Combining Functions Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Combining Functions;
Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Combining Functions
Like numbers, functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided (except
where the denominator is zero) to produce new functions. If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions,
then for every x that belongs to the domains of both 𝑓 and g (that is, for 𝑥 ∊
𝐷 𝑓 ∩ 𝐷(𝑔)), we define functions 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔 and𝑓𝑔 by the formulas
(ƒ + 𝑔)(𝑥) = ƒ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

ƒ − 𝑔 𝑥 = ƒ 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥)
(ƒ𝑔)(𝑥) = ƒ(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
Notice that the + sign on the left-hand side of the first equation represents the
operation of addition of functions, whereas the + on the right-hand side of the
equation means addition of the real numbers 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔 𝑥 .
At any point of 𝑥 ∊ 𝐷 𝑓 ∩ 𝐷(𝑔) at which 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0, we can also
define the function ƒ > 𝑔 by the formula
ƒ ƒ 𝑥
(𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑥
If c is a real number, then the function 𝑐ƒ is defined for all 𝑥 in the

domain of ƒ by
(𝑐ƒ)(𝑥) = 𝑐ƒ(𝑥).
Example: Let
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and g 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥
The domain 𝐷 𝑓 = [0, ∞), whereas 𝐷 𝑓 = (−∞, 1].
Composition of Functions
DEFINITION: If ƒ and 𝑔 are functions, the composite function ƒ ∘ 𝑔 (“ƒ
composed with 𝑔”) is defined by
(ƒ ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = ƒ(𝑔(𝑥)).
The domain of ƒ ∘ g consists of the numbers 𝑥 in the domain of g for
which 𝑔(𝑥) lies in the domain of ƒ.
The definition implies that ƒ ∘ 𝑔 can be formed when the range of 𝑔 lies
in the domain of ƒ.
To find (ƒ ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥), first find 𝑔(𝑥) and second find ƒ(𝑔(𝑥)).

EXAMPLE
If ƒ 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1,find
1. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
3. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
4. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
Exercise:
write a formula for ƒ ∘ 𝑔 ∘ ℎ.
𝑥+2 𝑥!
ƒ= ,𝑔 𝑥 = ! , ℎ(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥.
3−𝑥 𝑥 +1
Exercise:
Exercise:
Let
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
ƒ 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = @
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Find
𝑓 𝑔 0 ,𝑔 𝑓 3 ,𝑔 𝑔 1
Vertical and Horizontal shift
Vertical Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) + 𝑘
Shifts the graph of ƒ up 𝑘 units if 𝑘 > 0, shifts it down 𝑘 units if 𝑘 < 0.
Horizontal Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥 + ℎ)
Shifts the graph of ƒ left ℎ units if ℎ > 0, shifts it right ℎ units if ℎ < 0
Vertical and Horizontal shift
Vertical Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) + 𝑘
Shifts the graph of ƒ up 𝑘 units if 𝑘 > 0, shifts it down 𝑘 units if 𝑘 < 0.
Horizontal Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥 + ℎ)
Shifts the graph of ƒ left ℎ units if ℎ > 0, shifts it right ℎ units if ℎ < 0.
To shift the graph of ƒ(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! up (or
down), we add positive (or negative)
constants to the formula for ƒ
To shift the graph of ƒ(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! up (or To shift the graph of ƒ(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! to the left, we
down), we add positive (or negative) add a positive constant to x. To shift the graph
constants to the formula for ƒ to the right, we add a negative constant to x.
If 𝑐 is positive, then
Exercise:
Draw the graph of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 +2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 −2
Scaling and Reflecting a Graph of a Function
Vertical and Horizontal Scaling and Reflecting Formulas For c >1, the
graph is scaled:
• 𝑦 = 𝑐ƒ(𝑥) Stretches the graph of ƒ vertically by a factor of c.
"
• 𝑦 = # ƒ(𝑥) Compresses the graph of ƒ vertically by a factor of c.
• 𝑦 = ƒ 𝑐𝑥 Compresses the graph of ƒ horizontally by a factor of c.
• 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥/𝑐) Stretches the graph of ƒ horizontally by a factor of c.
For c = −1, the graph is reflected:
𝑦 = −ƒ(𝑥) Reflects the graph of ƒ across the x-axis.
𝑦 = ƒ(−𝑥) Reflects the graph of ƒ across the y-axis.
graph is scaled:
"
graph is scaled:
"
graph is scaled:
"
graph is scaled:
"
graph is scaled:
"
The graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙
Vertically stretching and Horizontally stretching and Reflections of the graph

