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Sequence Catagery Data Types

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=>Sequence Catagery Data Types are used for storing Sequence of Values /
Multiple values of same type.

=>We have 4 types Sequence Catagery. They are

1) str

2) bytes

3) bytearray

4) range

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str

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Index:

=>Purpose of str

=>Types of Strings

=>Types String Organization and Notations

=>Operations on Strings

a) Indexing

b) Slicing

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=>The collection or sequence of characters enclosed within single / double

Examples: "Python Proghramming" "Guido Van Rossum"

"A" 'A' 'Java Programming'

=>'str' is one of the pre-defined class and treated as Sequence Data Type
=>The Purpose of str data type is that "To store Sequence of values within
Single / Double Quotes or tripple single / double Quotes.

=>We have two types of String data. They are

a) Single Line String Data

b) Multi Line String data

a) Single Line String Data

=>Single Line String Data must be enclosed within Single or Double Quotes or
tripple single / double Quotes.

Examples:-

>>> a="Python Programming"

>>> print(a,type(a)) --------- Python Programming <class 'str'>

>>> b='A'

>>> print(b,type(b)) ------------- A <class 'str'>

>>> c="A"

>>> print(c,type(c)) ----------- A <class 'str'>

>>> d='Java Programming'

>>> print(d,type(d)) ---------- Java Programming <class 'str'>

>>> crs1="Python Programming"

>>> print(crs1,type(crs1)) ----------- Python Programming <class 'str'>

>>> crs2='Python Programming'

>>> print(crs2,type(crs2)) ---------- Python Programming <class 'str'>

>>> crs3="1234567"

>>> print(crs3,type(crs3)) ------------ 1234567 <class 'str'>

>>> crs3="Python3.10"

>>> print(crs3,type(crs3)) ----------- Python3.10 <class 'str'>

>>> x="$%#@&abc&*()"

>>> print(x,type(x)) ----------- $%#@&abc&*() <class 'str'>

>>> y="""A"""

>>> a="""JAVA"""

>>> b='''PYTHON'''

>>> print(x,type(x)) ------------- A <class 'str'>

>>> print(y,type(y)) ----------- A <class 'str'>

>>> print(a,type(a)) ---------- JAVA <class 'str'>

>>> print(b,type(b)) ------ PYTHON <class 'str'>

=>Hence With Single and double Quotes we can organize / store single line
String data only but organize / store multi line String data.

Examples:

>>> addr1="Guido van Rossum

SyntaxError: unterminated string literal

>>> addr1=' Guido van Rossum

SyntaxError: unterminated string literal

=>To organize multi line string data we must use Tripple Single or tripple double
Quotes.

b) Multi Line String Data

=>Multi Line String Data must be enclosed within tripple single (or tripple
double Quotes.

Examples:

>>> addr1="""Guido van Rossum

... HNO:3-4 Hill side

... CWI ,Python Soft Fund.

... Nether Lands--34567"""

Guido van Rossum

HNO:3-4 Hill side

Nether Lands--34567 <class 'str'>

>>> addr2='''James Gosling

... FNO: 45-56 River Side

... Sun Micro Sys,

... USA-12345678'''

>>> print(addr2,type(addr2))------------

James Gosling

FNO: 45-56 River Side

Sun Micro Sys,

>>> x='''A'''

>>> y="""A"""

>>> a="""JAVA"""

>>> b='''PYTHON'''

>>> print(x,type(x)) ------------- A <class 'str'>

>>> print(y,type(y)) ----------- A <class 'str'>

>>> print(a,type(a)) ---------- JAVA <class 'str'>

>>> print(b,type(b)) ------ PYTHON <class 'str'>

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Operations on Strings

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=>On the String data, we can two types of Operations. They are

a) Indexing

b) Slicing

a) Indexing

=>The Process of obtaining one value at a time from given string object is called
Indexing.

=>In Python Programming , we have two types of Indices (or Indexes) . They
are

a) Forward Indexing and starts from Left to Right (0,1,2 ...... )

b) Backward Indexing and starts from Right to Left (-1, -2 -3 ...... )

=>Syntax:

strobj [ Index ]

=>index represents either Possitive and Negative Index.

=>if we enter Invalid Index then we get "IndexError".

Examples:

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s[0])----------P

>>> print(s[-6])---------P

>>> print(s[-1])--------- N

>>> print(s[5])---------- N
>>> print(s[3])--------- H

>>> print(s[-4])--------- T

>>> print(s[10]) -------- IndexError: string index out of range

>>> print(s[-10]) --- IndexError: string index out of range

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b) Slicing:

=>The process of obtaining range of characters (or) sub string from given string
object is called String Slicing.

