ISO 178-01 AKSYS StoreDownload

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 178
Fourth edition
2001-12-15
Plastics — Determination of flexural

properties
Plastiques — Détermination des propriétés en flexion
Reference number
ISO 178:2001(E)
© ISO 2001
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ISO 178:2001(E)
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ii © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

ISO 178:2001(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Principle.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
5 Test machine.................................................................................................................................................. 5
6 Test specimens.............................................................................................................................................. 6
7 Conditioning................................................................................................................................................... 9
8 Procedure ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
9 Calculation and expression of results....................................................................................................... 11
10 Precision....................................................................................................................................................... 13
11 Test report .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Annex A (normative) Compliance correction.........................................................................................................14
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
© ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 178:2001(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 178 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2,
Mechanical properties.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 178:1993), which has been updated in the following
ways:
 a method of correcting for curvature at the beginning of the stress/strain curve is given (see 9.2);
 a method of correcting for the compliance of the test machine is given (see annex A).
Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard.
iv © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 178:2001(E)
Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
1 Scope
1.1 This International Standard specifies a method for determining the flexural properties of rigid (see 3.12) and
semi-rigid plastics under defined conditions. A standard test specimen is defined, but parameters are included for
alternative specimen sizes for use where appropriate. A range of test speeds is included.
1.2 The method is used to investigate the flexural behaviour [1] of the test specimens and for determining the
flexural strength, flexural modulus and other aspects of the flexural stress/strain relationship under the conditions
defined. It applies to a freely supported beam, loaded at midspan (three-point loading test).
1.3 The method is suitable for use with the following range of materials:
 thermoplastics moulding and extrusion materials, including filled and reinforced compounds in addition to
unfilled types; rigid thermoplastics sheets;
 thermosetting moulding materials, including filled and reinforced compounds; thermosetting sheets.
In agreement with ISO 10350-1 and ISO 10350-2, this International Standard applies to fibre-reinforced
compounds with fibre lengths u 7,5 mm prior to processing. For long-fibre-reinforced materials (laminates) with
fibre lengths > 7,5 mm, see reference [2] in the bibliography.
The method is not normally suitable for use with rigid cellular materials and sandwich structures containing cellular
material [3, 4].
NOTE For certain types of textile-fibre-reinforced plastics, a four-point bending test is preferred. It is described in
reference [2].
1.4 The method is performed using specimens which may be moulded to the specified dimensions, machined
from the central portion of a standard multipurpose test specimen (see ISO 3167) or machined from finished or
semi-finished products such as mouldings, or extruded or cast sheet.
1.5 The method specifies preferred dimensions for the test specimen. Tests which are carried out on specimens
of different dimensions, or on specimens which are prepared under different conditions, may produce results which
are not comparable. Other factors, such as the test speed and the conditioning of the specimens, can also
influence the results. Especially for semi-crystalline polymers, the thickness of the oriented skin layer, which is
dependent on moulding conditions and thickness, affects the flexural properties. Consequently, when comparable
data are required, these factors must be carefully controlled and recorded.
1.6 Flexural properties can only be used for engineering design purposes for materials with linear stress/strain
behaviour. For non-linear behaviour, the flexural properties are only nominal. The bending test should preferentially
be used with brittle materials, for which tensile tests are difficult.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
© ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 178:2001(E)
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 291:1997, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 293:1986, Plastics — Compression moulding test specimens of thermoplastic materials
ISO 294-1:1996, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 1: General
principles, and moulding of multipurpose and bar specimens
ISO 295:—1), Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials
ISO 2602:1980, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 2818:1994, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 3167:2001, Plastics — Multipurpose test specimens
ISO 5893:1993, Rubber and plastics test equipment — Tensile, flexural and compression types (constant rate of
traverse) — Description
ISO 10724-1:1998, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermosetting powder moulding compounds
(PMCs) — Part 1: General principles and moulding of multipurpose test specimens
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
test speed
v
rate of relative movement between the supports and the loading edge
NOTE It is expressed in millimetres per minute (mm/min).
3.2
flexural stress
σf
nominal stress of the outer surface of the test specimen at midspan
NOTE It is calculated from the relationship given in 9.1, equation (5), and is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
3.3
flexural stress at break
σ fB
flexural stress at break of the test specimen (see Figure 1, curves a and b)
NOTE It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
3.4
flexural strength
σ fM
maximum flexural stress sustained by the test specimen during a bending test (see Figure 1, curves a and b)
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 295:1991)
2 © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

