.

3. In the main menu, go to Filter> Sharpen> Unsharp Mask. You will see the Unsharp Mask
dialog box (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Unsharp Mask dialog box

4. Enter 125 for the Amount, 1 for the Radius, and 3 for the Threshold.

5. Click OK. You will see how the image has become more in focus.

SOFTENING
Sometimes you might not want objects or people in your photos look too sharp, in this case you
can use a softening technique. To soften am image, follow these steps:

1. Open the image you wish to soften.

2. In the main menu, choose Layer > Duplicate Layer. You will have a new layer called
Background Copy.

3. In the main menu, go to Filter > Blur > Gaussian Blur.

In the Gaussian Blur dialog box, type in 4.0 for Radius, or drag
the slider to this position (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Gaussian Blur

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4. Make sure the Background Copy layer is selected

and change its opacity to 50% (Fig. 3). The objects or
people in your image will have a soft, glowing effect.

Fig. 3. Opacity

5. Select the Eraser Tool from the Toolbox, choose a soft-edged brush, and erase over the areas
in the face that are supposed to be sharp, such as eyes, eyebrows, lips, and teeth (Fig. 4 a and b).

Fig. 4a. Before Fig. 4b. After

SAVING

Remember to save your work often. Saving frequently lessens the risk of losing the work you
have been doing. To save your Photoshop document, do the following:
1. Click File > Save.
2. Navigate to the place you would like your document to be saved by using the
dropdown menu and the navigation window.
3. Enter the name of your document in the Save As text field.
4. Choose a format to save your project in from the Format dropdown menu. (Fig. 1)
5. Click the Save button in the bottom right corner of the dialogue box.
6. Check to make sure that your document is saved in the place you intended.

NOTE: If you save your file as PSD (default Photoshop saving format) your layers will be
preserved, but the file size will be large. If you save your file as JPEG (a common image format)
your layers will be flattened and become one layer. The file size though will be significantly
smaller.

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