=>Syntax1:- strobj [ Begin : End ]

=>This Syntax obtaing the data from Begin Index Value to End Index-1 Value
provided Begin Index<End Index otherwise we never get Output (Empty).

Examples:

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s[3:6]) ----------- HON

>>> print(s[6:3])) ----------- empty output

>>> print(s[-6:-3]) --------- PYT

>>> print(s[2:5]) -------- THO

>>> print(s[-4:-1]) ------ THO

=>Syntax2:- strobj [ Begin : ]

=>Here Begin Index is Specified and End Index is not specified. Here pvm takes
end index value as len(strobj)-1

=>This syntax takes the characters from Specified Begin Index to len(strobj)-1
bcoz end index value is automatuically taken as len(strobj)-1.

Examples:
>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s[2:])--------------- THON

>>> print(s[0:])--------------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[4:])-------------- ON

>>> print(s[5:])------------- N

>>> print(s[-1:])----------- N

>>> print(s[-6:])---------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[-3:])---------- HON

>>> print(s[-4:])---------- THON

>>> print(s[-2:])----------- ON

=>Syntax3:- strobj [ :End ]

=>Here Begin Index is not Specified and End Index is specified. Here pvm takes
Begin index value as Intial Index.

=>This syntax takes the characters from Intial Index to End Index-1 bcoz Begin
index value is automatuically taken as Intial Index.

Examples:

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s) ----------------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[:4])----------- PYTH

>>> print(s[:5])----------- PYTHO

>>> print(s[:6])----------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[:-3])-------- PYT

>>> print(s[:-1])--------- PYTHO

>>> print(s[:-5])---------- P

>>> print(s[:-4])-------- PY

=>Syntax4:- strobj [ : ]
=>Here Begin Index is not Specified and End Index is also not specified.

=>When we are not specifiying Begin Index and End Index PVM takes Intial
Index as Begin Index and len(strobj)-1 as End Index.

Examples:

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s) ---------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[:]) --------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[:6])--------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[-6:])--------PYTHON

>>> print(s[100:200]) ---------- NO OUTPUT

>>> print(s[0:200]) ------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[0:])--------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[-6:])--------- PYTHON

=>Syntax5:- strobj [ Begin : End : Step ]

Rule-1:- Here the Index values of Begin, End and Step can be Possitive and
Negative .

Rule-2:- If the value of STEP is POSITIVE then PVM Takes the characters from
Begin Index to End Index-1 by Step Interval values in Forward Direction
provided Begin Index<End Index.

Rule-3: If the value of STEP is NEGATIVE then PVM Takes the characters from
Begin Index to End Index+1 by Step Interval values in Backward Direction
provided Begin Index>End Index.

Rule-4: In Forward Direction if the end Index is 0 then we never get any output.

Rule-5: In Back Direction if the end Index is -1 then we never get any output.
Examples ---------- RULE-2

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s)

PYTHON

>>> print(s[0:6:2])

PTO

>>> print(s[0:6:3])

PH

>>> print(s[-6:-1:2])

PTO

>>> print(s[-6::2])

PTO
>>> print(s[0:4:3])

PH

>>> print(s[::3])

PH

>>> print(s[::4])

PO

>>> print(s[::1])

PYTHON

>>> print(s[::])

PYTHON

>>> s="PYTHON" ----------------- RULE-3

>>> print(s) ------------ PYTHON

>>> print(s[6:0:-2]) -------- NHY

>>> print(s[::-2])---------- NHY

>>> print(s[5:0:-3]) ------- NT

>>> print(s[5:0:-2]) --------- NHY

>>> print(s[::-4])-------- NY

>>> print(s[-1:-6:-2]) --------- NHY

>>> print(s[-1:-6:-1]) ---------- NOHTY

>>> print(s[::-1])----------- NOHTYP

>>> print(s[::1])---------- PYTHON

>>> print(s[::]) ------------ PYTHON

>>> print(s[::-1])---------- NOHTYP

>>> s="LIRIL"

>>> print(s[::]) ---------- LIRIL

>>> print(s[::-1])--------- LIRIL

>>> "JAVA"[::-1] ---------- 'AVAJ'

>>> "MADAM"[::-1]=="MADAM"[::1] ---------- True

>>> "JAVA"[::-1]=="JAVA"[::1] ----------- False

>>> s="PYTHON"

>>> print(s[:0:2])-----------NO output---RULE-4

>>> print(s[:0:1])------------NO output---RULE-4

>>> print(s[:-1:-1])---------NO output --- RULE-5

>>> print(s[:-1:-2])--------NO output-------RULE-5

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