ISO 178:2001(E)
3.5
flexural stress at conventional deflection
σfc
flexural stress at the conventional deflection sC defined in 3.7 (see Figure 1, curve c)
3.6
deflection
s
distance over which the top or bottom surface of the test specimen at midspan deviates from its original position
during flexure
NOTE It is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.7
conventional deflection
sC
deflection equal to 1,5 times the thickness h of the test specimen
NOTE 1 It is expressed in millimetres (mm).
NOTE 2 Using a span L of 16h, the conventional deflection corresponds to a flexural strain (see 3.8) of 3,5 %.
Curve a Specimen that breaks before yielding.

Curve b Specimen that gives a maximum and then breaks before the conventional deflection sC.
Curve c Specimen that neither gives a maximum nor breaks before the conventional deflection sC.
Figure 1 — Typical curves of flexural stress σf versus flexural strain ε f and deflection s

ISO 178:2001(E)
3.8
flexural strain
εf
nominal fractional change in length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen at midspan
NOTE 1 It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).
NOTE 2 It is calculated in accordance with the relationships given in 9.2, equations (6) and (7).
3.9
flexural strain at break
ε fB
flexural strain at break of the test specimen (see Figure 1, curves a and b)
NOTE It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).
3.10
flexural strain at flexural strength
ε fM
flexural strain at maximum flexural stress (see Figure 1, curves a and b)
NOTE It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).
3.11
modulus of elasticity in flexure
flexural modulus
Ef
ratio of the stress difference σ f 2 − σ f 1 to the corresponding strain difference ε f 2 (= 0,002 5) − ε f 1 (= 0,000 5) [see
9.2, equation (9)]
NOTE 1 It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).
NOTE 2 The flexural modulus is only an approximate value of Young's modulus of elasticity.
NOTE 3 With computer-aided equipment, the determination of the modulus Ef using two distinct stress/strain points can be
replaced by a linear regression procedure applied to the part of the curve between these two points.
3.12
rigid plastic
a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity in flexure or, if that is not applicable, then in tension, greater than 700 MPa
under stated conditions [ISO 472]
4 Principle
The test specimen, supported as a beam, is deflected at a constant rate at the midspan until the specimen
fractures or until the deformation reaches some predetermined value. During this procedure, the force applied to
the test specimen is measured.

ISO 178:2001(E)
5 Test machine
5.1 General
The machine shall comply with ISO 5893 and the requirements given in 5.2 to 5.4.
5.2 Test speed
The machine shall be capable of maintaining the test speed (see 3.1), as specified in Table 1.
Table 1 — Recommended values of the test speed, v
Test speed, v Tolerance

mm/min %
1a ± 20b
2 ± 20b
5 ± 20
10 ± 20
20 ± 10
50 ± 10
100 ± 10
200 ± 10
500 ± 10
a The lowest speed is used for specimens with thicknesses between 1 mm
and 3,5 mm (see 8.5).
b The tolerances on the 1 mm/min and 2 mm/min speeds are lower than
indicated in ISO 5893.
Acceleration, seating and machine compliance may contribute to a curved region at the start of the stress/strain
curve. This can be avoided as explained in 8.4 and 9.2.
5.3 Supports and loading edge
Two supports and a central loading edge shall be arranged as shown in Figure 2. The supports and the loading
edge shall be parallel to within ± 0,2 mm over the width of the test specimen.
The radius R1 of the loading edge and the radius R2 of the supports shall be as follows:
R1 = 5,0 mm ± 0,1 mm;
R2 = 2,0 mm ± 0,2 mm for test specimen thicknesses u 3 mm;
R2 = 5,0 mm ± 0,2 mm for test specimen thicknesses > 3 mm.
The span L shall be adjustable.
NOTE It may be necessary to prestress the specimen to obtain correct alignment and specimen seating and to avoid a
curved region at the start of the stress/strain curve (see 8.4).

