Tiruneh S. et al.

/Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2019, 52 (2)

Effects of Pigeon Pea Leaves and Concentrate Mix

Supplementation on Biological Performance, Carcass Yield
and Market Weight of Central Highland Goats in Ethiopia
Solomon Tiruneh1, Bimrew Asmare2*, Firew Tegegne2, Zeleke Tessema1
1
Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 74, Woldia, Ethiopia
2
Bahir Dar University, School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box.5501, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pigeon pea leaves and concentrate mixture supplementation on
biological performance, carcass yield, market weight and carcass characteristics of male Central Highland Goats
(CHG) at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center, Northeastern Ethiopia. A total of 24 yearling intact male goats with
an initial body weight of 21.4±1.12 (Mean±SD) were used for this experiment. For the study, randomized complete
block design (RCBD) was employed. Experimental goats were divided in to 4 treatment groups and blocked in to 6
groups based on their initial live weight. Six goats were randomly allocated to each treatment group. The treatments
were: T1= grass hay ad libtum+100% Noug seed cake, T2= grass hay ad libtum+65% Noug seed cake+35% pigeon
pea hay, T3= grass hay ad libtum+35% Noug seed cake+65% pigeon pea hay and T4=grass hay ad libtum+100%
pigeon pea leaf hay on DM base. The finding indicated that total DM intake of T3 goats was 902.3 g/day, which was
higher (p<0.05) than that of other treatment groups. Goats under T3 and T4 also fed highest (p<0.01) average NDF
(611.7g/day) at than other treatment groups. However, the lowest ADF (335.6g/d) intake was recorded under T1.
There was a significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups on average daily weight gain and total weight
gain in the present study, which attained the highest in T3 (77.8g/day) and (6.5kg/84days), respectively. The feed
conversion ratio (FCR) of goats showed no significant (P>0.05) difference among treatments. The average dressing
percentage (DP) as basis of empty body weight recorded was within the range of (54.25-54.94). Similarly, DP as the
bases of slaughter weight was in the range of 45.25-47.6. Hence, it is recommended that Central Highland Goat
attained a market weight range of 25-30 kg within 84 day of feeding using pigeon pea leaves as protein supplement.
Based on accessibility and other biological importance of pigeon pea and better daily feed intake Central Highland
Goat supplement with 65% of pigeon pea and 35% of Noug seed cake as protein supplements mix with 50% Wheat
bran of daily supplementation requirement should be recommended
Keywords: carcass, Central Highland goat, dressing percentage, intake, weight gain

1. Introduction communities by improving the livelihood of

resource-challenged farmers by creating
alternative employment opportunities, enhancing
Ethiopia has different agro-ecological zones family income by sale of live animals, skin,
ranging from semi-arid to arid environments manure, etc. Goats act as an income buffer to the
which are suitable for goat production. The goat risks associated with erratic climatic changes [2],
population of Ethiopia is estimated at 30.2 and they also contributing to human nutrition in
million [1]. Goats play important roles in the form of meat and milk. The annual Ethiopian
goat meat and mutton production is 67580 and
86500 tons, respectively for goats and sheep
* Corresponding author: which contributes 16.98 and 21.73% of the total
Email: limasm2009@gmail.com ruminant livestock meat output [3]. Average

