DAWN OF THE EN GL I S H REFORMATION .

T H E D A W N

OF THE

EN GLI S H REFORM AT IO N :

I T S F R I EN D S A N D F O E S .

HEN RY W O RSLEY ,
M A . .
,

Vi ca r f A shfor d B o w d l e r
o .

L O N D ON

EL L I O T S T O C K, 62, P A T ER N O S T E R RO W ,
EC .

1 890 .

[A l l r i gh ts r ese rve d !
 MRS . CA R O L I NE TA R R A TT
OF
SU FF O L K H A L L , C HE L T E N H A M ,

TH E K I N DE S T AND MO S T C ON S IDERATE OF FRIENDS ,

A N D THUS GE N TLE C RITI C

A ,

T H ES E B I O G R A P H I E S

OF THE MO S T IMPORTA N T EPO C H I N ENGLIS H HI S TORY ,

W ITH THE UTMO S T E S TEEM AND GRATITUDE ,

fi n g tx i h e b .
 PR EF A C E .

‘
T HI S sto ry o f th e E ar ly E n glish R e fo r m a ti on bi o gr a phic a lly ,

t o ld is p ar tly in c o n tin u a ti o n o f a pl an fo rm e d n o w s o m e
,

y e a rs a go a n d c o m m e n c e d b y th e bi o g ra phy o f M a r ti n Luth e r
, .

T h e g re a t S a x o n r e fo r m e r o ccupi e d a mo n g his G e rm an fe ll o w
c o u n try m e n a p o siti on S imil a r to th a t which w as o ccupi e d
by Z u in gl i an d C a lvi n succ e ssive ly a m on g th e Swiss Th e s e .

t h e o l o gi a n s gift e d with l a rge m e n t a l c a p a city a n d livi n g

, ,

a mon gst th o s e w h o l o o k e d up to th e m f or i n st r ucti o n a n d

g u id a n c e e x e r te d an d m a i n t a i n e d an a uth o r ity to which it is

,

i n v a i n to s e e k a p a ra ll e l i n th e r e ligi o us d e v e l o p m e n t o f
E n gl an d a t th e p e r i o d o f th e R e fo rm a ti on .

T h e E n glish R e fo r m a ti on w a s n o t ma r k e d by th e str ikin g

a sc e n d e n cy o f a n o n e i n dividu a l Bil ney th e fi r st fra m e r o f
y .
,

C a m b r idg e in th e kn o w le dge o f Chr ist a s F o x e d e scr ib e s h im

,
’

w a s th e S pi r itu a l fa th e r o f m a n y w h o e m b ra c e d a m o re

Sc riptu ra l c r e e d H e w a s th e m e a n s o f c o n v e r tin g b e sid e s

.
,

o th e r s Hugh L a ti m e r a n d h e w as p ro b a bly a s o u rce a t l e a st

, ; ,

o f v a lu a bl e a ssist an c e to Ty n d a l e B u t littl e B il n e y s w a r m
‘ ’
.
,

h e a r t w a s a lw ays much in a dv an c e o f his s o me wh a t cl o ud e d

h e a d T h e m o st c o n spic u o us figu r e i n th e r a n ks o f th e e arly
.

E n glish R e fo rme r s w as Tyn d a l e — th e succ e ssful t ra n sl a t o r o f

Sc riptu r e th e a uth o r o f th e m o st us e ful r e ligi o u s t ra cts o f th e
,

ti m e a n d th e S pi r itu a l fa th e r o f J o h n F ry th I n fe r i o r to n o n e
,
.

a s a Ch r isti a n h e r o h e did n o t p o ss e ss th e g re a t p o w e r s or e x a lt e d
,
 PR E PA CE .

i n flu e n c e of th echi e f C o n ti n e n t a l r e fo rm e r s H e liv e d an d .

l a b o u re d in c o m puls ory e xil e fro m his o w n c o u n t ry Th e .

c a r e e r o f F ry th w a s cut sh or t a t its high e st p ro mis e by h is

m a r ty r d o m — an e v e n t h o w e v e r o f i n fi n it e m o m e n t to th e
, ,

c a us e ,
a t a c r isis o f h e sit an cy a n d d a n g e r T h e c on sist e n t
.

i n tre pidity o f L a tim e r o n ly m a tu re d a fte r s o m e y e ar s o f

,

s pi r itu a l p r o gr e ss a n d e xp e r i e n c e b e l on gs to a l a t e r d a t e
,
.

Thus it h a s b e e n j udge d m o st c o n s o n a n t to th e ge n ius o f

th e E n glish R e for m a ti on — in s o m e i m p o r t an t r e sp e cts its

p e culi ar ly h a ppy ge n ius— i n st e a d o f d e t a ilin g th e c are e r o f

o n e i n dividu a l to i n t e r w e a v e a s e r i e s o f bi o gr a phi e s o f th e
,

p r in cip a l a ct or s an d w r ite r s in c o n n e cti o n with th a t gre a t

r e ligi o us a n d s o ci a l r e v o luti o n ; n o t n e gl e cti n g to p or t ra y its

vir ul e n t a n d a bl e O pp o n e n ts a s w e ll a s th e z e a l o us ch a mpi o n s
,

o f th e m o v e m e n t By this m e a n s th e R e fo rm a ti on will b e
.

m a d e th e c e n tre — a s n o d o ubt in r e a l fa ct it w a s — o f th e

stir rin g h ist or ic a l e v e n ts o f th a t m e m o r a bl e e p o ch wh e n c e

m o d e rn hist o ry t a k e s its r is e .

T h e hist ory o f th e re ligi o u s st r u ggl e a ffor d s s om e i n sight

i n t o th e c o n d iti on o f a l l r a n k s o f s o ci e ty a t a m ome n to u s c risis ,

th e l o w e st a s w e ll as th e high e st T h e E n glish R e form a ti on

.

l e a v e n e d with its in flu e n c e th e wh o l e s o ci a l str uctu re But .

its e a rli e st p a r tis a n s a n d stu r d i e st a dv o c a t e s issu e d fr o m th e

‘

o bscu r e w a lks o f life W e a lthy l an d o wn e rs c o u r ti e r s st a te s

.
, ,

me n w e r e c o n c e rn e d ra th e r with th e o utw a r d ch a n ge s th e
, ,

d e v e l o pm e n t i n t o l e g a l e n a ctm e n ts o f th e r e sults o f th e n e w
,

vit a l p r in cipl e s w hich h a d ga in e d a cc e pt an c e but th e s e p rin

c i l e s th e m s e lv e s w e re ch e r ish e d a n d diff us e d chi e fly by m e n
p
a n d w o m e n b e l on gin g to th e humbl e r gr a d e s F rom such .

a dh e r e n ts to tr uth to o o ft e n d o wn tro dd e n d e spis e d an d

,
-
,

p e r s e cut e d th e r e ge n e ra ti o n o f s o ci e ty p ro c e e d e d p r im ar il y ;
,

a n d o n ly s e c o n d ar il y fr o m th r o n e s c o n v o c a ti on s an d s e n a t e s .
, ,

I n all a g e s th e W o r d o f G o d u n d e r Divi n e guid an c e h as

, ,

b e e n n e a r th e r o o t o f all th a t is b e st in hum an p ro gr e ss ;
 PR E F A CE . ix
.

but such w a s sign a lly a n d m a n ife stly th e c a s e a t th e e r a

o f th e R e for m a ti o n .

T h e bi o g ra phic a l t re a t m e n t o f th e subj e ct is in a cc or d a n c e
with th e m o d e in which th e Al m ighty Hims e lf is ge n e r a lly
pl e a s e d to c a rry o u t His d e sign s o n th e gre a t th e a tr e o f
hum a n life I n dividu a ls r a is e d up by G o d fro m tim e to tim e
.
,

a n d e duc a t e d by His Pr o vid e n c e to th e i r a pp o i n t e d t a sk ,

p r o cl a im th e tr u ths th e y a r e c o mm issi o n e d to t e a ch an d ,

a n i m a t e an d t r a i n th e i r c on t e m p orar i e s i n spi ri n g th e m with ,

th e ir o w n c o n victi o n s a n d thu s st a m p th e ir i m p re ss fir st o n ,

th e i r o w n d ay an d th e n o n p o st e r ity Hist ory sh o ws this b y

, .

n um e r o us e x a m l e s b o th i n a n ci e n t a n d m o d e r n ti m e s But
p , .

e sp e ci a lly d o e s this r ul e h o ld g o o d a s r e g a r ds r e ligi o us syst e ms ,

a n d th e r e sults which fo ll o w fro m th e m .

M ore o v e r such a m e tho d o f i n dividu a l t re a tm e n t is a ft e r

,

th e high e st m o d e l— th e lit e ra r y p r e c e d e n t o f th e I n spi r e d

Vo lu me its e lf T h e s a c re d a cc o u n t o f th e vicissitude s a n d
.

p ro gr e ss o f th e ch o s e n r a ce th e ge rm a n d c e n tre o f t r u e
,

r e ligi o n f o r th e w h o l e gl o b e st a r ts with th e p e r s on a l c a re e r s o f
,

Ab ra h a m J a c o b a n d J o s e ph Subs e qu e n tly M o se s J o shu a

, .
, ,

S a mu e l a n d o th e r a pp o in t e d i n str u m e n ts t a k e th e ir pl a c e s
,

c on spicu o usly up o n th e c a n v a s I n th e N e w T e st am e n t th e
.

bi o gr a phic a l e l e m e n t a pp e a r s y e t m o re p r o min e n tly Th e .

‘

G o sp e ls s ays A r ch b ish o p Wh a te ly a r e n o t m e re ly hist or ic a l

,
’

, ,

but str ictly bi o g r a phic a l T h e e ar li e st e ccl e si a stic a l hist o ry

.
’

a ls o th e Acts o f th e Ap o stl e s d e a ls chi e fl y with i n dividu a ls

, ,
.

Ev e n a ft e r th e a st on ishi n g gro wth a n d sp re a d o f Ch r isti an ity

in th e w o rld which its e arli e r r e c o r ds i m ply chi e fly by t ra ck
,

i n g i n dividu a l c ar e e r s its l a tt e r p a g e s t ra c e with m o re e x a ct

,

d e ta il th e m issi o n ary l a b ou rs o f on e e mi n e n t t e a ch e r .

It may b e w e ll to a d d th a t in o th e r re sp e cts a ls o th e
i n spi re d w r iti n gs a re s u gg e stiv e by the ir ch ar a ct e r istic e x
ce l l e n ce s .N o t o n ly a re th e i r p a ge s m a d e m ore e mph a tic by
p re gn an t b re vity a n d ma rv e ll o u s w or d p a in ti n g but fa cts are -
,
 PR E F A CE .

ne v e r disguise d n or a re ch a ra ct e r s e v e r mis r e p r e s e n t e d T h e
,
.

u n v a rn ish e d pl a i n n e ss o f t r u th is e v e rywh e r e — tr uth in

s o v e re ign sup re m a cy T h e b e st m e n a re d e picte d a s th e y
.

w e re : th e i r i n fl r m i ti e s n o t e xt e n u a t e d th e i r e xc e ll e n c e s n o t
,

e x a gge ra t e d T h e g o o d p o i n ts — if such a r e fa r fr o m a m o u n ti n g
.

to r e d e e m i n g qu a liti e s — o f th e w o r st o r m o st m ist a k e n a r e
, ,

y e t n e v e r d e n i e d n or,
ar e th e y v e il e d i n o bscu r ity o r k e pt ,

e ve n p a r ti a lly o u t o f sight .

T h e fo ll o wi n g p a ge s h a v e n o t b e e n i n dit e d in a n y spir it o f
stin te d a tt a chm e n t to o u r Pr o t e st a n t R e fo rm a ti on With o u r .

Pr o te st an tism o ur n a ti on a l p o siti o n o f w e a lth p o w e r a n d , ,

i n flu e n c e is e ss e n ti a lly b o u n d up B ut such a c o n victi on in

.
,

i ts a m pl e st str e n gth is n o b ar to th e ge n ui n e an d o utsp o k e n

,

a d m i ra ti o n o f wh a t e v e r w a s g o o d a n d n o bl e in th e d e fe n d e r s

o f a l o n g e st a blish e d s a c e r d o t a l syst e m
-
fa st t o tt e r i n g to its
,

fa ll a t th e t o uch o f light an d th o ught .

Of n e c e ssity th e g e n e ra l hist o ry o f th e p e r i o d h as b e e n
succi n ctly p re s e n t e d to th e re a d e r — so fa r a t l e a st a s its , ,

i n cid e n ts h a v e a b e a r i n g m o re o r l e ss dire ct up on th e
, ,

c o u rs e o f th e A n glic a n R e fo r m a ti o n A n d h e r e to o in t ra ci n g
.
, ,

th e s e qu e n c e o f e v e n ts o f w or ld wid e m o m e n t th e e lucid a ti on
-
,

o f p e r s o n a l ch a r a ct e r h a s b e e n u n i fo rmly k e p t i n p r o min e n t

Vi e w .

It m ay b e e xpl a i n e d th a t th e l e tte r s an d

d e n o te r e sp e ctiv e ly th e public a ti on s o f th e P a rk e r an d
C a m d e n S o ci e ti e s a s th e l e tte r s B M st an d fo r th e B ritish
,
.

Mus e u m T h e St a t e Pa p e r s h a v e b e e n p ublic p r o p e r ty fo r
.

m an y y e a r s a n d th e i r public a tio n d o e s h o n o u r to th e m e m o ry
,

O f S ir R o b e r t P e e l T o th e s e a v e ry i m p o r t a n t suppl e m e n t
.

h a s b e e n a dd e d m o r e r e c e n tly T h e i n iti a l B r e fe r s to this

.
‘
.
’

c o mp re h e n siv e s e r i e s o f L e tte r s a n d P a p e r s F o r e ign a n d ,

D o me sti c of th e R e i gn of H e n r y VI I I
, which h as b e e n .
,

publish e d u n d e r th e di r e cti on o f th e M a st e r o f th e R o lls o n ,

a pl a n o r igi n a t e d a n d pu rsu e d th r o ugh s e v e ra l v o lum e s by th e

 PR E F A CE . xi
la te Re v J S B re w e r an d c o n ti n u e d si n c e his d e c e a s e by
. . .
,

M r J a m e s G a ir d n e r
. F o r faithfu l a uth e n tic hist o ry th e s e
.

c a l e n d ar e d l e tte r s a n d d o cu me n ts p o ss e ss a v a lu e b e y o n d
p r ic e With th e c oll a t e ra l h e lp o fth e c a l e n d a r o fth e Sp a n ish
.

L e tte r s D e sp a tch e s a n d S ta te P ap e r s— r e fe rre d to u n d e r th e

, ,

a bb re vi a ti o n Sp —
a n d o f th e c a l e n d a r o f th e V e n e ti an S ta te
.
’

Pa p e r s a n d M a n u scr ip ts— re fe rre d to u n d e r th e a bb r e vi a ti on

Ve n — t o ge th e r with o th e r c on t e mp o ra ry wr itin gs th e y s e r ve
’

,
.

to th ro w a n e w vivid a n d r e a l light b o th o n t ra n s a cti on s a n d

,

o n i n dividu a l ch ara ct e r .

It h a s n o t b e e n d e e m e d n e c e ss ary to e v id e n c e th e c orre ctn e ss

o f al l th e st a t e m e n ts m a d e by citi n g th e n u m b e r s o r p a g e s o f

a ll th e p a ss a ge s c o n sult e d in th e p a p e r s a n d d o cu m e n ts
m e n ti on e d H a d this b e e n d o n e th e n o t e s m ust h a v e b e c o m e
.

i n ordi n a t e ly l e n gthy N o r h a s it b e e n j udg e d n e c e ss a r y

.

a lw a ys to cit e o th e r a uth o r iti e s — such a s F o x e o r H a ll a m or ,

o th e r w e ll k n o w n a uth o r s — f o r st a t e m e n ts th a t m a b e v e r ifi e d
y
-

with v e ry littl e p a i n s T h e n o te s h a v e n o t b e e n r e l e g a t e d to
.

th e e n d o f th e b oo k but pl a c e d a t th e fo o t o f th e p a g e i n a s
, ,

m uch a s th e y o ft e n l e n d fo r c e o r cl e a rn e ss to th e t e xt .

T h e d e sc r ipti o n s o f pl a c e s h o us e s chu r ch e s e tc a re for

, , ,
.
,

th e m o st p a r t th e j o tti n gs d o wn on th e sp o t o r th e re m in is ,

c e n c e s o f a visit o r visits o f e xpl o r a ti o n .

G ra t e ful a ck n o wl e dgme n ts a r e re n d e r e d to th o s e w h o h a v e
kin dly c o n tr ibute d a ssist a n c e — highly a pp r e ci a t e d a l w ays
o cc a si on a lly giv e n a t th e c o st o f s o m e ti m e a n d t ro ubl e .

M a y th e w o r k u n d e r G o d s bl e ssi n g p r o sp e r a n d b e us e ful ;
’

, ,

an d ma t h e r e a d e r d e r iv e fr o m its p e r us a l s o m e p o r ti o n a t
y ,

le a st o f th e pl e a su re which its c o mp o siti o n h as a ffo r d e d to

,

th e w r it e r !
 C O N T EN T S

B OOK I .

T HE N EED OF R EFOR M ATION —THE C UR C H N THE B EGI NN I N G OF

THE . H I

THE S I XTEENTH C E N TUR Y .

PA G E
O ne sid d c m t li m—P mp t
e sa r a en a c d t li m—A p i t
s r e su u o us sa e r o a s r es

only m — T h S c i p t i th b d g f
a an e ci t t g
r u re s n e on a e o an an en on ue
—M d g t y b y b tl ti — M l d cl i —S c d l
a e nu a or su e es o ra e e n s on an a ous

P ti f
on f —R gi ld P s k — C l ic l i mm
e na i ti — M y m e co c er a un es one co

p ti
e n sa f cl ic l
on c i mor— C l ic l derl y afli t— H r es er a an a co n c un n e s
’

c —P i tly c lib cy— D g

ase r es cy f th f i —T h m tic
e a e e n e ra o e r ar s e o n as

sy t m —Pl li ti
s e d b t i m—V
u ra li ty— P p l p t
es an a se n e e s e na a a re en

i —N ti l f g d —A v l ti i mp di g— T h d i
s o ns a o na sa e ua r s re o u on en n e s

co v e r
y f g p w do — T h iunv ti fo p i ti g — A pp
er l f e n en on o r n n ar e o

th p i de er o

BOOK II .

PR E PA R A T I O N .

I .
— THE
LAS S I CAL RE V I VAL AT O XFORD C .

E ff c t
e f th c p t
s o fC e t ti
a pl —M d li f p i g —I
ur e o on s a n no e o e rn e o en n n

fl f G
u e n ce k li t t — G mm ch l — O x f d G k
o re e e r a ur e ra ar s oo s or re e

ch l — T h Old L ti G mm — J h C l t— T h m M
s o ar s e a n ra ar o n o e o as o re

— C l t vi i t I t ly—C l t d E m — C l t f
o e s s a d St P l o e an ras us o e oun s . au
’
s

S ch l— T h m W l y — T h T j
oo o — J h F i h —E m
as o se e ro ans o n s er ra s us

t C m b idg
a a r e

I I — C AM RIDGE GOS PELLER S . B .

Th m
o Bil y— G g S t ff d — T h A g ti P i y d R b t
as ne e or e a or e u us ne r or an o er

B —H gh L ti m — T h C mb i d g B th — T h W h i t
ar n e s u a er e a r e re re n e e

H —R ich d B y fi l d — J b L mb t— Bi l y lf d yi g
o r se ar a e o n a er ne
’
s se -
en n

l b a o u rs
 C ON TE N T S .

III —THOMA S W OLS EY

PA G E
. .

The th g t c di l — W l y d B ck t—W l y p t iz d
re e re a ar na s o se an e e o se a ro n e

by th c t— A f v i t w i th P i c H y —D
e o ur bi h p a our e r n e e nr e an , s o ,

c di l l g t A l l d ch c ll
ar na e Hi
a e pp c d so or an e or s a e a ra n e an

gi ft H i ti l p licy — H i j dici l i mp v m t — H i
,

s s na ona o s u a ro e en s s

f C h ch
se n s e o d —S g i im —B fi ur t Oxf d nee s an u ne a s e ne ce n ce o or

C di l C ll g —T h
ar na C m b i dg c l o y— C l k d D l b
e e e a r e o on er an a a er

W l y chi f m i t
o se
’
s e er

B OOK III .

T H E EN G L I S H N EW T ES T A M E N T .

L —W ILLIAM PREPARATION
’
T YN DA L E S .

The su pp
d p t f hi
o se C s t
o d th Ty d l
o s b ir th—H u n t s ’
our an e n a e

m m i l — S li mb idg
e or a p b bly h i bi thpl c — H i th r e ro a s r a e s re e

b th — H i f mily W y l i fi
ro e rs f ll w s —T h c ty f a c e s
’
o o e rs e o un o

G l c t —J h d T
ou es eri —T y d l t M gd l
o H ll — H i
n e r e v sa n a e a a a en a s

mig ti t C mb id g — H i m
ra on f o iv i ty m i t c
a r e s e an s o un e rs a n e n an e
—Hi di ti s or na on

AT LITTLE S OD URY IL —TY N DALE B .

The m h — I t di i g h ll— S i J h
a n o r- o u se d L dy W l h s n n -
a r o n an a a s

Ty d l n f t
’
l ti g S c ip t — H i p t
a e s r e a so n vxd or ra n s a n r ur e s a ro n s e e

by cl ic l c mpl i t — T h E chi idi

er a o fE m Ty d l
a n s e
‘
n r on o ra s us - n a e

b f th ch c ll — D ct P k
e or e e t anh im fi l y— T h
e or o or ar er ra e s ne e

f mili
a d ct c ar l— T y d l d fi th p p —T h h bb b
o or s
’
o u n se n a e e es e o e e u u

i c
n —T h b j c t f li f ttl d— T y d l l v S db y
r e a se s e o e o e se e n a e ea es o ur

f L
or d on on

I II —TY NDALE I N LO N DO N . .

Ty d l m k
n a e pplic ti t T t l — H i b ff
a es a l bl i g
a on o uns a s re u a re a e ss n

H m ph y M m th T y d l m f li f w i th M
’
u re on ou n a e s ann e r o e on

m th —H i
ou xp i c f L d — T h C h i ti B th h d
s e er en e o . on on e r s an ro er oo

—W y l ifl ff t ct l t—T h C l m
e s
’
eSt t c g g ti
or s n o os e o e an re e on re a on
—J h F y th —E gl d b
o n d g i t G d W d— T y d l
r n an a rr e a a ns o
’
s or n a e

d iv t F C ity f th H
r en o a L g —H i l f H m
re e o e an se ea ue e sa s or a

b g ur

I V —THE ENGLI S H N W TE TAME N T PRINTING

. E S .

Ty d l
n t H m b g— H
a e a p c d t Wi tt b g—C t m p y
a ur e ro e e s o en er on e o ra r

w itr ll g d—C i c m t c
e rs a d Ty d l
a ch c t
re e r u s an e s an n a e s
’
ar a e r co n

fi m t y— H
r mpl y th thi d di ti
a or f E
e m T t
e o s e r e on o ras us s
’
es a

m t—H i h lp f
en th w k—T h p m t i fl c f
s e s or e or e ar a ou n n ue n e o

hi v s i — W illi m R y —T h G p l f M tth w d M k
e rs on a o e e os e s o a e an ar
 C ON TE N T S . x v

PA G E
—A rr a n g e me n t i h Q t l— J h C
w t ue n e o n o ch l ae u s —T h e fligh t t o

W o r ms— T h e ct v o d q t di ti
a o an u ar o e ons —T h e saili g f th n o e

v e sse l fo r E n gl d — T h v i
an di ti e ar o u s e ons and re vi i f th
s ons o e

w or k
TE S TAMENT E X PE C TED
V .
— T H E N EW .

W i g
a rn n ch th s Ki g re a d hi chy—T h till C h i tm e n an e rar e
‘
s r s as
’

W l y f l l y m pl y d — I di c ti
o se u f G ep ll — W t f o e n s re on o os e e rs es o

El y d L ti m — C h i tm
an E 1 52 5
a t C mb id g
er B r s as ve
, ,
a a r e fi
a rn e s

cc mb — T h
su u t d fé s t St P l — S q l f th C m
e au o- a- a . au
’
s e ue o e a

b idg di dr e Bil y c t — G g J y
so r e rs cp ne re an s e or e o e es a es

L ti m a b f W l y— L ti m lic d by th c di l
er e o re o se a er e n se e ar na

V — ENGLA N D S W EL C OME T O N W T S TAMENT

’
I . H ER E E

Th F l m i h l thi
e e — T h c lp t
s C o —F
y h d
e rsN c t — Th e o or e u rs s e an e on e

p p l w lc m f G d W d — T h pi c p l m ti g — T h
o u ar e o e o o
’
s or e e s o a ee n e

b i g f C h i t T t m t— T h b fi f th d t th
u rn n o r s
’
s es a en e on re ur e re ru

E pi c p l i j s o c ti aTh y l w i g— Bli d O l d N ix
n un on s- e ro a ar n n n e

M d t t iz R y d T y d l — M
an a e o se p ei q t o e an n a e ore s
’
en n re ue s

p c ti f 1 5 2 8 —M i tl d t ic t th P i t
’
Th e e r se u on o a an s s r ure s o n e ur an

w it r—H y L
e rs C h ch d it P
on e —G tt v i i t
an e ur an s a r so n a rr a s s

O x f d — C di or l C ll g T t m t di t ib t — D l b
ar na od e e es a en s r u or s a a e r an

G tt—T h th
a rra h d f c ll g — P i D t — D l be re e ea s o o e es r or un s a n a a er s
’

t bl —A t l gy t f l t— G tt pp h d d — H igd
ro u es s ro o a au a r ra a re en e on

d L
an g l d gg on t m cy — W an l y l t i
su g — Cl k es er o se u n re e n n e r
’
s

d th—T h c mm i ti
ea f the t w p pl — T h f t
o se r a on o e o ns eo e e u ur e

c f
a re e r s m f th o p d — G d g i t th p pi h
so e o o se s are o a a ns e o s

h i chy e ra r

V L— W I C K ED MAMMO N ‘
O EDIEN C E ’ ‘ ’
I THE AND THE B .

