CHAPTER II

Nicolaus Copernicus: COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

Claudius Ptolemy
A great philosopher and astronomer, claimed that the planets, as well as the sun and
moon, revolved around the Earth in a circular motion.
Geocentrism is the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe. Ptolemy's geocentric
model was universally accepted and considered one of the most important discoveries of
the period.
Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, disputed the Ptolemaic
model in the 16th century. He proposed a new theory known as heliocentrism, which
claimed that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System.
"Birth of Modern Astronomy" period. This period saw the start of the scientific
revolution, which resulted in a shift in society's attitudes and ideas.

Charles Darwin: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

He altered our perceptions of the world's origins and evolution. Darwin was a
genius who comes from a long line of intelligent and rich ancestors (Johnson, 2012). During
his time at Shrewsbury School, he developed an interest in natural history.
DARWIN’S BOOK:
The Origin of Species was published in 1589. This book is regarded as one of the most
important works in the field of science. In order to demonstrate his theory with compelling
evidence
The Descent of Man was both amazing and divisive. He popularized the concept of all
organic life, including humans, falling under the evolutionary umbrella.
Darwin's accomplishments were so varied that it's helpful to separate two domains
in which he made significant contributions: evolutionary biology and science philosophy.

Sigmund Freud: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

In the subject of psychology Sigmund Freud is a well-known figure. He is a towering
literary figure and a gifted communicator who contributed to raising the civilized world's
awareness of psychological matters (Rosenfels, 1980).
Psychoanalytic method. This method's main core version was developed by the scientific
hypothesis he formulated. For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to
study human mind and neurotic illness.
Sigmund Freud was not a conventional thinker. His psychoanalytic method was
demonstrated to be useful in understanding neurological disorders that medicine could not
understand at the time. His approach was unconventional, emphasizing human sexuality
and man's wicked nature.
Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology that aims to understand human behavior.
According to Freud's thesis, there are numerous conscious and unconscious influences that
might impact one's behavior and feelings. He also claimed that personality is the result of
three opposing forces: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Id is a biological component that causes a variety of desires and urges.

Ego serves as a bridge between the individual's wants and the real world

Superego is the moral arm of personality. It is the “conscience” of personality.

 Information Revolution
The earliest writing system, Sumerian pictographs, marked the beginning of the
Information Revolution. Then there's Gutenberg's printing press, which was invented in
1455.
The Information/Digital Revolution is a paradigm transition from the mechanical to
the digital age that affects many facets of life with the primary goal of increasing efficiency.
See the table below to see the changes brought by the information revolution.

Creative destruction
 A term invented by Joseph Schumpeter
 A shift from the old to the new.
 "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy."
Knowledge industries
 telecommunications, software development, medical equipment and
pharmaceutical research, and business innovators
Employment Shift
 manual labor force is dwindling as jobs increasingly demand knowledge and
creativity as a result of advances in digital technology.
Education Shift
 altering teaching methods, tactics, and content

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica encompasses all of Central America, from southern Mexico to the
South American border. Prior to the entrance of European colonizers, the Mesoamerican
region was undeniably rich in culture and knowledge.
A. Mayan Civilization
The Mayan Civilization is a well-known civilization that existed for about 2,000 years.
Listed here are their contributions:
1. These individuals are well-known for their contributions to astronomy.
2. ability to forecast eclipses and plant and harvest utilizing astrological cycles.
3. having two complex calendar systems to keep track of time. These calendars were
extremely valuable in their daily lives, especially for arranging activities and keeping
track of religious and cultural celebrations.
4. art of raising various crops and constructing magnificent cities with simple
machines and equipment.
5. They used a variety of tools and adapted to new developments, particularly in the arts.
Mayans created looms for weaving textiles and a rainbow of dazzling colors using mica,
a mineral.
6. first to manufacture rubber products, having done so 3,000 years before Goodyear
got his patent in 1844
 7. They were also mathematicians, and they devised a numbering system based on the
number 20. They also invented the concepts of zero and positional value
independently of the Romans.

