Name Reg. No. Lab Tasks Marks Viva Marks Total Marks
Habiba Khan B21F0182EE003
Rasham Saqib B21F0476EE019
Lab 8: “Timers in ATMEGA328P”
Objective: The objective of this lab to understand timers in Atmega328P and control the DC motor using Arduino.
Introduction: Timers are standard features available in almost all microcontrollers. The AVR microcontroller has powerful and multifunction timers. Its timers can be used to generate a delay, count events, and generate PWM waveforms, among their other uses. Explanation: A timer is a simple counter! The input clock of microcontroller and operation of the timer is independent of the program execution.All the Atmel microcontrollers have Timers as an inbuilt peripheral. In this tutorial our focus is on ATmega8 microcontroller. ATmega8 comes with two 8-bit and one 16-bit timer. This means that there are 3 sets of timers, each with the ability to count at different rates. The two 8-bit counters can count to 255 whilst the 16- bit counter can count to 65,536. We learned that the simplest timer in Atmeag8 is TIMER0 with an 8-bit resolution (0-255). Timers can run asynchronous to the main AVR core hence timers are totally independent of CPU. A timer is usually specified by the maximum value to which it can count, beyond which it overflows and resets to zero. Speed of the counting can be controlled by varying the speed of clock input to it. As we know, all the components of a microcontroller unit (MCU) are someway connected to the central processing unit (CPU) and some registers, to share information beween them.
b. What are the different modes in which Timer 0 can be run?
Timer Modes: Timers are usually used in Normal Mode and CTC mode. In Normal Mode, when the Prescaler receives a pulse from a clock cycle and passes it onto the Control Logic, the Control Logic increments the TCNTn register by 1. When TCNTn hits the TOP (0xFF in the 8-bit timers and 0xFFFF in the 16-bit timer) it overflows to 0 and sets the TOVn bit in the TIFR register. The problem with this Normal Mode is that it is very hard to use for an exact interval. CTC stands for “Clear Timer on Compare”. In CTC Mode, when the Prescaler receives a pulse from the clock cycle and passes it onto the Control Logic, the Control Logic increments the TCTn register by 1.
The TCNTn register is compared to the OCRn register, when a compare match occurs the TOVn bit is set in the TIFR register. Interestingly, Timer/Counter1 can run in Normal mode (0xFFFF) and two CTC modes! The difference between the two CTC modes is that mode 4 uses the OCR1A register for its compare value, and mode 12 uses the ICR1 register. In normal mode TOV1 can generate an Overflow interrupt, in CTC (mode 4) mode OCIF1A can generate an interrupt when it detects a compare match, and in CTC (mode 12) mode TICIE1 can generate an interrupt when it detects a compare match. The 3rd, Timer/Counter2 (8-Bit) is the preferred one for short time delays. It can run in Normal mode or CTC mode.
c. What is the maximum time delay you can generate with Timer 0 on ATMEGA328P using the Arduino board available in the lab? Use the polling method to check the TOV0 flag and toggle the pin. While generating maximum time delay, you may ignore the overheads in the calculation. Show your calculation and implementation to the lab instructor.
Code: sbi DDRB, 5 ldi R18,1<<5 // R16 = 0b_0010_0000 (Pin 5 of PORTB) ldi R17,0 out PORTB, R17
BEGIN: rcall DELAY //3 eor R17, R18 //1 out PORTB, R17 //1 rjmp BEGIN //2
DELAY: ldi R16, 0 //1[;p out TCNT0, R16 //1
ldi R16, 0b00000000 // 1; COM0A1, COM0A0, COM0B1, COM0B0, -, -, WGM01, WGM00 = TCCR0A out TCCR0A, R16 //1 ldi R16, 0b00000101 // 1; FOC0A, FOC0B, -, -, WGM02, CS02, CS01, CS00 = TCCR0B out TCCR0B, R16 // 1; counter starts running after execution of this instruction AGAIN: in R20, TIFR0 //1 sbrs R20, TOV0 //1/2 rjmp AGAIN //2 ldi R20, 0x00 //1 out TCCR0B, R20 //1 ldi R20, (1<<TOV0) //1 out TIFR0, R20 //1 RET //4 Output: Lab Task 2: Timer 0 and Interrupt. Generate a frequency of 1Khz using the Timer 0 and overflow interrupt on ATMEGA328P using the Arduino board available in the lab. Show your calculation and implementation to the lab instructor. Mention the frequency measured using oscilloscope. Calculate variation (if any) from 1Khz.