Ty d l
n d R y
a e an p t — J m B l w —T h B yi g f th
o e se a ra e e ro e ar o e
‘
ur n o e

M R ili g
a ss
’
hy m — T y d l t M b g —T h L d
a n r es n a e a ar ur e an

g v ra iv i ty— T h W ick d M m m — T y d l d ply

e s
’
un e rs e
‘
e a on
’
n a e ee

i fl c d by L th — T h
n ue n e m f C h i ti i ty — T h u T er e su o r s an e
‘
rue

O b di c e f C h i ti
en M
e —Th
o p iv b di c f
a r s an an e a ss e o e en e
’
o

Ty d l n d th a e g
— C h ang ticip t d — A e B ly
a ed an e an a e nne o e n an

th O b di c
e
‘ —J h F y th j i
e en T y d l —A m dm t f
e o n r o ns n a e en en o

th i E ch i tic vi w — M t t m t i c c t— T h M ’
e r u ar s e s or e s s a e en n o rre e ar

b gC f cur o n e re n e

V III MORE S FAMIL Y N . MAN OR H O U S E

-
,
HI A D -
.

T h tw ch m pi
e o Ch l
a m h on s Si T h m d hi e se a an or- o u se r o a s an s

f mil y a

I x —MORE S EARLY LATER OPINIO N S

.
’
AN D .

Th e Ut pi
‘
M o dv c d p c l ti
a
’
Hi
ore s
’
li gi a an e s e u a on s s re ous

p i
o i ch
n on s g — M d L th anc m p de — Th c é l éb
or e an u er o are e a u se c re

C ll t oli fl —M
a e ra j dg — H i bi tt
n u e n ce s gi t o re a s a u e s e r n e ss a a ns
 PA G E
h tic H i l f d
e re s s se -
e fe n c e I ts o m i i ss o n s Y e t M o re g ent e r l
th m y th
an an o e rs

X .
-
TH E C O N TRO ER S Y V .

T he D il ga o ue — M o re on T yn d l v i —H i
a e s
’
e rs on s gg ti
su es ons fo r
A th iz d V e rsi o n — T y n d a l e O pp d
‘
A n sw e r d e fin i
’
an u or e s - o se

ti on s of th e C h ch ur —T y n d a l e s j u ggli n g ’ ‘
te r ms -
O ur rec t en

Re vi d V i se C e rs o n — M ore ’
s
‘
o n fu ta t o n i —M ’
o re and T y dln a e

c mp d w i t — C h l
o a re as r e rs e se a O ld C h ch — M ur ore s
’
c e no a t ph
Th c bi ty f ligi di ff
e a er o re ous e r e n c e s— T y n d a l e
’
s mo n u me n ts an d

mo n u me n t

S E PA R A T I O N F R O M R OM E .

Go d p vid c i b h l f f E gl d— T h m i g f A th
’
s ro en e n e a o n an e a rr a e o r ur

an d K th i — A th a d c —I b ll f —T h d i
ar n e r ur s
’
e e a se sa e a s
’
e ar s e s

p t i
e n sag t d —P i c H
on y — H
ra n y m i d t K th i
e r n e e nr e nr arr e o a ar n e
— D m tic b o v m t — H y mili t y mbi ti — T h
es e re a e en s e nr
’
s ar a on e

H ly L g — P c
o w i th
ea ueF c — M y T d b id t ea e ran e ar u o r, r e o

L i X I I —T h m y c w f C h l — F ci d C h l
ou s e an ro ns o ar e s ra n s an ar e s

riv l — W l y p licy— C h l w i H y d W l y
a s o se
’
s o ar e s ns e nr an o se

H y b k—W l y t ick d by C h l — G t d g f
e nr
’
s oo o se r e ar e s re a an er o

F ci —B b
r an s f il —T h ou r d ci ty f F ci —S c t
on s
’
a ure e au a o ra n s e re

ne g ti ti —F ci m d p i
o a on s t P vi ra nCh l v ld s a e r so n e r a a a ar e s re ea e

i n cc — S izsu f D
e ss P t d p tch
e —W l y
ur e d o e r ae
’
s es a es o se an

Ch l —T h mp m g i fic t p p ct —T h mic bl
’ ‘
ar e s e e e ror s a n en ro s e s e a a e

l — Ch l
o an
’
d cli th P i c
ar e s M y— W l y d w
e ne s e r n e ss ar o se ra s

n e ar e r t F c —T h I t li L g — T h t
o ran e p t it f e a an ea ue e ru e or r a o

F ciran Th f ts l lli c The m tiv f th

ra e r n a w a an e e o es o e ne

b th —T h F ch lli c
ro e rs p p l i E gl d —T h
e re n a an e un o u ar n n an e

sack f R m —C l m t fl igh t— T h i mp i l t p i th i
o o e e en
’
s e er a r oo s n e r

succ w i th t g e ss l — T h mp ou p t t ti — We n e ra s e e e ror s
’
ro e s a on s ar

d cl d by th lli d v ig
e ar e e a e so e re ns

— K G C ON S C IEN C E II . THE IN
’

S .

Wo l y
se mb ’
y i t F c — I t b j c t — H i b illi t t i — H i
s e ass n o ran e s o e s s r an ra n s

i t c ti
ns ru t h i f ll w on s Hi gl y v c t H y
o s o o e rs s or o e r as enr
’
s

m t i m i l c pl — W l y c fty lici t ti — T h q ’
a r on a s ru es o se s ra so a ons e ue s

ti b mi tt d t th i ti — T h igi f th ki g c pl ’
on su e o au or es e or n o e n s s ru es

—H y y i g f
enr
’
s m l cc
e ar n n —A p d or a a e su e sso r nne s
’
e r so n an

t c d y l v l tt W l y pp i ti ’
an e t H e en s e nr s o e -
e e rs o se
’
s o os on su r

m t d— C l m
oun te l d— K igh t c fi d ti l mi i
e en r e e a se n
’
s on en a ss o n

W l y o se m g ti ti w i th C l m t— T h C mmi i
r e su es ne o a on s e en e o ss o n
’

d w p by h im— T h t g t m f th D i p ti
ra n u e s r an e er s o e s e nsa on
—C l m t p pl xi ty— G di
e en
’
s d F er t O b i t —W l y
e ar n e r an ox a r e o o se
’
s
 C ON T E N T S . xvii
PA G E
c o mm e n d ti a on of A nn e — C l e me n t and G ar di n e r— T h e
‘
D is
p e n s a ti o n a n d a G e n e r a C o m m ss o n s
’ ‘
l i i ’
ig d n e — H e nr y p se a r a te s

fr o m K a t a r n e The h i
ar a te r o f A n n e — T h e ch c C h ct
ara er of

H enr y
III — PREPARATION FOR THE TRIAL . S .

The w A bb f W il t — W l y f b di g — T h l g t ’
ne e ss o on o se s ore o n s e e a e

C m p ggi — S ick
a e t c t —C m p ggi
o p c ti t n e ss a our a e o ro ras na es

C l m t p licy d t m i d by v t — H y d K th i
’
e en s o e er ne e en s enr an a ar n e

alik b ti t — K th i c f
e o s t C m p ggi — T h i t
na e a ar n e
‘
on e ss e s o a e o e n er

p d B i f— K th i
o se dm
r e c d — W th B i f a ar n e s
’
e e an o u r e n su r e as e r e

g i —R
e nu ne f b li vi g i t p i C l m t w ill t
e a so n s or e e n s ur o u s e en no

Op ly p di t i t —C m p
en re mi i — R mu f Cl m
a te a an o s
’
ss o n u o ur o e en
’
s

d th — W l y
ea t bl p i ti —D i c
o sei b t th B i f
’
s u ns a e os on s u ss o n s a ou e r e

su p d d— S p d p d I
e r se e ee s ee

TRIAL IV .
-
THE .

H enr y d K th i b f th l g t — A c
an a ft d bt d
ar ne e ore e e a es s ene o ou e

p v d t — F i h c t m ty d m — K th i
ro e ru e p c s er ou r s ar r o a ar n e s
’
ro ura

ti —C l m
on t d C m p ggi i e c t d t di g — B th
en an a e o n se re un e r s an n o

L g te di t t d—W W l y t i t t H y ? — T h
a es s rus e as o se a ra or o e nr e

t c f p g ti — T h L di P c — I t t m
se n en e o r o ro a on e
‘
a es
’
ea e
’
s er s

H y m t im i l h p
e nr
’
s b igh t — T h B c l
a r m on a o es no r er e ar e ona co

p ct — T h y 1 5 2 9 m m bl — T h dv c ti
a e d p
e ar e o ra e e a o a on an su s en

i —W l y w
s on C l m t — C m p ggi
o se d p t —R m ar n s e en a e o e ar s o an

i l c di g t th E gli h
n so e n e s us s e n s

V .
-
N EW MINI TER S S .

m iy d c
s te r o u s W l y o u m e n t— T h e c di l t
ar na s a G r a fto n — o se
’
s

d w f ll c t i — W l y d i th C t f K i g B ch
o n a er a n o se su e n e o ur o n
’
s en

Hi p d s t b m i i — F ci d v
ru en hi i ttm t
su ss o n ra n s en ea o urs s re ns a e en

i v i — T h p c ti
n a n f hi mi — C h l eS ff lk re au o ns o s e ne es ar e s u o

Th m N f lk — S t ph
o as G di — E t c Ch p y
or o e en ar ner us a e a u s

E ccl i ti c l p m ti
e s as — W l y d liv p t
ah l — R ti ro o on s o se e e rs u e se a e re s

t E h — H
o y c mf t bl w d — S i T h m M
s er e nr
’
s
‘
o or a e or s r o as o re

ch c ll — W l y c d m d— S
an e or d v y thi g o se on e ne u rre n e rs e er n

’
VL — TE E

Pa r li a me n t su mm o n e d M or e s
’

tw o s p ch ee es T h e R e fo r m i g n

Pa r li a m e n t— T h e C o mm o n s
i i — T h ti tl cc d d t th ’
pe tt on e e a or e o e

ki g—T h T h
n E t t —F i h l h th h dih d
e
‘
re e s a es s er a one as e ar oo

t od f d th C h che S c ty
en c tm t f th fi t e ur an ena en s o e rs

i —W l y i m p ch m t— T h f ty f A ticl —T h
s e ss o n o se
’
s ea en e or -
our r es e

i mp ch m t i th C mm
ea l g i h — P g ti
en f n e o on s an u s es ro ro a on o
 C ON TE N T S .

PA G E
P li m
ar
-
a l g l
e nt p d — Y k
— \Vo l se y t d t h im ’
s e a ar on ~
or r e s o re o

N bl t it
o hi i g th gh mi f t
e ra s s n n ro u s or un e s

— IIE O C UR F RONT
VI I . T BS E TO T HE .

\Vo l y t E h — C m w ll
:
.e a s A llh ll w
er d y C m w ll id
ru e on a o e n- a ru e r es

t o L d — H i onh w d on li v W l y — H w C
s mw ll
s re n e ss re e es o se o ru e

g i d y l f v — H i fi t i t vi w w i th H y — A l l th
a ne ro a a our s rs n er e e nr e

l gy i p m i — T h i b g i w i th H y C m w l l
c er n a r ae u n re e r ar a n e nr -
ru e
’
s

d f c f NV l y cc pt bl t th ki g — H i pid l v ti
e en e o o se a e a e o e n s ra e e a on

H i fi d li ty i
— c t t t G di mw l l ly li f ’
s e C n on ra s o ar ne r ru e s e ar e

VV b asq it ig et f L ti — T h I t ly of th t g
u e n o ra n o a n e a a a e

C mw l l
ru c f p e p i ty — G di
'

s are e r d F m t o ros er ar ner an ox ee

C ranm —C m er gg ti — H i ra n t f by H y
er s
’
su es on e s se n or e nr

m L d R ch f d p i t ? T h mb y t ’
“ I
C as ra n er or o or s r es e e a ss o

B l g — C m t R m — C m mb d t Ch l
o o na ra n er a o e ra n er a a ssa or o ar e s

—H i d d ly c ll d — H i l c t c t b y— H i
e s su en re a e s re u an e o o e e s co n

t d
se c ra e chbi h p— C m ar d C m w ll — T h i d i fi
s o ra n e r an ru e e r e r e n ce s

an d g m t i ch
a re e ct en s n ara er

II —THE C RO W N AND THE TIARA VI . .

H e nr y l c t t t b k w i th C l m t— H y mb
re u an o m t re a e en e nr
’
s e a r r a ss en s

Th fi t p p l B i f— D l y x t t d— U i v i ty
e rs a a t c r e e a e or e n e rs se n e n es

V li ty i f — D l y g i — H y i dig tly f
e na r e t b e a s a a n e nr n nan re u se s o e

t i d t R m — H i l tt t C l m t— K th i q t ’
r e a o e s e er o e en a ar n e s re ue s s

c c d d by th p p — T h
on e e c d p p l B i f— T h ki g e o e e se on a a r e e n
’
s

ci t ti a ti onl i l t— A E xc t
a na t— W h
on ai t n su n
‘
u sa o r
’
se n o s no

ad mi tt d — E gli h p id w d d — T h v h m t t ggl
e n s r e o un e e e e en s ru e

th gh t E gl d — P lpi t c t v y T h G
ro u ou n w ich an ~
u on ro e rs e re e n

se rm —Th N on s f K t— F i tl ff t w ith K th i
e un o en ru e ss e or s a ar n e

G d w tch f l p vid c
’
o s a u ro en e

ON F LI C DRA W ING TO AN END

IX .
—T H E C T .

The thi d p p l B i f— I t i fl c
r a t liz d — C m
a lv
r e s n ue n e n e u ra e ran er s
’
e e a

ti c g H y—H c tly m i A — T h ch
on en o u ra es e nr e se re arr e s nne e ar

bi h p c t t D t bl — C m giv
s o
’
s ou r t c —T h a un s a e ran er es se n en e e

c ti
o ro n a — K th i w ill t
on li q i h h titl — H y
a a r ne no re n u s er e e nr

p p re f th c cl di g t ggl — T h y l p m cy
ar e s or e on u n s ru e e ro a su re a

T h Sp k e f th C mm ea mm d— T h A t i
er o t i t e o o n s su o ne e c n r e s ra n

f t —T h b mi i f th cl gy —M ig ti ’
o anna e s e su ss o n o e er o re s r e s na on

A dl y k p
-
u f th e l —M d Fi h —Sp i
ee er d o e se a o re an s er a n an

E gl nd c t t d f m ly d w —T h bvi l
an on ras e 291 or er an no e o ous e sso n

X .
— E F INAL
T ll S EV ER A N C E .

T he S ta tu te of A pp l ea s — H e n r y e xc o m mu n ic a te d — C l e m e n t a n d
F ran ci s at M a r se ill e s— B o n n e r p r e se n t s H e nr s a pp e a l —T h e y
’
 C ON T E N T S .
xix
PA G E
ma r r ig a e w t ih Ka t h i ar n e d cl d v lid t R m — T h A t
e a re a a o e e c of

l
S e tt e m e n t— T h e A c t o f R y l S p m cy — Bi th
o d b p ti
a u re a r an a sm

o f E liz b th a e

BOOK V .

M A R T YR C ON S T A N C Y .

ONDITION TO UC C E S W A N TING I .
— ONE C S S .

Th c di ti
re e c y t cc — H ic c t cy till w t
on on s n e e ssa r o su e ss e ro on s a n s an

i g—T y d l n th div c q ti — H i igh t f p iv t

n a e on e or e ue s on s r o r a e

j dg m t — H i i t p t ti
u f en t i E gl d H s n er re a on o e ve n s n n an e

m v f m M
re b g — T h P cki g t b g i —T h v i
o es ro ar ur e a n on ar a n e e rs o n

f th P t t ch — J
o h d it P l g — T h t x t t l t
e en a eu on a an s ro o ue e e a as

f d — T h T ty f C mb y— T h ki g M y m ti g
oun e re a o a ra e n
’
s a ee n

T h p cl m ti e ro a a on

LATIMER IL —HUGH .

L a ti m p lpi t w f — H i
er s
’
bl l tt t H y f
u ar a re s no e e er o e nr or an o p en

Bi b l — H i l b e t W t K i g t — L ti m
s p a o u rs a es n on a e r as a re a ch er

H i t i de d f il — S c
s i th A
r e C h mb — P
,
an a s ene n e rras a er e rse c tiu on

t i m ph
r u t— C m yi ld — L ti m w i th B i h m
an ro e e s a er a n a

III —. E F FORT TO REPAIR FAILUR

AN E .

B il n e y
’
s s h m f
a e or hi sc t ti — H i p t c
re an a on s re e n an e an d re viv d e

c o u ra g —H i m
e s ar ty d m r o

I V — THE S EAL O F S U C C E . SS .

T y d l th chi f t y m g
n a e ly R f m — V gh
e m
e s a a on o ur e ar e or e rs au a n co

mi i d t d w h i m t E gl d — L tt
ss o n e d i t vi w o ra o n an e e rs an n er e s

El y t d v l i v i —A tw p d T y d l li f
o
’

s en ea o u rs a so n a n n er ,
an n a e s
’
e

th — F y th t e re t E gl d— M r d by F y th re u rn s o n an o re a r o u se r
’
s

xpl ti f th E ch i t— F y th pp h d d — H i pl c d
e ana on o e u ar s r a re en e e s a e

th T w — T y d l fi t pi tl t F y th — F y th t t ’
i n e o er n a e s rs e s e o r r
’
s re a

m tl v —M
en l tt i e ssply t F y th xpl ti
se ere o re s
’
e er n re o r
’
s e an a on

— F y th i m p t t rw t M — T h pl i
’
s fi f F y th o r an ans er o o re e a n o er o r

d T y d l —T y d l
an c d pi tl t F y th — T y d l
n a e n a e s
’
se on e s e o r n a e

t th E ch i tic c
e n e rs t v y— H i S pp f th L d
e u ar s o n ro e rs s u er o e or

—M w t Ty d l C w
o re s
’
m — F y th t i d
ans er o n a e -
ur en s
’
se r on r r e

d c d m d— F y th f lt i g h i m— F y th d H w t ’
an on e ne r s un a er n ero s r an e e

b d— T h N w A t f P li m t—F y th c t cy l d
urne e e c o ar a en r
’
s o n s an se a e

th cc f R f m ti
e su —T y d l d F y th th h
e ss o o ur e or a on n a e an r e e r oe s

fit o ly t g — T h i p m t m m i l till w i th
s e ar s a e e r er ane n e or a s s us 33 1
 C ON T E N T S .

BO O K VI .

M DI ALI PAS ING

E /E V LA S T DAYS
SM S — \V O L S E Y S ’
.

PA G E
.

‘V o l y
se mre v f
o m E h t
es R ich m d
ro— Hi p g t
s hi er o on s ro re ss
k
o s

nor th e rn—H bcmse e m d l bi h p — H i z l

e e o di es a o e s o s e a ous s

ch g f h i d ti — F m S th w ll h m v t S c by
ar e O s u es ro ou e e re o es o ro o

Th c h en ej y t C w d— H
e o ur n e lv t w lk t th
s o a oo e r e so es o a o e

Mi t ns e r b f t— H i p p l i ty l m h i iv l —T h i
are oo s o u ar a ar s s r a s e r

a cc ti usa g i t h i m— H i
ons a t d t mi
a ns d —W l h d s a r re s e er ne on a s e an

N th mb l
or u d tC d— W l y
e r an d t W lh
a a w oo o se s ur r e n ers o a s e

Hi s ab j c t d p d cy— T h j
e es y b g t L d —T h
on en e o ur n e e un .
o on on e

d l y t S h ffi ld P k — K i g t
e a a e e iv w i th th G d — T h
ar n s o n ar r es e ua r s e

c di l
ar na p ti ti — L ic t A bb y
’
s su e rs ch d — W l y
on e es er e re a e o se
’
s

l t h
as Hi
o u rs d th d b i l — A y t m i t d w ith
-
s ea an ur a s s e n e rre

h im

A PPE N D I x
 THE

DAWN OF THE ENGLISH REFORMATION .

BOOK I .

THE N EED OF THE R EF O R M A T I O N — T H E C H UR C H

. IN THE

BEG I N N I N G O F T H E S I X T EE N T H C E N T UR Y .

THE d e sign o f th e R e for m a ti o n in Bu rn e t s w o r ds w as to

,
’

,
‘

re st o re Ch r isti an ity to wh a t it w a s a t fi r st a n d to pu r ge it o f ,

th o s e c o rr upti on s with which it w a s o v e rr u n in th e l a t e r a n d

d a rk e r a ge s N o a ge w a s d a rk e r a t l e a st m o ra lly ; th an th a t
.
’

which im m e di a t e ly p r e c e d e d th e R e form a ti o n : th e d a rk e st
h o u r w a s j ust b e fo r e th e n e w d a w n C orr upti on o f d o ctr i n e
.

a n d c o rr upti o n o f life h a d a ct e d a n d r e a cte d with a gg ra v a ti n g

i n flu e n c e o n o n e a n o th e r ; th e ci r cumst an c e s o f th e tim e s h a d
c o n tr ibut e d to a ug me n t e vils ; a n d th e r e sult w a s a pp a lli n g as ,

is a ll o w e d with o u t disput e o n a l l sid e s

, ,
.

A b r i e f a cc o u n t o f th e c o n diti on o f th e Chu rch in th e

o p e n i n g y e a r s o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry m a s e rv e to sh o w th e
y
im p e ra tiv e n e e d o f th e R e fo r m a ti o n a s r e g ards b o th d o ct rin e
,

a n d m a n n e rs .

T h e d o g ma th a t Chr ist Divi n e an d h u m an is a ctu a lly

, ,

p r e s e n t i n th e Euch a r ist a ft e r c on s e c r a ti o n in th e e l e m e n t s
, ,

th e ms e lv e s a lth o ugh o f c o mp a r a tiv e ly re c e n t i n tr o ducti on h a d

, ,

c o m e to b e a cc e pt e d a s o f th e v e r y e ss e n c e o fth e fa ith .

Alth o ugh c o n tra dict o ry to r e a s o n a n d o pp o s e d to Sc r iptu re

, ,

this d o ctr i n a l i n n o v a ti o n gr a du a lly g a i n i n g g ro u n d— fo te re d

,
~
,

n o d o u bt ,
by u n gu a r d e d e n thusia stic e xp re ssi o n s in m uch
a d m i r e d hy m n s — n o w h e ld th e c e n t r a l pl a c e in th e Chu r ch

syst e m .
2 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I O N

Th e t e a chi n g p r e v a il e d g e n e r a lly th a t th e m e r i ts o f
Ch r ist a r e a ppli e d chi e fly o r e v e n e xclusiv e ly th ro ugh th e , ,

s a c ram e n ts A n d th e o utw ar d a ct o f s a c r a m e n t a l r e c e pti on

.

wa s to o o ft e n r e g ar d e d a s a l l s u ffi cie n t t h e n e c e ssity o f -
,

r e p e n t a n c e a n d fa ith b e i n g o v e rl o o k e d Thus r e ligi o n ro bb e d . ,

o fi ts t r u e life a n d spi r it w a s d e g r a d e d i n t o a d e c e n t fo r m a lism

,

— a m e r e ly o bj e ctiv e syste m o fo utsid e O bs e r v an c e s .

S a c ra m e n t a l vie w s thus fa t a l to th e life o f pi e ty w e r e in

, ,

strict a cc o r d a n c e w ith th a t a rr o g an t s a c e rd o ta lis m w hich h a d

sup e r s e d e d th e p r i m itiv e i stitutin on o f th e Ch isti
r a n m i ist y
n r * .

Th e D ivi n e H e a d h a d fo u n d e d His Chu r ch up o n th e m o d e l o f

a fa m ily— th e tw e lv e Ap o stl e s c o r re sp o n di n g to J a c o b s s o n s
’
fl

th e twe lv e P a tr i ar chs T h e tw e lv e Ch r isti a n P a t r i a r chs u n d e r

.
,

th e guid a n c e o f Divi n e illumi n a ti on a cc o r di n g to th e e xig e n ci e s ,

o f ci r cu m st a n c e s di r e ct e d a n d d e v e l o p e d th e p r o gr e ss a n d th e
,

syst e m o f th e h o use h o ld o f fa ith But th e R o ma n Chu r ch

‘
.
’

h a d c on t r a v e n e d th e D ivi n e F o un d e r s pl a n a n d h a d d ra w n
’

a cl e a r a n d st r o n g li n e o f d e m a r c a ti o n b e tw e e n th e cl e r gy a n d

th e l a ity .T h e id e a o f th e Chu r ch b e c a m e thus n a rr o w e d i n

g e n e ra l c on c e pti o n to th e cl e r gy a l on e .

The re w a s a n o th e r i n fr i n g e m e n t o f p ri m itiv e i n stituti o n s in

th e r ul e o f p r i e stly c e lib a cy This is c o n tr a r y to th e pl a i n.

t e xt o f Sc r iptu r e ; to Ap o st o lic p r e c e d e n t ; a n d to th e cust o m

o f e ccl e si a stics in e a rly tim e s j a s w e ll a s to n a tu r e its e lf .

But it h a d b e e n z e a l o usly e n fo r c e d by Gr e g o r y VII .

( Hild e b r an d ) a s e c,
o n d D u n st a n with a m pl e r p o w e rs a n d , ,

wid e r i n flu e n c e A n d thus th e dividin g gulf b e tw e e n cl e r gy

.

a n d l a ity b e c a m e wid e n e d T h e cl e rgy w e r e is o l a t e d lik e a

.

c a st e a t th e s a m e tim e th a t th e y w e re p r e clud e d fr o m
,

b e c o mi n g a n h e r e dit a ry c a st e T h e p r id e o f th e h e a r t w a s .

thus i n t e n s e ly fl a tt e r e d ; a n d b e fo r e l o n g s a c e r d o t a l p r e t e n si o n s
re a ch e d a p o r t e n t o us h e ight T h e p r i e st t r e n ch e d u p o n th e
.

i n a li e n a bl e p re r o g a tiv e s o f th e o n e D ivi n e Pr i e st T h e me re ly .

hu man p r i e st i n v a d e d th e o ffic e o f th e o n e M e di a t o r ; h e
cl a im e d to b e th e a pp o i n te d li n k b e tw e e n th e C re a t o r a n d His
The l m td l a d d bl D L igh tf t Bi h p f D h m
en e ,
e a rn e ,
an a e r oo s o o ur a

cl ly h w th t pp t d by S c ip t
.
, ,
h as e ar s o d t li m i n a S
sa ce r o a s s u n su or e r ur e ee
Di t ti C h i ti Mi i t y pp d d t h i C m
.

h is ‘
s se r a th on on e r s an n s r
’
a en e o s
‘
o
me n t y ar th E pi tl t th Philippi
on e s e o e an s
’

M il m L t C h i t iv p 1 7 t
.

