When a solid melt, or a liquid boils, the particles move away repulsion, a temporary dipole on one atom can

tom can induce

from each other. As they do, intermolecular forces of attraction a similar dipole on a neighboring atom.
are broken. The stronger the intermolecular forces to be broken, ➢ This will cause the neighboring atoms to be attracted
the larger the amount of energy needed to break them, hence, the to one another. This is called the London dispersion
higher the melting point for solid to liquid transformation, and
force (or just dispersion force). It is significant only
boiling point for liquid to gas transformation.
when the atoms are close together.
The diff types of intermolecular forces are the following:
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar
London Dispersion Forces – these forces of attraction. molecules (molecules that possess dipole moments). In
This type of force is stronger than the dispersion forces polar molecules the electrons are unevenly distributed
because polar molecules have a permanent uneven because some elements are more electronegative than
distribution of electrons. The nature of attraction is others. The partial negative side of one molecule is
electrostatic and can be understood in terms of Coulomb's attracted to the partial positive side of another molecule.
law: The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the
This type of force is stronger than the dispersion forces
attraction result from temporary dipole moments induced
because polar molecules have a permanent uneven
in ordinarily nonpolar molecules. These forces are present
distribution of electrons. The nature of attraction is
between all types of molecules due to the movement of
electrostatic and can be understood in terms of Coulomb’s
electrons. As electrons move around the nucleus, an
law: The larger the dipole moment, the stronger the
uneven distribution causes momentary charge separations.
attraction.
Slightly positive sides of a molecule are attracted to the
slightly negative sides of the adjacent molecule. The extent Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole
to which a dipole moment can be induced in a molecule is interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond,
called its polarizability. Polarizability of the atom or such as N-H, O-H, or F-H, and an electronegative O, N, or
molecule refers to the ease with which the electron F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are
distribution can be distorted. Generally, the larger the particularly strong.
number of electrons and the larger or more diffused the
electron cloud in the atom or molecule, the greater its The Interaction is written as:
polarizability. Thus, dispersion forces may be the weakest A-H•••B or A-H •••A
of intermolecular forces that can exist between two
molecules, but the larger the atoms present, the stronger A and B represent O, N, or F; A – H is one molecule or part
the dispersion forces. For example, F2, the lightest of a molecule and A or B is a part of another molecule; the
halogen, is a gas, Br2 is a liquid, and the heavier 12, Is a dotted line represents the hydrogen bond.
solid at room conditions. Further, the more atoms that
Examples of hydrogen bonding in water (H2O), ammonia
make up the molecules, the stronger are the dispersion
(NH3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF).
forces. Methane, CH4, is gaseous, but larger hydrocarbons
like butane, C4H10 is liquid, and those with larger number Ion-dipole is a kind of attractive force that occur between
of carbon atoms, like the waxes, are solids at room an ion and a polar molecule. An ion is an atom or group of
temperature. atoms that holds an electrical charge, while a dipole refers
to a molecule that possesses a delocalized positive and
An Illustration of London Dispersion Forces using Helium
negative charge. Ion-dipole forces, therefore, are the
atoms (2) electrons). Consider atoms of helium. The
electrostatic interactions between the fixed dipole in one
average distribution of electrons around each nucleus is
molecule and an ion.
spherically symmetrical. The atoms are nonpolar and
possess no dipole moment. • Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important
for solutions of ionic compounds in polar liquids.
➢ At a given instant in time, the distribution of electrons
around an individual atom, may not be perfectly • A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end
symmetrical. Both electrons may be on one side of the of a neutral polar molecule.
nucleus, as shown on the leftmost atom in the figure
below. • A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end
➢ The atom would have an apparent dipole moment at of a neutral polar molecule.
that instant in time (i.e. a transient dipole). • lon-dipole attractions become stronger as either the
➢ A close neighboring atom, shown on the right, would charge on the ion increases, or as the magnitude of the
be influenced by this apparent dipole. The electrons of dipole of the polar molecule increases. Ex: Salt & Water
the neighboring atom would move away from the
negative region of the dipole. Due to electron
When sodium chloride, NaCl, is added to water to form a A molecule will be polar if:
solution, the sodium and chlorine dissociate and form the
One or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
Nat cation and the Cl anion.
• At least one polar bond is present.
The chloride ion is then attracted to the positive end of
dipolar molecule and the sodium ion is attracted to • The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged
negative end of dipolar molecule. Because the interaction
is between a fully charged ion and a partially charged • The molecule has one slightly positive end and one
versus two partially charged dipoles, ion-dipole slightly negative end.
interactions are the stronger compared to IMFA or van der Example: H2O
Waals’ forces.