ISO 178:2001(E)
Key
1 Test specimen h Thickness of specimen
F Applied force l Length of specimen
R1 Radius of loading edge L Length of span between supports
R2 Radius of supports
Figure 2 — Position of test specimen at start of test
5.4 Load- and deflection-indicating equipment
The error in the indicated force shall not exceed 1 % of the actual value and the error in the indicated deflection
shall not exceed 1 % of the actual value (see ISO 5893).
NOTE 1 When determining the flexural modulus, the actual values used are those corresponding to the upper limit of the
strain difference, i.e. ε 2 = 0,002 5. Thus when using the preferred specimen type (see 6.1.2), a specimen thickness h of 4 mm
and a span L of 16h (see 8.3), for instance, equation (6) gives a deflection s2 of 0,43 mm. In this case, the tolerance on the
deflection-measuring system has to be ± 4,3 µm.
NOTE 2 Systems have become commercially available that use ring-shaped strain gauges, and thus any lateral forces which
may be generated by misalignment of the test set-up are compensated for.
6 Test specimens
6.1 Shape and dimensions
6.1.1 General
The dimensions of the test specimens shall comply with the relevant material standard and, as applicable, with
6.1.2 or 6.1.3. Otherwise, the type of specimen shall be agreed between the interested parties.

ISO 178:2001(E)
6.1.2 Preferred specimen type
The dimensions, in millimetres, of the preferred test specimen are
length, l: 80 ± 2
width, b: 10,0 ± 0,2
thickness, h: 4,0 ± 0,2
In any one test specimen, the thickness within the central third of the length shall not deviate by more than 2 %
from its mean value. The width shall not deviate from its mean value within this part of the specimen by more than
3 %. The specimen cross-section shall be rectangular, with no rounded edges.
NOTE The preferred specimen may be machined from the central part of a multipurpose test specimen complying with
ISO 3167.
6.1.3 Other test specimens
When it is not possible or desirable to use the preferred test specimen, the following limits shall apply.
The length and thickness of the test specimen shall be in the same ratio as for the preferred test specimen, i.e.
l
= 20 ± 1 (1)
h
unless affected by the provisions of 8.3 a), 8.3 b) or 8.3 c).
NOTE Certain specifications require that test specimens from sheets of thickness greater than a specified upper limit shall
be reduced to a standard thickness by machining one face only. In such cases, it is conventional practice to place the test
specimen such that the original surface of the specimen is in contact with the two supports and the force is applied by the
central loading edge to the machined surface of the specimen.
The width of the specimen shall be as given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Values of specimen width b in relation to thickness h

Dimensions in millimetres
Nominal thickness h Width ba
1<hu3 25,0 ± 0,5
3<hu5 10,0 ± 0,5
5 < h u 10 15,0 ± 0,5
10 < h u 20 20,0 ± 0,5
20 < h u 35 35,0 ± 0,5
35 < h u 50 50,0 ± 0,5
a For materials with very coarse fillers, the minimum width shall be
30 mm.

ISO 178:2001(E)
6.2 Anisotropic materials
6.2.1 In the case of materials having physical properties that depend on direction, e.g. elasticity, the test
specimens shall be chosen so that the flexural stress will be applied in the same, or in a similar, direction as that to
which products (moulded articles, sheets, tubes, etc.) will be subjected in service, if this direction is known. The
relationship between the test specimen and the end-product envisaged will determine the feasibility of using
standard test specimens.
NOTE The position or orientation and the dimensions of the test specimens sometimes have a very significant influence on
the test results.
6.2.2 When the material shows a significant difference in flexural properties in two principal directions, it shall be
tested in these two directions. The orientation of the test specimen relative to the principal directions shall be
recorded (see Figure 3).
Key
L Product length direction
W Product width direction
Position of specimen Product direction Direction of force
LN Length
Normal
WN Width
LP Length
Parallel
WP Width
Figure 3 — Position of test specimen in relation to product direction and direction of force