1 S
‘ ’
ee an s a . r s . . e c
, ,
.
 A PR I E S T ON L Y A Al A /V .

e rr ni g c r e a tu r e s As such th e m e r e ly hum an p r ie st c on fe rre d

.
,

th e H o ly G h o st in b a ptism a n d m a d e his M a k e r i n th e ,

s a c r ifice o f th e M a ss H e list e n e d to th e a ckn o w l e dgme n t o f

.

sin i n a ct o r w o rd o r e v e n m o tiv e a n d th o ught fr o m th e

, ,

tr e m bli n g lips o f th e m a t ro n a n d th e m a id e n i n th e ,

u n a pp ro a ch e d s e c r e cy o f th e c o n fe ssi o n a l It w a s his to s o u n d .

th e m yst e r i o us d e p ths o f th e c o n sci e n c e H e d e liv e r e d his .

a uth o r it a tiv e c e n su r e s ; i m p o s e d p e n a lti e s ; a n d a bs o lv e d fro m

guilt T h e ke ys o f th e i n visibl e w or ld w e re in his p r ivile ge d

.

a n d t e n a ci o us g r a sp .

T o p r e r o g a tiv e s so e x a gg e r a t e d it w a s n o fe e bl e supp o r t
,

th a t th e l e a rn in g o f th e a ge a n d e v e n to o fre qu e n tly th e m e r e
,

a bility to re a d a n d w r it e w e r e a l mo s t re str ict e d to th e s a c e r

,

d o t a l o r d e r It is t r u e th a t o u r A n glic an Chu r ch— fo r sh e w as

.

t e rme d A n gl ic a n in o u r M a gn et Ch a r ta — w a s l e ss sub missiv e

‘ ’

to th e P a p a cy th a n th e Chu r ch i n m o st o th e r c o u n t r i e s Th e .

s pi r it o f vig o r o us n a ti o n a lity which n o t s e ld o m a n i m a t e d th e

,

k i n g a n d th e b a r on s o me ti me s fo u n d a r e sp on s e e v e n i n th e
,

b re a sts o f e ccl e si a stics B ut fo r th e mo st p ar t th e p r i e st

.

b e l o n ge d to his o r d e r r a th e r th a n to his n a ti on H e did n o t .

fa il c o mm o n ly to a ss e r t to th e full th e supp o s e d r ight o f his

p r ivil e g e d o r d e r a n d his s a c r e d o ffi c e a n d e x e r cis e d a n a u th o
,

r ity o v e r th e i n dividu a l th e fa m ily a n d th e dist r ict si m il a r to

, , ,

th a t which St P e t e r s i n fa llibl e succ e ss o r cl a i m e d o v e r k i n gs

.
’

a n d ki n gd o m s .

Bu t to e x e r cis e a uth or ity so e x a lt e d a n d disch a rge fu n cti on s ,

s o stup e n d o us with o u t a b us e
,
d e m an d e d n o thin g l e ss th a n
,

a n g e lic p u r ity C o n sid e r i n g th e in fir m i tie s o f hu m an n a tu re

.
,

i t is n o m ar v e l th a t th e w e a k c r e dulity o f th e l a ity lu r e d o n
th e p r i e sth o o d to g r e a t e r a n d g r e a t e r p re su m pti on C o n te mp t .

fo r th e e a sily d e lud e d m ultitud e l e d to p ro fa n e n e ss a n d i r r e

v e r e n ce t o w a r ds G o d Hi ms e lf an d th e myst e r i e s o f th e
C hr isti a n fa ith Thus Luth e r wh e n h e w a s a t R o m e
.
,

o v e r h e ar d th e p r i e sts v e n ti n g th e i r m o ck o f l a S up e r stiti o n
y ,

a n d m utt e r i n g i n th e M a ss i n st e a d o f th e s o l e mn w o r ds o f

c o n s e c ra ti o n the i r o w n r ib a ld bl a sph e my
,
B re a d th o u a r t ,

a n d b re a d th o u sh a lt r e m a i n
; wi n e th o u a r t a n d wi n e th o u ,

s h a lt r e m a i n
’
.

Th a t th e p ri e st might r e t a i n e xclusive ly th e p o st — which h e

1—2
4 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A TI O N .

oft e n a buse d to e vil by p s a n d d e g ra d e d e r on a

—
l V ic O f e
so ,

spi ritu a l guid e an d di re ct o r e ccle si a stic a l a n tip a thy w a s o u t,

sp ok e n a n d v e h e me n t a g a i n st a n y p r oj e ct to t ran sl a t e th e
s a c re d Sc riptu r e s i n t o a m o d e rn t o n gu e u n d e r st a n d e d o f th e ‘

p e o pl e T h e a n tip a thy d e v e l o p e d i n t o o v e r t p r o hibiti o n o f

.
’

such t ra n sl a ti o n This w a s chi e fly in o r d e r to k e e p th e l a y

.

mi n d in th e o n e o r th o d o x g ro o v e a n d to p re v e n t th e fl o o d ,

ga t e s o f h e re sy fr o m b e in g th ro wn wid e o p e n by th e e x e r cis e
o f th o ught T h e Divi n e w a r n in g w a s cit e d a g a i n st th ro w mg
.

p e a rls b e fo r e swi n e .

But this w a s by n o m e an s a l l T h e sch o o l d o ct o r s h a d .

-

d e vis e d a c o mplic a t e d syst e m o f i n te r p r e t a ti o n which r e n ,

d e re d th e t e xt o fth e l e a rn e d l a n gu a ge s o f th e i n spi re d b o o k s
o n ly th e h a r d o utsid e sh e ll to difficulti e s d e e p e r a n d m o r e

p e r pl e xi n g Thus o n e m o n o p o ly h a d b e e n fo r tifi e d by a n o th e r
.

m o n o p o ly C o n t e mp or a ry Pro te st a n t w r it e r s a re p r o fus e o f
.

m e t a ph o r in d e scr ibi n g th e i m p e di m e n ts wh e re with th e

Chu r ch h a d h a mp e re d th e m e a n i n g o f th e pl a i n w o r ds o f th e
pl a i n e st o f a l l t e a ch e r s T h e stra it g a t e a n d n a rro w w a y h a d
.

b e e n bl o ck e d with p r ic k ly th o r n s T h e c o bw e bs o f blin di n g .

gl o ss e s h a d b e e n sp re a d by p o is on e d spid e r s o v e r lu m i n o u s ’

t e xts T h e stre a m o f Divi n e tr uth s o li m pid i n th e S c riptu r e s

.
,

th e m s e lv e s fo r e v e ry thi r sty s o ul to d r in k h a d b ee n m a d e ,

m uddy by a m e dl e y o f subtl e ti e s a n d a j a r g o n o f j uggli n g ‘

t e r ms A n d thus E ra s m us in publishi n g th e t e xt o f th e
.
’

G re e k T e st a m e n t with a si m pl e L a ti n v e rsi o n in p a ra ll e l
, ,

c o lu m n s sp ok e o f hi ms e lf a s O p e n i n g a g a i n — a s Tyn d a l e d e
,

light e d to r e p e a t a ft e r h i m— th e w e lls o f Ab ra h am which ‘

,
’

th e Sc r ib e s a n d Ph a r is e e s th o s e wick e d a n d spit e ful Philis

‘

ti n e s h a d st o pp e d a n d fill e d u p with th e e a r th o f th e i r fa ls e
,
’
o sI ti o n s
ex
p .

As ga r ds th e c o n n e ct e d d e p a r tm e n t o f m o ra ls th e r e ca n
re ,

b e n o qu e sti on th a t j ust b e fo re th e c r isis o f th e R e fo rm a ti o n

, ,

th e h a bits a n d m o ra l c o n diti o n o f th e wh o l e e ccl e si a stic a l

c p ti
o r o r a o n — s e cul a r r e gul a r a n d m e n dic a n t— h a d b e c o me
, ,

w or s e th an p r o b a bly a t a n y p e r i o d b e fo r e o r in fa ct si n c e In , .

F re e m a n s w o rd s n o t o n ly w e re th e P a rli a m e n ts o f th e fi ft e e n th
’

c e n tu ry in E n gl a n d l e ss lib e ra l a n d i n d e p e n d e n t b o di e s th a n
‘

th o s e o f th e fo u rt e e n th but th e Chu rch o f th e fi fte e n th ce n

,
’
 S CA N D A L O US P ON TI F F S .
5

tu ry w a s sc an d a l o usly T h e m o r a l st a t e o f s o ci e ty
ge n e ra lly h a d d e t e r i o r a t e d lik e wis e by n a tu r a l c o n s e qu e n c e , .

Disciplin e h a d g ro w n l a x M e n spi r itu a l a n d r e gul ar it .

‘
, ,
’

w a s c o m pl a i n e d o bs e r v e n o r ul e N o p r i e st it w as co m
’ ’
, .
,

m o u ly s a id is m e e k n o m o n k p o o r n o fr i a r ch a st e
‘ ’

, , .
,

T h e i n fe r i or cl e r gy c o uld pl e a d in m itig a ti o n o f c e n su re th e
d e b a s e d e x a m pl e o f th o s e in th e high e st e ccl e si a stic a l st a ti o n s .

H e r e th e c o n diti o n o f thi n gs w a s s o fo ul a s to m o ck a t th e
m o st a n xi o us e ffo r ts o f r e fo r m T h e G re a t Schism its e lf .

which l a ste d n e a rly for ty y e ar s h a d b e e n e v e n a c ,

ce l e r a te d by high h a n d e d a tt e m pts on th e p a r t o f Ur b a n VI
-
.

to b r i n g a b o ut m o r a l a m e n d m e n t Aft e r a tim e th e ch a r a cte r s .

o f b o th th e r iv a l p on ti f fs U r b an a n d Cl e me n t V I I — w h o ,

e xc o m mu n ic a t e d an d d a m n e d o n e a n o th e r p r o v e d so
th o r o ughly A n tich r isti an th a t Wycli ffe p r on o u n c e d th e i r ,

liv e s to h a v e n o thi n g in c o mm o n with th e h o ly Chu r ch o f

‘

G o d w h ich w o uld b e i n b e tt e r c a s e w ith o ut e ith e r o f th e m

’ ’
.
,

W o r s e fo llo w e d Just b e fo r e a n d a ft e r th e b e gin n i n g o f th e

.

sixt e e n th c e n tu ry th e p on ti ffs w e re m e r e s e cul ar p r in c e s

, ,

u sin g spi r i tu a l p r e t e n si o n s s o me tim e s fo r th e t e m p o r a l b e n e fit

,

o f th e i r s e e m o r e fre qu e n tly f
,
o r fa m ily o r p e r s o n a l a ggr a n diz e

m e n t C o u n cils w e r e su mm o n e d to e ss a y th e h e r cul e a n t a sk
.
,

o f cl e an si n g th e Chu r ch but with o u t an y a v a il , .

As r e ga r ds th e m o r a l ch a r a cte r s o f th e p o n tiffs I nn o c e n t ,

V III ( 1 4 8 4 ) w a s th e fa th e r o f s e v e n child re n by a s m a n y
.

di ffe re n t w o m e n Un d e r h im e v e rythi n g w a s v e n a l Al e x
.
,
.

a n de r V I s guilty o f a lm o st e v e r y fo ul d e e d i n th e
( 1 4 9 2 ) w.a

c a t a l o gu e o f d e p r a vity His so n th e di m i n utiv e a n d lith e .

,

Cae s a r B or gi a his d a ughte r Luc r e ti a w e re a s in fa m o us a s th e i r

, ,

fa th e r a n d n e v e r scr upl e d to e m pl o y th e p o n i a r d o r th e
,

p o is on b o w l The n a fte r th e t w e n ty six d ays p o n tifica te o f

-
.
,
-
’

Pius III c a m e ( 1 5 03 ) Julius II Addict e d to wi n e libidin o us

.
, .
,

in e a r li e r life i n his l a t e r c a r e e r h e p ro v e d m o r e p a t r i o tic

,

th a n his i mm e di a t e p re d e c e ss o r s A b e a rd e d w a rr i o r th e m o st .
,

ch ar a ct e r istic p a ss age i n his r e ign w a s his e n t e ri n g Mi r a n d o l a

(J a n u a ry 1 5 1 1 ) t h ro ugh a b re a ch in th e w a lls i n h e l m e t a n d
, ,

cui ra ss T h e p ro dig a l L e o X th e pupil o f P o liti an th e

.
,

H i s to r ic l E y
a ssa s,
’
i .
,
pp . 4 7, 4 9 .
6 TH E D A l VN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R zll A T l O N .

p a t ro n o f R a ffa e ll o a n d o f A r i o sto succ e e d e d ( M ar ch 1 5 1 3 ) , ,

wh e n o n ly th i r ty s e v e n y e ar s o fa ge
- .

I n th e fifth c e n tu ry L e o I s o m e ti me s styl e d th e G r e a t
‘ ’
.
, ,

h a d l a b ou re d with succ e ss to a dv a n c e th e p r e t e n si o n s a n d
p o w e r o f th e R o m a n S e e Much l a te r but fo u r hu n d re d a n d
.
,

fifty ye a rs b e fo re th e b e gin n i n g o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry ,

L e o I X (B r u n o ) p r e vi o usly Bish o p o f T o ul h a d a d m i n ist e r e d

. , ,

fa i r s with e n e rgy a n d h a d b e e n a sh a r p r e p r o v e r
e ccl e si a stic a l a f ,

o f th e filthy c r im e s wh e th e r a cc ordi n g to n a tu r e o r b e l o w
,

n a tu r e which d e g ra d e d th e m o n ks
,
It w a s b a r e fo o t in m e an .
,

a tti r e th a t B r u n o h a d e n t e re d R o m e a s a pilgr i m
,

w ith Hild e b ra n d his M e n t o r a t his sid e to s e e k th e r a ti fica

, , ,

ti o n fr o m th e cl e r gy a n d p e o pl e o f his a pp o i n tm e n t by his
i m p e ri a l c o usi n H e n ry III to St Pe t e r s ch a i r A p o n ti ff o f
,
.
,
.
’
.

si mil a r ch a r a ct e r s e e me d l o udly c a ll e d fo r by th e p r e s e n t co n
diti on o f th e Chu r ch A n d p r o b a bly a sci n till a ti o n o f this
.

t r uth t o ge th e r with th e p e r c e pti on th a t such a c o n victi o n w as

,

a fl o a t in th e w o r ld l e d to th e r e viv a l i n th e styl e ch o s e n by
,

th e y o uthful p o n tiff o f a n h o n o u r e d n a m e But L e o X diffe r e d . .

— h o w wid e ly fro m L e o IX -
.

T h e succ e ss o r to th e w a rlik e Julius w as an i n t e ll e ctu a l

v o luptu a ry wh o s e t a st e s w e re sh a r e d by his c o u r t Lik e
,
.

th e p a i n t e r w h o tu rn e d a w a y fro m an i n fe r i o r w o r k o f a r t
l e st his h a n d sh o uld l o s e s o me o f its cu n n in g so C a r di n a l ,

B e mb o disd a in e d to s e t e ye s up o n th e V ulg a t e o r B re vi a ry ,

l e st his o w n pu r e L a tin ity sh o uld c a tch th e u n Cic e ro n i an -

ta in t Oth e r c a r di n a ls we r e m o r e r e m ark a bl e fo r th e i r
'

g o rge o us e quip a g e s gild e d ch a r i o ts su n sh a d e s o f p e a c o ck

, ,

plu m e s n o v e l d e lic a ci e s o f culin ary r e fi n e me n t a n d d e v o ti on

, ,

to p a g a n a r t th a n fo r th e i r o b e di e n t s u b m issi o n to th e re
,
p
ce p ts ,
or f or th e i r hu m bl e fa ith i n th e a r ticl e s o f Ch r isti a n

c re e d With o ut e xciti n g su r p r is e th e cry w a s h e ar d o n a l l

.
,

sid e s a n d w a s e ch o e d a t th e p a p a l c o u r t its e lf th a t th e
, ,

Chu r ch m ust b e r e form e d in th e h e a d a n d th e m e mb e rs .

’

Tu rn in g to E n gl an d in p a r ticul a r th e chi e f fe a tu r e o f th e ,

fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry w a s o v e rfl o wi n g l a wl e ss n e ss T h e Chu r ch o n .

th e C o n ti n e n t in this c e n tu ry w a s bl e ss e d a mid d e e p c o rr up
, , ,

t i o n with thin k e r s a n d w r it e r s such a s J o h n o f G o ch (di e d

,

J o h n o f \Ve se l (die d i n p r is on wh o se w r itin gs

 R E GI N A L D PE C O CK .
7

b e c a me t e xt b o oks a t Erfu rth a n d g r e a t e r th a n e ith e r J o hn

-
, , ,

We ss e l o f G ro e n in g e n ( di e d
,
wh o fo r h is sci e n tific ,

the o l o gy is c a lle d by Ull m a n n p r e e m i n e n tly th e th e o l o gic a l

,
‘
-

fo re r u n n e r o f th e T h e D o mi n ic a n m ystics
a ls o
, th e i r c on t e m pl a tiv e pi e ty a p r o t e st a g a i n st th e to o
m e r e ly o b je ctiv e r e ligi on o f th e Middl e Ag e s ; T a ul e r wh o se ,

d isc o u r s e s Luthe r highly a pp re ci a t e d ; Eck a r t ; a n d th e a uth o r

o f th e I m it a ti o n o f Chr ist o n ly l e ss i n i m it a bl e th a n th e ,
’

D ivi n e M o d e l Hi m s e lf an d o th e r s b e l o n g to this p e r i o d
,
In , .

E n gl a n d d e e p e r d ar kn e ss m a rk e d th e fa ilu r e o f Wycliffe s ’

ef fo r ts . O n ly R e gi n a ld Pe co ck bish o p fi r st o f S t As a ph th e n , .
,

o f Chich e st e r a st a r o f s o m e wh a t a m big u o us lust r e a d e fe n d e r

, ,

o f th e p o p e a n d bish o ps a g a i n st p o pul a r o diu m a r e p r e ss o r

‘
,

o f o v e r m uch bl a mi n g o f th e cl e r gy — th e biti n g c e n su re s -

a ppli e d to th e m e vid e n ci n g th e still r e m a i n i n g i n flu e n c e o f th e

Bibl e m e n o r L ol l ar ds — y e t a p e n e t ra tin g c r itic a stud e n t o f

-
,

th e Sc r iptu re s a n a dv o c a t e o f t o l e ra ti on a n d o f th e m a rr i a g e
,

o f p r i e sts illumi n e s th e w a st e o f dul n e ss a n d bl a ckn e ss

, .

S o littl e n o twithst a n d i n g h i s e xculp a t o ry b o o k w a s Pe co ck

, ,

a cc e pt a bl e to th e cl e r gy th a t h e w a s c o n d e m n e d i n a sy n o d a t
,

L a mb e th ( 1 4 5 7) a n d d e p r iv e d o f his se e B e fo re this S ir .
,

J o h n Oldc a stl e (by r ight o f his wife L o r d C o bh a m ) h a d b e e n ,

m a r ty r e d a n d th e n c e fo r w a r d th e a sc e n d a n cy o f th e

s e lfish gr a spi n g hi e ra r chy l a st e d i n t o th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry .

I n such a n a ge th e Chu r ch a f fo r d e d m o r e st a bl e supp or t

th an th e shifti n g qu a gmi re s a ro u n d T h e ki n gs th e r e fo r e o f .
, ,

th e H o us e o f L a n c a st e r with k e e n sight e d w a r i n e ss m a d e th e
,
-
,

cl e rgy th e i r a lli e s i n th e i r u su r p a ti o n wi n k e d a t th e i r m ora l ,

d e lin qu e n ci e s s a n cti o n e d l a ws a ga i n st h e r e tics Subs e qu e n tly

,
.

th e H o us e o f Y o r k fo u n d it e xp e di e n t to st e e r i n th e w a k e o f
L an c a st e r Thus th e e x e mpti on o f th e cl e r gy fr o m tr i a l in a
.

s e cul a r c o u r t— u n d e r th e p re t e n c e th a t n o spi r itu a l man o ught

to b e tr i e d by a w o r ldly m a n fo r th e fifth c o m m a n d m e n t bids , ,

H o n o u r fa th e r an d m o th e r a n d Sc r iptu re i n stils th e pro h ib i,

’

ti o n T o uch n o t Mi n e a n o i n t e d — a cl a im which h a d b e e n fo r
,

c e n tu r ie s a b o n e o f c o n t e n ti on in l a w a n d w hich l o n g r e m a i n e d ,

suc h in fa ct w a s a t l a st c o n c e d e d wh e n th e H o us e o f Yo r k
, ,

ll
U ma n n R f m bf
’

s
‘
e or e rs e o re th e R e fo r ma t i on
’
(C l k
ar
’
s F o re ig n

T h l gic l L ib
eo o y ) ii p 2 5 9
a rar , .
,
. .
8 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R AI A TI O N .

t riu m ph e d o v e r H e n ry VI This e x e m pti o n w a s c o n fi rm e d by

.

th e vict o r o f B o s w o r th wh e n h is n e w c r o w n w a s a s y e t u n
,

ste a dy o n his h e a d .

T h us s a c e r d o t a lism r e c e iv e d its c on summ a ti o n an d pi e ty ,

w a s r e duc e d to th e l o w e st e b b N o cl e r ic u n til h e h a d b e e n
.
,

e xc o mm u n ic a t e d ,
c o uld b e a rra ign e d b e fo re a l ay t ribu n a l .

Thus to h a v e th e m o st c r im i n a l o r fl a gitio u s a ct d o n e by
a m e m b e r o f th e s a c r e d o r d e r visit e d with c o n dign pu n ish

m e n t b e c a m e a n a chi e v e m e n t o f c o mplic a t e d difficulty Th e .

u n r e str a in e d s a c e r d o t a lism o f th e a ge givi n g full e ffe ct to its ,

o n e sid e d s a c ra m e n t a lis m p r o f
-
fe re d t e mpt a ti o n s to th e fo ul e st
,

vic e s a n d w o r st c r im e s by th e p ro m is e o f i mm u n ity h e r e a fte r ,

a n d th e p ro sp e ct o f i m mu n ity h e re .

N o r w a s this a l l . Oth e r s a ls o b e sid e s th o s e p ro p e r ly

, ,

b e l o n gi n g to th e s a c re d o r d e r fo u n d r e fuge u n d e r th e a m pl e
,

fo lds o f th e s a c e r d o t a l wi n g If an y o n e a rra ign e d in a s e cul ar

.

co u r t f o r r o bb e ry o r m u rd e r c o u l d p ro v e his a bility to r e a d o r

w r it e h e w as a ll o w e d to cl a im b e n e fit o f cl e rgy a n d thu s to
, ,
’

h a v e his c a us e t ra n sfe rre d fro m th e s e cul a r to th e spir itu a l

co u r t . T h e g re a t e r l e n i e n cy o f e ccl e si a stic a l s e n t e n c e s m a y b e
a r gu e d to h a v e d o n e m uch to u ph o ld a high e r st a n d a r d o f
‘

’
hum an ity ; but a wid e d o o r h a d b e e n thus th r o wn o p e n to
g ro ss a bus e s . T h e R o m a n Ch a n c e ry h a d e st a blish e d a
gr a du a t e d sc al e o f fi n e s a cc o r di n g to which by a m o n e y
,

p ay me n t a n o i n t e d m a l e fa ct o r s c o uld c o m p o u n d fo r fl a gra n t
t r a n sgre ssi o n s T h e v o w o f ch a stity m ight b e vi o l a t e d fo r th e
.

m o d e st su m o f o n e hu n d re d liv res Ass a ssi n a ti o n by a bish o p

.

o r a bb o t c o st th e guilty e ccl e si a stic th re e hu n d r e d liv re s .

Abs o luti o n fro m mu r d e r w a s a ss e sse d to a d e a c on a t tw e n ty

c ro w n s .

T h e e xt re m ity o f th e e vils thus lightly d e a lt with a dd e d

fre sh fo r c e to th e d e m an d fo r Chu rch r e fo r m I n G e rm a n y .
,

w h e r e cl e r ic a l p r e ro g a tiv e t o w e r e d to its high e st p o i n t it w a s

,

d e m a n d e d in th e p e a s a n t i n su r re cti o n th a t th e cl e rgy sh o uld

, ,

b e t r i e d a n d pu n ish e d by l a y j udge s I n E n gl an d e a r ly i n
.
,

th e r e ign o f H e n ry V III th e cl a im o f e ccl e si a stic a l i m m u n ity

.
,

e m b r o il e d th e l a ity with th e cl e rgy A b r i e f a cc o u n t o f this

.

r e m a r k a bl e disput e w ill n o t b e o u t o f pl a c e
.

It h a d b e e n e na ct e d in 1 5 1 3 th a t mu r d e r e r s a n d r o bb e r s
 CL E R I CA L A N D L A Y C ON F L I C T 9

sh o uld b e d e n ie d th e b e n e fit o f th e i r gy T h e H o us e o f cl e r fil<

L o rds m a d e a n e xc e pti o n in fa v o u r o f th o s e withi n th e h o ly

o r d e r s o f bish o p p r i e st o r d e a c on
,
T h e cl e rgy still fe lt
, .

a ggr i e v e d fe a r in g th a t th e a tta ck u p o n th e l o w e r gr a de s
,

w o uld e re l o n g b e e xt e n d e d to th e high e r m e mb e r s o f th e
s a c re d p r o fe ssi o n T h e Abb o t o f W in ch e l co mb e p r e a ch e d a
.

vi o l e n t s e rm o n a t P a ul s C ro ss in m a i n t e n a n c e o f th e e x ’

e mpti o n o f a ll cl e rks wh e th e r o f l o w e r o r high e r d e gre e

, ,

in c r imi n a l c a s e s fro m civil j u r isdicti o n

,
T h e l a ity w e r e .

r o us e d on th e i r sid e to e xt r e m e i n dig n a ti o n a n d th e m a tt e r ,

w a s b r o ught b e fo r e th e k i n g St a n d ish Gu a r di a n o f th e .
,

C o r d e li e r s a r gu e d in b e h a lf o f th e r ights o f th e l a ity a lth o ugh

, ,

h e w e ll k n e w th a t h e w a s c on t ra v e n i n g th e s e n ti m e n ts o f th e
bish o ps a n d o f th e e n ti re cl e r ic a l b o dy T h e Abb o t o f W in
, .

ch e l co mb e w a s c o u n s e l fo r th e cle r gy ’
.