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carcass weight per head of sheep and goats is and carcass production performance of central
estimated 8 and10 kg, respectively. A major highland goat fed different proportion of pigeon
cause contributing to such low carcass yield is pea leaf hay and noug seed cake as protein
that animals are commonly slaughtered at supplement.
immature body weights, 18–20 kg for sheep and
16–18 kg for goats [4]. There are different
problems that affect productivity of goats such 2. Materials and methods
as: diseases, poor genotype, management, and
nutrition [5]. Feed and water scarcity in quality Description of the study area
and quantity is among major production The study was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural
constraints along the value chain [6]. Research Center (SARC) research site, which is
Feed production covers requirements only in located 508 km away from Addis Abeba. The site
exceptional good years; the deficit reaching 35% is located at an altitude of 1850 m a.s.l and at
in normal years and 70% in bad years [7]. The 1˚45'00''N, 39˚36'36''E. The rainfall pattern is
situation is exacerbated during the dry season bimodal, with two-rainfall season, Belg
when natural pastures usually dry out and are (Feb./Mar.-April) and Meher (July–Oct./Nov.) and
overgrazed, resulting in low contents of protein the mean annual rainfall amount is on average
and energy in the fodder. Therefore, it is about 950 mm. The area is a moderate warm
important to sought different feed sources that temperature zone with mean daily temperature
could be used as dry season supplement for ranges from 16–21oC.
goats. Previous works have reported that leaves
of multipurpose trees growing in the backyards Experimental animals and their management
of the farmers can be used as a cheap source of A total of 24 (9-12 month age) intact male
protein for supplementing livestock [8]. One of central highland goat were purchased from local
such fodder legumes is pigeon pea (Cajanus markets (Mersa, Kobo and Gerana). Totally 21
cajan) whose leaves are an important fodder and days for quarantine period were used before
serves as valuable source of feed for farm adaptation started. All the goats were ear tagged,
animals [9]. Pigeon pea leaf is an excellent vaccinated for the protection of common goat
source of protein ranging from 16.3-27% [10]. diseases and treated against internal and external
Pigeon pea can be fed along with low quality parasites during quarantine time. In addition 15
roughages to improve their utilization and to days used as an adaptation period.
increase growth rates and average daily body The experimental animals were randomly
weight gain up to 54.67 g per day of Ethiopian allocated into four treatment groups and each
local sheep [11]. In addition Pigeon pea remains group contains six animals, then goats separated
one of the most drought-tolerant and adaptable into their respective treatment groups and
legumes in the tropics [12]. supplemented with individual pens. The
Therefore, increasing the current level of treatment feed gradually introduced into the
productivity is essential to provide meat to the animals’ ration after two-week adaptation
ever-increasing human population, to increase period. The ration ingredients used in this
export earnings and household income thereby experiment were pigeon pea hay, wheat bran,
improving the living standard of smallholders noug seed cake and salt mixture formulated
[13]. So, developing feeding packages that support based on the daily DM requirement of the
the existing traditional production and the animals; i.e. 3.0% of their body weight per head.
emerging private producers and exporter is the All the experimental goats had got natural grass
timely intervention to increase production and hay and water ad libitum throughout the
productivity in order to meet the demand for meat experiment period.
and live animal export market [14]. It is therefore
important to supplement the major available Feed preparation
fodder with some amount of concentrates in order Pigeon pea leaves were harvested from Jari trial
to improve intake and digestibility of such poor site of the center. The re-growths were harvested
quality feed resources. The objective of this at about 50% flowering stage, air dried and
research was to evaluate feed utilization, growth stored for feeding trials. The grass was harvested

