• Polynomial function in one variable can be

represented graphically in a Cartesian

Coordinate system. On the next slide are
some of the graphs of polynomial function.
𝒚=𝟐 𝒚=−𝟐𝒙+𝟑 𝒚=𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
•What if the degree of the polynomial
is greater than 2?
•How is the graph of the function looks
like?
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE GRAPHS
OF A POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
• The graph of a Polynomial Function
• Domain and Range of a Polynomial function
• End Behavior of a Polynomial Function
• Zeros and Multiplicities of Polynomial
Function
• Bumps and Turns of a Polynomial Function
•The graph of the polynomial function is
described as smooth which has no sharp
corners or cusps and continuous where the
graph has no holes or gaps and can be drawn
without lifting.
THE ILLUSTRATION BELOW CANNOT BE THE
GRAPH OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION.
REMEMBER:

• The graph of any polynomial function with degree

2 or greater f(x) =
where and 𝑛≥2 is continuous non-linear curve.
• The domain of the polynomial function is the set
of all real numbers.
REMEMBER:
• The range of the polynomial function depends on the values of n
and the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛. That is,
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛>0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval [m, ∞) where m is the minimum value of the function.
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛<0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval (-∞,𝑀] where M is the maximum value of the function.
• If n is odd, the range is the set of all real numbers (-∞,∞) and the
function has no minimum nor maximum value.
EXAMPLE 1:
y = 𝒙𝟑

DOMAIN:
RANGE:
 EXAMPLE 1:
y = 𝒙𝟑

DOMAIN: All real numbers

RANGE: (-∞,∞)
 y = 𝒙𝟒
EXAMPLE 2:

DOMAIN:
RANGE:
REMEMBER:
• The range of the polynomial function depends on the values of n
and the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛. That is,
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛>0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval [m, ∞) where m is the minimum value of the function.
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛<0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval (-∞,𝑀] where M is the maximum value of the function.
• If n is odd, the range is the set of all real numbers (-∞,∞) and the
function has no minimum nor maximum value.
 y = 𝒙𝟒
EXAMPLE 2:

DOMAIN: All real numbers

RANGE: [0, ∞)
 y = −𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 3
EXAMPLE 3:

DOMAIN:
RANGE:
REMEMBER:
• The range of the polynomial function depends on the values of n
and the leading coefficient 𝑎𝑛. That is,
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛>0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval [m, ∞) where m is the minimum value of the function.
• If n is even and 𝑎𝑛<0, the range of the polynomial function is the
interval (-∞,𝑀] where M is the maximum value of the function.
• If n is odd, the range is the set of all real numbers (-∞,∞) and the
function has no minimum nor maximum value.
 y = −𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 3
EXAMPLE 3:

DOMAIN: All real numbers

RANGE: (-∞,3]
END BEHAVIOR OF THE GRAPH OF
A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

• The end behavior of the graph of a polynomial

function depends on the degree of the function
and sign of its leading coefficient - the
Leading Coefficient Test.
LEADING COEFFICIENT TEST

•As x increases or decreases without

bound, the graph of the polynomial
function eventually rises or falls.
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF END BEHAVIOR FOR
NON-CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
NAMELY:

• Type 1 : Even degree - positive leading coefficient

• Type II : Even degree – negative leading coefficient
• Type III: Odd degree – positive leading coefficient
• Type IV: Odd degree – negative leading coefficient
 4
𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥 + 𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +1
Type Degree Sign of Sample Graph End
Leading Behavior
Coefficient
Even- Even Positive Left:
Rising
Positive n=4 𝑎𝑛 = 1
Right:
Rising

The graph
rises to
the left
and to the
right.
 4
𝑓(𝑥)=−𝑥 + 3𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +1
Type Degree Sign of Sample Graph End
Leading Behavior
Coefficient

Even- Even Negative Left:

Falling
Negative n=4 𝑎𝑛 = -1
Right:
Falling

The graph
falls to the
left and to
the right.
 5 3 2
𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥 − 3𝑥 −𝑥 +1
Type Degree Sign of Sample Graph End
Leading Behavior
Coefficient

Odd- Odd Positive Left:

Falling
Positive n=5 𝑎𝑛 = 1
Right:
Rising

The graph
falls to the
left and
rises to
the right.
𝑓(𝑥)=−3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 −2𝑥 2 +1
Type Degree Sign of Sample Graph End
Leading Behavior
Coefficient

Odd- Odd Negative Left:

Rising
Negative n=5 𝑎𝑛 = -3
Right:
Falling

The graph
rises to
the left
and falls to
the right.
• Let us use the Leading Coefficient Test to
determine the end behavior of the graph of the
following polynomial functions on the next slides.
•Example 1: What is the end
behavior of the graph of the
polynomial function
3 2
•𝑓(𝑥)= 4𝑥 −2𝑥 +5?
 SOLUTION:

The graph of the

given polynomial
function falls to
the left and rises
to the right.
•Example 2: What is the end
behavior of the graph of the
polynomial function
6 3
•𝑓(𝑥)= -5𝑥 + 7𝑥 +8?
 SOLUTION:

The graph of the

given polynomial
function falls to
the left and right.
•Example 3: What is the end
behavior of the graph of the
polynomial function
3 2
•𝑓(𝑥)= -4𝑥 + 7𝑥 +5?
 SOLUTION:

The graph of the

given polynomial
function rises to
the left and falls
to the right.
•Example 4: What is the end
behavior of the graph of the
polynomial function
8 4
•𝑓(𝑥)= 5𝑥 − 9𝑥 +x - 5?
 SOLUTION:

The graph of the

given polynomial
function rises to
the left and right.
 *ZEROS AND MULTIPLICITIES
OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
Real Zero of a Polynomial Function
• A real number that corresponds to the x-intercepts of the
graph of that polynomial.
Multiplicity
• It is the number of times that its associated factor appears in
the polynomial.
• In analyzing the graph of a polynomial function,
why is it that the real zeros are important in
understanding, describing and interpreting the
graphs of polynomial function?
• By observing the graph, the number of real zeros of a
polynomial function can be determined.
• The zeros of the polynomial function can tell the
number of times the graph is going to touch or cross
the x-axis.
 EXAMPLE:

•Let us compare the real zeros of the two

functions 𝑓(𝑥)=(𝑥+5)(𝑥−3) and
3 2
𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 + 5) (𝑥 − 3) .
•Do the two functions have the same zeros?
REMEMBER:

• An even multiplicity zero makes the graph

TOUCH or TANGENT to the x-axis and
turns it back around the way it comes.
• An odd multiplicity zero CROSSES the x-axis
at that zero.
EXAMPLE: 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 − 4
1) (𝑥 − 3) 5

𝑥=1 (4 times)
𝑥= 3 (5 times)
 2 4
EXAMPLE: 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1)
•
 2 4
EXAMPLE: 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 + 3) (𝑥 + 1)
•

𝑥=-3 (2 times)
𝑥= -1 (4 times)
Example: What is the multiplicity of 𝑥=−1 given
that the graph shows a fifth-degree polynomial
with real number zeros and the zero 𝑥 = 1 has
a multiplicity of 2?
*DEGREES AND TURNINGS/BUMPS
OF A POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
• The turnings of the graph of a polynomial
function are referred as its “bumps”. This
indicates that the graph turns around on itself
and goes back the direction where it came from.
The graph below shows three bumps.
 bumps/turnings
For degree n polynomial, the graph will have at most n-1
bumps or turnings.
EXAMPLE 1: What is the minimum degree
of the polynomial graphed below?
EXAMPLE 2: What is the minimum degree
of the polynomial graphed below?
• What are the characteristics of the graph of a
polynomial function?
• How to determine the end behavior of a
polynomial function?
• What does the Zeros and Multiplicities of
Polynomial Function means?
• Can we determine the degree of a graph by
just looking?
• The graph of a Polynomial Function
• Domain and Range of a Polynomial function
• End Behavior of a Polynomial Function
• Zeros and Multiplicities of Polynomial
Function
• Bumps and Turns of a Polynomial Function
QUIZ 2.3
A. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Describe the end behavior

of the polynomial function
represented by the given
graph.
a. Left -
b. Right -
2. Describe the end behavior
of the polynomial function
𝟓 𝟑
f(x)=−𝒙 − 𝒙 +2x−1.
a. left -
b. right -
3. Describe the end behavior of the
polynomial function
𝟒 𝟐
f(x)=𝒙 − 3𝒙 + 6.
a. left -
b. right -
•4. If the graph of a function crosses
the x-axis, what does that mean
about the multiplicity of that zero?
•Odd or even?
•5. If the graph of a function touches
the x-axis, what does that mean
about the multiplicity of that zero?
•Odd or even?
 Quiz 2.3
B. Fill in each blank to make a true statement.
• 1. In 𝑓(𝑥)= 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−6, the graph falls to the ________
and rises to the ________.
• 2. In 𝑓(𝑥)= − 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥−4, the graph falls to the
________ and to the ________.
• 3. In the given polynomial function, 𝑓(𝑥)= (2𝑥 + 1)3
(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥+1), the degree of the function is _____, the
leading term is ______, the leading coefficient is _______
and the constant term is _________.
• 4. If the graph of the polynomial function falls to the
left and rises to the right, then the degree of the
polynomial function is ______ and the sign of its
leading coefficient is ______.
• 5. If the zeros of the function are −2 multiplicity of 2
and 4 multiplicity of 3, then the graph of the function
___________ the x –axis at x = -2 and ________
the x-axis at 𝑥= 4.
THANK YOU