T h e c o n t e st w a s fu r th e r a ggra v a t e d by th e a f fa i r o f Ric h a r d
Hu n n e which h a pp e n e d a t this p ar ticul ar j u n ctu r e Hu n n e h a d
, .

r e fus e d to a
p y th e m o r tu a r y
(t h e h i e r i n g sh e e t ) fo r a d e c e a se d

child fiv e y e a r s o fa ge F o r p ay me n t o f this d ue h e w a s su e d
. ,

a n d i n r e tu rn su e d th e pl a i n tiffin a r ee m i mi r e T h e n h e r e sy
p .

w a s ch a r g e d a g a i n st Hu n n e ; h e h a d b e e n fo u n d to h a v e i n his

p o ss e ssi o n Wycliffe s Bibl e which w a s cit e d in p r o o f o f th e

’

a ll e g a ti o n th a t h e w as a h e r e tic H e w a s a cc o r di n gly im .

p r is o n e d in th e L o ll a r ds T o w e r a t St Pa ul s a n d h e re h e w a s
’
.
’

fo u n d in his c e ll h a n ge d a n d d e a d T h e cl e rgy m a in t a i n e d .

th a t h e h a d b e e n guilty o f suicid e a n d h an ge d hi m s e lf But .

such a supp o siti on w a s i n c o n sist e n t with a l l th a t w a s k n o w n

o f Hu n n e s ch a ra ct e r T h e c o ro n e r s v e rdict p r o n o u n c e d th a t
’ ’
.

D r H o r s e y ch an c e ll or to th e Bish o p o f L o n d o n a n d th e
.
, ,

bish o p s su mn e r (summ o n e r) a n d th e b e ll r i n ge r h a d m u r
’

,
-
,

d e r e d him a n d th e n to c o n c e a l th e i r guilt h a d b a n ge d up
, , ,

his b o dy T h e bish o p o n his p a r t p ro c e e de d a ga in st th e d e a d

.
, ,

b o dy Hu n n e w a s c on d e m n e d a s a h e re tic a n d his b o dy w a s
.
,

bu rn t a t S mith fie l d Th e n th e H o us e o f C o mm on s t o o k u p
.

th e m a tt e r an d c om p a ssi o n a ti n g th e victim o f cl e r ic a l
, ,

ma lign ity p a ss e d a Bill for th e r e st o ra ti o n o f Hu n n e s

’

child r e n T h e Bill w a s s e n t up to th e L o r ds wh e re th e
.
,

p o w e r o f th e p re l a t e s w a s o v e r w h e lmi n g Thus C o n v o c a .

4 H e nr y V I I I ii
.
,
.
,
0 . 2 .
 TH E D A l l N O F T H E E N GL I S H R EF OR M A TI ON
’
10 .

ti o n a n d th e P e e r s b e c a m e in e ffe ct a rray e d a g a i n st th e
C omm o n s T h e o pin i o n o f th e j udg e s w a s n e xt s o ught an d
.
,

w a s giv e n a g a i n st th e cl e r gy Afte r this to c a lm th e .

,

a n i m o sity which c o n ti n u e d to p re v a il a m id such div e r g i n g

v e r dicts a n d w a s ra th e r e m bitt e re d th an subdu e d by l e n gth

,

o f ti m e ,
th e o pp on e n ts w e r e su mm on e d to a pp e a r b e for e
H e n ry hi m s e l f a t Bay n ard s C a stl e T h e r o y a l w o r ds o n
’

this o cc a si o n (Ap r il 1 5 1 5 ) w e re so ch ara ct e ristic th a t th e y

,

s o u n d lik e a p r o ph e cy o f e v e n ts which c a m e to p a ss fift e e n

y e ars a ft e rw a r ds : By th e p e rmissi on an d o r di n a n c e o f G o d
‘

w e a r e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d an d th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d in ti m e s
,

p a st n e v e r h a d a n y sup e r i or but G o d o n ly T h e r e for e k n o w .

o u w e ll th a t w e will m a i n t a i n th e r ight o f o u r c r o w n a n d o f
y ,

o u r t e m p o r a l j u r isdicti o n a s w e ll i n this a s in a ll o th e r p o i n ts
, ,

in a s a m pl e m a n n e r a s a n y o f o u r p r o ge n it o r s h a v e d o n e b e fo re
o u r ti me A n d a s fo r y o u r d e c re e s w e a r e w e ll a ssu re d th a t
.
,

o u o f th e S pi r itu a lity xp ssly g i s t th w ds f div e rs

y g o e re a a n e o r o

o f th e m a s h a th b e e n sh o w e d o u by s o m e o f o u r c o u n cil ;
, y
an d
y o u i n t e rp r e t y o u r d e c r e e s a t y o u r pl e a su r e ; bu t w e w ill
n o t a gre e to th e m m o r e th a n o u r p ro g e n it o r s h a v e d o n e in

fo r me r ti me s .
’

T h e h e a t o f st rife w as s o m e wh a t a ll a y e d by wh a t w e a r s th e
a pp e a r a n c e o f a ki n d o f c o m p r o m is e H o rs e y w a s dis m is se d .

fro m his p o st ; St a n dish w as e xclud e d fr o m C on v o c a ti o n .

But th e L o n d o n e r s still r e m a i n e d diss a tisfi e d T h e a fia ir h a s

’

b e e n d e t a il e d w ith s o m e ful n e ss by Bu rn e t w h o a dds th e ,

c o mm e n t : It s e e m s to h a v e h a d gr e a t i n flu e n c e o n p e o pl e s
‘ ’

m i n ds a n d to h a v e disp o s e d th e m much to th e ch a n ge s th a t
,

fo ll o w e d
T o r a is e s a ce r d o t a lis m to its c o v e t e d pitch o f e x a lt a ti o n ,

c e lib a cy i n t ro duc e d i n t o E n gl a n d by Augusti n a n d e n fo r c e d

,
,

w ith r ig o u r by Hild e b ra n d h a d b e e n a ch e r ish e d i n st r u m e n t

, .

This r e qui re me n t in th e te e th o fn a tu re w a s r a th e r fo r p o litic a l

th a n fo r m o r a l e n ds It s e r ve d to d ra w a cl e a r li n e b e tw e e n
.

th e cl e rgy a n d th e l a ity a n d by st re n g th e n i n g th e u n ity to

, , ,

i n c re a s e th e p o w e r o fth e cl e ric a l c o r p o ra ti o n H a bits o f s e lf .

d e n i a l it h a d l e s s e ffe ct in i n ducin g I n d e e d a s a m a tt e r o f .
,

fa ct th e p re sc rib e d r ul e w as hyp o c r itic a lly d e a lt with— a n d

,

N a re s ’
B ur n e ts
’
‘
R e fo r ma t o n i ,
’
p a rt i b k i pp
oo .
, . 2 0 30
-
.
 D E GE N E R A C Y O F TH E F R I A R S . 1 1

th a t with th e c o n n iv a n c e o f th o s e in a uth o r ity T h e s e v e r ity .

o f c o m puls ory c e lib a cy w a s to o m uch f o r a v e ra g e hu m a n

n a tu r e ; it p ro v e d o ft e n a n i n l e t to de gra di n g vic e a n d ,

r e qui r e d to b e mitig a t e d e xt e n siv e ly i n g e n e r a l p ra ctic e .

Thus a mon g th e s e cul a rs a p r i e st c o uld with o ut a n y

, , ,

a pp a lli n g di f ficulty pu r ch a s e a lic e n s e to k e e p a c o n cubi n e

, .

A n d e v e n th a t th e p r i o r o f a m o n a st e ry sh o uld o n a cc o u n t ,
‘

o f fr a gility h o ld such a lic e n se w a s n o t quit e with o ut

’

, ,

p re c e d e n t I n G e r m a n y th e c on cubi n a g e o f p r i e sts w as
.

c o mm o n * I n E n gl a n d s o m e slu r w a s c a st up on th e p ra ctic e :
.

a n d it w a s ar gu e d th a t to h a v e o n e c o n cubi n e i n th e h o us e

w a s w o r s e th a n to h a v e te n wh o re s o utsid e l -

M o r e th an tw o c e n tu r i e s h a d e l a ps e d si n c e th e g re a t
Fl o re n ti n e h a d su n g o f St F r an cis an d o f St D o m i n ic
. .

th e fo r m e r s e ra phic a ll in fe r v e n cy th e l a tt e r
‘
,

r a di a n c e o f ch e r ubic ligh tfi a s th e tw o or d a i n e d by

Pr o vid e n c e to a n o bl e w o rk o f spi ritu a l r e ge n e r a ti o n But .

th e r e viv a l o f which th e s e fo u n d e r s o f z e a l o us r iv a l fra t e r n iti e s

h a d b e e n th e i n st r u m e n ts h a d by this ti me su n k fr o m th e
fl a me o f fi r st l o v e to th e dull d e c a y o f dyi n g e m b e r s T h e .

p e ri o d o f d e cl e n si on m ay b e g a th e r e d by i mplic a ti on fro m th e
wr i tin gs o f fo r e m o s t e ccl e si a stics T h e a dmir a bl e R o b e r t
.

Gro ss e t et e — a p re l a t e w o r thy to p re sid e o v e r th e dio c e s e

-

v i i d by
O f th e C e n tu m G r a a m n a tr a n sm tte i ’
th e D e t o f N u r e m e r b g
di i y c pl i d
to A r a n V I th e n n e t fi r st o m a n e
. hi lic -
of t s e ns n s s te m i g y .

y dl y
T n a e sa s h gh‘
T ro u v y p i p yi g
D u tch l a n d e e r r e st a n a gil d r e n u n to

th e a rchd c h ll
e a on s a ly q i ly h v
fr e e and h
u et a e h is w o re
’—
as t e d o in h y
l ,l d c l d c pi
W a e s i n I r e a n , S o t an , F ra n e , a n d S a n k W o r s, P S ,
.
,
40 . .iii p . . .

l x pl O
T C u m o b m a ’u m e e m u m, tu m b o cca si o n e m saapi u s p e cca n d i cu m
‘

q d i om S i t —T h o
i p l gi M o r A o o a p r o E r a sm o p ’
e a, u ae . . To o ur, . w r o te
y dl
T n a e , to o m u
‘
ch i ch lic
w n e i n th e d a e , or re a th e G o s e w ou t p l ith
ligh k c igh
t, o r ma e n o t h i s ro ss e s a r t bl h t, h o w r e m e t h e h o w fe a r e t h e h
h t h ibl c it d cy
W a a n o rr e si n i s o mm te ! I cr y G o d me r , s a t h e a n d ih ,

y ou my gh ly th
o st fa e r h ld h
B u t to o han w o r e o r a n o t e r m a n s w fe , to
’
i
gi
b u y a b e n e fi ce , e tc
’
h
A a n h ly h
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.W e n th e o F a t e r h a d fo r a e r e sts b d pi
h i iv bi h p p i d h
t e r w e s , th e s o s h
e r m tte hi
t e m w o r e s o f t e r o w n fo r a y e a r ly
ib ill
tr u te , a n d d o s t yl d v
e t i n a ll a gl d h
n s sa e in E n an w e re t e ,
m ay n ot hy
h v h v iv
a e a n y o t e r sa e m e n s w ly k
e s on
’ ’
W o r s, P S , i ,
.
- 2 32 , 2 4 8 ; . pp .

ii p
.
, .2 9 5 pp iS u re ss on oi f M o pp
n a s te r e s ,
’
O S ,
4 7.
,
5.8 E ra smI
.

op ix
.
, 9
401 . .

d
.

i
‘
T u tto S e r a ph i co i n a r o r e ,
lt pi z
L a r o p e r s a e n a i n te rr a fue
’

h bic l c
D i C e ru pl d
a u e uno s e n o re
’
.

di D a n te , Pa r a so , a n to
‘ ’
c xi .
12 T H E D A IVN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O N ’
.

bl e ss e d w ith th e e pisc o p a t e o f S t Hugh Li c l thi ty fiv e . of n o n r -

y e ar s p re vi o usly— w a s Bish o p o f Li n c o l n 1 2 3 5 H e w a s a ls o .

Ch a n c e ll o r o f O xfo r d a n d is to b e r e ve r e d a s th e p a tr o n o f
,

R o ge r B a c on S o e m i n e n t w a s his pi e ty th a t a t his d e c e a s e
.

d e v o ut e a r s c o uld h e a r b e lls in h e a v e n r i n gi n g a p e a l o f
w e lc o me G ro ss e t ete e mpl oy e d th e e n e rgy o f th e fri a r s to
.
-

suppl e m e n t th e i n suffici e n cy o f th e s e cul a r cl e rgy But a .

,

c e n tu ry l a t e r th e h on e st Rich a r d Fitz R a lph A r chbish o p

,
-
,

o f A r ma gh — c on t e mp ora ry with th e a n ti P e l a gi a n Th o ma s ‘
-

Br a d w a r d in e — an d a ft e r h im VVy cl if fe in his l a t e r w r iti n gs '

d e n o u n c e d th e i r g re e d o f p o w e r a nd p e lf a n d t h e ir o th e r vic e s ,
.

‘
L e ch e r o us r u ffia n s is th e d e sc ripti o n wh e r e b y F ro u d e l
’ ’<

d e sign a t e s th e m e n dic a n ts o f Wycliffe s d a y T h e d e cl e n si on ’

.

c o n ti n u e d u n ch e ck e d F r i a r i e s n u n n e r i e s m o n a st e r i e s stil l
.
, , ,

in th e o ry th e s an ctu ar i e s o f a m o re d e v o t e d pi e ty — a l th o ugh ,

du r i n g th e w ar s o f th e R o s e s a s h o spita ls a n d pl a c e s o fr e fuge , ,

th e y e a rn e d m an y a b e n e dicti on — h a d n o w b e c o m e to o O ft e n
n e sts o f d ro wsy sl o th o f i n d o l e n t ig n o ra n c e
,
an d e v e n dis ,

re put a bl e d r u n k e n n e ss a n d d e b a uch e r y .

T h e m o n a st e r i e s lik e m o st hu m a n i n stituti o n s h a v e a
, ,

v a r i e d r e c o r d g o o d a n d e vil i n t e r sp e r s e d th e e vil i n th e i r
, ,

l a t e r hist o ry n o d o ubt p r e p o n d e r a ti n g Lik e o th e r w e a lthy

, ,
.

l a n d o wn e r s o f th e ti me th e m o n a st e r i e s l e n t th e ir a id to ,

di ffus e th e bl e ssi n gs o f e duc a ti o n T h e B e n e dicti n e s th e .

,

gr e a t e st o f th e m o n a stic b o di e s — w h o h a d a l o n e m a d e p r o g re ss
i n st e a d o f su ffe r i n g d e cl e n si o n in th e fifte e n th c e n tu ry th e ,

cl a ssic a l r e viv a l h a vi n g sti mul a t e d th e i r l e a rn e d l a b o u rs

p o ss e ss e d th re e e st a blish m e n ts a t Oxfo r d — S t B e n e d ict s .
’

or G l o u c e st e r H a ll n o w W o r c e st e r C o ll e g e ; C a n t e r bu ry
,
’

H a ll n o w m e rge d in Ch r ist Chu r ch ; St Cuthb e r t s H a ll

, .
’

n ow Tr i n ity C o ll e g e B e sid e s this g re a t fr a t e rn ity m a n y

.
,

a m on a st e ry supp o r t e d o n e o r m o r e stud e n ts a t o n e o r
o th e r o f th e u n iv e r siti e s by a g ra n t o r c o r ro dy ,
R e ligi o us , .

p e rs o n s th e r e w e r e to o i n sid e th e C l o ist e r s w h o us e d e m
, , ,

b r o id e r i n g w r iti n g b o o ks with v e ry fa i r h a n d m a ki n g gar

, ,

m e n ts c a r vi n g p a i n ti n g e n gra vi n g
, , S o m e fe w t o o k a n
, .

i n t e r e st i n sci e n tific pu rsuits S o m e c o n v e n ts al s o suppli e d .

, ,

‘
S h o r t S tu di e s o n G re a t S u b j e c ts v o l iii A a l s o f a n E gli sh
’ ‘
nn n
bb y
. .
,
A e .
’
 T H E M ON A S T I C S YS T E M . 13

th e b e st l a di e s sch o o ls o fth e a ge wh e re ge n tle m e n s child re n

’

,
’

w e r e r igh t vi r tu o usly br o ught u p I n to o ma n y dist r icts such .

’

c o n v e n tu a l e st a blish m e n ts h a d n o w b e c o me r a re S pe ct a cl e s o f
h a ppy i n dust ry a n d a ctiv e us e ful n e ss a m idst to o fre qu e n t
us e l e ss t o r p o r— v e r d a n t o a s e s gl a dd e n i n g th e p e n e tra ti n g e y e , ,

a m id wh a t f o r th e m o st p a r t w a s a d r e a r y w a st e .

Th e re h a s b e e n r e c e n tly publish e d by a n E n glish B e n e

di e ti n e a b o o k e n titl e d H e n ry VI I I a n d th e E n glish ‘
.

which p ro fe ss e s to b e an a tte m pt to illust ra te ‘

th e hist o ry o f th e i r supp r e ssi o n T h e b o o k is r e a lly a n

’
.

a tt e m pt to m a k e whit e th e s e pulch r e a n d s w e e t e n th e o d o u r ,

o f E n glish m e di ae v a l co n v e n tu a lis m This it h a s a tte mpte d to .

d o chi e fly by t ryi n g to m a k e bl a c k th e r e put a ti o n s o f th e

,

visit o r s o f th e m o n a st e r i e s u n d e r C r u m w e ll— L ayt o n L e gh , ,

A p Ric e a n d L o n d o n ,
an d e sp e ci a lly by t ryi n g to m a k e ,

b l a ck e r th an it e v e n w a s b e fo r e th e r e put a ti o n o f C r u m w e ll
hi ms e lf It w o uld h o w e v e r b e n o v e ry di ffi cult t ask to
.
, ,

m a tch th e st a t e m e n ts o f th e visit o r s i n th e ir l e tte r s by cl e a r

a n d c o n clusiv e p a ss a g e s fro m c o m p e t e n t a uth o r iti e s With o ut .

qu o ti n g fro m Luth e r a n d a n u m e ro us th ro n g o f o the r w e ll

i n fo r me d witn e ss e s th e t e sti m o n y o f Era sm u sj w h o kn e w th e
,
‘

m o n a st e r ie s w e ll a n d w h o s e o bs e r v a ti o n s illust ra t e wit h vivid

,

t o uch e s c on v e n tu a l m a n n e r s a n d life is its e lf a l o n e suffici e n t , .

If n e ce ss a ry th e te sti m o n y o f bish o ps o f ki n gs a n d o f p o n ti ffs

, , ,

th e m s e lv e s c o uld b e a dde d with o ut diffi culty T h e co n d e m

,
.

n a ti o n o f c o n v e n tu a l m ora lity p r o n o u n c e d by C r u m w e ll a n d

his visit o r s h o w e v e r s e lf in t e re ste d th e y m ay h a v e b e e n is by

,
-
,

n o m e an s S i n gul a r but i n str ict h a r m o n y with fa cts a n d g e n e ra l

,

c o n victi on s with th e e xp re ss st a t e me n ts o r i n cid e n t a l hi n t s

, ,

o f th e p r i n cip a l c o n t e m p o ra ry w r it e rs .

By F ra n ci s A id an dic t G as q t ue ,
mo n k o f th e O r d er of St . B e ne

2
T Th fE
e a m dvic
t wh w ld f i b
e o m y
ras v us o o ne o ou a n e a nun a se r e as

p ci m V id d m t h c ti d m p b Ch i t
‘ ’
a s e en en u es ,
e au o n s, ne u a r as n u e re r s o,

nu b l ii I h i C ll q i — Vi g M Oy H Q d Vi g P i t —
as a s .
’
n s
‘
o o u a
’
r o tO
‘

a O an r o oe n e ns a

n un
( K th i ) d c ib
a t E b l
ar na (g d c ll ) h t ki g th
es r es o u u us oo o u n se or er a n e

v il I w d ck d t
e b id h y
as e li t q m pt
e ou as a r e ,
’
s e sa s, non a er ua nu u ra

Ch i t w hich E b l id : C m h ; h m ! m l
’ ‘
T
r s o . o itu u u s, as e ra s so o n ac o e a e s
h ic t i ( B id t g y m k y m
u u ss
‘
r C e ghi g A pl g
o a re as on ,
ou e an .
’
ou n ,
a ue

on thi c ghs S i m il
ou p g c ld b ci t d d l i b it m E m ar a ss a es ou e e a u . ra s us

re g d d th
ar e y ph e f m ch t m pt ti
n un ne r d j dg d i tas a s e re o u e a on, an u e
sa f f ergi l t t k w L ti
or a r no o no a n .
 O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R /lI A TI OIV
'

14 TH E D A l i N .

Th e re c o rds r e c e n tly publish e d o f fo u r visit a ti o n s in th e

Di o c e s e o f N o r w ich a b o ut th e b e gin n in g o f th e sixt e e n th
c e n tu ry * a r e in s o m e i mp o r ta n t re sp e cts m uch o f a pi e c e with
th e
‘
Visit o rs L e tt e rs H e re th e l a rg e r h o us e s su ch a s
’
.
’
,

N o r w ich Wy m o n dh am We st a c r e a n d W a lsi n gh a m w e re
, , , ,

fo u n d in a v e ry u n s a tisfa ct o ry st a t e B u t g e n e r a lly d e b t h a d .

r e sult e d fr o m o v e r buildi n g ; th e d u e n u m b e r o f U n iv e r sity

-

stud e n ts w a s n o l on g e r k e pt up ; th e re w a s a l a c k o f g ra mm ar
t r a i n i n g in th e m o n a s tre y T h e n u n s w e re m o re cl e a r o f
.

fl a gra n t ch a rge s th a n th e m o nks But a s r e ga rds b o th th e .

, ,

r e c o rds fu rn ish a m e l a n ch o ly pictu r e o f w a ste d e xist e n c e ; a n d

th e c o n clusi o n is c o n fi r m e d th a t e duc a ti o n a lly a n d d e v o ti o n

a lly th e c o n v e n ts h a d o u tliv e d th e i r u se .

Un d e r th e sp e ci a l r e qui r e m e n ts o f r e m o t e c e n tu r i e s th e
m o n a st e ri e s m ultipli e d — e d ifice s like th e fe ud a l c a stl e its e lf , ,

to a a l r g e e xt e n t p ar t a n d p a r c e l o f m e di ae v a lis m — a t on ce

Chu r ch c e n t r e s r e tr e a ts h o spit als w o rkh o us e s p e n it e n ti a r i e s

, , , , ,

a s ylu m s sch o o ls lib ra r i e s w o rksh o ps ro a dsid e i n n s

, , ,
To ,
.

e xp a ti a t e o n th e i r m a n ifo ld us e ful n e ss to n o bl e a n d p e a s a n t

a t th e ti me wh e n th e y fl o u r ish e d is o n e thi n g ; to p re te n d
th a t th e y w e re m o ra lly i mm a cul a t e o r e v e n m a d e a n y dist a n t ,

a pp ro a ch t o such a d e si r a bl e c o n diti o n — a t l e a st t o w a r ds th e ,

cl o s e o f the i r c o n ti n u a n c e — i s qui te a n o th e r thi n g Ex tra o r .

d in a ry i n flu e n c e s m ust i n e vit a bly b e r e qui r e d to k e e p such

i n stitut on s in th e s a fe p a th o f r e ligi o us a n d m o ra l r e ctitud e ;
i

an d such i n flu e n c e s w e r e g e n e r a lly a bs e n t It is b e y o n d .

qu e sti on th a t th e c o mpuls o ry Ce lib a cy o f m on ks n u n s a n d , ,

p ri e sts e sp e ci a lly with th e filthy c o n fe ssio n a l sup e r a d d e d

, ,

m ust a l w ays h a v e a to o a p t t e n d e n cy to p o is on th e S p ri n gs o f
d o me stic pu r ity .

It w a s o f c o u rse a c o ro ll a ry to th e n a ti o n a l r e pu d i a ti on o f
, ,

th e P a p a cy th a t th e ga rr is o n fo r ts s h o uld fa ll Ye t th e l a m e n .

ta ti o n m a y b e p e r m itt e d th a t a n e ffe t e syst e m sh o uld n o t h a v e

u n d e rgon e m e t a morph o s e i n st e a d o f t o t a l a b o liti o n A u n iqu e .

o pp o r tu n ity w a s w a st e d a n d s a c r il e g e w a s th o ught light o f

, .

W e a lth which b e sid e s e n d o wi n g fo u r t e e n bish o p r ics might

, , ,

h a v e sp re a d th e m e an s o f r e ligi o us i n str ucti on a n d s o u n d

e duc a ti o n th r o ugh th e l e n gth a n d b r e a d th o f th e l a n d f or

Dr . J e SSO p s
’
V i i t ti
s a o n s, CS ,
1 8 88 .
 VE N A L I T Y .
5

futu r e c e n tu r i e s w a s a bu s e d to sw e ll th e p r id e o f a r ist o c r a tic

,

ho us e s o r w a s s w e pt i n t o th e r o y a l c o ffe r s to b e squ a n d e r e d
, ,

a t th e g a m i n g t a bl e o r l a vish e d o n pr o fl iga te fa v o u r it e s
-
Ev e n .

L a tim e r s w e ll k n o w n t e m p e ra te r e qu e st 130 C r u m w e ll in b e
’
-
,

h a lf o f a n h o n e st m a n th e P r i or o f G re a t M a lv e r n ( Rich ar d
‘
,

B e d yl l ) i n m y di o c e s e —th o ugh n o t of my di o c e s e b e i n g e x
, ,

e m pt e tc — f th e upst a n di n g o f his h o us e a n d c o n ti n u a n c e
’
,
or ,

o f th e s a m e to m an y g o o d pu r p o s e s ; n o t i n m o n ke r y bu t to ’

m a in t a i n t e a chi n g p r e a chi n g study with p r a yi n g a n d g o o d

, , ,
‘

h o us e k e e pin g — a lth o ugh this r e a s o n a bl e r e qu e st w a s e n fo r c e d

by th e p ro m is e o f a h a n ds o m e b r ib e b o th to th e m o n a r ch a n d
to his m i n ist e r — w a s n e v e r th e l e ss dis a ll o w e d Al a s ! m y g o o d .

l o r d w r o t e th e Pr o t e st a n t bish o p sh a ll w e n o t se e tw o o r
,
’
,
‘

thr e e ( h o us e s) i n e v e ry shi re ch an g e d to such r e m e d y ? But ’

th e vultu r e s h a d th e i r b e a ks b u r i e d d e e p i n th e c a r c a s e a n d ,

n o a r gu m e n ts o r e n t r e a tie s c o uld d ra w th e m o f f fro m th e i r

p re y .

A m o n gst th e s e cul ar cl e rgy th e e vils o f pl u ra liti e s a n d

a bs e n t e e ism — th e fo r m e r o f c o u r s e i n v o lvi n g th e l a tt e r
a b o u n de d Six e ight o r te n b e n e fice s w o uld b e h e ld by o n e
.
, ,

p a r s o n w h o r e sid e d o n n o n e
,
Un p r e a chi n g p r e l a t e s to .
‘
,
’

qu o t e L a time r s ph r a s e w e re th e r ule — b y n o m e a n s th e
’

e xc e pti o n Such to o w e re m o st o f th e bish o ps th e m s e lv e s

.
, , ,

a s w e ll a s th e i mm e n s e m aj o r ity o f th e b e n e fice d cl e rgy .

