ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES I Structural requirements of buildings • Building structures are required to have the following: • Strength • To resist push, pull, twist • Stability • To resist toppling, collapse • Serviceability • To provide good service relative to the occupants. Structural requirements of buildings Approaches to structural design • Ultimate goal is to arrive at permissible safety of structural elements
• Different methods employed
• Experience , intuition, common sense • Elastic method • Limit state design • Rule of thumb Elastic deformation • A temporary shape change that is self-reversing after the force is removed, so that the object returns to its original shape, is called elastic deformation. In other words, elastic deformation is a change in shape of a material at low stress that is recoverable after the stress is removed • Contrast with brittle materials • The point of permanent deformation is the yield point • Permissible safety – Yield point of materials / Safety factor Factor of safety • Definition of factor of safety. : the ratio of the ultimate strength of a member or piece of material (as in an airplane) to the actual working stress or the maximum permissible stress when in use. • In engineering, a factor of safety, also known as safety factor, expresses how much stronger a system is than it needs to be for an intended load. • The factor of safety is the ratio of the allowable stress to the actual stress: A factor of safety of 1 represents that the stress is at the allowable limit. A factor of safety of less than 1 represents likely failure. A factor of safety of greater than 1 represents how much the stress is within the allowable limit Limit state • Limit state design can be defined as the process of designing a structure so that it doesn't break and remains fit for its designed use. The Working Stress Method assumes that all material used in the design behaves in a linear elastic manner and calculations are based on service conditions
(Applied loads x safety factor) Rule of thumb • Used to obtain the approximate sizes of structural members • Useful to engineers as a first approximation to a problem before a mathematical analysis is carried out • Information needed by architects at initial planning stage • Conceptual idea of the structural system • Information needed at detailed planning stage • Approximate sizes of the structural members • Decisions like headroom, free span etc can be made before structural engineers details INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES - Worked Example Worked example • Calculate • The approximate depth of • the first floor beams • the roof beams • The columns using • Reinforced concrete • Rectangular hollow steel section