compressing the graph y = 𝑥 compressing the graph y = 𝑥 y = 𝑥 across the coordinate
by a factor of 3 by a factor of 3 axes
Graph of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
EXAMPLE:
Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 10.
SOLUTION Completing the square, we write the equation of the graph
as
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 + 3 ! + 1
This means we obtain the desired graph by starting with the parabola
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! and shifting 3 units to the left and then 1 unit upward
EXAMPLE:
as
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 + 3 ! + 1
EXAMPLE:
as
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 + 3 ! + 1
EXAMPLE:
as
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 + 10 = 𝑥 + 3 ! + 1
Example:
Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥
! "
Example:𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 7𝑥
Stretch the graph horizontally by a factor of 2 followed by a reflection
across the y-axis.
Stretch: multiply x by (1/2), reflection across the y-axis: multiply x by -1
1 1 $ 1 % 7
𝑓 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 16 2 2
! "
across the y-axis.
1 1 $ 1 % 7
𝑓 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 16 2 2
! "
across the y-axis.
1 1 $ 1 % 7
𝑓 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 16 2 2
! "
across the y-axis.
1 1 $ 1 % 7
𝑓 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 16 2 2
Following link can be used to plot any graph of a function
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
Summery
Example:
The transformation rules applied to the sine function give the general sine
function or sinusoid formula
2𝜋
ƒ 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 ,
𝐵
where 𝐴 is the amplitude, 𝐵 is the period, C is the horizontal shift, and D is
the vertical shift. A graphical interpretation of the various terms is given below.
Example:
2𝜋
ƒ 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 ,
𝐵
Example:
2𝜋
ƒ 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝑥 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 ,
𝐵
Definition:
• A function ƒ(𝑥) is one-to-one on a domain 𝐷 if ƒ 𝑥" ≠
ƒ(𝑥! ) whenever 𝑥" ≠ 𝑥2 in 𝐷.
• A function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) is one-to-one if and only if its graph intersects

each horizontal line at most once.
• Suppose that ƒ is a one-to-one function on a domain 𝐷 with range 𝑅.

The inverse function ƒ&" is defined by ƒ&" 𝑏 = 𝑎 if ƒ 𝑎 = 𝑏. The
domain of ƒ&" is 𝑅 and the range of ƒ&" is 𝐷.
Definition:


Definition:


Example:
Suppose a one-to-one function y = ƒ(x) is given by a table of values:
𝒙 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝒇(𝒙) 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5
Then the inverse function is defined by simply interchanging the values:
𝒚 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

𝒇"𝟏 (𝒚) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Composing a function and its inverse has the same effect as doing
nothing.
(ƒ&" ∘ ƒ)(𝑥) = 𝑥, for all 𝑥 in the domain of ƒ.

(ƒ ∘ ƒ&" )(𝑦) = 𝑦, for all 𝑦 in the domain of ƒ&" (or range of ƒ).
Example:
'
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = , find a function 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) such that ƒ ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥
'&!
1. Solve the equation y = ƒ(x) for x. This gives a formula x = ƒ-1(y) where
x is expressed as a function of y.
2. Interchange x and y, obtaining a formula y = ƒ-1(x) where ƒ-1 is

expressed in the conventional format with x as the independent
variable and y as the dependent variable.
Graph of the inverse of a function:
• We want to set up the graph of ƒ&" so that its input values lie along
the 𝑥-axis, as is usually done for functions, rather than on the 𝑦 -axis.
• To achieve this we interchange the 𝑥 - and 𝑦 -axes by reflecting across
the 45° line, that is 𝑦 = 𝑥.
• After this reflection we have a new graph that represents ƒ&" .
Example: Find the inverse of the function
!
𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! then 𝑓 &" 𝑥 = 𝑥
Logarithmic Functions
The logarithm function with base 𝒂, 𝑦 = log ( 𝑥, is the inverse of the
base 𝑎 exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑎 ' (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1).
log ) 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑒 * = 𝑥.
Logarithmic Functions
The logarithm function with base 𝒂, 𝑦 = log ( 𝑥, is the inverse of the
base 𝑎 exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑎 ' (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1).
log ) 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑒 * = 𝑥.

Combining Functions Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Combining Functions Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Combining Functions Shifting and Scaling Graphs

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Combining Functions;

Shifting and Scaling Graphs

(ƒ + 𝑔)(𝑥) = ƒ(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

If c is a real number, then the function 𝑐ƒ is defined for all 𝑥 in the

To find (ƒ ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥), first find 𝑔(𝑥) and second find ƒ(𝑔(𝑥)).

Vertically stretching and Horizontally stretching and Reflections of the graph

• A function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) is one-to-one if and only if its graph intersects

• Suppose that ƒ is a one-to-one function on a domain 𝐷 with range 𝑅.

• A function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) is one-to-one if and only if its graph intersects

• Suppose that ƒ is a one-to-one function on a domain 𝐷 with range 𝑅.

• A function 𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) is one-to-one if and only if its graph intersects

• Suppose that ƒ is a one-to-one function on a domain 𝐷 with range 𝑅.

Then the inverse function is defined by simply interchanging the values:

𝒚 3 4.5 7 10.5 15 20.5 27 34.5

(ƒ&" ∘ ƒ)(𝑥) = 𝑥, for all 𝑥 in the domain of ƒ.

2. Interchange x and y, obtaining a formula y = ƒ-1(x) where ƒ-1 is

You might also like