Wo l s e y s succ e ss o r in th e S e e o f Y o rk (Edw a r d L e e ) c o uld

’

fi n d o n ly tw e lv e o f his cl e r gy w h o w e r e c o m p e t e n t to p r e a ch .

Abs e n t e e is m w a s so r ife a s to a r o us e l o u d c o m pl a in ts e v e n in
th a t a ge Str a wb e r r i e s L a ti m e r n a m e d th o s e w h o visit e d
.
‘ ’

th e ir p a r ishe s o n c e a y e a r But th e W o r d o f G o d h e i n siste d .

, ,

is m e a t n o t str a wb e rr i e s th a t c o m e bu t o n c e a y e a r a n d
‘
, ,

t arry n o t l o n g B e n e fice s a n d e ccl e si a stic a l dig n iti e s a s

’
.
,

r e g ar ds a t l e a st th e e m o lum e n ts w e r e c o n fe rr e d n o t u n ,

fre qu e n tly o n l a yme n a n d e v e n on mi n o rs A syst e m a ls o ,

.

o bt a i n e d o f h a n ds o m e d o u ce u r s f or a pi e c e o f p re fe rm e n t ,

p r e se n t e d n o t o n ly to p r iv a t e but e v e n to public p a t r o n s , ,

with o ut much s e n s e o f sh a m e o r e ffo r t o f c on c e a l m e n t S u m s .

o f m on e y p e rfum e d gl o v e s — we ll li n e d — stuffe d with

,
‘ ’

g ui n e a s ; a dish o f a p pl e s— a l l th e a ppl e s o f o n e t a st e e a ch ,
’

o n e fill e d w ith g o ld pi e c e s — a h o r s e a s a ddl e p r o piti a t e d th e , ,

 16 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R JI A T I O N .

p a tro n s g o o dwill
’
d d t his p f ,
an ce Ve n a lity
e er mi n e d r e e re n .
*

w a s a b a dge o f th e a ge i n Chu r ch a s w e ll a s St a t e .

But i n d e e d th e dise a s e w a s o f l o n g st a n di n g a n d o f l o fty

, ,

p r e c e d e n t T h e Visi o n o f Pi e r s Pl o wm a n w ritt e n (a b o ut
.
‘
,
’

1 3 6 2 ) n o t i n a n a n ti p a p a l v e i n re p r e s e n t e d L a dy R e w a r d
‘ ’
-
,

an d M a ste r Si mo n y s e a lin g th e p o p e s Bulls T h e h a n d o f

’ ’
.

St P e te r s s u cc e ss o r w as l a rge e n o ugh to g ra sp e v e rythi n g

.
’

By r e se r va tio n s th e p o p e n o m i n a t e d o u t o f c o u r s e to s o m e
, , ,

b e n e fice s i mm e di a t e ly ; by e x p e cta ti v e gr a ce s h e c o n fe r re d ,

b e n e fice s i n r e v e r si o n ; by a n n a te s h e a pp ro p r i a t e d a y e a r s
’

p ro duc e o f a p r e fe rme n t by i n d u lge n ce s th e p ro fit o ste n sibly , ,

to b e d e v o t e d to s o m e pl a usibl e pu r p o s e — a w a r a g a i n st th e

Tu rk th e buildi n g o f St P e t e r s e tc — h e stro v e to fill th e

,
.
’

v a cuum which stil l w o uld a pp e a r in his e v e r sh r i n k in g c o ffe rs -

.

Th e re w e re th o s e w h o m a i n t a i n e d th a t i n st r ict r ight a ll
Chu rch p ro p e r ty b e l o n ge d to th e p o n tiff ; n a y th a t h e h a d a n ,

i n h e re n t r ight to a l l te m p o r a l p ro p e rty a ls o a n d e v e n to ,

disp o s e a t his w ill o f t e m p o r a l ki n gd o ms ; for h a d n o t Chr ist

d e cl a r e d : All p o w e r is giv e n u n t o M e in h e a v e n a n d i n
‘

e a r th ? A n e a rli e r bish o p o f R o m e h a d p ro n o u n c e d th a t h e
’

w h o sh o uld cl a i m to b e u n iv e r s a l bish o p w o uld b e A n ti ‘ ’

‘

ch rist bu t n o w th e po n tifica l cl a i ms h a d a dv a n c e d v e ry m uch

fu r the r Pr e t e n si on s so u n b o u n d e d w e re e n o ugh if a ll o w e d
.
, ,

to m a k e th e o ccup a n t o f St P e t e r s ch a i r th e v e r it a bl e l o r d a n d
’
.

m a st e r o fth e gl o b e .

I n e a r li e r a n d b e tt e r ti me s b e fo r e th e a rr o g a n c e o f R o me ,

h a d quite g a i n e d th e m a ste ry i n E n gl a n d th e c ro w n sup , ,

p o r t e d by Pa rli a m e n t h a d e xhibit e d c on sid e r a bl e spi r it in

,

d e fe n di n g a n d s a fe gu a r din g th e n a ti on E n a ctme n ts h a d
-
.

b e e n e r e cte d a s bulw a rks a g a in st p a p a l e n c r o a ch m e n t Th e .

fi r st o f th e s e th e r o o t o f th e St a tute o f Pro vis o r s (3 5 Ed

, .

c a ll e d th e St a tut e o f C a rlisl e w a s p a ss e d 1 30 7 a g a i n st th e , , ,

e x to r ti o n s o f th e P a p a cy This Act w a s fo ll o w e d by m or e .

st r in ge n t P a rli a m e n t ary e n a ct me n ts P ro visi o n to b e n e fice s .

by th e p o p e w a s c o n d e m n e d by tw o sta tut e s in th e re ign o f

L a ti m e r s S e r m o n s , P S , p 1 8 9 ; B ,
’
. . . iv p t iii
. .
,
ar . 5 1 6 9 , 5 9 70 ;
,
p dix
A pe n ,
2 7 2 , e tc Po e S us I Vixt .
( ’e p di d 1 484 ) fi t
. y
r s , sa s R o s o e c
p ly ld i z dici (B h di p
,
o e n so b e n e fi ce s L fe o f L o r e n o d e M
. e
’ ’
o n s e t) 2 19
y gl d c iv d y bi h p ic l
, . .

H e nr V I I of E n an re e e
. m o n e fo r s o r s S e e M i ma n s ’

hi iv p
.

1 3, e tc
’
L a t C r st ,
.
,
. . .
 A R E VOL UTI ON I M PE N D I N G . 1 7

Edw a r d III (2 5 Ed III st 4 a n d 3 8 Ed III st 2

. . . Th e
, .
,
. .
, .
,

fo r m e r o f th e s e w a s k n o w n a s th e St a tute o f Pr o vis o r s A n d .

i n 1 3 9 3 th e c e l e b ra t e d P r ae m u n i re (a c o rrupti o n o fp r ee m o rte r i )
St a tut e fo r b a d e th e pu r ch a si n g a t R o me tr an sl a ti on s Bulls ,

o r a n y o th e r i n s t r u m e n ts which t o uc h th e ki n g e tc u n de r , .
,

t e rr ibl e p e n a lti e s Such a s w e r e fo u n d guilty w e re pu t o u t o f

.

th e ki n g s p r o t e cti o n a n d fo r fe it e d th e i r a l l to th e c r o w n
’
.
,

Such sta tute s— a s o lid b a sis o fj ust d e fe n c e — m a d e str o n g th e

n a ti o n a l fro n t a g a i n st R o m e a n d h e r e x a cti o n s N or w as .

th e i r a uth o r ity su ffe r e d to r e m a i n in a b e y an c e wh e n th e

r e l a ti o n s o f E n gl a n d to R o m e b e c a m e m a tt e r o f p ro fo u n d
a git a ti o n o n a l l sid e s .

Ch a n ge i n d e e d w a s n e ar a t h a n d — ch an g e s o ci a l a n d
, ,

r e ligi o us : re v o l u ti o n ar y ch a n g e w a s e v e n n o w a t th e d o o r .

T h e s o u n d r e a ch e d th e e a r a m id th e disc o r d o f fe ud a l c o n flict .

Gu n p o w d e r a disc o v e r y a tt r ibut e d a t th e ti m e to th e e n e m y
,

o f a ll g o o d e r e l o n g p r o v e d a r ud e a n d r o ugh bu t re a l fr i e n d
, , ,

to m an . T h e ki n g a l o n e p o ss e ss e d a r e gul a r tr a i n o f a r till e ry ;
a n d th e b a r o n i a l fo r t r e ss e r st i m p r e gn a bl e c r u m bl e d i n t o , ,

r ui n s b e fo re th e c an n o n s thu n d e r b o lts O n e o f th e l a t e st ’ ‘

o u tb r e a ks o f fe ud a l tu r bul e n c e is d e pict e d i n th e Pa st o n ‘

L e tt e r s S ir J o h n F a sto l f distin guish e d lik e E a rl Riv e r s a n d

’
‘

.
,

J o h n T ipto ft E a r l o f W o r c e st e r a s a l o v e r o f b o o k s h a d
, , ,

b e qu e a th e d C a ist o r C a stle to e x e cut o r s w h o w e re dir e ct e d to ,

c on v e r t th e fo r t re ss with its r e v e n u e s i n t o a c o ll e ge T h e
, ,
.

Duk e o f N o rfo l k cl a i m e d to h a v e n e go ti a t e d a pu r ch a s e o f th e
c a stl e Th e re w a s n o r e c o u rs e to a n y m e a n s o f s e ttli n g th e
.

disput e so p a cific a s l a w Su mm o n in g his re t a i n e r s to th e .

,

n u m b e r o f th re e th o us an d th e duk e l a id si e g e to th e c a stl e , ,

which a lth o ugh str on g b e i n g sl e n d e rly g a r ris o n e d by o n l y

, ,

thir ty d e fe n d e r s a ft e r a g a ll a n t r e sist a n c e wh e r e in bl o o d w a s
, ,

sh e d su rr e n d e re d T h e du k e c o uld th e n r e ti re to his o w n
,
.

for tifi e d str o n gh o ld fe ar l e ss o f pu n ish m e n t A fe w y e a r s a n d

,
.

th e i m p r o v e m e n t i n a r till e r y h a d r e n d e re d th e b ar o n i a l st r o n g
h o ld u n t e n a bl e a n d h a d thus g o n e fa r to d e p r e ss th e p o w e r
,

a n d up r o o t th e ty r an n y o f th e n o bl e T h e subsid e n c e o f a .

tu rbule n t a r ist o c r a c y w a s a n e c e ss a r y p re li m i n a ry to th e co n
s o lid a ti o n o f th e m on a r chy a n d th e e st a blishm e n t o f th e r oy a l
sup re ma cy .
18 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

T o th e disc o v e ry o f gu n p o w d e r th e i n v e n ti o n o f th e a r t o f ,

p ri n ti n g succ e e d e d a little l a t e r ; a n d in c o nj u n cti o n with

a n o th e r i n v e n ti o n w hich a lth o ugh m a d e l on g b e fo r e w a s n o w
, , ,

o n ly b r o ught i n t o g e n e r a l u se th a t o f th e m e th o d o f c on v e r ti n g
,

r a gs i n t o p a p e r — li n e n p a p e r i n pl a c e o f th e c o stli e r p a r chm e n t

— a cc o m plish e d f o r th e c o mmu n ic a ti on o f m i n d with m i n d

m uch wh a t h a s b e e n a cc o m plish e d by st e a m p r o pu l si o n in o u r
own a e fo r p e r s o n a l c o mm u n ic a ti o n a n d th e i n t e r ch a n g e o f
g ,

m e r ch a n dis e Gu n p o wd e r gr a du a lly d e m o lish e d th e a n ci e n t

.

syste m o f fe ud a lis m ; p ri n ti n g gra du a lly d e stroy e d th a t m o n o

p oly o f l e a r n in g which h a d so l o n g b e e n v e st e d On ly in th e
fe w an d a l m o st e xclusiv e ly i n th e cl e rgy
,
Th ro ugh a m o uld .

e r i n g w o rld o f fa di n g p r ivil e g e a n e w a n d m o r e e xp a n siv e ,

w o rld w a s bu r sti n g i n t o life .

It is i n t e re sti n g to l o o k b a ck o n a dist a n t a ge whic h w a s ,

th e s e e d ti me o fo u r o w n id e a s a n d i n stituti o n s
-
E n light e n e d .

b y th e st a tut e s * a n d o th e r r e c o r ds o f th e p a st w e m a y pictu r e ,

V a n ity F a i r pl a yi n g its a cti ve r o u n ds in th e o p e n i n g ye a r s o f

th e six t e e n th c e n tu ry in th e g r e a t v a ll e y o f E n glish life .

H e a ds a re th e r e th a t m ight w e a r c r o wn o r c o r o n e t T h e .

bl o o d r oya l a r e c o n spicu o us i n cl o th o f g o ld o f pu r pl e o r in ,

silk o f pu r pl e Pu rpl e w a s th e r o y a l c o l o u r D uk e s w e a r
.
.

cl o th o fgo ld o f tissu e e a rls s a bl e s o r bl a ck je n e tt b a ro n s ,

’

silk b r o id e re d with go ld o r silv e r ; s o m e o f th e re t a i n e r s w e ar

,

th e i r l o r d s b a dge d e spit e th e S ta tu te of L i ve r i e s T h e l or d s
’

, .
’

s o n i s disti n guish e d by d o ubl e t o f v e lv e t M e r ch a n ts with .

’
‘
fo r k e d b e a r d lik e gra d u a te s o f th e u n ive r sitie s a re in fu r
, ,

e dg e d g o w n s ; d o ct or s o f physic are in cl o s e butt o n e d d o ubl e t -

a n d l o n g g o w n with h a n in g sl e e v e s tt ys i c p d g w
g
-
; a o rn e n a e o n
a n d r o u n d fl a t ca T h e light cc ss i s f s ci l c ti
p e r a e
. o r e o o a r e re a on
a r e n o t a bs e n t : fa n t a stic m o r r ic e d a n c e r s with p e a r ls i n th i -
e r ,

e a r s ; m usici a n s with th e i r vi o ls , ; th e p o o r fo o l i n his m o tl e y ; ,

th e a p e with his a n tics

, Ap a r t fr o m th e s e st a n d th e spi r itu a l
.

o n —
th g c a r di n a ls in sc a r l e t ; bish o ps in vi o l e t ro b e s ; th e
r , ,

t o n su r e d b o y bish o p u n p re a chin g p r e l a t e s b o o t e d a n d
-
,
’

butto n e d o r in full c a n o n ic a ls ; e a sy go in g plu ra list r e ct or s ;

,
-

th e s a g a ci o us mit r e d a bb o t e ccl e si a stic a l dig n ity a ddi n g , a

F o u r s ta tu te s w e re a sse p d d
un er y
H e n r V I I I to r e u a te g l app l ar e
y y c 1
.

1 H e nr V I I I , 0 14 6 H e nr
. .
,
. 7 H e nr , y c6 24 H e n r
. y c 13
, . .
 A PPA R E L O F TH E PE R I OD . 19

t o uch o f s e r i o usn e ss to l a n d o wn i n g p r id e ; m o n ks o f m a n y
-

s or ts s o m e with gre yh o u n ds a s th o ugh fi e ld sp o r ts w e r e th e i r

, ,

r e a l v o c a ti o n ; l o u s v fa t p a u n ch e d fr i a r s
‘
-
bl a ck white pi e d
,
’
, , ,

g ra y T h e fa i r s e x a r e re p r e s e n t e d in e xquisit e v a r i e ty
’
.

n o bly b o rn d a m e s
-
in e r m i n e ; y o uthful l a di e s with h an gi n g
, ,

sl e e v e s a n d high r u ffs th e ir fa c e s p a in t e d to th e h e ight o f

,

th e fa shi o n or m a sk e d
,
for d a n c e o r r e v e l ; v e il e d n u n s ,

th e y o u n g a n d th e w r i n kl e d — s o m e th a t m ight r e c a ll
Ch a uc e r s d e sc rip ti on o f th e pri o re sse
’ ‘
B e sid e s th e s e
.
’
,

n o r l e a st ch ara ct e r istic o f th e a e th e r e is th e c o lp o r t e u r
g , ,

with his disguise d b o o k p a ck a n d a k n o t o f h e re tics s o m e

-
,

a bj u r e d a silk e n fa go t o n th e i r d re ss — o th e rs c o n d e m n e d a n
, ,

a ctu a l fa g o t o n th e l e f t sh o uld e r T h e wh o l e m o vi n g sc e n e
.

h a s v a n ish e d l o n g si n c e n e v e r to b e r e p r o duc e d
,
I n its pl a c e .

a n e w V a n ity F a i r o f di f fe re n t sh a p e s a n d c o l o u ri n g is n o w
, ,

disp o r ti n g its a lt e r e d fa shi o n s for its S h o r t t e rm Al re a dy a t .

,

th e p e r i o d r e fe r re d to b e y on d th e m isty v a ll e y th e h o r iz o n
, ,

a l o n g th e li n e o f th e hillt o ps w a s r e d with th e r e fr a ct e d ra ys

o fr isi n g light .
 TABLE OF DATES .

g b y gi
1 5 0 8 L e a u e o f C a m r a a a n st V e n e ic .

y di p il y d th i J
.

1 5 09 H e n r V I I e s, 2 2 A r H e n r V I I I w e s Ka a r n e , u n e . . .

B l p g ic y l dd
. .

1513 a tt e o f G u i n e ga te ( S ur s) , 1 6 A u us t V to r o f F o en, .

p b
.

S e te m e r .

i d y d
1 5 1 4 L o u s X I I w e s M a r T u o r, A u u st g .

i i J y ci vic ig
. .

1 5 1 5 L o u s XI I d e s, 1 an uar . F ra n s I to r a t M a r n a n , . .

p b l y c di l
.

1 3 S e te m e r W o se a a r n a . .

1 5 1 6 F e r nan di d
o f A ra on g di
e s, 2 3 J
a n u ar M ary yb
o rn to H e n r y .

h i b y
.

a n d Ka t ar n e , 1 6 F e ru ar .

h l iv pi
1 5 1 7 C a r e s V a r r e s i n S a n fr o m F a n e r s
. . l d h
L u t e r a ssa s il .

i d lg c
n u en es .

1 5 18 . Xi m d c d C h l V t V ll d lid W l y p p l
ene s e e a se . ar e s . e n e rs a a o . o se a a

l g t 17 M y
e a e, a .

1519 . M xi m ili
a di 1 2 J an y C h l V l ct d m p
e s, 28 J an u ar . ar e s . e e e e e r or, un e .

1 520 . T h F i ld f th C l th f G ld 7 J
e e o e o o o ,
une .

1 52 1 H A ti f th S v S c m t L X di
’ ’
. e nr y s sse r on o e e en a ra en s . eo . e s,
2 D c mb e e er .

1522 . Ad i r anVI p ti ff J . y on ,
a n u ar .

1 523 . Ad i r an VI di S pt mb . L th e s, w H y VIII
e e er . u er an s e rs e nr .

Cl m t V I I p
e en ti f
f N v mb B b j i Ch l V
. on ,
o e er . o ur on o ns ar e s .

1 524 . T re aty b tw Ch l
e V d H
e en y VI I I 24 M y t i v d
ar e s . an e nr .
,
a ,
o n a e
F c B b i v d P v c F ci I c
r an e . ou r on n a es ro en e . ra n s . r o sse s
M t C i d p i M il S p t mb
on e n s an su r r se s an, e e er .

1 52 5 D p tch f D P e t iz d 1 1 F b y by W l y F ci '

. es a es o e ra se e ,
e r uar o se . ra n s
,
t k pi t P vi 24 F b y '

a en r so n e r a a a, e ru ar .

1 52 6 . T re aty f M d id 1 4 J
o y F ci a r l d 1 8 M ch
,
an u a r . r an s r e e a se ,
ar
v i f th N w T t m t i L d A p il
.

Ty d l
’
n a e s e rs o n o e e es a en n on on , r
S ck f R m 6 M y B b li
.

1 52 7 . a o o e, a . ou r on s a n .

1 52 8 . Th p e c ti i L d
e rse u d t O xf d
on p ci lly
n on on, an a or es e a .
 BOOK II .

PR E PA R A T I O N .

I . T H E CL A S S I CA L R EV I VA L A T O XF O R D .

THE Eu r o p e an mi n d u n d e r w e n t an i m p o r t a n t quic k e n i n g i n
th e tw e lfth a n d thi r t e e n th c e n tu r i e s Th e n th e c a r e ful study
.

o f th e R o m an j u r isp r ud e n c e an d th e sh ar p quibbli n gs o f th e

sch o l a stic th e o l o gy fl o u r ish e d with i n c re a sin g vigo u r a n d a t ,

th e s a m e tim e — h o w e v e r u n lik e i n ch a r a ct e r — th e lyr ic l o v e

str a i n s re s o u n de d o f th e Pr o v e n ca l p o e ts But to this e a rli e r
.

w a v e o f m e n t a l e xcit e m e n t an d e n e r gy th e r e su cc e e d e d th e
m o re stirr in g i m puls e s o f th e gr e a t cl a ssic a l r e viv a l A n e w .

a n d p o w e r ful i n flu e n c e w a s sp re a d th ro ugh o ut Eu r o p e — th e

p r e cu r s or o f d e e p e r an d m o re vit a l ch a n ge s spi r itu a l a n d ,

in t e ll e ctu a l .

E n glish w a s th e l a st form e d o f th e Eu ro p e a n l an gu a ge s ;
an d o f th e p r i n cip a l n a ti on s o f Eu r o p e th e E n glish w e r e th e

l a st to c a st o ff th e S l o ugh o f b a r b a r is m Wh e n P o ggi o visit e d

.

E n gl an d in 1 4 2 0 h e r e m ar ke d up o n th e b arb a ro us a n d
,
‘

o bs o l e t e n a tu r e o f th e u n iv e r sity studi e s T h e Oxfo r d o f.

s o m e y e ar s l a t e r h a s th e s a m e e pithe t b a r b a ro us — a ppli e d
to it by H a ll a m Th e r e w e r e s a ys H a ll a m o n ly thre e o r fo u r
.
, ,

sch o l ar s in E n gl a n d a t th a t p e r i o d w h o h a d an y tin ctu r e o f ‘

Gre e k .
’
Bu t a n a bs o rbi n g e n thusia sm for th e study o f th e
n o bl e r a n d m o r e v a lu a bl e o f th e tw o a n ci e n t cl a ssic a l l a n
gu a ge s s e iz e d e duc a t e d Eu r o p e as it w e r e by st o r m sh o r tly
, ,

a ft e r th e c a ptu r e i n 1 4 5 3 o f C o n st a n ti n o pl e by th e O tt o m an

Tu rk I n th e city o f Ch rys o st o m th e l a n gu a ge in which h e

.
,

h a d p r e a ch e d w a s still sp o k e n ; a n d its c a ptu r e by th e M u ssu l

 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S I I R E F O R I II A TI O N .

m a n s d ro v e a n u m b e r o f l e a rn e d me n fro m th e i r o l d h a u n ts ,

w h o c a r r i e d to Fl o re n c e P a r is a n d o th e r i n t e ll e ctu a l c e n t r e s
,

G re e k m a n usc r ipts o f which the y p ro fe sse d th e m s e lv e s a s

, ,

the y ge n e r a lly p ro v e d to b e c a p a bl e e xp o n e n ts T h e a dve n t

,
.

o f th e G r e e k sch o l ar w a s th e d a w n o f Eu ro p e a n e n light e n

me n t T h e Fl o r e n ti n e d e m o c ra cy wh o s e r e stl e ss w a v e s h a d
‘
. ,

ro c k e d th e r a pidly m a tu r e d ge n ius o f It a li a n lit e ra tu re

’
-
,

we lc o m e d G re e k cultu re with i n t e n s e sy m p a thy T h e a r d o u r .

diffus e d its e lf fro m Fl o r e n c e thr o ugh o ut It a ly a n d p a ssin g , ,

to o th e r l a n ds b ro ught u n d e r its sp e ll e r e m a n y y e a r s h a d
, ,

e l a ps e d b o th Oxfo r d an d th e sist e r E n glish u n iv e r sity

,
S o me .

ch o ic e S pi r its c r o ss e d n o t o n ly to P a r is which by its e a r li e r ,

c e l e b r ity a n d th e a ttra ctiv e e r uditi on o f its G r e e k sch o l ar

,

Bud e (Bu d ae u s) w a s in a dv a n c e o f th e E n glish s e a ts o f l e arn

,

in g but t ra v e ll e d to It a ly a n d to Fl o r e n c e its e lf th e r e to e nj o y
, ,

to th e full th e r e m a i n s o f a n ci e n t g e n iu s a m id c o n g e n i a l
a ss o ci a t e s .

T h e p o w e r ful i mpuls e thus giv e n to high e r t a st e s a n d just

ide a s w a s e ss e n ti a lly n e c e ss a ry fo r th e t r u e di r e cti o n o f th e
n e w e r a which h a d r e c e n tly o p e n e d M o d e rn th o ught a n d
.

e n t e r p r is e e l a t e with b o u n dl e ss e n thusi a s m w e re i n th e full

, ,

flush o f th e ir sp r i n gtid e C o p e rn icu s h a d e xpl o d e d th e

.

Pto l e m a ic a str o n o my a n d r e v e a l e d th e t r u e syst e m o f th e

,

u n iv e rs e C o lu m bus h a d disc o v e re d (1 4 9 2 9 3 ) th e W e st
.
-

I n di e s a n d e n l a r ge d th e w o rld by a n o th e r h e m isph e re
, .

P o r tugu e s e m a r i n e r s h a d r o u n d e d th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
an d it w a s n o t l o n g e r e m e r ch a n t ships fr o m th e sh or e s

o f E u r o p e a n ch or e d i n th e h a v e n s o fI n di a C a xt o n h a d b e e n .

e st a blish e d i n th e Al m o n ry a t We stm i n st e r his a dv e rtis e

‘ "

m e n ts o f b o o ks p r i n t e d a t his p re ss which h e o ffe re d fo r ,

s a l e w e re a tt ra ctin g p rin c e s a n d n o bl e s T h e p r i n ti n g p r e ss
, .
-

w a s sup e r s e di n g th e m on a stic scr i to r i u m an d th e O ffic e o f

p
th e t ra d e guild O ld w o rld w a ys a n d fa n ci e s w e re w a n i n g
.
-
.

T h e w o r ld w a s in th e th r o e s o f its n e w bi r th .

It w a s o n such a sc e n e r a di an t with th e m a n y h o p e s o f
,

a spi r i n g y o uth th a t th e cl a ssic ge n ius o f a n ci e n t G r e e c e r e

, ,

a w a k e n e d a s it w e r e fr o m th e l o n g t ra n c e o f th e t o m b p o u re d
,

in i n c re a si n g fl o o d its vivifyi n g a n d st r e n gth e n i n g b e a m s .

