The document outlines Lecture No. 14 for the course PHY 1113: General Physics, covering topics such as Planck's Quantum Theory, LASER, absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It explains the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the characteristics and differences of laser light compared to ordinary light, and the processes of stimulated and spontaneous emission. The lecture is conducted by Dr. A. K. Bhattacharjee at Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology during the Summer 2023 semester.
The document outlines Lecture No. 14 for the course PHY 1113: General Physics, covering topics such as Planck's Quantum Theory, LASER, absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It explains the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the characteristics and differences of laser light compared to ordinary light, and the processes of stimulated and spontaneous emission. The lecture is conducted by Dr. A. K. Bhattacharjee at Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology during the Summer 2023 semester.
The document outlines Lecture No. 14 for the course PHY 1113: General Physics, covering topics such as Planck's Quantum Theory, LASER, absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It explains the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the characteristics and differences of laser light compared to ordinary light, and the processes of stimulated and spontaneous emission. The lecture is conducted by Dr. A. K. Bhattacharjee at Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology during the Summer 2023 semester.
The document outlines Lecture No. 14 for the course PHY 1113: General Physics, covering topics such as Planck's Quantum Theory, LASER, absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. It explains the fundamental principles of quantum theory, the characteristics and differences of laser light compared to ordinary light, and the processes of stimulated and spontaneous emission. The lecture is conducted by Dr. A. K. Bhattacharjee at Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology during the Summer 2023 semester.
In the year 1900 Max Planck first gave this theory and it was extended by Einstein. Planck said that emission of energy from any object is not continuous. Light or radiation is discrete that is energy is emitted as bunch or as quantum. Light or any form of radiation is composed of infinite number of radiation quanta. Planck’s quantum theory states that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the frequency of radiation.
If 𝑓 is the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, then energy 𝐸 is,
𝐸∞𝑓 or, 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓 Where h is known as Planck’s constant. This discrete amount of energy is known as photon. 3
Contd. Thus according to Planck's quantum theory, different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrete quantities only.
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What is LASER? Definition: LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a device which emits a powerful, monochromatic collimated beam of light. The emitted light waves are coherent in nature. • The first laser, ruby laser was invented by Dr.T.H. Maiman in the year 1960. Since then, the development of lasers is extremely rapid. The laser action is being demonstrated in many solids, liquids, gases and semiconductor.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER: Laser is basically a light source. Laser light has the following important characteristics, 1. High Directionality 2. High Intensity 3. Highly Monochromatic 4. Highly Coherence.
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Differences between ordinary light and Laser beam.
S.No. Ordinary light Laser beams
1 In ordinary light the angular spread In laser beam the angular spread is is more less. 2 They are not directional. They are highly directional.
3 It is less intense It is highly intense
4 It is not a coherent beam and is not It is a coherent beam and is in phase
in phase 5 The radiation are polychromatic The radiations are monochromatic
6 Example: Sun light, Mercury vapor He- Ne Laser, 𝐶𝑜 Laser.
lamp
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STIMULATED ABSORPTION Definition: When an atom of the active medium absorbs a photon, an electron jumps to an excited state. When an atom in the lower energy level or ground state energy level 𝐸 absorbs the incident photon radiation of energy ℎ𝑓 and goes to the higher energy level or excited level 𝐸 , this process is called absorption. Therefore, 𝐸 − 𝐸 = ℎ𝑓
Figure: Stimulated Absorption,
Spontaneous Emission, Induced Emission.
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Spontaneous Emission Definition: The electrons in the excited state do not stay for long period. The life time in the excited state is 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐. After the time of 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 , the excited electrons emit photons while falling to the ground level or 𝐸 level is called Spontaneous Emission. • The electrons changing from one state to another state occur naturally so the photon emission also occur naturally or spontaneously. The photon does not flow exactly in the same direction of the incident photons, they flow in the random direction. • Spontaneous emission is random in character. The radiation in this case is random mixture of quanta having various wavelength.
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Stimulated Emission Definition: The atom in the excited state can also return to the ground state by external triggering or inducement of photon thereby emitting a photon of energy equal to the energy of the incident photon, known as stimulated emission. The liberated energy transfers to the electromagnetic field, creating a new photon with a frequency, polarization and direction of travel that are all identical to the photons of the incident wave.
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Characteristics of Stimulated Emission
1. Stimulated emission is an artificial process. 2. An alternative method is used to stimulated excited electron to emit photon and fall back to ground state. 3. The incident photon stimulates or forces the excited electrons to emit a photon and fall into a lower state. 4. Life time is 10 sec. 5. Each incident photon generates two photons, which produce coherent light.