8. Mayan hieroglyphics

A. INCA CIVILIZATION
The Inca Civilization is equally well-known. Considering their limits as an ancient
society, the Incas developed excellent scientific ideas. They developed the following
scientific theories and technologies to assist them in their daily lives. These are the
contributions of Inca Civilization:
1. stone-paved roads;
2. stone structures that have withstood earthquakes and other disasters;
3. an irrigation system and technology for storing water for their crops to flourish on
all sorts of terrain;
4. a 12-month calendar to commemorate religious festivals and prepare for planting
season;
5. the first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes used to store records that only professionals can
decipher; and
7. Inca textiles, as cloth was a cherished aesthetic achievement.
B. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
The Aztec Civilization produced significant contributions to science and technology,
as well as to society as a whole, their contributions are the following:
1. Education is required. The Aztecs place a high emphasis on education, which is
why all of their children, regardless of social class, gender, or age, are required to
attend school. It is a form of universal or inclusive education from the beginning.
2. Chocolates. During their time in Mexico, the Aztecs invented chocolate. It was
utilized as currency in Mayan society. Cacao beans were highly prized by the Aztecs,
who used them to pay homage to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They employed an antispasmodic drug that could
benefit during surgery by preventing muscular spasms and relaxing muscles.
4. Chinampa. It's an Aztec agricultural farming technique in which the land was
divided into rectangular portions and encircled by canals.
5. Aztec Calendar. They were able to organize their activities, ceremonies, and
planting season as a result of this.
6. The canoe was invented. A small, narrow boat used to sail over waterways.
Development of Science in Asia

Asia is the world's largest continent and the birthplace of numerous ancient
civilizations. It hosts a wide range of cultural, economic, scientific, and political events for
people of all ages. Great civilizations such as India, China, and the Middle East have excelled
in the fields of science, technology, and mathematics. In terms of their contributions to the
growth of knowledge during their period, these civilizations were unrivaled.
A. INDIA
India is a massive peninsula surrounded on three sides by immense bodies of
water and reinforced on the north by massive mountains. They are well-known for their
iron production and metallurgical works. Their iron steel is regarded as the best and
most valuable in the entire Roman Empire.
1. In the field of medicine, India is well-known. Ayurveda, a system of traditional
medicine that dates back to before 2500 BC in ancient India, is still used as an
alternative medicine.
2. In the realm of astronomy, ancient India is equally noteworthy. They came up with
theories about the universe's structure, the Earth's spherical self-supporting shape,
and the 360-day year divided into 12 equal sections of 30 days each.
3. Mathematics were also well-known in ancient India. The Indus Valley Civilization
left the oldest signs of mathematical understanding in the Indian subcontinent. The
Mohenjodaro ruler was created by the people of this civilization who attempted to
standardize length measuring to a high degree of accuracy.
4. In his Aryabhatiya, Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550)
introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and procedures, as well as
algebraic algorithms.
B. CHINA
China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with significant contributions to
medicine, astronomy, physics, mathematics, the arts, philosophy, and music, among other
fields.
1. Traditional Chinese remedies are well-known, as they are the result of centuries of
Chinese people's experiences and discoveries. They discovered a variety of
medicinal characteristics and applications for diverse plants and animals in the
treatment of human illnesses. Acupuncture is a good illustration of this.
2. In terms of technology, the Chinese are known for creating a wide range of tools.
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing equipment were among the
notable discoveries and technologies of Chinese civilizations, which were first
known in the West by the end of the Middle Ages. They also invented a variety of
other equipment, such as the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, to name a
few. They also designed various bridge models, invented the first seismological
detector, and constructed a dry dock facility.
3. Chinese astronomers also made important records on supernovas, lunar and
solar eclipses, and comets, which were meticulously recorded and maintained in
order to better comprehend the heavenly bodies and their consequences on our
planet.
4. In seismology, the Chinese are well-known. This made them more prepared in the
event of a natural disaster.