N o d o ubt th e mixtu r e which e n su e d o f p a g an is m with Ch ris

 III O D E R N L I F E O PE N I N G .
”
3

ti an i ty w as gro t e squ e Cl a ssic lit e ra tu re a n d th e i n spi re d

.

Sc riptu r e s w e r e tr e a t e d a s p a r ts o f o n e a n d th e s a m e re v e l a
ti on O r ph e us a n d M o s e s Pl a t o a n d C h r ist w e re pl a c e d in
.
, ,

"
cl o s e a ss o cia ti o n T h e supp o s e d bi r thd a y o f Pl a t o ( N o v e m
b e r 2 9 ) w a s k e pt a s r e ligi o usly by th e Fl o r e n ti n e Ac a d e my
a s th e a n n iv e r s a r y o f th e c o n v e r si on o f S t P a ul o r o f th e .

m ar tyr d o m o f St P e t e r Afte r this It a li an fa shi o n w e fin d

. .
,

e v e n l a t e r th a n a c e n tu r y a ft e r w a r ds i n th e p o e m s o f o u r ,

o w n Milt o n th e ficti on s o f h e a th e n myth o l o gy a n d Ch r isti an

,

fa c t i n t e r w o v e n But h o we v e r str a n ge th e c om bi n a ti on th e
.
,

ge n e ra l b e n e fit to th e c a us e o f hu m a n p r o gre ss fro m th e
e n thu si a stic r e c e pti o n o f th e r e viv e d cl a ssic a l l or e w a s in

c a lcul a bly gr e a t .

T h e p o e ts phil o s o ph e r s hist o r i a n s o f an ci e n t G r e e c e suppli e d

, ,

n o bl e r lit e ra ry m o d e ls ; an d a t th e s a m e ti m e l a id o p e n in

v a r i o us dir e cti on s n o v e l a n d i n t e re sti n g fi e lds o f sp e cul a tio n ,

a n d thus suppli e d t o pics s o m e o f p r o fo u n d i m p o r t an c e fo r

, ,

r e fl e cti o n a n d discussi o n T h e i n t e llig e n c e w a s thus sti ma

.

l a te d to giv e bi r th to n e w c re a ti o n s a s w e ll a s to c o py in a ,

m o d e rn t o n gu e th e b e a uty o f cl a ssic a l fo rm a n d e xp r e ssi on .

Ab o v e a ll th e study o f th e o l o gy d e r iv e d a n e w a n d tr u e
,

st a r ti n g p o in t Sc r iptu r e w a s pu rg e d fro m th e fa ls e co n ce p
-
.

ti o n s which h a d b e e n a tt a che d to it by divi n e s ign o ran t o f

G re e k T h e N e w T e st a m e n t — n o t o n ly th e s a fe guid e to a
.

b e tt e r w o r ld but e du c a ti o n all y o f i n e stim a bl e v a lu e fo r th e

,

p re s e n t life — r e c e iv e d a just a n d m or e vivid in te r p r e t a ti o n .

Opp o siti o n w a s o f c o u r s e i mm e dia te ly a ro us e d T h e sch o l a sti c

, ,
.

p ar ty r a l lie d r o un d L a ti n a s th e v e ry p a l l a d i u m o f o r th o do xy .

Th o m ist a n d Sc o tist w e r e a t o n e in u rgin g th a t th e pu r suit

o f G r e e k lit e r a tu r e w o uld b r e e d h e r e tics a s H e b r e w sch o l a r ,

ship w o uld b e g e t J e ws .

O n e h a ppy r e sult o f th e cl a ssic a l r e viv a l w a s th a t th e st r e a m

o f Ch r isti a n b e n e v o l e n c e w a s th e r e by m a d e to r u n at an

a cc e l e r a t e d p a c e i n th e u s e ful ch a n n e l o f buildi n g a n d e n d o w
;

in g g r a m m a r sch o o ls This w a s a n e c e ss a ry p r e li m i n a ry to
.

th e i n t ro ducti o n o f a s o u n d re fo r m a ti o n o f r e ligi o n Within .

th e thi r ty y e a r s p r e c e di n g th a t w e lc o m e r e v o luti o n D r K n i ght ,

.

st a t e s in his bi o gra phy o f C o l e t th a t th e r e w e r e m o re g ra mm a r

, ,

See R o b e r ts o n s
’ ‘
C h i ti
r s an C h ch iv
ur ,
’
.
, p p 6 67 6 6 9
.
-
.
24 T H E D A I YN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A TI ON .

sch o ols e r e cte d a n d e n d o w e d i n E n gl a n d th an h a d b e e n

fo u n d e d in th e p re vi o us th re e hu n d re d y e a r s .

T h e h o n o u r o f b e i n g th e fa th e r o f Oxfo r d G r e e k sch o l a r ship

b e l o n gs to C o rn e li o V ite lli w h o t a ught (1 4 8 8 ) v o lu n t ar ily a t
,

M a gd a l e n H a ll t h a t m o st e x a ct a n d C O pio u s o f l a n gu a ge s .

Vit e lli did n o t re m a i n l o n g a t Oxfo r d bu t h e l e ft b e hi n d h im

discipl e s w h o c ar ri e d o n th e w o rk o f i n str ucti on b e gu n by h im
with his o w n disin t e r e st e d d e v o ti on .

F o re m o st a m o n g th e s e w a s Willi a m G ro cy n o f B r ist o l ,

di ed F ll o w o f N e w C o ll e g e w h o h a d b e e n a sch o o l
( e ,

fe ll o w a t Wi n ch e ste r o f Willi a m W a r h a m A r chbish o p o f ,

C an te r bu ry th e Oxfo r d ch a n c e ll o r G ro cy n t r a v e ll e d to It aly
,
.
,

a n d s oj o u rn e d th e re ( 1 4 8 8 m a ki n g Fl or e n c e his h e a d
qu a rt e r s b e c a m e i n ti m a t e with th e M e dic e a n fa m ily a n d
, ,

e n l a r g e d a n d d e e p e n e d his cl a ssic a l l o r e u n d e r C h a l con d y l e s a n d

Po liti a n O n his r e tu rn ( 1 4 9 1 ) h e r e sid e d a t Ex e t e r C o ll e g e

.
,

a n d th e r e t a ught G r e e k G r o cy n a tt ra ct e d to Oxfo r d a n d b o r e
.
,

p a r t in th e i n str ucti o n o f th e c e l e b r a t e d E ra s mus w h o h a d

, ,

a cqui re d th e r udi m e n ts o f G r e e k i n b o yh o o d u n d e r H e gi n s

a t D e v e n t e r i n a sch o o l o f th e
,
B re th re n o fth e C o mm o n L o t ,
’

a n d i n his s e lf d e dic a ti o n to G r e e k l e a rn i n g sp a re d n e ith e r

-

p a i n s n o r m o n e y It w a s th e r ul e o f E ra s mu s— in full a cc o r d
.

with th e e n thusi a s m o f th e a ge — to pu r ch a s e G r e e k b o o ks
fi r st a n d cl o th e s a fte r wa r ds .

B e sid e s G ro cy n th r e e o the r G re e k sch o l a r s a r e w o r thy o f

,

e sp e ci a l n o tic e

Fir st m ay b e m e n ti o n e d Th o mas Li n a c re (die d fr o m

wh o s e s k ill a n d i n str ucti o n i n G re e k b o th M o r e a n d E ra smus
d e r iv e d p r o fit a n d w h o m th e l a tt e r p ra is e d fo r h is n ic e a n d
,

e x a ct j udg m e n t a s h e p r a is e d G ro c n fo r b is e xt e n siv e k n o w
, y i
l e d ge Li n a c r e w a s a pupil o f S e lli n g th e p r i o r o f Ch r ist
.
,

Chu rch C o n v e n t C an t e rbu ry H e studi e d a t b o th th e E n glish

, .

u n iv e r siti e s b e sid e s sp e n di n g tw o y e a r s i n It a ly
, H e w as a .

physici a n a s w e ll a s a sch o l a r a n d n o t o n ly w a s th e c o m pil e r ,

o f a L a ti n G ra m m a r to o c r itic a l f o r g e n e r a l u se but w a s a ls o
, ,

th e t ran sl a t o r o f G a l e n w a s th e fo u n d e r o f th e C o ll e ge o f
,

Physici a n s a n d th e fo u n d e r a ls o o f th re e l e ctu r e ships o f

,

m e dicin e — tw o a t Oxfo rd a n d o n e a t C a m b r i d ge T h e tr an s .

See B iv p. .
,
art i , 73 0 , 8 2 8 iv
V e s w r o te to E r a sm u s fr o m L o n o n ,
. d
No v b
e m er
‘
i c
L n a re is e a d d h i
( r e l i q u i t o m n e s ) , to th e r e a t g
 O XF OR D GR E E K S CH OL A R S . 2 5

l a ti o n o f G a l e n h a s b e e n re c o gn is e d a s th e sta r ti n g p o in t o f -

E n glish m e dic a l sci e n c e .

Willi a m L a ty m e r th e m o d e st r e tir i n g sch o l ar pupil lik e , , ,

’

Th o m a s M o r e o f Nich o l a s H o lt th e m a st e r o f S t A n th o n y s
, ,
.
’

H o spit a l Sch o o l h a d studi e d G re e k a t P a du a with Bish o p ,

Tu n st a l an d w as s o licit e d to i n st r uct in G r e e k Bish o p Fish e r

, ,

o f R o ch e st e r bu t e xcus e d hi m se lf fro m th e t a sk o n th e g ro u n d
,

o f th e bish o p s v e ry a dv a n c e d age L a ty m e r e nj oye d th e

’
.

distin cti o n o f re n d e r i n g a ssist a n c e to E ra s m us a t C a m br i d g e

i n p r e p a r i n g th e s e c o n d e diti o n o f his G r e e k T e st a m e n t .

Willi a m Lily w a s b o rn a t O d ih a m in H a mpshi re a n d , ,

e n t e r e d M a gd a l e n C o ll e g e Oxfo r d i n 1 4 8 6 wh e n s e v e n t e e n o r , , ,

e ight e e n y e a r s o l d G ro cy n th e divi n ity r e a d e r a t M a gd a l e n.

, ,

w as his go dfa th e r Aft e r t a ki n g his d e gr e e Lily m a d e a pil .

,

gr i ma ge to J e rus a l e m ; a ft e r which h e studi e d C r e e k a t

Rh o de s a n d su bs e qu e n tly c o m pl e te d his cl a ssic a l a tt a i n m e n ts
,

in It a ly u n d e r Sulpicius a n d S a b in u s At R o m e h e a g a i n .

m e t C o l e t wh o m h e m ust h a v e kn o w n b e fo r e a t Oxfo r d
,
He .

w a s a pp o i n t e d i n 1 5 1 2 m a st e r o f S t P a ul s Sch o o l a n d u n lik e
’
.
, ,

th e o r di n a ry sch o o l ma st e r o f th a t p e r i o d w a s s ays Lupt o n , , ,

th e p r o t o typ e o f th e highly t ra i n e d sch o l a r O ft e n fo u n d i n

‘
-

th a t p ro fe ssi o n a t th e p r e s e n t d ay T h e p o st h e h e ld te n .
’

ye a rs .

Pl a c e d a t th e h e a d o f th e a dv a n ci n g sch o o l e duc a ti o n o f
th e tim e Lily a dd e d a L a ti n syn t a x to th e C on str ucti on o f ‘
,

th e Eight P ar ts o f Sp e e ch which C o l e t diss a tisfi e d w ith th e

’

, ,

gr a mm a r o f St a n b r idg e a n d Whittin gto n h a d hi m s e lf co m ,

p o s e d T o his Accid e n c e C o l e t h a d a dd e d a C a te ch iz o n
.
‘
,
’

o r r u d i m e n ts o f r e ligi o us i n st r ucti o n C o l e t s Accid e n c e a n d

’
.

Lily s Sy n t a x E ra s m u s r e vis e d m ak i n g m a n y a lt e r a ti o n s
’

, .

T h e P r o p r i a qu ae M a ri b u s a n d As in P ra s e n ti fa m ili a r to ‘ e

m a n y bygon e ge n e ra ti on s o f sch o o lb o y s w e re Lily s o w n w o rk , ,

with such h e lp a s w a s a ffo r d e d by s o m e e xisti n g m e m o r i a l

li s Afte w a ds J o h n R i tw y ss a C a mb r idge fr ie n d o f
n e .r r *
,

gi r e f of alld ct Li c f
f d f m th t olik E m or s .
’
na re su e re ro e s one ,
e ras us .

I w ill d v m t R ich d S p h lp
’
w t E
en ea h f d b y th
o ur , ro e ra s us o ar e rc e or ,
e e
f Li Sy t x t b c m g d g mm i f m th
’

o n a cr e s d y n a ,
o e o e a oo ra ar a n o ou, ro e
Ch y t m I
r dy i
so s o t d v t bc m g d se n ou n re ur n en ea ou r o e o e a oo
c — B iv p t ii 3 3 5 8
,
h
’
re a
p er . . .
, ar .
,
.

S p l t R i gh tw i ei H y P ivy P
‘
E p T R igh t se
’
n e nr
’
s
‘
r u rse x e n ce s o
W 1 se ch l m t f P l £ 1 3 9 — J
,
s oo y 1 53 1 B
as e r o75 3 o u e s, s .
’
an ua r , ,
. v .
, .
2 6 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O N .

E ra s mus r e c o mm e n d e d by h im to th e p o st o f e a r m a s te r
,
-

wh o a ft e r w a r ds m a rri e d Lily s d a ught e r Di o nysi a a n d ’

, ,

e v e n tu a lly succ e e d e d his fa th e r in l a w i n th e m a st e r ship - -

ga v e th e b o o k s o m e fi n ishin g t o uch e s This o l d G ra m m a r .

,

which in sh a p e n o t m u ch a lt e re d r e t a in e d its sup re m a cy fo r

, ,

upwa rds o f th r e e c e n tu ri e s m ust b e r e ga r d e d lik e th e sch o o l , ,

wh e n c e it e m a n a t e d a s a n E n glish firs tfr u its o f th e cl a ssic a l

,

r e viv a l ; n o r is th e m or e m o d e rn Pr i m e r which h a s n o w sup e r ,

s e d e d it wh a t e v e r sup e r i o r ity in o th e r r e sp e cts it m a y b o a st

, ,

its e qu a l in a d a pt a ti o n to th e mi n d o f b o yh o o d .

I n th e cl o si n g y e a r s o f th e fift e e n th c e n tu ry th e m o st p r o
min e n t figu r e a t Oxford w a s th e e xc e ll e n t J o h n C o l e t to ,

wh om n o t w ithst a n din g M r Lupt o n s a d m i r a bl e bi o gr a phy a

, .
’
,

high e r pl a c e i s still d u e a m o n g o u r n a ti o n a l b e n e fa ct o r s th a n
h a s e v e n y e t b e e n a ssign e d to h im H e I s d e sc r ib e d as o f a .
‘

t a ll a n d c o m e ly p e r s on a g e His life w a s p a ss e d in u n s e lfish .

’

us e fuln e ss a n d z e a l o us d e v o t e dn e ss to th e n o bl e st e n ds .

C o l e t h e ld v a r i o us p r e fe r m e n ts e a rly in his c a re e r such a s ,

D e nn in gt on a n d Thu rn in g b e fo r e h e w a s p ro m o t e d (1 5 0 4 ) to ,

th e d e an e ry o f St P a ul s H e is w o r thy o f e v e r g r a t e ful
’
-
. .

m e m o ry a s th e chi e f o f th o s e e ccl e si a stics on th e v e ry e d g e

o f th e E n glish R e fo r m a ti on w h o by w o r d a n d d e e d p a v e d th e

w a y fo r its succ e ss O f si n c e r e pi e ty a n d a n e n thusi a stic

.

t e mp e r h e b e c am e e mi n e n t a s a p r e a ch e r h a vin g th e b o l d n e ss
, ,

to d e vi a t e fr om cust o m a n d hi m s e lf p r e a ch i n S t P a u l s o n
’
.

Su n d ays a n d o th e r s ol e mn fe stiv a ls His s e r m o n a t th e

‘
.
,

r e qu e st o f his f1 i e n d A r chbish o p W a r h a m b e fo r e c o n v o c a ti o n
, ,

(F e b r u a ry 1 5 1 1 on C o n fo r m i n g a n d R e for m i n g w a s an
, ,
’

a pp e a l f o r Chu r ch r e fo r m i n th e cl e a r e st t r u m p e t t o n e s to th e

p r e l a t e s th e m s e lv e s *
His s e r m o n a littl e l a t e r b e fo r e th e
.

kin g o n G o o d F r id a y 1 5 1 3 a ga i n st w a r a t th e b re a ki n g o u t
, , , ,

o f w a r with F ra n c e w a s a c o n vin ci n g p r o o f o f high m o r a l ,

h a r dih o o d His s e c o n d s e r m o n a t H e n ry s r e qu e st to e xc e pt
.
’

a j ust w a r fro m his s e v e r e a n i m a dv e r si on s gr e a tly pl e a s e d

‘ ’

th e r oy a l e a r ; s o th a t H e n ry dis a pp o i n ti n g th e e xp e ct a ti on s ,

hi m f D C l t t p pi h y d th i
In t s se r m on o ean o e o a o s s no e re s no an n e r
f p p y b t i ph f d i g c ific t yi g M ”
o o th er u n d e ra se o
“
o n sa r e, e sa n a s s, a n
x mp ti f th cl gy f m th civil m gi t t t — K igh t
, . .
,

th e e e on o e er ro e a s ra e,
’
e c . n
’
s
C l t p 1 2 L pt l t p 1 80 m h ld
7
’ ’
o e C , t .C l t . b u on s o e ,
’
.
,
e c . o e
’
s se r on s ou e
c m p d W th L ti m b f th c v c ti f 1 5 35
o are 1 a er s
’
e ore e on o a on o .
 f O H N C OL E T . 27

of th e n a rr o w -
m in d e d
Fitz J a m e s Bish o p o f L o n d o n a n d
-
, ,

C o l e t s m a n y o th e r c a lu m n i a t o r s d r i n ki n g a gl a ss o f w i n e to
'

him d e cl are d : This sh al l b e my d o ct o r b e fo r e a ll o th e r

,
‘

wh a ts o e ve r His b o ld pl a i n n e ss o f sp e e ch i n which h e w a s
.
’
,

th e p r e cu r s o r o f Hugh L a ti m e r h e lp e d to ki n dl e i n th e b re a sts ,

o f th e L on d o n e r s o r r a th e r to d e e p e n a n d i n fl a m e th a t disgust
, ,

o f th e R o m a n y o k e i n w hich th e y e xc e e d e d a l l th e i r fe ll o w

c o u n t rym e n .

His life i n th e d e an e ry o r in his m o th e r D a m e Chr isti a n s

,
’

c o u n t ry h o us e a t St e p n e y — n o w h a r d a t w o r k in his lib ra ry
-

with P e t e r M e gh e n th e fa m o us o n e e y e d sc r ib e o f B ra b a n t
,
-

n o w sp r e a di n g his t a bl e with h o spit a bl e but fr ug a l fa r e t a k i n g ,

c a r e to h a v e Sc r iptu r e re a d to his gu e sts a n d fo ll o wi n g up its ,

l e ss o n s by suita bl e c o n v e r s a ti o n ; n o w succ o u r in g th e i m
o v e r i sh e d o r pl e a di n g with th e ki n g o n b e h a lf o f s o m e p o o r
p ,

p e r s e cut e d L o ll a r d — s e e m e d a r e tu r n to th e s e lf forge tfuln e ss -

a n d si n gl e m i n d e d n e ss o f Ap o st o lic a l pi e ty
-
.

H e w a s s o n to S ir H e n ry C o l e t me r c e r m o re th an o n c e , ,

l o r d m ay o r o f L on d o n by his wife Chr isti a n a w o m an o f

, ,

s e n s e pi e ty a n d g o o d bi r th S h e w a s d a u ght e r to S ir J o h n
, , .

Kn e v e t o f Ashw e llth o r p e N o r fo lk an d liv e d to e xt re m e o l d

, , ,

a e
g ,
a n d su r viv e d a l l h e r child r e n Of th e s e a s m an y a s .
,

tw e n ty tw o in n umb e r— e l e v e n s o n s an d a lik e n u m b e r o f
-

d a ught e r s — J o hn w a s th e e ld e st a n d th e o n ly o n e sp a r e d to
his p ar e n ts a n a bu n d an t c o n s o l a ti o n o bs e r v e s Kn ight fo r ,
’
,
‘

th e u n tim e ly l o ss o f th e r e st Th r o ugh such s a d d o m e stic ’

.

b e re a v e m e n ts did J o h n C o l e t puttin g a s e v e r e r e str a i n t on ,

h is na tu r a l p ro p e n sity to l o v e luxu r y sl e e p a n d j o c o s e n e ss
’
‘
, , ,

h a v e his e ar ly re ligi o us c o n victi o n s stre n gth e n e d a n d m a tu re d

a s h e g r e w to r ip e r y e a r s .

T h e m o st b r illi a n t o rn a m e n t o f Oxfo r d a t this e p o ch w a s

Th o m a s M o re o f C a n t e r bu r y H a ll o r a cc o rdin g to W o o d o f
, , , ,

St M ar y H a ll with wh o m C o l e t b e c a m e a cqu a i n t e d ( 1 4 9 2
.
,

h a vi n g b e e n e duc a t e d a t th e s a m e sch o o l th e b e st o f th e
ti me s a ys K n ight a t St e p n e y Of M o re C o l e t w a s w o n t to
, ,
‘
.
’

sp e a k a s th e o n e s ol e ge n ius (u n i cu m i n ge n i u m ) o f E n gl a n d .

It w a s th e cust o m o f th a t a ge fo r gi rls o f g o o d bi r th to b e
b r o ught up in th e fa m ily o f s o m e l a dy o f c o n s e qu e n c e th e ir ,

fr i e n ds p a yi n g fo r the ir b o ar d an d for y o uths o f p r o mis e to ,

2 8 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R JI A T I ON .

be t r a i n e d in th e h o us e h o ld o f s o m e g re a t m an w a iting o n ,

t h e i r p a tro n a n d up o n his gu e sts a t t a bl e Thus M o r e w a ite d .

a t th e t a bl e o f C a r d i n a l M o r t o n w h o h a d b e e n a p r i n cip a l ,

i n st r u m e n t in th e re v o luti o n which pl a c e d H e n ry VII on th e .

th ro n e a n d w as hi ms e lf n o u r ish e d m e n t a lly by th e c o n v e rs a
,

ti o n which h e h e a r d Th a t l a d M o rt o n w o uld p re dict n o w

.
,
’
,
‘

w a iti n g up on us w h o e v e r m a y liv e to s e e it w ill o n e d a y tu rn

, ,

o u t a m a r v e ll o us r are m a n F r o m e arly m a n h o o d M o r e t o o k a s .
’

his m o d e l Pic o d e ll a Mi ra n d o l a S a v o n a r o l a s d iscipl e o fw h o m ,

’

it is r e c o rd e d th a t h e w as a ccust o m e d to l a m e n t th e m a n y
y e a rs h e h a d sp e n t in p o r i n g o v e r th e Sch o o lm e n a s a
l a b o r i o us idl e n e ss .
’

T h e c o u n t e n a n c e o f M o r e w a s i rr e gul a r in fe a tu r e s k e e n in ,

e xp r e ssi o n ; n o s e p o i n t e d fro m u n d e r a r ch e d b ro ws ; r e stl e ss

gray e y e s ; thi n c a ustic lips His h a i r o f a r e ddis h bl a ck .

,
-

c o l o u r w a s c o mm o n ly dis o rd e re d his g a it a n d g a r b n e gl e ct e d ;
,

his r ight sh o uld e r s e e m e d to b e high e r th a n his l e ft— a dis

figu r e me n t c a us e d by m uch l e an i n g o n his b re a st i n ‘

H e u n it e d th e l e a r n i n g a n d th o ug h t o f th e re clus e to th e
k n o w l e dg e o f hu m a n n a tu r e a n d quic k p e r c e pti o n o f th e m an
o f th e w o rld At th e s a me ti m e l a wy e r dipl o m a tist st a t e s
.
, ,

ma n sch ol a r p o e t hist o r i an r e ligi o u s c o n tr o v e r si a list his

, , , , ,

ch a ra ct e r w a s a s v a r i e d a s his m e n t a l e n d o w m e n ts H e s e e m e d .

a c o m p o u n d o f o pp o sit e s O n e h o u r his c o m p a ssi o n w o uld .

b e d e e ply t o uch e d a n d h e w o uld b e b a th e d in t e a r s th e n e xt

,

h e w o uld o v e r fl o w with wit a n d m e r r i m e n t— n e v e r m e rr i e r ,

h o w e v e r th a n wh e n by r e sisti n g t e m pt a ti o n h e h a d in his
, , , ,

o w n w o r ds giv e n th e d e vil a fo ul fa ll a n d w on th e d a y
,
‘
.
’

I n e a rly life h e st r e n u o u sly a dv o c a t e d r e ligi o u s t o l e ra ti o n ,

pl e a d in g th a t it is n o t in a m an s p o w e r to b e li e v e w h a t h e ’ ‘

list L a t e r o n fe w p e r s e cut o r s displ ay e d m o r e u n r e l e n ti n g

.
’

a c e r bity T w o c o n t r a dict o r y n a tu re s h a d m e t in h im an d
.
,

s e e m e d to st r uggl e for th e m a st e ry A fr i e n d to th e n e w .

l e a r n i n g givi n g cu rr e n cy by his p e n to its lib e r a l sp e cul a ti o n s

, ,

an d
y e t e xc e e di n g th e s e in his o w n o r igi n a l s u gg e sti o n s ; a j e st e r
a t m o n ks d ri n ki n g in with r e li sh th e gib e s a n d sc o ffs o f
,

i g S n er s
’
p Ro er s
’ ‘
M or e ,
’
p . 49 . H a r p sfi e l d t
s ta e s : S ir T M
’
o re s
ki m wh t wh vi g th li ttl hi p kl
.

S n w a s so e a 1 te sa n a t so m e e t n re d s ar es
e v y wh
er e re app d e are .
 T H O MA S M OR E . 2 9

E ra sm us p e d a n tic a s th e s e s o m e ti me s w e r e h e a ll th e whil e
, ,

w e re n e xt his ski n a h a i r shi r t a n d l o o k e d fo r w a r d a s his

,

d ay d r e a m to e n d i n g his d a ys in e n ti r e s a n ctity i n a C a r
-

th u s i a n c e ll .G ro cy n a d m i r e d th e r a r e p r o mis e o f a c a p a city
l a r ge a n d dive r sifi e d But M o r e w a s e ar ly r e m o v e d fr o m his
.