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at 10% heading stage from the research center Cost benefit analysis
pasture area, dried and stored in recommended Before slaughtering of goats selling price of
moisture content. Concentrate feeds were experimental goats were estimated and market
purchased from the factory and mixed according price of goat meat was collected for the
to the treatment settled. Samples of all feeds estimation of their selling price. The average
were taken and oven dried for 65°C for 72h to market price used to find out the market values
determine the dry matter percentage of the feeds. for the different treatment groups. Wheat bran,
noug seed cake goat purchasing and pigeon pea
Experimental design and treatments collection and preparation cost considered as a
The experiment was conducted in randomized variable cost for cost benefit analysis. The profit
complete block design (RCBD). Bucks were analyzed using the following equation [15]:
divided into 4 treatment groups and blocked in 6
by their live weight. Six bucks were randomly where: NI=net income; T=total return;
allocated to each treatment group on initial body VC=variable cost.
weight basis. Feed allowed were adjusted
weekly based on the weight gain of the animal Carcass evaluation
and the ad libtum feed. The experiment was Carcass evaluation was done after the feeding
undertaken with the following treatments: and digestibility trials were done. All goats
- T1grass hay ad libtum+50% WB+50% Noug devoid of experimental feed for 16 hours
seed cake weighed and slaughtered for carcass analysis.
- T2=grass hay ad libtum+50% WB+32.5% All goats were slaughtered for assessing carcass
Noug seed cake+17.5% pigeon pea hay characteristics. Prior to slaughter, body weight
- T3=grass hay ad libtum+50% WB+17.5% was measured to determine the slaughter weight.
Noug seed cake+32.5% pigeon pea hay The weights of edible and non-edible
- T4=grass hay ad libtum+50% WB+50% pigeon components of BW were recorded. Empty BW
pea leaf hay on DM base. of each animal was determined by subtracting
the weight of gut content from the slaughter
Digestibility trial weight. Dressing percentage was calculated as
The digestibility was done after the feeding trial proportion of hot carcass weight to slaughter and
completed. Samples of feces were dried and empty BW. Hot carcass weight was computed
milled using a cross-beater mill through 1-mm by excluding the contents of thoracic,
sieve and kept in plastic bottles until analysis. abdominal, and pelvic cavities, head, skin with
Feces of experimental goats were put in feet, and tail of the animal. Each carcass was cut
refrigerator for nutrient determination until between the 12th and 13th ribs perpendicular to
analysis. The animals were adapted to the the backbone to measure the cross sectional area
attached fecal bags for three days followed by of the rib-eye muscle area.
digestibility trial for seven days. The amount of
voided feces per goat/day was weighed, sub- Measurements and data collection
sampled 20% of the daily collected and 10% of Intake, initial body weight, weekly body weight,
the total sample were taken and placed in freezer final weight, necessary carcass measurement
at -20oC, pending analysis. parameters, costs were collected and economic
Thus, there were a total of 4 composite feed analysis was done to determine cost-
offer samples from each ingredient and from effectiveness of the ration and economic return
formulated feed and 4 refusal samples, which from forage based fattening. At the end of
were collected from each animal separately and digestibility trial all goats were slaughtered
pool per treatment. The apparent digestibility based on the standard for carcass analysis. The
coefficient (DC) was calculated as: supplementations were continued until all of the
treatment group animals’ attained live weight
within the range of 25-30 kg [16]. The total
amounts of feed offered and refused were daily
measured to determine the quantity of feed
intake throughout the experimental period.

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Every morning the refusals were collected, Data set from feed intake, body weight changes
weighed on individual bases; and the sample and carcass measurements in each treatment was
were bulked for laboratory analysis. During the analyzed using [19]. If there was significant
feeding trial, body weight (BW) was measured difference between treatments at P<0.05, mean
every 7 day interval with suspended weight separation among treatments were done using
balance of 200 g precision after before the the Tukey HSD Tests.
morning feed was offered. Feed conversion The model used was:
efficiency was calculated as the proportion of Yijk=µ+Bi+Tj+eijk
daily weight gain in gm and feed intake in gm. where; Yijk=response variables such as average
At the end of feeding trial, the value of each daily gain (ADG), DM intake, feed conversion
animal was estimated at the prevailing market efficiency (FCE), profits; μ=overall mean;
price. Bi=block effect; Tj=effect of the jth dietary
treatment; eijk=random error.
Feed chemical analysis
Before the treatment started for treatment
adjustment and after the trail done feed chemical 3. Results and discussion
analysis for nutrient intake and digestibility.
Samples of feed offered and refusals and feces Chemical composition of feeds
were subjected to the analysis of DM, ash, and The chemical composition of grass hay and the
nitrogen [17] as well as neutral detergent fiber supplements used in the current study was shown
(NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid in Table 1. The concentrate feeds were low in
detergent lignin (ADL) by the methods of [18]. fiber, rich in CP. The ADF and NDF content of
The CP content was calculated by multiplying wheat bran were lower than any of the other
nitrogen content with a factor 6.25. ingredients used to formulate the supplemental
diet.

Statistical analysis
Table 1. Chemical composition (%) of experimental feeds used in the current study
Experimental feeds DM Ash CP NDF ADF
Grass hay 89 12.3 9.6 64.44 30.2
Pigeon pea 89 10.1 24.5 53.33 29.29
Wheat bran 88 9.1 15.9 30.14 23.64
Nouge seed cake 89 10.1 31.9 42.2 30.27
DM=dry matter, CP=crude protein, NDF=neutral detergent fibre, ADF=acid detergent fibre

Dry matter and nutrient intakes Dry matter and nutrient digestibility
There were significant (P<0.05) differences in Apparent DM digestibility coefficient (% DM)
dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein, neutral of Central Highland goat fed on a basal diet of
detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber intake grass hay and supplemented with pigeon pea
among the treatments (Table 2). The highest leaves and concentrate mix was presented in
average DMI per day was recorded for T3 (902.3 Table 3. T2, T3 and T4 had higher CP, NDF and
g/Kg DM). ADF apparent digestibility over T1 goat.