Development of Science in Middle East Countries

Famous Muslim scientists, contribute the following:
1. Ibn al-Haytham is known as the "Father of Optics" for his empirical demonstration
of the light intromission theory.
2. The notion of algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, while
the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the first word in one of his books. Although
the Arabic Numeral System originated in India, Muslim mathematicians made
significant improvements to the system, including the introduction of decimal point
notation.
3. Jabir ibn Hayyan is known as the "Father of Chemistry."
4. Ibn Sina was the first physician to perform clinical trials and pioneered the field of
experimental medicine. The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, two of his
most famous medical works, were utilized as standard medicinal texts in both the
 Muslim world and Europe during the 17th century. The discovery of the contagious
nature of infectious diseases and the creation of clinical pharmacology are just two
of his numerous accomplishments.

Development of Science in Africa

Natural and mineral resources abound throughout Africa.

1. The development of geometry

2. Egypt was noted for being a hub of alchemy, the medieval predecessor of
chemistry.
3. In the African continent, astronomy was well-known. Documents demonstrate
that Africans utilized a variety of calendars, including lunar, solar, and stellar
calendars, or a combination of the three.
4. metallurgy was also known in African countries. They developed metal
implements for use in their houses, agriculture, and the construction of their
spectacular structures.
5. The Lebombo Bone, found in the mountains between Swaziland and South
Africa, is thought to be the oldest known mathematical artefact, dating back to
35,000 BCE. It could have been a tool for multiplication, division, and elementary
arithmetic calculations, or a six-month lunar calendar.

UNIT III

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

Importance of Science and Technology in Building the Nation

Science and Technology (S&T) are fundamental for social and economic progress in
developing countries. It is a well- established fact that Science and technology impact all aspects of
our lives and the planet we live in.
Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
The government mandates an "increase use of scientific and technological breakthroughs."
The government aims to do this by "promoting and accelerating technology adoption" and
stimulating innovation." It is based on the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022.

The Philippine Department of Science and Technology (DOST; Kagawaran ng Agham at

Teknolohiya) is the Philippine government's executive agency responsible for organizing science
and technology-related programs, Philippines, and for formulating science and technology policies
and initiatives to promote national growth. This agency established to "provide central guidance,
leadership, and coordination of research and technical activities and ensure that the findings from
such activities are directed and used in areas of full economic and social benefits for the people."
DOST is composed of three (3) sectoral planning councils, seven (7) research, and development
institutes, two (2) collegial bodies, six (6) service institutes, and several regional and provincial
offices (Department of Science and Technology, 2014)

Each of DOST 's programs, projects, and activities aims to produce the following
outcomes.
1. Stimulation and innovation
2. Promotion and acceleration of technology adoption
3. Development of critical mass of globally competitive human resources on Science and Technology
4. Increased productivity and efficiency of micro, small, and medium entrepreneurs (MSMEs)
5. Ensure resiliency to disaster risks and climate change
6. Reduced inequality in science and technology capacities and opportunities
7. Achieve practical science and technology governance
Major Development Programs and Personalities in Science and
Technology in the Philippines
Balik Scientist Program
- Balik Scientist Program (BSP) to reverse the brain drain.
- The Balik Scientist Act of 2018 or RA 11035 signed by the President last June 2018.
- This program aims to sustain and make the program more attractive to Philippine
scientists working and residing abroad.
- The Balik Scientist Program encourages scientists, technologists, and experts from the
Philippines to return to our country, to share their expertise for the country's
technological, agro-industrial, and economic growth, including building human resources
in science, technology, and innovation. As of December 2017, 497 scientists served under
the program. Most of our National Artists came from Asia, North America and, a few from
Europe, Australia, and Africa (Dimailig, 2019)

The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARD), Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology
Research and Development (PCIEERD), and Philippine Council for Health Research and
Development (PCHRD) are the three DOST councils responsible for the engagements of the BSP
awardees.