Matter is made-up of very small particles. It is arranged
and move according to its state and it has a different type.
The arrangement and the motion of the molecules or
particles is affected by (1) Intermolecular Forces of
attraction. The London Dispersion Forces; it is the (2)
weakest among the types. It is acting between (3) atom
and (4) molecule, where a (5) temporary dipole moments
induced in ordinary (6) non polar molecules. Another
type is (7) dipole-dipole Forces, there is an attractive force
between polar molecules, wherein the partial (8) positive
side of a molecule is attracted to partial (9) negative side
of another molecule. Next, the (10) hydrogen bond, the
hydrogen atom interacts with (11) oxygen or nitrogen or
(12) fluorine atom to form polar bond. Lastly, is the Ion
dipole forces that shows the interaction between the ion,
whether (13) cation or (14) anion, and the polar
molecules. It is most common found in (15) solutions.
Note that these forces of attraction have different strength.
VOCABULARY LIST
1. Dipole refers to a molecule that possesses a
delocalized positive and negative charge.
2. Nonpolar molecules all of the terminal atoms (or
groups) are the same
3. Polar molecules one or more terminal atoms
differ from each other.
4. Polarizability refers to the ease with which the
electron distribution can be distorted.
5. Instantaneous dipole -is created by chance for
example electrons are moving around helium or
neon atom in symmetry but by chance at any
instance its electrons are moved at one place
creating an electropositive charge at one end and
electronegative at another.
6. Induced dipole – refers to the dipole moment
created in a nonpolar compound due to the effect
of an ion nearby.
7. Coulomb’s law – the larger the dipole moment,
the stronger the attraction.
8. Permanent dipole – refers to the dipole moment
that originally occurs in a compound due to
uneven electron distribution.
Particles in matter are attracted from each other by
intermolecular forces of attraction, this is the reason why
matter exist in a specific state and exhibit certain
characteristics and properties. The attracted forces of D. This force is stronger than the London
matter exist in four different types. Dispersion Forces but weaker than lon-
Dipole Forces and Hydrogen Bond.
• The strongest Is the lon-dipole forces, are attractive
4. Which of the following statements are true about
forces that occur between an ion and a polar molecule. Hydrogen Bond?
• Next is the Hydrogen bond, it is a special type of dipole-
I. Molecules that have bonded with H atom to F, O or N
dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar
atom.
bond, such as N-H, O-H, or F-H, and an electronegative O,
N, or F atom. II. Special type of lon-Dipole interaction.
• Another type of attracted forces is Dipole-dipole forces, III. The molecules have polar bond.
are attractive forces between polar molecules (molecules
A. I and II
that possess dipole moments).
B. I and III
• The weakest Is the London Dispersion Forces, these
forces of attraction result from temporary dipole moments C. II and III
induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules.
D. I, II and III
1. Which forces of attraction are present in the
mixtures of ionic compounds and polar 5. Based from the molecular structure below, which shows
compounds? the weakest Dispersion Forces? A
A. Dipole-Dipole Forces ANSWER KEY
B. Hydrogen Bond
C. Ion-Dipole Forces CROSSWORD PUZZLE
D. London Dispersion Forces
1. Atom
2. Which among the molecules has highest London
2. Molecule
dispersion forces?
3. Cation
A. F2-18 e-
4. Anion
B. Cl2-34 e-
5. Polar
C. Br2-70 e-
6. Nonpolar
D. I2-106 e-
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Dipole- ELABORATE
Dipole Forces?
A. Forces of attraction between a cation or 1. Answers may vary.
anion and a nonpolar molecule. 2. Answers may vary.
B. Attractive forces between polar 3. Water
molecules. 4. Water
C. The partial negative side of a molecule is 5. Yes. It Pes, because it has the weakest forces of
attracted by the partial positive side of attraction, Please refer to The different boiling
another molecule. points of the liquids.
6. Both polar substances.
7. Polar molecules form partially positive end and
partially negative end that causes for the charges
to attract another molecule with opposite charges.
ENGAGE
1. The salt molecules dissolved to the water.
2. The water molecules will break the bond of the
atoms present in the salt molecules. The hydrogen
atoms will attract the chlorine atom and the
oxygen atom will attract the sodium atom that
causes for the NaCl bond breaks and form ions
(cation and anion).
3. Yes
EXPLAIN
Diagram
1. London Dispersion Forces
2. Dipole-Dipole Forces
3. Hydrogen Bond
4. Lon-Dipole Forces