ISO 178:2001(E)
6.3 Preparation of test specimens
6.3.1 Moulding and extrusion compounds
Specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the relevant material specification. When none exists, and unless
otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression moulded or injection moulded from the material in
accordance with ISO 293, ISO 294-1, ISO 295 or ISO 10724-1, as appropriate.
6.3.2 Sheets
Specimens shall be machined from sheets in accordance with ISO 2818.
6.4 Specimen inspection
The specimens shall be free of twist, and their opposite surfaces shall be parallel and adjacent surfaces
perpendicular. All surfaces and edges shall be free from scratches, pits, sink marks and flash.
The specimens shall be checked for conformity with these requirements by visual observation against straight
edges, squares and flat plates, and by measuring with micrometer calipers.
Specimens showing measurable or observable departures from one or more of these requirements shall be
rejected or machined to proper size and shape before testing.
NOTE Injection-moulded test specimens usually have draft angles of between 1° and 2° to facilitate demoulding.
Therefore, the side faces of moulded test specimens will generally not be quite parallel.
6.5 Number of test specimens
6.5.1 At least five test specimens shall be tested in each direction of test (see Figure 3). The number of
specimens may be more than five if greater precision of the mean value is required. It is possible to evaluate this by
means of the confidence interval (95 % probability, see ISO 2602).
6.5.2 In the case of directly injection-moulded test specimens, at least five shall be tested.
NOTE It is recommended that specimens always be tested oriented in the same way, i.e. with the surface which was in
contact with the cavity plate or that which was in contact with the fixed plate (see ISO 294-1 or ISO 10724-1, as appropriate)
always in contact with the supports, in order to exclude the effects of any asymmetry generated by the moulding process.
6.5.3 The results from test specimens that rupture outside the central third of their span length shall be discarded
and new test specimens tested in their place.
7 Conditioning
The test specimens shall be conditioned as specified in the standard for the material being tested. In the absence
of this information, select the most appropriate conditions from ISO 291, unless otherwise agreed upon by the
interested parties, e.g. for testing at high or low temperatures. The preferred set of conditions in ISO 291 is
atmosphere 23/50, except when the flexural properties of the material are known to be insensitive to moisture, in
which case humidity control is unnecessary.
8 Procedure
8.1 Conduct the test in the atmosphere specified in the standard for the material being tested. In the absence of
this information, select the most appropriate conditions from ISO 291, unless otherwise agreed upon by the
interested parties, e.g. for testing at high or low temperatures.

ISO 178:2001(E)
8.2 Measure the width b of the test specimens to the nearest 0,1 mm and the thickness h to the nearest 0,01 mm
in the centre of the test specimens. Calculate the mean thickness h for the set of specimens.
Discard any specimens with a thickness exceeding the tolerance of ± 2 % of the mean value and replace them by
other specimens chosen at random.
NOTE For the purposes of this International Standard, the test specimen dimensions used to calculate flexural properties
are measured at room temperature only. For the measurement of properties at other temperatures, therefore, the effects of
thermal expansion are not taken into account.
8.3 Adjust the span L to comply with the following equation:
L = (16 ± 1) h (2)
and measure the resulting span to the nearest 0,5 %.
Equation (2) shall be used except in the following cases:
a) For very thick and unidirectional fibre-reinforced test specimens, if necessary to avoid delamination in shear,
use a span length based on a higher value of the ratio L / h .
b) For very thin test specimens, if necessary to enable measurements to be made within the working range of the
test machine, use a span length based on a lower value of the ratio L / h .
c) For soft thermoplastics, if necessary to prevent indentation of the supports into the test specimen, use a higher
value of the ratio L / h .
8.4 Do not load the specimen substantially prior to testing. Such loads may be necessary, however, to avoid a
curved region at the start of the stress/strain diagram. For modulus measurement, the flexural stress in the
specimen at the start of a test σ f 0 (see Figure 4) shall be positive and shall lie within the range
0 u σ f 0 u 5 × 10–4Ef (3)
which corresponds to a prestrain of ε f 0 u 0,05 %, and when measuring characteristics such as σ f M, σ f C or σ f B it

shall lie within the range
0 u σ f 0 u 10–2σ f (4)
NOTE The flexural modulus of strongly viscoelastic, ductile materials like polyethylene, polypropylene or moist polyamides
is influenced markedly by prestressing.
8.5 Set the test speed in accordance with the standard for the material being tested. In the absence of this
information, select a value from Table 1 that gives a flexural strain rate as near as possible to 1 % per minute. This
gives a test speed of 2 mm/min for the preferred test specimen specified in 6.1.2.
8.6 Place the test specimen symmetrically on the two supports and apply the force at midspan (see Figure 2).
8.7 Record the force and the corresponding deflection of the specimen during the test, using, if practicable, an
automatic recording system that yields a complete flexural-stress/deflection curve for this operation [see 9.1,
equation (5)].
Determine all relevant stresses, deflections and strains defined in clause 3 from a force/deflection or
stress/deflection curve or from equivalent data. See annex A for a method of compliance correction.