Order of National Scientist

- The award Order of National Scientists is the highest distinction for a Filipino by the
President of the Republic of the Philippines
- The difference instituted in 1976 through Presidential Decree 1003-A, which created the
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) as the country's highest
recognition
- NAST recognizes national scientists annually for outstanding individual or joint
accomplishments in Science or technology and gives the President the rank and title.
- Executive Order 236 lifted the status of National Scientists into the Order of National
Scientists in 2003. (University of the Philippines Diliman, 2020)
- As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two of them are engineer agriculturist Ramon
Barba and biologist Angel Alcala.

Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP)

- SETUP stands for Small and Medium Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program is one of
the flagship programs of DOST.
- SETUP is a national strategy aimed at encouraging and assisting small and medium-sized
enterprises in adopting technology innovations to improve their operations, thus
boosting their productivity and competitiveness.
- The program helps businesses to tackle their technological challenges through
technology transfer and development interventions.
- According to DOST, in 2018, the companies supported by SETUP produced: 42,853 jobs,
P 8.344 billion cumulative gross sales, and 41% productivity increase, a total of 20635
technology inventions, and There 773 projects funded

Grants-In-Aid Program
- The Grants-In-Aid (GIA) is one of the programs of the Department of Science and
Technology that aims to harness the country's scientific and technical capacities to
promote sustainable economic growth and development.
- The GIA program is structured by funding related science and technology (S&T)
undertakings to contribute to Filipinos' productivity and quality of life through the
generation and promotion of appropriate technologies.
- aims to reinforce participation, transfer, use of technology, human resources
development, dissemination of information, advocacy, and linkages.
- The GIA program offers grants for implementing programs/projects defined in the
current DOST priorities and thrusts and supports S&T activities classified under the
General Appropriations Act (GAA).
 Forest Products Research and Development Institute
- The Forest Products Research and Development Institute (FPRDI) researches forest
products from wood and non- wood.
- It is the center of applied technologies in the country for the utilization of forest products.

Legal Basis:
 Executive Order No. 257 (1957). The transferred the Forest Products Research Institute (FPRI) from
the Bureau of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources to the University of the
Philippines (as Forest Products Laboratory).
 Republic Act No. 5526 (June 21, 1969) created the Forest Products Research and Development
Commission (FORPRIDECOM) under the National Science Development Board (NSDB).
 Executive Order No. 784 (March 17, 1982) renamed the NSDB to the National Science and Technology
Authority (NSTA), and the FORPRIDECOM became the Forest Products Research and Development
Institute (FPRDI).
 Executive Order No. 128 (January 30, 1987) reorganized the NSTA into the Department of Science

and Technology (DOST), with the FPRDI being retained under it.

Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

- The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), formerly the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC), was founded on June 13, 1958.
- one of the research institutes within the Department of Science and Technology.
- It is authorized to perform research and development activities on the peaceful use of
nuclear energy, aiming to lay down regulations on these uses and enforce those
regulations. This will help protect the health and safety of workers and the general
public.

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)

-Project NOAH was an integrated disaster prevention and mitigation program of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
- This project designed to employ Science and technology to produce reliable data and
meet the conditions required by national government agencies, private sector
stakeholders, and academy
- Project NOAH aims to fulfill its vision of disaster-free and empowered communities by
providing open access to accurate, reliable, and timely hazard and risk information that
has been updated and enhanced using advanced technology.
In March 2017, study, development, and extension services on natural hazards, disaster risk
management, and climate change actions developed at the University of the Philippines as the UP
NOAH Centre.

Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project

- The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) project is a new
approach to enhance the skills and abilities of Philippine universities and colleges' faculty
and staff through scholarships.

Philippine Space Program

- The Philippines' space program is technically decentralized and managed under the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) by different agencies.
- It aims to set the foundation for the establishment of a Philippine Space Agency.
- The Philippine government passed the "Philippine Space Act" (Republic Act 11363) in
2019.
- under the newly formed Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) to see the integration and
centralization of space research and development.

The development of the space program is essential for national security, agricultural
development, environmental management, and climate change mitigation. The program aims to
develop technologies such as uncrewed aerial vehicles, microsatellites, and communication
satellites.