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Table 2. Effect of experimental diets on feed intake (g/day) and growth performance of goats
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
b b a b
T DMI (g)/d/head 722.2 783.3 902.3 786.4 22.48 ***
TCPI (g)/d/head 119.0c 142.6b 160.5a 139.2b 5.28 ***
T NDFI (g)/d/head 474.8c 535.5b 611.7a 582.7a 22.73 ***
TADFI (g)/d/head 266.7b 332.0a 335.6a 342.0a 9.58 ***
Initial Wt (kg) 21.6 21.2 21.3 21.6 1.12 ns
Final Wt (kg) 25.2 25.5 28.6 26.2 1.26 ns
Total Gain (kg) 3.0b 4.9ab 6.5a 3.9b 0.69 *
ADG (g)/d/head 35.7b 58.5ab 77.8a 47.0b 8.28 *
FCE 6.77 5.95 7.64 3.90 1.24 ns
ab
means within a row not bearing a similar superscript letter significantly differ. *=(P<0.05); **=(P<0.01); NS=not
significant; SEM=standard error of the mean; SL=significant level; T1=grass hay ad libtum+100% Nouge seed
cake, T2=grass hay ad libtum+65% Nouge seed cake+35% pigeon pea hay, T3= grass hay ad libtum+35% Nouge
seed cake+65% pigeon pea hay, T4=grass hay ad libtum+100% pigeon pea leaf hay on DM base; DMI=Dry Matter
Intake, CPI=Crude Protein Intake, NDFI=Neutral Detergent Fiber, ADFI=Acid Detergent Fiber, ADG=Average
Daily Gain and FCR=Feed Conversion Ratio.

Table 3. Effect of dietary treatments on DM nutrient digestibility on Central Highland goat fed on a basal
diet of grass hay and supplemented with pigeon pea leaves and concentrate mix
Digestibility (%) T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
DM 67.95 67.72 70.50 69.27 0.83 ns
CP 68.09b 71.24a 72.44a 72.54a 1.09 *
NDF 62.64b 67.91a 67.81a 68.94a 1.06 ***
ADF 53.24c 63.32a 58.61b 60.83ab 1.37 ***
A, b, c
meanswithin a row not bearing a similar superscript letter significantly differ. *=(P<0.05); **=(P<0.01);
ns=not significant; SEM=standard error of the mean; SL=significant level; T1= grass hay ad libtum+100% Noug
seed cake, T2=grass hay ad libtum+65% Noug seed cake+35% pigeon pea hay, T3=grass hay ad libtum+35%
Noug seed cake+65% pigeon pea hay, T4=grass hay ad libtum+100% pigeon pea leaf hay on DM base.

Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency Carcass characteristics

There was a significant difference (P<0.05) All Caracas parameters statically had no
among treatments on average daily weight gain significant difference (p>0.05) (Table 4).
and total weight change in the present study However, the result revealed that Slaughter weight
(Table 2). T3 gained the highest ADG and (SW), Hot Carcass Weight (HCW) and Empty
TWG, which was 77.8 g/day and 6.5 kg/84 days, Body Weight (EBW) of Central Highland goats
respectively it may be due to higher DM and CP feed pigeon pea and concentrate mix result were
intake recorded under this treatment. comparable and greater than other similar studies
in Ethiopia.