ISO 178:2001(E)
Key
1 Initial part of stress/strain plot showing a curved region.
2 Initial part of stress/strain plot showing a step due to forces being measured only above a trigger threshold.
a u 5 × 10–4Ef or u 10–2σ f
Figure 4 — Example of stress/strain plots with an initial curved region and with a step,
and determination of zero-strain point
9 Calculation and expression of results
9.1 Flexural stress
Calculate the flexural-stress parameters defined in clause 3 using the following equation:
3 FL
sf = (5)
2bh 2
where
σ f is the flexural-stress parameter in question;

F is the applied force, in newtons;
L is the span, in millimetres;
b is the width, in millimetres, of the specimen;
h is the thickness, in millimetres, of the specimen.

ISO 178:2001(E)
9.2 Flexural strain
Calculate the flexural-strain parameters defined in clause 3 using one of the following equations:
6sh
ef = (6)
L2
600 sh
ef = % (7)
L2
where
εf is the flexural-strain parameter in question, expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage;
s is the deflection, in millimetres;
h is the thickness, in millimetres, of the test specimen;
L is the span, in millimetres.
If a curved region is found in the initial part of the stress/strain diagram, extrapolate to zero strain from stresses
slightly above the initial flexural stress described in 8.4 (see also Figure 4).
9.3 Flexural modulus
To determine the flexural modulus, calculate the deflections s1 and s2 corresponding to the given values of the
flexural strain ε f 1 = 0,000 5 and ε f 2 = 0,002 5 using the following equation:
e f i L2
si = (i = 1; 2) (8)
6h
where
si is one of the deflections, in millimetres;
ε f i is the corresponding flexural strain, whose values ε f 1 and ε f 2 are given above;
L is the span, in millimetres;
h is the thickness, in millimetres, of the specimen.
Calculate the flexural modulus Ef, expressed in megapascals, using the following equation:
s f 2 - s f1
Ef = (9)
e f 2 - e f1
where
σ f 1 is the flexural stress, in megapascals, measured at deflection s1;
σ f 2 is the flexural stress, in megapascals, measured at deflection s2.
For computer-aided equipment, see note 3 to 3.11.

ISO 178:2001(E)
NOTE All equations concerning flexural properties hold exactly for linear stress/strain behaviour only (see 1.6); thus for
most plastics they are accurate at small deflections only. The equations given may, however, be used for comparison purposes.
9.4 Statistical parameters
Calculate the arithmetic mean of the test results and, if required, the standard deviation and the 95 % confidence
interval of the mean value using the procedure given in ISO 2602.
9.5 Significant figures
Calculate the stresses and the modulus to three significant figures. Calculate the deflections to two significant
figures.
10 Precision
The precision of this test method is not known because interlaboratory data are not available. When interlaboratory
data are obtained, a precision statement will be added at the following revision.
11 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this International Standard;
b) all the information necessary for identification of the material tested, including type, source, manufacturer's
code-number, form and previous history where these are known;
c) for sheets, the thickness of the sheet and, if applicable, the directions of the major axes of the specimens in
relation to some feature of the sheet;
d) the shape and dimensions of the test specimens;
e) the method of preparing the specimens;
f) the test conditions and conditioning procedures, if applicable;
g) the number of specimens tested;
h) the nominal span used;
i) the test speed;
j) the accuracy grading of the test machine (see ISO 5893);
k) the surface on which the force was applied;
l) the individual test results, if required;
m) the mean values of the individual results;
n) the standard deviations and the 95 % confidence intervals of these mean values, if required;
o) the date of the test.