Science Education in the Philippines

- Science is part of the K to 12 curriculum, which focuses on improving student scientific
literacy skills, beliefs, and attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, integrity, and habits of
 mind, including critical and logical thinking skills.
- Science stimulates learners' interest and knowledge of phenomena and events of the
world around them.
- Science is relevant because of its links to technology and industry, which, from a national
perspective, are areas of high development priority.
- Scientific research provides a systematic way to make sense of the world.

DOST Scholarship Programs

- The DOST-SEI Merit Scholarship Program mandated under the Republic Act 7687 or the
Science and Technology Act of 1994.
- The program is awarded to highly qualified students in Science and mathematics and can
pursue careers in science and technology
Philippine Science High School
- The Philippine Science High School System (PSHS) is a highly specialized public high
school system in the Philippines that operates as an attached DOST agency.
- It is considered the top high school in the Philippines and ranked among the highest in
the ASEAN region in 2016.
- It has 16 campuses located in the following areas nationwide.

Regional Science High School Union

- The Regional Science High School Union (RSHS-Union) established in the Philippines
during the 1994-1995 school year.
- It is a specialized system of public secondary schools managed and regulated by the
Department of Education, with a curriculum that focuses heavily on Math and Science.

The DOST established several programs to improve science education in the country, such
the following: (1) Project HOTS; (2) VISSER; (3) STAR BOOKS; and (4) InnoBox Project.

Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

- The indigenous Science and technology in the Philippines are rich in cultural diversity.
- Our country has more than 100 tribes or groups, and each has a different but
interconnected indigenous science and technology.
- Many herbal medicines that we are currently using to treat some diseases have an
indigenous origin.
- Many indigenous practices in resource management have been documented, like the
muyong system in Ifugao and the lapat system in Apayao.

CHAPTER IV

THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY
OF REVEALING

Martin Heidegger 1977: A Philosopher ( “The essence of technology is by no means anything

technological.”)
- most influential philosophers of the 20th century.
- Technology was an important element in his work
- technology was the key to understanding our current time
- ‘The Question Concerning Technology’ (1954, English Translation 1977)
- was born on September 26, 1889 in Messkirch in south-west Germany
- He studied Husserl’s Logical Investigations

- The Essence of Technology

The essence of technology
can be captured in its definition . In his treatise, The Question Concerning Technology, Martin
Heidegger (1977) explains the two widely embraced definitions of technology (1) instrumental and
(2) anthropological.

1. Instrumental definition: Technology is a means to an end.

Technology is not an end in itself, it is a means to an end.

2. Anthropological definition: Technology is a human activity.

Technology can also be defined as a human activity, because to achieve an

end and to produce and use a means to an end is, by itself a human activity.

Technology as a Way of Revealing

Heidegger stressed that the true can only be pursued through the correct. Simply,
what is correct leads to what is true. In this sense, Heidegger envisioned technology as a
way of revealing – a mode of bringing forth. Bringing forth can be understood through the
Ancient Greek Philosophical concept
poiesis, which refers to the act of bringing something out of concealment. By
bringing something out of concealment, the truth of that something is revealed. The truth is
understood through another Ancient Greek concept of aletheia, which is translated as
unclosedness, unconcealedness, disclosure, or truth.
- technology is a form of poeisis – a way of revealing that unconceals aletheiaor
the truth.
- the term techne, the Greek root word of technology, is understood in different
contexts.
- In philosophy, techne resembles the term episteme that refers to the human
ability to make and perform.
- Techne also encompasses knowledge and understanding. In art, it refers to
tangible and intangible aspects of life.
- The Greeks understood techne in the way that it encompasses not only craft, but
other acts of the mind, and poetry.

Technology as Poiesis: Does Modern Technology Bring Forth or Challenge Forth?