G r e e k studi e s by a n e x a cti n g fa th e r w h o fe ar e d th a t th e ,

phil o s o phy o f Pl a t o a n d A rist o tl e w o uld b e i n c o m p a tibl e w ith

n e e dful a tt e n ti o n to th e l e g a l pu r suits i n which h e d e light e d

to a n ticip a t e th e spl e n did succ e ss o f his gift e d a n d o n ly

son .

It fte r h e h ad g a i n e d M o r e s fri e n dship th a t C o l e t in

’

w as a
1 49 3 like a m e r ch a n t m a n s a ys E r a s m us s e e ki n g g o o dly
,
’
,

w a r e s — visit e d F r a n c e a n d It a ly H e w a s l o n g a t O r l e an s a
.
,

distin guish e d sch o o l fo r th e study b o th o f th e civil a n d c a n o n

l aw . It a ly a n d Fl o re n c e c ou ld b o a st still g re a te r a tt r a cti o n s .

T h e p e r i o d o f C o l e t s visit w a s a uspici o us but it is n o t r e

’

c o r d e d th a t h e he ld c om m u n ic a ti o n with S a v o n ar o l a th e ,

re o r m
f i n g D o m i n ic a n — wh o s e pulpit d e cl a ma ti o n s Mich e l
a n g e l o l o v e d to list e n to w h o w a s th e n n e a r i n g th e b o u n ds
-

o f his e a r thly c a r e e r ; o r th a t h e c o n v e r s e d with M a r si l i o

Ficin o w h o h a d b e e n e duc a t e d u n d e r th e a uspic e s o f C o s m o

,

d e M e dici in th e m yst e r ie s o f Pl a t o a n d by th e di re cti o n o f

’

, ,

th e m a g n i fic e n t L o r e n z o h a d r e c e n tly t ra n sl a t e d th a t phil o
,

s o ph e r s w r itin gs in t o c o r re ct L a ti n Ye t a lth o ugh th e r e c o r d

’
.
,

b e w an ti n g th a t h e h e a r d th e gre a t D o m i n ic a n p re a ch wh o m ,

h e hi m s e lf a s a p r e a ch e r t o o k i n s o m e m e a su r e fo r his m o d e l ,

a n d th a t th e e n thusi a stic Pl a t o n ist fro m wh o m his cu r i o sity

,

h a d m uch to l e a rn did n o t r e m a i n u n kn o w n to h im a r e
, ,

p o in ts b e y o n d s e r i o us d o ubt Fl o r e n c e h a d b e e n a n d w a s
.
, ,

th e c r a dl e a n d h o m e o f m ighty i n t e ll e cts — such a s B r u n e ll e schi ,

w h o fifty y e a r s b e fo r e h a d c r o w n e d its c a th e d r a l with th e

fa m o us d o m e which t o w e r s a b o v e St P e t e r s ; o f L e o n a r d o d a
.
’

Vi n ci a n d Mich e l a n ge l o ; m or e r e m o t e ly o f Ci m a bu e a n d ,

Gi o tt o o f D a n t e a n d B o cc a cci o P o liti a n w a s j ust d e a d m o st

,
.
,

p re m a tu r e ly ; Pic o d e ll a Mi r a n d o l a w a s a ls o g o n e But a t .

this ti m e M a chi a v e lli w a s o ft e n s e e n in its st r e e ts n o t a s y e t , ,

a s a ft e r w a r ds n o t o r i o us
,
. Am e r ig o V e spucci w a s th e n a bs e n t
on o n e o f his v o y a g e s .At th a t v e r y ti me h o we v e r th e , ,

p e n cil o f F r a B ar t o l o mm e o w a s a d o rn i n g th e w a lls o f S a n
30 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

M a r c o T h e Pl a t o n ic Ac a d e my p re sid e d o v e r by Ficin o w a s
. , ,

*
fl o u r ishi n g in y o uthful vig o u r .

N e o Pl a t o n ism o v e r which in its p r isti n e d e v e l o pm e n t a t

-
, ,

Al e x a n d ria Chr isti a n ity h a d t r iu m ph e d a s m o r e th a n r e a lizi n g ,

its d e e p e st i n sti n cts w a s e x e rtin g in i ts m o d e rn re p r o ducti o n ,

a spi r it h o stil e to th e d e b a s e d Ch r isti a n ity o f R o m e Th e .

G re e k gra mm a r i a n s h a d t a k e n with th e m i n t o It a ly th e
w r iti n gs o f Pl o ti n us I a mb l ich u s a n d P r o clus T h e my stic ,
.

w r itin gs a ttr ibute d to Di o nysius th e A r e o p a git e th e high e st

o f a ll t h e Pl a t o n ists a cc o r di n g to Fici n o — w e re a ls o h e ld in ,
’

’
g re a t e st e e m With th e s e l a st C o l e t w a s c a ptiv a t e d D i on ysius
. .
‘
,

h e o bs e r v e d l e ft w r itt e n d o w n by his p ro ductiv e pe n wh a t

‘
,

h e r e t a i n e d in m e m o ry o f th e i n stitu ti on s o f th e Ap o stl e s in
a r r a n gi n g a n d r e gu l a tin g th e Chu r ch T h e o pp o siti o n h e r e
’
.

to e xisti n g p a p a l c e r e m o n i a l w a s cl e a r a n d d e cid e d And .

a lth o u gh th e w r iti n gs a sc r ib e d to Di on ysius w e r e fo u n d to b e

spu ri o us — a disc o v e ry which G ro cyn m a d e a s E r a smus re ,

c o u n ts wh e n h e w a s l e ctu r i n g on th e C e l e sti a l H ie r ar ch y j
,
‘ ’

in St P a ul s an d h on e stly c on
’
fe ss e d i n his n e xt l e ctu r e — et
.
, y
th e y p r e s e n t e d a pictu r e o f e ccl e si a stic a l us a ge s m o re a n ci e n t
th a n th e s e th e n p re v a l e n t a s w e ll a s l e ss i r r a ti o n al , .

C o l e t re tu rn e d fro m It a ly in 1 4 9 6 n o t a m e h u m an ist or ,

Pl atOn is t ,
th e d e v o ti o n
o f Fici n o w o uld h a v e k e pt o n e l a mp bu rn i n g b e fo r e Pl a t o s
’

I ma ge a n a n o t e r e o re t e 1 rg1n s W M
CW KW M d th a t h e
w o uld d e liv e r a c o u r s e o f l e ctu r e s g r a tuit o usly o n St P a ul s
’
.

Epistl e s H e t o o k th e Fi r s t Epistl e to th e C o r i n thi a n s a s his

.

fi r st subj e ct .

sch o l a stic a l m

so u l Bu r st
fo r th i n tli e se l e ctu re s . He s e e me d to his h e a r e r s
‘
lik e o n e in spi re d r a is e d in v o ic e , ,
e
y e ,
his wh o l e c o u n t e n a n c e
an d m i e n o u t o f hims e lf
’
.
,

It w a s i n 1 5 9 8 9 9 th a t C o l e t -
made th e a cqu a i n t a n c e , at

L ul pp p to n Hi t y
’
f th
s E
‘
li h Co e t,
’
. 5 0, e tc ;
. G re e n s
’ ‘
s or o e nc s
P pl ii pp 0
7 8,
’
eo e t
, .
, . e c .

T T h P i di ti f Di y i C l ti l H i ch y w p bli h d ’
e ar s e on o on s us e es a e ra r as u s e
1 49 8 G .
y l ct w d liv d
roc ft w d — S b hm
n s
’
e ur e s e re e e re so o n a er ar s ee o
’
s
O xf d R f m c d di ti pp 9 0 93 ’
or e or e rs
,
se on e on , .
-
.
 C O L E T A N D E R A 5 111 0 5 .
31

Oxfo r d o f Er a sm us th e n j ust a rr iv e d in th e r e ti n u e o f L o r d
, ,

M o n tj o y his pupil fr o m Pa r is T h e a cc o m plish e d sch o l ar

, , .

w a s h o spit a bly e n t e r t a i n e d by Rich a r d Ch arn o ck P r i o r o f St , .

M a ry s C o ll e ge o f Augustin i a n C a n o n s situ a t e n e ar th e p r e s e n t
’

N e w I n n H a ll Th a t E r a smus sh o uld h e re t a k e up his a b o d e

.

w a s n a tu ra l fro m his e arly c o n n e cti o n with th e O r d e r

, .

G o l e t s n e wly a cqui r e d fr i e n d h a d n o e qu a l in his o w n

’
-

p e cu l i a r p r o vi n c e H e kn e w n o E n glish n o m o d e rn l a n gu a ge
.
,

e xc e pt his n a tiv e D utch n o r did h e c a re to l e a rn a n y , It w a s .

h
t e u n iv e r s a l m e di ae v a l t o n gu e —L a ti n — which w a s p e culi ar ly
his o w n I n this h e th o ught— this h e w ro te sp o k e a n d l o v e d
.
,

n e xt a ft e r th e G r e e k ; a lt h o ugh with th e l a tt e r l an gu a g e h e

n e v e r b e c a m e e qu a lly fa mili a r T o this o bs e r va n t citiz e n o f .

th e w o r ld u n m a tch e d in his u s e o f th e c o n t e m p o r a ry w o rld s

’

t o n gu e b e l on ge d th e t a sk n e ga tiv e but n e c e ss a ry o f r e
, , , ,

m o vi n g o bst a cl e s in th e w ay o f re ligi o us re fo r m by l o o s e n i n g
th e h o ld o f e rro r a n d sup e r stiti o n a n d thus st ra ighte n i n g a n d ,

p r e p a r in g th e r o a d wh e re i n me n m o re h e ro ic o f d e e p e r fa ith ,

an d fi rm e r pu r p o s e m ight a dv a n c e p ro cl a i m i n g fo r go tt e n
, ,

tr uths a n d r e c a llin g th e Chu r ch to h e r p r imitiv e simplicity

, .

T h e G re e k T e st a m e n t o f E r a smus with its cl e a r L a ti n v e r si o n , ,

w a s a m o re p o sitiv e s e r vic e to re ligi o us e n light e n m e n t .

E ra s mus a n d C o l e t a t th e d a t e o f th e i r fi r st m e e ti n g w e re
, ,

in th e p r i me o f life h a vi n g b o th j us t p a ss e d th e i r thi r ti e th
,

bir thd a y E ra s m us b e in g a li ttl e th e s e n i o r M o r e w a s te n

,
.

y e a r s y o u n ge r .

At a dist an c e o f m ore th a n th re e c e n tu r i e s a n d a h a lf th e ,

i n t e llig e n t sickly fa c e o f th e sch o l a r o f R o tt e r d a m with its

, ,

p a r chm e n t ski n is still fa mili a r to us By n o m e a n s p r o ud

,
.

o fh is n a tiv e c o u n t ry which h e c o n t e m ptu o usly styl e d ,

be e r
a n d butte r l a n d h e b e l on ge d to th e wh o l e civiliz e d gl o b e
’

w a n d e re d fro m sh o re to sh or e fro m u n iv e rsi ty to u n iv e r sity , ,

a n d lib ra r y to lib r ary k n ight e rra n t a s it w e re i n th e c a us e o f

, , ,

r e vivi n g lit e r a tu r e an d wh a t h e r e g a r d e d a s r a ti o n a l pi e ty V e ry .

c o m pl ic a t e d a n d e l a b o r a t e w e r e th e c e r e m o n i e s a n d r itu a l o f
R om e Its l o n g s e r vic e in T y n d a l e s w o r ds w a s w o n d r o u s
.
,
’

,
‘

i n tr ic a t e so th a t in a d o z e n y e ar s th o u c o uldst sc a r c e l e arn to
,

tu rn a right u n t o E ra s m us t a ught with th e sh re w dn e ss o f

T y n d al e
’
s W o rk s ,
PS
. .
,
ii p.
,
. 2 90 .
 OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R III A TI O N
'

32 TH E D A l l N .

c o mm on s e n s e th a t th e Christi a n ity o f th e Divi n e M a st e r

-

Him s e lf is p e r fe ctly sim ple T h e illit e r a t e h e m a i n t a i n e d .

, ,

w e re j u st a s c a p a bl e o f u n d e r st an din g it a s th e l e a rn e d F ro m .

a m idst a n o pp r e ssiv e a ccu m ul a ti on o fp e r pl e xi n g subtl e ti e s h e

l o o k e d b a c k with r e gre t o n th e le ss s o phistic a t e d a ge wh e n ,

th e Chu r ch h a d a si n gl e c re e d th e sh o r t e st a s w e ll a s th e
‘ ’ ‘
,

m o st H e re C o l e t a n d th e sch o l a r w e re quit e a gre e d .

Ab o ut th e r e st th e d o g ma s in e xc e ss o f th e Ap o stl e s C re e d
,
’

C o l e t w o uld r e m ar k i m p a tie n tly L e t divi n e s disput e a s ,

th e y will .
’

T h e a cqu a in t a n c e b e gu n by an i n t e r ch a n g e o fc o mpli m e n t a ry
,

e pistl e s s o on r ip e n e d a t th e t a bl e a n d u n d e r th e i n flu e n c e o f
, ,

th e i r j o i n t fr i e n d th e Pr i o r o f St M a ry s i n t o cl o s e fr i e n dship
, .
’

, .

Ye t th e fr i e n ds w e r e an d

th e

B e ck e t a t C a n t e r bu ry an d w e re S h o w n th e s a i n t s r e lics a n d
,
’

th e p r i o r p re s e n t e d to C o l e t a s a disti n guish e d visit o r a pi e c e

, ,

o f th e cl o th wh e r e with th e m a r ty r h a d b e e n w o n t to wip e his

fa c e a n d n e ck as a v e ry p re ci o us gift th e d e a n c o uld n o t
, ,

fo r b e a r S ign ifyin g his disgust by e xp re ssiv e g e stu r e 1 Wh e n .

th e y w e re l e a vi n g th e s a c re d p r e cin cts a n d a n o l d m e n dic a n t ,

fr o m th e h o spit a l h e ld o u t th e tip o f th e m a r tyr s sh o e p a tch e d ’

with gl a ss to b e kiss e d C o l e t w a s a g a i n fi r e d with i n dign a ti o n

, , .

E r a sm us s o l a c e d th e o l d fri a r with a s ma ll c o i n A p o w e rful .

l e ctu re r an d p r e a ch e r disc a r di n g in his s e r m o n s th e t ra m m e l

,

o f n o t e s C o l e t w a s n e v e r th e l e ss u n a bl e to e xp r e ss hi m s e lf i n

m
m
,
—
w r iti n g w iffi fi E W a
m
mm m fl e
th o ughts h o w e v e r t h e y m ay b e e xp r e ss e d I n h e re tic a l p ra vity
,
.
’ ‘

C o l e t o utstr ips m e — s o j o k e d E ra s m u s ; but j o ki n g utte re d

,
’

t r uth C o l e t guid e d th e sch o l ar to se t littl e st o r e by Sc o tus

.
,

Aquin a s an d th e Sch o o l me n But in fa ct Sch o l a sticis m — th a t

,
.

Pr e fa c
to E ra smu s
e e r o me
’ ‘
J .
’

1
" “
G ra ti ”
ll l
a n u s P u u s ( C o e t) co n te m ti m r e p o s u i t, p o r re cti s l a b r i s, v e l u ti

o s m u m i mi ta n s P e r e gr ina tio R e l igi on i s e rgo , E ra s mi Co l l o u i a

p p yp .
q .
 ST . PA UL S S CH O OL
’
.
33

is th e t r e a t me n t o f Augustin e s d o ctr i n e s o n th e p r i n cipl e s o f

,
’

A r ist o tl e th e b ra n d o f m e di ae v a l th e o l o gy— w a s fa st l o sin g

,

gr o u n d By its d a r i n g sp e cul a ti o n s o n p o i n ts h o w e v e r fo r
.
, , ,

th e m o st p a r t o f s m a ll p ra ctic a l m o m e n t a n d its subtl e

, ,

quibbli n g distin cti o n s it h a d giv e n e x e r cis e a n d a dd e d st re n gth

to th e a cut e st i n t e ll e cts fo r fo u r c e n tu r i e s fr o m A n s e l m to ,

Ga b r i e l Bi e l But its d a y w a s n o w t e rm i n a ti n g
. .

Full o f i n te r e st w e re th e th e o l o gic a l discussi o n s be tw e e n

C o l e t a n d E ra s m us wh e th e r a t th e Pr i o r s t a bl e o r e ls e wh e r e
,
’
.

I n o n e o f his l e tt e r s to his fr i e n d E ra s m u s r e m a rks : T h e ‘

o th e r qu e sti o n s which p ro p o s e d fro m S t P a ul s Epistl e s

’

y o u .

it will b e b e tt e r fo r s a fe ty s a k e to disput e by w o r d o f m o uth

,
-
,

i n o ur a fte rn o o n p e r a m bul a ti o n s Pictu r e C o l e t a n d E ra smus

’
.

a bs o r b e d in th e o l o gic a l c o n t ro v e r sy a s th e y t a k e th e i r e v e n i n g

str o ll o n th e b a n ks o f th e Isis whil e a k n o t o f th e n u m e ro us

,

stud e n ts w h o w e r e th e n c o n gre ga t e d a t Oxfor d a t th e c o ll e ge s

, ,

h o st e ls a n d re l igi o us h o us e s fo ll o w th e i r fo o tst e ps with c ur i o us

, ,

ga z e ! T h e w a lks o f C o l e t a n d E r a s m us i n th e Un iv e r sity
o utski r ts m a c o mp are f or i n t e r e st with th e c e l e b r a t e d r o w
y , ,

o f G r o c n a n d E r a s m us up th e Th a m e s to L a m b e th o n th e
y ,

l a tt e r s s e c o n d visit to E n gl an d in or d e r to p r e s e n t th e L a ti n
’
,

v e r si on o f th e H e cub a o f Eu r ipid e s d on e by th e sch o l a r o f ,

’

R o tt e r d a m to th e l e a rn e d a n d g e n i a l W a r h a m T h e tw o
,
.

sch o l a r s h o w e v e r r o w e d b a ck j o ki n g a n d l a ughi n g t o ge th e r
, , ,

t h a t th e h on or a r i u m e xp e ct e d h a d n o t b e e n fo r thc o m i n g .

C o l e t w h o w a s t e r me d by E r a s m us his p re c e pt o r a n d w h o
, ,
’

st o o d to M o r e i n th e c o n fid e n ti a l r e l a ti o n ship o f fa th e r co n ,
l
‘

fe sso r w a s a w e lc o m e lin k b e tw e e n his tw o d e ar ly l o v e d

’
,
 TH E D A l l N O F T H E E N GL I S H R EF OR M A TI ON
'

34 .

hu n d re d fifty_a n d,
s o n s o f p o or par e n ts a sch o o l which
w a s quit e disti n ct fro m th e C M hC RPa l S e h e ol Th e - -

—
.

h o us e w a s e r e cte d by h ig jn j h w w mO N SET Paul s ’

ch ur é h yafd f COIW I o u t b e i n g m uch sch l

‘

—— —— G k
_ re e
_ o ar

hi m s e lf w a s e sp e ci ally H SS IF OIi s tlfa t Ii is sch o l a r s sh o uld

,

HKBI ICII th e m to th e G r e e ks h i d dqn l

-
n o ld e n tim e withi n th e
WOo dé ri h o re e
’

I lIeH cF iS su e d
'
T

walls of T r ey in th wh o an d
i i '

e ,

"
took th e b ar b a r o us city by su r pr is e ’
Th e sch o o l w a s d e di
ca te d to th e Child J e sus T h e i m a ge . o f J e sus i n th e
g e stu re

m u n ifice n t F o u n d e r a sk e d his sch o l a r s p r ay e r s : Lift up y o u r ’

littl e whit e h a n ds a n d p ra y fo r h im w h o p ra y e th fo r y o u
, .
’

T h e l e a d e r s o f th e n e w l e a r n i n g o f w h Co l e t w a s th e -

— ,

chi e f w e r e a h 15 a n d us e ful pio n e e r s o f th e E n glish Re fo rm a

“

s o on fo ll o w e d . N o t o n e o f th e th r c z fl nl enj lra s mu s M Q r es _

— s o m uch a s d r e a me o f d e p ar ti n g fr o m his p o siti o n a s a

M a n Of
M o r e s e x a m pTfi fi d e ath an d life a n d th e G r e e k T e st am e n t o f
’ '

E ra sm us a re n o w a l m o st th e o n ly m e m o ri a ls th a t r e m a in to
,

us o f th e B ro a d Chu rch m e n o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry .

At th e s am e ti me Tho m a s W o ls e y w a s h e a d m a st e r o f M ag
d a l e n C o ll e ge G ra mm a r Sch o o l B or n a t Ipswich th e so n o f .
,

R o b e r t Wo ls e y o r Wul e y w h o c o m bi n e d th e tra d e o f a
,
‘
,
’

butch e r with th e busi n e ss o f a w e ll to d o gra zi e r th e futu re - -

,

st a t e sm an w a s supp o r te d a t Oxfo r d by b e n e fice n t p a tr o n s a n d ,

I t i s n o te w o r t hy h l
t a t C o e t w a s su s o u s o f th e m o r a n ue n e pici li fl c
o f th e cl ic l ii g p
a ss a w r t n s u o n h i s s o ar s H e w ou a e t e m e a rn ch l . ld h v h l
ic i p
C e r o n a n r o s e fr o m L a cta n ti u s r a t e r an C e ro V r an e r se fr o m h th ic i gili v
B pi h h
a t sta M a n tu a n u s r a t e r t a n V r — L u to n s ‘
C o e t, ’
77 See i gil p.
’

l p
ch l pp dix p
. .

S oo S ta tu te s, i n A en ,
2 79 . .
 TH E m omN S .
35

e vi n c e d sin gul a r m e n t a l p r e c o city gr a du a ti n g so e a rly a s to ,

b e k n o w n a s th e b oy b a ch e l o r ‘
M a gd a l e n T o w e r c om pl e t e d
.
’
,

1 4 9 8 wh e n h e w a s bu r s a r h a s b e e n o ft e n qu o t e d a s a m e m o r i a l
, ,

o f th e g re a t C a r di n a l s e a r ly a r chit e ctu r a l t a st e W o ls e y lik e

’

,
.

Wa r h a m a n d th e o th e r m ore disti n guish e d p r e l a t e s o f th e

ti m e fa v o u r e d th e cl a ssic a l r e viv a l ; b u t fo r his o w n c o u r s e in
,

life h e cl e a r ly disc e rn e d th e Chu r ch to b e th e l a dd e r up which

h e m ust cli m b fr o m in sign ifi can ce to gr e a tn e ss Lik e C o l e t .
,

wh e n h e r o s e to w e a lth an d p o w e r h e fo st e r e d e du c a ti o n a n d ,

e n d o w e d C ar di n a l C o ll e g e a t Oxfo r d suppl e m e n ti n g it with ,

a n o th e r C a r di n a l C o ll e g e i n his n a tiv e t o w n I n pl a n n i n g th e .

l a tte r h e c o pi e d l a rg e ly fro m St Pa ul s Sch o o l e v e n r e p r in ti n g

.
’

( 1 5 2 8 ) Go le t s Rudi m e n ts His Ipswich C o ll e g e h e i n t e n d e d

’ ‘ ’
.

a s a n u r s e r y to his m a gn ific e n t Oxfo r d fo u n d a ti o n a s Wi n ,

ch e ste r Sch o o l w a s to N e w C o lle ge .

Thus a t th e s a m e e p o ch th e re w e r e c o ll e ct e d a t th e Alm a
M a te r o n th e Isis thi n k e rs a n d a ct o r s a p o stl e s o f th e n e w ,
‘

le arn i n g d e sti n e d to pl a y fore m o st p a r ts i n th e ir c o u n t ry s

,
’ ’

hist o r y but c o n c e n tr a t e d fo r a ti me lik e w a t e r s in a b r im ful

,

w e ll h e a d which sh o r tly p a r t disp e r si n g mil e s a n d l e a gu e s

-
, ,

a su n d e r th e i r fe r tilizi n g st r e a m s .

Th e r e h a d b e e n a l on g r u n n i n g fe u d b e tw e e n th e s e cul a r
-

cl e rgy a n d th e m e n dic an ts an d a ls o b e tw e e n w ran glin g phil o

,

S o phic a l sch o o ls such a s th e ,

N o m in a lists a n d th e R e alists ~
’

A n d n o w by th e i n t r o ducti o n o f G r e e k cultu r e a n e w a ppl e

, ,

o f disc o r d w as flu n g a m o n g th e e a g e r r a n ks o f Un iv e r sity

disput a n ts A p a r ty n ick n a m e d T r oja n s d e c r i e d th e study

.
, ,

o f Gr e e k T o th e cli m a x o f this n a rr o w mi n d e d i n t o l e ra n c e :
'

-
.

H a ll a m a ssign s th e d a t e o f 1 5 1 9 ; but b e fo r e th a t ti me th e
j e a l o usi e s o f th e sch o l a stic l o gici an s a g a i n st th e hu m a n ists
h a d b e e n a ro us e d a n d h a d b e e n g ro wi n g i n for c e a n d vi r u
,

l e n c e T h e v o t ar i e s o f th e sch o o l th e o l o gy h o w e v e r fa cti o u s
.
,

in t h e i r bitt e r dispu te s a ga i n st o n e a n o th e r w e r e a gr e e d i n th e ,

i n t e n sity o f th e i r c o mm o n h a t r e d to G r e e k M ore sugge ste d .

i n his Ut o pi a th a t th e n o isy Sc o tists th e O bstin a t e

‘ ’ ‘
,
’ ‘

Occ a m ists th e i n vi n cibl e Alb e r tists sh o uld tu r n th e i r

,
’ ‘ ’

e n e rgi e s i n t o a n i n st r u m e n t for th e pu b lic g a i n by di r e cti n g

th e i r fu ry a g a in st th e T u r ks a n d th e S a r a c e n s But th e y h a d .

n o w fo u n d a c o m m o n o bj e ct o f a n tip a thy a t h o m e i n th e

r e c e n tly much p a t r o n is e d G r e e k
-
.
 TH E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O e I A TI O N
36 .

At C a m b r i d ge th e h o stility to C r e e k w as l e ss a c r im o n i o u s .

H e r e th e l e a di n g ch a ra ct e r w a s th e st e a dfa st J o h n Fish e r ,

w h o h ad b ee n c o n s e c ra t e d Bish o p o f R o ch e st e r 1 5 0 4 — whe n
Fitz J a m e s w a s t ra n sl a t e d to L o n d on fro m th a t s e e — a n d th e
-

s a me ye ar h a d b e e n a pp o i n t e d Ch a n c e ll or o f th e Un iv e r sity .