ISO 178:2001(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Compliance correction
If the deflection s cannot be measured directly and must be replaced by precisely recording the change sC in the
distance between the crossheads of the test machine, this change in distance shall be corrected for the compliance
CM of the machine. CM is determined using a reference bar of highly rigid reference material of known tensile
modulus, e.g. steel sheeting. The deflection s is calculated using the equations
s = s C - CMF (A.1)
and
s L3R
CM = R - (A.2)
F 4 E R bR hR3
where
s is the deflection, in millimetres;
sC is the change, in millimetres, in the distance between two selected points on the test machine;
CM is the compliance, in millimetres per newton, of the test machine between the selected points;
sR is the change, in millimetres, in the distance between the selected points when using the reference
specimen;
F is the force, in newtons;
ER is the tensile modulus, in megapascals, of the reference material;
LR is the span, in millimetres, during compliance determination;
bR is the width, in millimetres, of the reference specimen;
dR is the thickness, in millimetres, of the reference specimen.
Alternatively, if it is possible to measure precisely the deflection ∆ sR of the reference specimen relative to the
supports, the machine compliance can be determined from the equation
1
CM =
F
(s * - ∆ s R) (A.3)
where
s* is the displacement indicated by the equipment during the test, e.g. crosshead displacement;
∆ sR is the deflection of the reference specimen as determined by a calibrated reference instrument.
In this case, the modulus of the reference material does not have to be known.
Ensure that the compliance CM is constant for the relevant range of forces. The simple linear relation assumed here
(sC = CM × F) for machine deformation due to compliance may be not valid if e.g. seating effects in one or more
components of the machine occur.

ISO 178:2001(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 527-1:1993, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 1: General principles
[2] ISO 14125:1998, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of flexural properties
[3] ISO 1209-1:1990, Cellular plastics, rigid — Flexural tests — Part 1: Bending test
[4] ISO 1209-2:1990, Cellular plastics, rigid — Flexural tests — Part 2: Determination of flexural properties
[5] ISO 472:1999, Plastics — Vocabulary

ISO 178:2001(E)
ICS 83.080.01
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INTERNATIONAL ISO

Plastics — Determination of flexural

Licensed to ARTEC PESQ. DOC. LTDA/FATIMA LOPES

ii © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

© ISO 2001 – All rights reserved iii

Annex A forms a normative part of this International Standard.

iv © ISO 2001 – All rights reserved

Plastics — Determination of flexural properties

© ISO 2001 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 291:1997, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing

ISO 293:1986, Plastics — Compression moulding test specimens of thermoplastic materials

ISO 295:—1), Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials

ISO 2818:1994, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining

ISO 3167:2001, Plastics — Multipurpose test specimens

3 Terms and definitions

NOTE It is expressed in millimetres per minute (mm/min).

NOTE It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

NOTE It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 295:1991)

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NOTE It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

NOTE It is expressed in millimetres (mm).

NOTE 1 It is expressed in millimetres (mm).

Curve a Specimen that breaks before yielding.

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NOTE 1 It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).

NOTE It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).

NOTE It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio or as a percentage (%).

NOTE 1 It is expressed in megapascals (MPa).

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5.2 Test speed

Table 1 — Recommended values of the test speed, v

Test speed, v Tolerance

5.3 Supports and loading edge

R1 = 5,0 mm ± 0,1 mm;

R2 = 2,0 mm ± 0,2 mm for test specimen thicknesses u 3 mm;

R2 = 5,0 mm ± 0,2 mm for test specimen thicknesses > 3 mm.

The span L shall be adjustable.

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Figure 2 — Position of test specimen at start of test

5.4 Load- and deflection-indicating equipment

6.1 Shape and dimensions

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6.1.2 Preferred specimen type

The dimensions, in millimetres, of the preferred test specimen are

width, b: 10,0 ± 0,2

thickness, h: 4,0 ± 0,2

6.1.3 Other test specimens

unless affected by the provisions of 8.3 a), 8.3 b) or 8.3 c).

The width of the specimen shall be as given in Table 2.

Table 2 — Values of specimen width b in relation to thickness h

Nominal thickness h Width ba

1<hu3 25,0 ± 0,5

3<hu5 10,0 ± 0,5

5 < h u 10 15,0 ± 0,5

10 < h u 20 20,0 ± 0,5

20 < h u 35 35,0 ± 0,5

35 < h u 50 50,0 ± 0,5

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