Table 4. Carcass characteristics of Central highland goat feed pigeon pea and concentrate mix
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
Hind quart (kg) 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.5 0.22 ns
Fore quart (kg) 6.2 6.2 7.2 6.4 0.48 ns
Leg (kg) 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.7 0.21 ns
Loin (kg) 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.75 0.06 ns
Leg+Shoulder+Neck (kg) 4.2 4.1 4.7 4.2 0.32 ns
Rib+Chest (kg) 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.2 0.19 ns
Thin cut (g) 684.5 645.5 629.2 568.2 54.78 ns
Rib eye area (cm2) 11.3 11.4 11.2 12 6.88 ns
Means within a row not bearing a similar superscript letter significantly differ. *=(P<0.05); **=(P<0.01); ns=not
significant; SEM=standard error of mean; SL=significant level; T1=grass hay ad libtum+100% Noug seed cake,
T2=grass hay ad libtum+65% Noug seed cake+35% pigeon pea hay, T3= grass hay ad libtum+35% Noug seed
cake+65% pigeon pea hay, T4=grass hay ad libtum+100% pigeon pea leaf hay on DM base.

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Non-carcass components pea and concentrate mix were no significant

Table 5 shows non-carcass components of Central difference (p>0.05) for all non-carcass/offal
Highland goats feed pigeon pea leaves and parameters except blood, which was recorded
concentrate mixture. The effects of feeding pigeon 1042 g (T1) and 1036 g (T3).

Table 5. Non carcass components of Central Highland goats fed pigeon pea
and concentrate mix under intensive management
Parameters T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM SL
Edible offal
Kidney (g) 77.7 87.1 82.7 83.7 19.93 Ns
Head (g) 1449.5 1365.8 1548.8 1505.8 71.65 Ns
Liver with bile (g) 536.8 544.2 534.6 469.7 28.67 Ns
Heart (g) 131.0 130.6 143.2 122.1 8.48 Ns
Empty gut (g) 825.8 867.6 857.5 846.4 29.09 Ns
Blood (g) 1042.5a 969.1ab 1036.5a 898.9b 37.02 *
Total edible offal 4063.3 3964.5 4203.4 3976.7 0.182 Ns
ab
means within a row not bearing a similar superscript letter significantly differ. *=(P<0.05); **=(P<0.01); ns=not
significant; SEM=standard error of mean; SL=significant level; T1= grass hay ad libtum+100% Noug seed cake,
T2=grass hay ad libtum+65% Noug seed cake+35% pigeon pea hay, T3=grass hay ad libtum+35% Noug seed cake
+65% pigeon pea hay, T4=grass hay ad libtum+100% pigeon pea leaf hay on DM base.

Number of days required to attain market weight concentrate mixture [20]. The present study
and economic analysis confirmed that daily DMI proportion to live
The study revealed that Central highland goat weight of the Central Highland goat was within
managed under intensive management achieved the range of 2.6–3.2% reported for Small East
market weight requirement within 84 days of African goat and their crosses with Norwegian
feeding trail followed 15-day adaptation of newly goat fed hay and supplemented with
introduced feed. concentrate[23]. Average DMI (902.3 g) per day
The chemical composition of grass hay, which was greater than the result obtained from Boer x
was harvested from the research center pasture Woyto-Guji Crossbred Goats supplement with
land, contained relatively better quality which Commercial Concentrate with Acacia nilotica Pod
contained CP higher than the minimum of 70 Meal which was recorded 822.09 g [24].
g/kg DM, CP required to support optimal On the other hand, this study confirmed that
microbial activity in the rumen [20]. The CP dried pigeon pea leaves had a potential to
content of the grass hay is comparable with the substitute noug seed cake up to 65%; which was
report of [21], which was recorded 9.9 to 10.1%. agreed with other studies in Ethiopia
But Noug seed cake contains higher Cp content supplementation of dried pigeon pea leaves has
31.9% than the report of [21] which was resulted in an increase in weight gain of kids
reported 28.9%. Based on its CP content, the [25]. The DM digestibility in this study were
grass hay used in this experiment could support 67.72–70.50%, which was agreed with the study
adequate rumen microbial function or reported on Boer x Woyto-Guji Crossbred Goats
maintenance requirement of an adult ruminant supplemented with Acacia nilotica Pod Meals
and may also support optimum DM intake, since within the range of 45.02–69.89% [24]; but this
roughage feeds with more than 70–80 g CP/kg study obtained better DMD% than the report on
DM do not depress intake and digestibility of the Napier supplement with molasses protected
feeds [22]. palm kernel cake and soya waste four goat
The higher crude protein intake also recorded 64.1% (Mohammed et al. 2013). However, the
under T3 (160.5g). Goats used this study daily cp (71.24-72.54) digestibility was smaller than
consume a higher dry matter amount which was the result reported from Boer x Woyto-Guji
compared Nutrient intakes were of experimental Crossbred Goats supplemented with Acacia
goats shown an increment until the protein nilotica Pod Meals (83.06) which was reported
supplement Noug with a similar study done on by [24] and for Central Highland goat fed
three Ethiopia indigenous goat feed hay and concentrate mix which was 74.9 [26].