Code: .org 0x0000 ; interrupt vector for reset rjmp start .org 0x0020 ; interrupt vector for TOV0 rjmp ISR_TOV0
out TCNT0, R16 ldi R16, 0b00000000 ; COM0A1, COM0A0, COM0B1, COM0B0, -, -, WGM01, WGM00 = TCCR0A out TCCR0A, R16
ldi R16, 0b00000001 ; we are unmasking the interrupt for Timer 0 overflow sts TIMSK0, R16 ; note that unless we set the 'I: global interrupt enable' ; bit in SREG, none of the interrupts will work
ldi R16, 0b10000000 ; we are enabling all the interrupts
out SREG, R16 ldi R16, 0b00000001 ; FOC0A, FOC0B, -, -, WGM02, CS02, CS01, CS00 = TCCR0B out TCCR0B, R16
here: rjmp here
ISR_TOV0: ;this is isr for TOV0, note that upon entering in isr, ;all the interrupts are disabled, i.e., I bit in SREG is cleared out PIND, r17 ; toggle output of PORT D reti ; reti returns as well as sets the I bit in SREG, enables all the interrupts
Output: Lab Task 3: Timer 0 CTC Mode. What is the maximum frequency you can generate on OC0A pin using the Timer 0 in CTC mode on ATMEGA328P using the Arduino board available in the lab? Refer to datasheet for finding out frequency in CTC mode. Show your calculation and implementation to the lab instructor.
Code: ldi R16, 0xFF out DDRD, R16 ldi R16, 0b00000000 out TCNT0, R16
a. Explain the following modes of Timer 0 with the help of timing diagrams: i. Fast PWM ({WGM2:0 = 011, COM0A1:0 = 10}, {WGM2:0 = 011, COM0A1:0 = 11}) ii. Phase-Correct PWM ({WGM2:0 = 001, COM0A1:0 = 10}, {WGM2:0 = 001, COM0A1:0 = 11}
Code i: rjmp start .org 0x0100 start: ldi R16, 0xFF out DDRD, R16 ldi R16, 0b_0000_0000 out TCNT0, R16
Mydelay: LDI R23, 255 LDI R18,0 inc R19 out OCR0A, R19 rcall delay cpse R19, R23 rjmp here L10: dec R19 out OCR0A,R19 rcall delay cpse R19, R18 RJMP L10
delay: ldi r22, 10 L6:ldi r20, 40 L4: ldi r21, 60 L5: dec r21 brne L5 dec r20 brne L4 dec r22 brne L6 ret
b. Control the brightness of a LED / DC motor (via L298D driver) connected to OC0A pin, using any of the above mentioned PWM modes. The brightness / speed of LED / DC motor should gradually increase from minimum to maximum, and then decrease from maximum to minimum, repeatedly. Show your implementation to the lab instructor.
Code:
#define F_CPU 16000000UL
#include <avr/io.h> #include<util/delay.h> int main(void) { /* Replace with your application code */ // while (1) //{ //FAST PWM //.org 0x0000 //rjmp start
TCCR0B //out TCCR0B, R16 //i = i+1; //i=i+1; } } } Output: Lab Task 5: Counting external pulses using Timer 0. Count the number of pulses being fed to T0 pin and the count on 2-digit BCD 7-segment display..
Code: rjmp start start: ldi R16, 0xFF out DDRB, R16
Conclusion: Timers can be used to measure the time elapsed or the external events occurring for a specific time interval. They are used to maintain the operation of the embedded system in sync with the clock. The clock can be an external clock or the system clock.