Question Concerning Technology, posited that both primitive crafts and modern
technology are revealing. However, he explained that modern technology is revealing not
in the sense of bringing forth or poeisis. Heidegger made a clear distinction between
technology and modern technology in that the latter challenges nature. Modern technology
challenges nature by extracting something from it and transforming, storing, and
distributing it.
Heidegger’s criticism of modern technology might appear counterintuitive to the
purpose of nature to human existence. However, by digging deeper into Heidegger’s
question, it becomes clear that the essence of modern technology is not to bring forth in the
sense of poeisis. Instead, Heidegger considers modern technology’s way of revealing as a
way of challenging forth. Modern technology challenges forth, because it makes people think
how to do things faster, more effectively, and with less effort. It prompts people into
dominating and enframing the earth’s natural resources. Challenging forth reduces objects
as standing reserve or something to be disposed off by those who enframe them – humans.
This is evident in the way people exploit natural resources with very little concern for the
ecological consequences that come with it. Challenging forth as a result of modern
technology is also evident in the information age, such that greater control of information
to profit from its value gives rise to concerns about privacy and the protection of human
rights.
The challenging forth of modern technology is seen everywhere: in the rise and
depletion of petroleum as a strategic resource; the introduction and use of synthetic dyes,
artificial flavoring, and toxic materials into the consumer stream that bring about adverse
effects on human health; and the use of ripening agents in agriculture that poses threats to
food safety and health security.

Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of Revealing

If the essence of technology can be understood as a way of bringing forth the truth
in the sense of poiesis, Heidegger distinguished the way of revealing of modern technology
by considering it as a process of enframing. Humankind’s desire to control everything,
including nature, is captured in this process. By putting things in this case, nature in a
frame, it becomes much easier for humans to control it according to their desires.
Enframing, according to Heidegger is akin or similar to two ways of looking at the
world: calculative thinking and meditative thinking. In calculative thinking, humans desire
to put an order to nature to better understand and control it. In meditative thinking,
humans allow nature to reveal itself to them without the use of force or violence. One
thinking is necessarily better than the other. In fact, humans are capable of using both and
will benefit from being able to harmonize these ways of looking at the world. Yet,
calculative thinking tends to be more commonly utilized, primarily because humans’ desire
to control due to their fear of irregularity.
Enframing then, is a way of ordering (or framing) nature to better manipulate it.
Enframing happens because of how humans desire for security, even if it puts all of nature
as a standing reserve ready for exploitation. Modern technology challenges humans to
enframe nature. Thus, humans become part of the standing reserve and an instrument of
technology, to be exploited in the ordering of nature. The role humans take as instruments
of technology through enframing is called destining.
In destining, humans are challenged forth by enframing to reveal what is real.
However, this destining of humans to reveal nature carries with it the danger of
misconstruction or misinterpretation.
The Dangers of Technology

The dangers of technology lie in how humans let themselves be consumed by it.
Although humans are looped into the cycle of bringing forth or challenging forth, it is their
responsibility to recognize how they become instruments of technology.

The Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho, once remarked that it is boastful to humans to
think that nature needs to be saved, whereas Mother Nature would remain even if humans
cease to exist. Hence, in facing the dangers of technology, the fear of disappearing from the
face of the Earth should concern people more potently than the fear of the Earth
disappearing. As mere tenants on Earth, people must not allow themselves to be consumed
by technology lest they lose the essence of who they are as human beings. In this sense,
humans are in danger of becoming merely part of the standing reserve or, alternatively,
may find themselves in nature.

Recognizing its dangers of technology requires critical and reflective thinking on its
use. For example, social media has indeed connected people in the most efficient and
convenient way imaginable, but it also inadvertently gave rise to issues such as invasion of
privacy, online disinhibition, and proliferation of fake news. The line has to be drawn
between what constitutes a beneficial use of social media and dangerous one. As
exemplified, social media comes with both benefits and drawbacks.