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This study confirmed that Central highland goats goats under semi-intensive feeding management
gain a best average daily BW when compared supplemented with concentrate mix and lucenea
with similar breed treated under the supplement of leaf which needs 168 days [16] fed the same
concentrate feed were recorded 54.0 g/day and breed. This may be due to small feed intake, the
32.1 g/day for 50% Boer goat cross with CHG and difference in nutrient composition and different
pure CHG, respectively [26]. In addition, the management system. But this result agreed with
result was higher than the previous study 42.1 most of feeding trial done on most goat breeds
g/day reported for central highland goat feed for instant [28]; they reported goat attained
concentrate mixture [20] which was reported market weight within 84 days.
ADG 33–49 g/day for Harrege Highland goats fed The net income calculated from the total cost and
different levels of leftover khat. Better total revenue obtained from the sale of goat.
performance in daily BW gain in goats Feeding of yearling Central Highland goat with a
supplemented with concentrate might be due to proportion of 65% dried pigeon pea leaves and
higher CP intake from the supplements [21]. 35% of Noug seed cake as a protein source and
The total body weight change recorded through wheat bran as an energy source for grass hay as a
84 day feeding period in the current study was at basal diet, confirmed that the highest net income
T3 (6.5 kg); which was in line with the result was recorded (254.84 ETB); which was
obtained from Boer x Woyto-Guji Crossbred comparable with fattening Afar goat kids by
Goats supplemented with Acacia nilotica Pod supplementing 25% wheat bran and 75%
Meals was of 6.25 kg [24]. Feed Conversion Leucaena leaf, hay mixture after grazing brought
Efficiency (FCE) of Central Highland goats the highest net income (244.45 ETB) [16]. The
treated under this study was no significant non-edible carcass components result was
difference between treatments (P>0.05). The comparable with the result of similar breed feed
result of this study contained FCE ranges from concentrate mix 1010 g [26].
3.9 to 7.64 which were within the range of 3.7-
7.8 [27].
According to Belay and Mengestie (2013) [28], 4. Conclusions
Central Highland goat feed concentrates mix
gained HCW (12.5 kg) was agreed with the The study confirms that Central Highland goats
current study (11.1-12.3 kg) but EBW (24.9 kg) managed under intensive condition fed a
gained were greater than the current study maximum 3.1% DM of their body weight daily.
(20.42-22.28 kg). The effects of concentrate and So, goats fed higher energy levels recorded higher
pigeon pea dried leaves had no significant effect weights and carcass yields. Central highland goat
on DP when expressed as percentage of empty recorded under this study was under recorded
and slaughter weight. The average DP as acceptable rib eye area which indicates a quality
percentage of empty weight of Central Highland carcass production. Based on the current finding,
goats in this study (54.25-54.94) was Central Highland Goat supplement with 65% of
comparable to the report of [20] three Ethiopian pigeon pea and 35% of Noug seed cake as protein
indigenous goat breeds fed concentrate mix supplement mix with wheat bran, which contribute
which recorded within the range of 51.2-54.4%, 50% from daily supplementation requirement,
but greater than 49.3-51.2 and 40.5 for Sidama should be recommended. It is better to carry out
and Central Highland goats, respectively [21, an onfarm trial using the above feeding regime to
28]. exploit the potential of Central Highland Goats in
Rib eye area of the current study was higher than the area. Further research on meat quality analysis
the report of Central highland goat Bati type feed should done for goats fed hay as a basal diet and
concentrate mix (6.9 cm2). supplment with pigeon pea dried leaves.
According to the report of [20], larger rib-eye
area is associated with higher production of lean References
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