However, the real threat of technology comes from its essence, not its activities or
products. The correct response to the danger of technology is not simple dismissing
technology altogether. Heidegger explained that people are delivered over technology in
the worst possible way when they regard it as something neutral. This conception of
technology, according to Heidegger, to which today humans particularly like to pay
homage, makes them utterly blind to the essence of technology. Ultimately, the essence of
technology is by no means anything technologically(Heidegger, 1977)

Art as the Saving Power

Necessary reflection upon and confrontation with technology are required in order
to proactively address the dangers of technology. Friedrich Holderlin, a German poet
quoted by Heidegger, said “ But where danger is, grows the saving power also”. Following
this, the saving power can be traced exactly where the danger is – in the essence of
technology. As mentioned, this essence is not neutral and by no means anything
technological. Along this line, Heidegger proposed art as the saving power and the way out
of enframing : “And art was simply called techne. It was a single, manifold revealing”
(Heidegger, 1977). Heidegger saw art as an act of mind, i.e., a techne, that protected and
had great power over the truth. By focusing on art, people are able to see more clearly how
art is embedded in nature. Art encourages humans to think less from a calculative
standpoint where nature is viewed as an ordered system. Instead, it inspires meditative
thinking where nature is seen as an art and that, in all of art, nature is most poetic.
Heidegger encapsulated this as follows:

Because the essence of technology is nothing technological, essential

reflection upon technology and decisive confrontation with it must
happen in a realm that is, on the one hand, akin to the essence of
technology and, on the other, fundamentally different from it. Such a
realm is art. But certainly only if reflection on art, for its part, does not
shut its eyes to the constellation of truth after which we are
questioning
.
 C. INCA CIVILIZATION
In Mesoamerica, the Inca Civilization is equally well-known. Considering their limits as
an ancient society, the Incas developed excellent scientific ideas. They developed the
following scientific theories and technologies to assist them in their daily lives. These are
the contributions of Inca Civilization:
1. stone-paved roads;
2. stone structures that have withstood earthquakes and other disasters;
3. an irrigation system and technology for storing water for their crops to flourish on all
sorts of terrain;
4. a 12-month calendar to commemorate religious festivals and prepare for planting
season;
5. the first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes used to store records that only professionals can
decipher; and
7. Inca textiles, as cloth was a cherished aesthetic achievement.

D. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
The Aztec Civilization produced significant contributions to science and technology,
as well as to society as a whole, their contributions are the following:
1. Education is required. The Aztecs place a high emphasis on education, which is why all
of their children, regardless of social class, gender, or age, are required to attend school.
It is a form of universal or inclusive education from the beginning.
2. Chocolates. During their time in Mexico, the Aztecs invented chocolate. It was utilized
as currency in Mayan society. Cacao beans were highly prized by the Aztecs, who used
them to pay homage to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They employed an antispasmodic drug that could benefit
during surgery by preventing muscular spasms and relaxing muscles.
4. Chinampa. It's an Aztec agricultural farming technique in which the land was divided
into rectangular portions and encircled by canals.
5. Aztec Calendar. They were able to organize their activities, ceremonies, and planting
season as a result of this.
6. The canoe was invented. A small, narrow boat used to sail over waterways.

Development of Science in Asia

Asia is the world's largest continent and the birthplace of numerous ancient
civilizations. It hosts a wide range of cultural, economic, scientific, and political events for
people of all ages. Great civilizations such as India, China, and the Middle East have excelled
in the fields of science, technology, and mathematics. In terms of their contributions to the
growth of knowledge during their period, these civilizations were unrivaled.
C. INDIA
India is a massive peninsula surrounded on three sides by immense bodies of water
and reinforced on the north by massive mountains. Indians came up with a variety of
innovative concepts and technology that they might employ in their daily lives. Following
are their contributions:
1. They are well-known for their iron production and metallurgical works. Their
iron steel is regarded as the best and most valuable in the entire Roman Empire.
2. In the field of medicine, India is well-known. Ayurveda, a system of traditional
medicine that dates back to before 2500 BC in ancient India, is still used as an
alternative medicine.
3. In the realm of astronomy, ancient India is equally noteworthy. They came up with
theories about the universe's structure, the Earth's spherical self-supporting shape,
and the 360-day year divided into 12 equal sections of 30 days each.
4. Mathematics were also well-known in ancient India. The Indus Valley Civilization
left the oldest signs of mathematical understanding in the Indian subcontinent. The
Mohenjodaro ruler was created by the people of this civilization who attempted to
standardize length measuring to a high degree of accuracy.
5. In his Aryabhatiya, Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550)
introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and procedures, as well as
algebraic algorithms.

D. CHINA
China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with significant contributions to
medicine, astronomy, physics, mathematics, the arts, philosophy, and music, among other
fields. Many of China's neighbors, including Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam,
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries along the old Silk Road, have benefited
tremendously from Chinese civilization. The following are the contributions of China:
1. Traditional Chinese remedies are well-known, as they are the result of centuries of
Chinese people's experiences and discoveries. They discovered a variety of
medicinal characteristics and applications for diverse plants and animals in the
treatment of human illnesses. Acupuncture is a good illustration of this.
2. In terms of technology, the Chinese are known for creating a wide range of tools.
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing equipment were among the
notable discoveries and technologies of Chinese civilizations, which were first
known in the West by the end of the Middle Ages. They also invented a variety of
other equipment, such as the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, to name a
few. They also designed various bridge models, invented the first seismological
detector, and constructed a dry dock facility.
3. Chinese astronomers also made important records on supernovas, lunar and
solar eclipses, and comets, which were meticulously recorded and maintained in
order to better comprehend the heavenly bodies and their consequences on our
planet.
4. In seismology, the Chinese are well-known. This made them more prepared in the
event of a natural disaster.

Development of Science in Middle East Countries

Muslims occupy the majority of Middle Eastern countries. With the advent of Islam
in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship lasted until the 13th
century, known as the Golden Age of Islam. The Muslims' intellectualization was aided
by the common language of Arabic, access to Greek books from the Byzantine Empire,
and their proximity to India. Unlike the Greeks, however, Muslim scientists placed a
higher priority
on science experiments than simple thinking experiments. This resulted in the
development of the scientific method in the Muslim world, which made great
advancements by employing tests to discern between competing scientific ideas within a
broadly empirical framework.
Famous Muslim scientists, contribute the following:
5. Ibn al-Haytham is known as the "Father of Optics" for his empirical demonstration
of the light intromission theory.
6. The notion of algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, while
the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the first word in one of his books. Although
the Arabic Numeral System originated in India, Muslim mathematicians made
significant improvements to the system, including the introduction of decimal point
notation.
7. Jabir ibn Hayyan is known as the "Father of Chemistry."
8. Ibn Sina was the first physician to perform clinical trials and pioneered the field of
experimental medicine. The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, two of his
most famous medical works, were utilized as standard medicinal texts in both the
Muslim world and Europe during the 17th century. The discovery of the contagious
nature of infectious diseases and the creation of clinical pharmacology are just two
of his numerous accomplishments.

Development of Science in Africa

Natural and mineral resources abound throughout Africa. Long before the
Europeans colonized this region of the world, science flourished. The history of science
and mathematics reveals that, like other ancient civilizations, Africa's early civilizations
produced knowledge. The following are the most notable contributions of Africa:
1. In the domains of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, the Ancient Egyptian
civilization produced major contributions and advancements. The development
of geometry, for example, sprang from the need to preserve the layout and
ownership of Egyptian farmlands along the Nile River.
2. Egypt was noted for being a hub of alchemy, the medieval predecessor of
chemistry. They attempted to research human anatomy and pharmacology, as
well as apply crucial components for disease therapy such as inspection,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. These elements bore striking resemblances
to the basic empirical approach of scientific research.
3. In the African continent, astronomy was well-known. Documents demonstrate
that Africans utilized a variety of calendars, including lunar, solar, and stellar
calendars, or a combination of the three.
4. In ancient times, metallurgy was also known in African countries. They
developed metal implements for use in their houses, agriculture, and the
construction of their spectacular structures.
5. Mathematics was also known to play an important role in the lives of early
Africans. The Lebombo Bone, found in the mountains between Swaziland and
South Africa, is thought to be the oldest known mathematical artefact, dating
back to 35,000 BCE. It could have been a tool for multiplication, division, and
elementary arithmetic calculations, or a six-month lunar calendar.