I n 1 5 1 4 s o m uch w a s b e v a lu e d a n d r e v e r e d th a t h e w a s
, ,

a pp o i n t e d Ch a n c e ll o r o f th e U n iv e r sity f o r life Fish e r h a d .

b e e n b o rn i n 1 4 5 9 in th e n o r th o f E n gl a n d — a s his v e ry b ro a d
a cc en t in sp e e ch t e s ti fi e d — a t B e v e r l e y th e s o n o f a m e r ch a n t ,

o f th a t t o w n It is a l a stin g h o n o u r to his m e m o ry th a t h e
.

w a s th e fo u n d e r o f St J o h n s C o ll e g e
. C a m b r idge h a vi n g
’

, ,

o bt a i n e d fro m th e P o n tiff a B u ll f o r th e diss o luti o n o f c e r t a i n

n un n e rie s Alth o ugh a m o st d e t e r m in e d P a pist Fish e r y e t

.
,

fa v o u re d th e n e w l e arn i n g n o t o n ly by p r e c e pt but by
‘
,
’
,

e x a m pl e H e w a s n o t a sh a m e d th a t his gra y h a i r s S h o uld a s

.
,

it w e re go to sch o o l a g a in b u t b r a c e d his e n e r gi e s to m a st e r
, ,
’

G r e e k lik e C a t o o f o l d a t a ti m e wh e n his a ge its e lf m ight

, ,

h a v e b e e n j udge d a n a p o l o gy fo r e x e mpti o n fr o m h a r d study ,

Fish e r w a s a m o n g th e a d m i re r s an d lib e r a l p a t r o n s o f
E ra s m us w h o e xp o stul a t e d with h i m o n sp e n di n g s o m a n y
,

h o u r s in his lib r ar y— his p a r a dis e su r r o u n d e d w ith gl a ss

w i n d o w s th e se a n e a r h im an d a muddy sh o r e i n a n a ge
’ ’

, , ,

w h e n th e r e w a s a l a m e n t a bl e p e n u r y o f w o r thy e ccl e s i a s ti cs f

T h e g o o d bish o p w a s fo r w a r d with o th e r l e a di n g dig n it a r i e s

i n i n viti n g th e re n o w n e d sch o l a r to C a m b r idg e Ext r e m e w a s .

th e i r jo y w h e n E ra s m us w a s a pp o in t e d L a dy M ar ga r e t Pr o
fe ss or o f Divi n ity This p r o fe sso r ship h a d b e e n fo un d e d by
.

th e C o u n t e ss o f Rich m o n d th e m o th e r o f H e n r y V II a t th e
, .
,

i n stiga ti on o f Fish e r hi m s e lf h e r c o n fe ss o r a n d a l m o n e r
, .

T h e m o st a cc o m plish e d sch o l a r o f his ti m e w a s thu s e n a bl e d

to a pply to e duc a ti o n a l a dv a n t a g e a t C a m b r i d g e th e skill i n
G r e e k w hich h e h a d a chi e v e d a t O xfo r d a n d P a r is At fi r st h e .

l e ctu r e d u n d e r di ffi culti e s a n d disc o u r a ge m e n ts ; but in 1 5 1 3

h e w a s a bl e to d e cl a r e with th a n kful n e ss th a t C a m b r i d g e m ight
‘
c o mp e t e w ith th e b e st u n iv e r siti e s o f th e a ge .
’

Wh e n a t Oxfo r d th e light which h a d b e fo re i rr a di a t e d its

,

c o ll e ge s a n d h a lls g a v e sig n s o f w a n in g it w a s a l r e a dy
, ,

S hi n i n g a t th e sist e r u n iv e r sity with p ro ph e tic b r ight n e ss .

B iv p
. .
,
ar t i .
, 62 3 .
 II .
—C A M B R I D G E G O S PE L L E R S .

W I T H th e C a m b ridge G o sp e ll e r s o f wh o m it is n e c e ss a ry n e xt
,

to sp e a k l a y th e r e a l c e n tr e an d h e a r t o f th e m o v e m e n t — a t
,

l e a st so fa r a s it w a s a S pi r itu a l m o v e m e n t T 0 m an y o f th e .

fa v o u r e r s o f th e N e w L e a rn in g j ust a s to Fici n o a n d his

,

Ac a d e my Pl a t o h a d suppli e d a b r idge o v e r which th e y h a d

, ,

c ro ss e d fr o m th e P a gan to th e Chr isti a n sh or e T h e p o e t .

phil o s o ph e r w h o d e n o u n c e d p o e ts re ign e d a t Fl o r e n c e in th e
, ,

Ac a d e m y a n d a m o n g a y e t m o r e li m it e d s e cti o n a t Oxfo r d ;
,

but his i n flu e n c e w a s v e ry sm a ll a t C a m b r idge T h e C a m .

b r idg e G o sp e lle r s sa t i mm e di a t e ly a t th e fe e t o f th e M a st e r
hi m s e lf H e r e w as th e s e c re t o f th e ir p o we r th e i r succ e ss
.
, ,

a n d its p e r m a n e n c e Tyn d a l e w h o w a s s o o n to b e th e l e a d e r
.
,

o f th e R e fo r m i n g p a r ty w a s th o r o ughly a t on e with th e m
, .

A b r ie f S k e tch o f th e r e ligi o us c o n diti on o f C a m br idg e a t

a p e r i o d a littl e l a t e r th an th e p r o c e e di n gs a t Oxfo r d j ust

r e fe r r e d to will s e r v e to i n t r o duc e ch a r a ct e r s w h o pl a y e d a
,

c o n spicu o us p ar t i n o u r e a r ly Re fo rm a ti on a n d to e x e m plify ,

th e ir e a r n e st e ffo r ts to p r om o t e a m e n d m e n t o f fa ith a n d life .

F o re m o st a m o n g th e C a m b r idge G o sp e ll e r s m ust b e pl a c e d
Th o m a s Bil n e y F e ll o w o f T r i n ity H a ll Sh o r t o f st a tu re
, .
,

e mi n e n tly a bst e m i o us i n his h a bits little Bil n e y w a s r e m a r k

‘ ’

, ,

a bl e f or th e a ust e r ity o f his z e a l o us pi e ty H e w a s c o n st a n t .

a t th e c o n fe ssi on a l F a sts a n d vigils w o r e d o w n his st re n gth

.

p a rd o n s a n d m a ss e s d r a in e d his pu r s e Ye t h e h a d n o p e a c e
.

o f c o n sci e n c e E ra s m us h a d n o w l e ft C a m b r idge a n d i n
.
,

1 5 1 6 publish e d a t B aS l e his G r e e k T e st a m e n t with its n e w a n d ,

cl e a r L a ti n v e r si o n ; a b o ld i n n o v a ti o n for th e m o n ks h e ld ,

e v e r y syll a bl e o f th e Vulg a t e to b e i n spi r e d Bil n e y pu r ch a s e d .

a c o py n o t so m u ch b e c a us e it w a s Ch r ist s G o sp e l a s b e c a us e
’
, ,

th e ch a r m o f th e L a ti n ity a tt r a ct e d him But h e s o o n p a ss e d .

 38 T H E D A I YN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

fr o m th e w o r d o f m a n to th e Wo r d o fG o d Tu rn i n g o v e r th e .

l e a v e s h e p a us e d o n th e t e xt : This is a fa ithful s a yi n g a n d
, ,

w o r thy o f a l l a cc e pt a ti o n th a t Ch r ist J e sus c a m e i n t o th e ,

w o r ld to s a v e si n n e r s o f wh o m I a m chi e f Oh m o st sw e e t
, .
’

a n d c o m fo r t a bl e s e n t e n c e ! h e e xcl a i me d H e cl o s e d th e
’
.

b o o k but o n ly to o p e n it a ga i n a n d a g a in a t th e s a m e pl a c e
,
.

‘
His b r uis e d b o n e s l e a p e d fo r jo y A r a y o f h e a v e n ly light .
’

h a d pi e r c e d his s o ul a n d guid e d h im to th e g r an d disc o v e r y

,
.

H e n c e fo r th h e h a d d o n e with th e mist a k e n fan cy th a t p r a y e r s ,

o r a l m s o r s e lf m a c e r a ti o n o r p r i e stly a bs o luti o n ca n bl o t o u t
-
, , ,

guilt T h e sh a r p sti n gs a n d biti n gs o f his si n s h e e a s e d

.
‘ ’

th e n c e fo r w a r d by w a shi n g by r e p e n t a n c e a n d fa ith in th e bl o o d
o f th e L a mb o f

Biln e y a t o n c e b e c a m e a b e a r e r to o th e r s o f th e gl a d tidi n gs
which h a d fill e d his o w n h e a r t with p e a c e H e p ra ye d G o d .

th a t th e wick e d might b e c o n v e r te d u n t o H im by m e h e
‘
,
’

w r ite s w h o s o m e tim e w a s w ic ke d
,
‘
O n e o f his fi rst c o n v e r ts .
’

w a s Th o m a s A r thu r F e ll o w o f St J o h n s A n o th e r c o n v e r t ’
.
, .

w a s G e o rg e Sta ffo r d F e ll o w o f P e m b ro k e H a ll L e ctu r e r i n

, ,

Th e o l o gy It w a s s o o n e vid e n t th a t th e wh o l e cu rr e n t o f
.

St a ffor d s r e ligi o us id e a s w as ch a n ge d
’
L a yi n g a sid e th e .

S e n te n ce s h e t o o k th e H o ly Sc r iptu r e s a s th e t e xt b o o k fo r his
,
-

l e ctu re s B e c o n d e scr ib e s St a ffo r d a s a m a n o f a v e ry p e r fe c t

.

life a n d if I m ay so sp e a k o f a n a n g e lic c o n v e r s a tio n ;

, , ,

a pp r o v e dly l e a rn e d i n th e H e b r e w G re e k a n d L a ti n t o n gu e s ; ,

a n d such an o n e w h o h a d th ro ugh his p a i n ful l a b o u r s o bt a i n e d

si n g ul ar k n o wl e dg e i n th e myst e r i e s o f G o d s m o st bl e ss e d ’

Wo r d 1 His lucid e xp o siti o n s m a d e St Pa ul o f a d e a d m a n

.
’
.

’
a liv e a g a i n But his c a r e e r p r o v e d a s sh o r t a s it w a s b right
.
.

A fe w y e a rs l a t e r C a m b r idge su ffe r e d ( 1 5 3 0 ) fro m a visit a ti on

o f th e pl a gu e A p r i e s t skill e d in witchc r a ft l ay u p o n his
.
, ,

b e d s m itt e n d o w n with th e p e stil e n c e a n d a t th e p o i n t o f ,

d e a th St a ffo r d e n t e r e d th e sick p r i e st s ch a m b e r a n xi o us ’
.

fo r th e s a fe ty o f his s o ul N o r did his e n d e a v o u r s s e e m to b e.

i n v a in ; for th e c o nj u r i n g b o o ks w e r e bu rn e d a n d th e p r i e st ,

d e cl a r e d th a t h e r e li e d for fo r giv e n e ss on ly up o n th e m e r its o f

He hi
mse f n a r r a te s h is o n l c v i e rs o n in a l
to T u n s ta ,
e tte r v 3 73 l B p
B e co n s W o r s, P S , k p i l h t d
. .
,
.
.

1
’
425 L a t me r r e a te s t a t S a ffo r , i n o n e o f
'

_
. . . .

h i s e x p o sI tl o n s, r o u t in an b gh ‘
e n sa m pl
e of a re a t r me r a n i ng ich ch t
d
L o n o n (H u m re ph y S e r mo n s, P S ,
’
4 40 . . p . .
 T H E CA M E R I D GE B R E T H R E N .
39

Ch r ist With fa c e b e a min g with joy St a ffo r d r e tu rn e d h o me

.
,

but i n his tu rn to S ick e n an d d ie

, , .

I n th e C a m b r i d g e o fth e e a r ly p a r t o f th e S ixt e e n th c e n tu ry ,

th e qu a i n t o l d S a x o n t o w e r o f St B e n e t s Chu r ch l o o k e d d o wn
’
.

o n th e w e ste rn p r e ci n cts o f th e v e n e r a bl e pil e o f th e Augusti n e

Pr i o ry fi fo u n d e d a s e a rl y a s th e cl o s e o f th e thi r t e e n th c e n tu ry
t
.

T h e p r i o r a t th e p r e s e n t tim e w a s R o b e r t B arn e s w h o h a d ,

studi e d a t L o uv a in a n d o n r e tu r n i n g to C a m b r idge h a d
, , ,

a ppli e d hi m s e lf i n e arn e st to th e t a sk o f r e st or i n g a
_t a st e
fo r cl a ssic a l lit e r a tu re I n 1 5 2 3 h e w a s m a de Pr i o r
. Un d e r .

his e n c o u ra ge me n t T e r e n c e Pl a utus a n d Cic e r o w e r e n o w ,

r e a d i n th e Augusti n e C l o ist e r s ; a n d m an y w e r e a tt r a ct e d

thithe r by a l o v e o f l e tt e r s a m o n g wh o m F o x e n a m e s C o v e r ,

d a le . T h e cl a ssics a s w a s u su a l a t this p e r i o d o p e n e d th e
, ,

w a y fo r a pu r e r th e o l o gy Du n s S c o tu s a n d D o r b e ll w e re .

flu n g a sid e a n d in th e i r st e a d th e Sc r iptu re s b e c am e th e
,

fa v o u r it e t e xt —b ook B a rn e s n e xt r e s o lv e d to disput e fro m

.

th e Sc r iptu r e s in th e sch o o ls a n d th e disput a ti o n i n w hich ,

St a ffo r d a n sw e r e d to B a r n e s fo r his fo rm to b e B a ch e l o r o f ‘

Divin ity is r e c o r d e d a s th e fi r st in which th e m a tte r o f

’

discussi o n a n d th e a rgu me n ts w e re a lik e d r aw n fro m th e

i n spir e d w r iti n gs Ye t a l l th e whil e o f tr u e h e a r t fe lt pi e ty
.
, ,
-

B a rn e s k n e w littl e ; his i n w a r d a n d o u tw a r d id o l a try r e ‘ ’

m a in e d But Bil n e y s e y e h a d l o n g b e e n up o n h im Bil n e y

.
’
.

p r a ye d fo r him in s e c r e t h e i m p a r te d to h im th e l e ss o n s ,

which h e h a d hims e lf b e e n t a ught a nd e r e l o n g h e bl e ss e d ,

G o d fo r a n o th e r s o ul giv e n to Chr ist .

Bil n e y h a d s o on to th a n k G o d fo r a still m or e e m i n e n t
c o n v e r t Hugh L a ti m e r o f Cl are H a ll th e Un iv e r sity C ro ss
.
, ,

k e e p e r w a s n o t o r i o us for his big o tr y

,
a s o bsti n a t e a p a pist a s

i n E n gl a n d H a fo r m id a bl e disput a n t o n th e
’
an
y w as e w a s .

sid e o f R o m a n p r ej udic e fro m his re a dy el o qu e n c e a n d h o me ly , ,

r a cy hu m o u r I n his o r a ti on fo r th e d e g r e e o f B a ch e l o r o f
.

D ivi n ity th e sh a fts o f L a tim e r s r idicule w e re di r e ct e d a g a i n st ’

I ts s it
e w as in or v y
th e Pe a s m a r e t ; i ts
er m ts ma y b e d e
n e ar -
k li i
c ib d
s r e d
i n m o e r n te r m s a s S a u
’
l gh
te r - o u se L a n e , n e ar C r s s C o e e , h hit ll g
o n th e e a s t, D o w n n i g
S tre e t o n th e so u t , a n d F r e e S o o L a n e o n th e h ch l
w es t —D u gd al e s M o n a s ti co n ; a n d C o o e r s A n n a s o f C a m r d e
.
’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
p ’

l bi g .

l i
I n th e A tla s C oe e st s, se u H a r mo n a M a cr o sm i ca , A m s te r a m , 1 6 6 1 , t e r e
‘
i ’
d h
is a pl an of O l d Ca m b idgr e .
40 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

M e l an cth o n Wh e n St a ffor d l e ctu r e d L a tim e r w a s w on t to

. ,

a d m on ish th e stu d e n ts to m o v e a w a y fr om th e c o n t a m i n a tin g

p re s e n c e o f th e vil e h e r e tic Ye t th e r e w a s n o twithst a n d i n g
.
, ,

in L a tim e r s ch a ra ct e r a st r a ight fo rw a r d h o n e sty which in

’

spi re d Bil n e y with th e h O pe th a t th e i n fa tu a te d C ro ss k e e p e r -

might y e t b e w o n fro m sch o l a sticism a n d c e r e mo n i a lism to th e

pu r e G o sp e l o f Ch r ist Ac c o r din g to his cust o m h e s o ught
.
,

guid a n c e fro m a b o v e a n d in d e p e n de n c e o n G o d ch o s e a m o d e
,

o f a pp ro a ch which s e e m e d to y i e ld th e fa i r e s t p ro mis e o f a n

un bi a s e d h e ar i n g .

It w a s th e sp r in g o f 1 5 2 4 L a ti m e r h a d j ust re tu rn e d fr o m
.

his v e h e me n t d e cl a m a ti o n a g a i n st M e l a n cth on A g e n tl e .

kn o c k a t h is d o o r cl a i m s his a tt e n ti o n a n d h e bids th e visit o r ,

e n te r . H e p r o v e s to b e Bil n e y w h o hu m bly i mpl o r e s th e ,

C ro ss ke e p e r fo r G o d s s a k e to list e n to his c on fe ssi o n A

-
’
.

s m il e o f s a tisfa cti on lights u p L a time r s fa c e M e e kly d o e s ’

.

Bil n e y k n e e l b e fore h im a n d r e c o u n t his o w n p a st histo ry :

his a n guish o f h e a r t u n d e r d e e p c o n victi on o f si n ful n e ss his ,

l o n g a n d fruitle ss str ivin gs to g a i n p e a c e o f c o n sci e n c e h o w ,

in his f e
p p r l e x it
y h e pu r ch a s e,
d th e G re e k T e st a m e n t of

E ra s mus a n d in tu rn i n g o v e r its p ag e s h a d b e e n r iv e te d to a
,

t e xt which c o mm u n ic a t e d p e a c e to h im an d h a d e v e r si n c e ,

r e m a i n e d i n d e libly fi x e d i n his m e m o ry Obs e r vi n g th a t .

L a ti me r list e n s with r e a l i n t e r e st Bil ne y fr o m qu o ti n g o n e , ,

t e xt go e s o n to a dduc e p ar a ll e l t e xts a ll p ro m isi n g p a r d o n

, , ,

si mply by fa ith in th e e ffi c a cy o f Chr ist s a to n e me n t T h e “ ’

.

c o n fe ssi o n o v e r th e c o n fe ss o r is plu n ge d in p ro fo u n d m e d it a
,

ti o n As s o o n a s h e ca n h e s e a r ch e s th e N e w Te st a me n t fo r
.
,

him s e lf H e c o n ti n u e s th e s e a r ch d a y a ft e r d ay a n d e r e m a n y
.
,

w e e ks h a v e e l a ps e d h e h a s u n h e sit a ti n gly a d o pt e d Bil n e y s ’

fa ith a sih is o w n S o m e y e a r s l a te r L a ti me r r e l a t e d th e st o ry
.

fr o m th e pulpit to a tt e n tiv e list e n e r s : M a st e r Bil n e y o r ‘

,

r a th e r S t Bil n e y th a t su f fe r e d d e a th fo r G o d s W o r d s s a k e
’ ’
.
,

th e s a me Bil n e y w a s th e i n st r u m e n t w h e r e by G o d c a ll e d m e
to k n o wl e d g e ; fo r I m a
y th a n k h i m n e xt to G o d fo r th a t
kn o wl e dge th a t I h a v e in th e W o r d o f G o d By his co n .

fe s sio n I l e arn t m o r e th a n b e for e in m an y y e a r s so th a t fr o m

th a t tim e fo r w a r d I b e ga n to s m e ll th e W o r d o f G o d a n d fo r ,

s o o k th e sch o o l d o ct ors a n d such

S e r mo n s, P S
’
. .
,
pp . 334 5 -
.
 TH E WH I TE H OR S E , O R G ER M A N Y .
41

L a time r s e arn e st n a tu r e n o w i m p e ll e d h im to p re a ch th e
’

d o ctr in e o f th e Sc r iptu re s — a b o o k l o n g v e ile d a t l a st re , ,

v e a l e d to him— with al l th a t fo r c e o f l a n gu a g e a mplitud e o f ,

illustra ti o n a n d k e e n n e ss o f wit wh e re with G o d h a d e n d o w e d

,

h im . His p r e a chi n g gre w m or e th an e v e r a tt ra ctiv e a n d his ,

i n flu e n c e i n c re as e d d ay by d a y F o r h e w a s n o t m e re ly a .

”
p re a ch e r ; b e w a t e r e d s ays B e c on with go o d d e e ds wh a t
“
, ,
“

s o e v e r h e h a d b e fo r e s o w n with go o d w or ds With Sta ffor d .

”

h e fo r m e d a c o rdi a l fr i e n dship a n d w o uld t a k e his st a ti o n in, ,

h e a r ty supp or t o f his t e a chi n g by his sid e wh e n h e d e liv e r e d ,

his l e ctu r e s T h e j udgm e n t o f th e tim e is y e t p r e s e r v e d in th e

.

s ayin g : Wh e n M a st e r Sta ffo r d r e a d an d M a ste r L a tim e r ,

p re a ch e d th e n w a s C a m b r idge bl e ss e d
,
.
’

Thus a p o w e r ful ph a l an x o f m e n e n light e n e d z e a l o us a bl e , , , ,

w a s arra y e d a t C a mb r idg e o n th e sid e o f th e G o sp e l a s t a ught

in th e Sc r iptu r e s T h e g o dly l e a r n e d in Ch r ist w r it e s F o x e
.
,
’
,

‘
b o th o f Pe m b ro k e H a ll St Jo hn s Pe t e r H o us e Qu e e n s
,
.
’

, ,
’

C o lle ge th e Kin g s C o ll e ge G un w e l l H a ll ( G on vill e ) a n d B e n e t

,
’

, ,

C o ll e ge ( C o r pus Chr isti ) sh o we d th e m s e lv e s a n d fl o ck e d to

, ,

ge th e r i n o p e n sight b o th in th e sch o o ls a n d in o p e n s e r m o n s
,

a t S t M a ry s a n d a t th e Augusti n e s a n d a t o th e r disput a ti o n s ;
’ ’
.
,

a n d th e r e th e y c o n fe r re d c o n ti n u a lly t o g e th e r
’
.

T h e visit o r to C a m b r i d ge s o m e tw e n ty y e a r s a go m ight h a v e
o bs e r v e d a g ro c e r s sh o p ( u n d e r th e n a m e o f C on y ) b e tw e e n
’

wh a t is n o w th e Bull H o te l a n d th e sch o l ar s buildin gs o f ’

Ki n g s C o ll e g e ; a n d p a ssi n g th r o ugh w o uld h a v e e n t e re d a

’

, ,

cu ri o us an tiqu a t e d a p a r tm e n t fo r me r ly lighte d by a n o r i e l
,

wi n d o w l o o ki n g i n t o wh a t in th e b e gi n n in g o f th e sixt e e n th
, ,

c e n tu ry w a s th e c o u r t o f th e Whit e H o r s e O n e mulli o n o f
, .

th e o r i e l w i n d o w w a s a t th a t tim e still in e xist e n c e ; o th e r

tr a c e s h a d b e e n d e st ro ye d Th e re w a s still a n o l d o a k
.

p a n e lli n g r o u n d th e gre a te r p a r t o f th e r o o m T h e o a k s e a ts .

th a t o n c e st o o d i n this p an e lli n g ar e p r e s e r v e d in th e Fitz

willi a m Mus e u m but st o w e d a w a y u n d e rgr o u n d A p a ss a ge
, .

h a d b e e n t a k e n o u t o f th e a p a r tm e n t which c o n t ra ct e d its ,

siz e a n d th e c e ili n g w a s l o w Wh e r e th e p a n e lli n g h a d b e e n

.

r e m o v e d fr o m th e w a ll a fre sc o o f Ki n g s C o ll e g e w a s dis
’

c o v e re d T h e l a t e Pr o fe ss o r Blu n t w as w o n t to u rg e th e
.

a tt e n d an ts o n his l e ctu re s to o a n d se e f o r th e m s e lv e s this

g
 7 T H E D A I YN O F TH E E N G L I S H R EF O e I A TI ON
4
.
M

i n t e re sti n g r e lic o f th e R e fo r m a ti on p e r i o d ; o n which h o w ,

e v e r a s o,
n s o m a n y hist o r ic m e m o r i a ls w hich sh o uld h a ve
b e e n r e ligi o usly p re s e r v e d th e h a n d o f d e mo liti o n fe ll r uth ,

H e re i t w a s in th e White H o r s e o r G e r m an y a s it w a s
, ,
’

n ick n a m e d th a t th e G o sp e ll e r s o f C a m b r idg e w e r e a ccust o m e d

,

to h o ld th e i r m e e ti n gs T h e situ a ti o n w a s fa v o u r a bl e i n a s . ,

mu ch a s th o s e o f St J o h n s th e Ki n g s a n d th e Qu e e n s ’ ’ ’
‘
.
, ,

C o ll e ge s c o uld e n t e r u n o bs e r v e d fr o m th e b a ck by Ki n g
’ ’

L a n e w hich th e n r a n cl o s e by th e sid e o f th e Whit e H o r s e

,
.
’

Th e re a re th o s e to wh o m it us e d to b e a s a c r e d pl e a su r e s o m e
ye ar s ago to st an d o n th e w o r n fl o or o f this n e gl e cte d a p a r t
m e n t a n d by a n e a sy e ffo r t o fth e i m a gin a ti on p e o pl e it a g a in
, , ,

with th e th o ughtful fa c e s O f th e stud e n ts w h o o n th e e v e o f ,

th e R e fo r m a ti o n w e r e w on t to g a th e r th e r e fo r p r a ye r a n d
,

discussi o n H e re n o d o ubt a ss e m bl e d Bil n e y a n d B a rn e s

.
, , ,

S ta ffo r d an d L a ti me r a n d o th e r c o n ge n i a l spi r its — p o ssibly , ,

a m o n gst o t h e r s C r an m e r— a t o n e ti m e th e i r h an ds r a is e d in
,

i n te r c e ssion a n d supplic a ti o n th e n th e ir fe a tu re s a n d ge stu re s ,

gro wi n g m o re a n i m a t e d a s th e y r e p or t e d th e succ e ss o f p e r
s on a l Ch risti a n e n d e a v o u r o r d e b a t e d th e p r o g re ss o f th e i r ,

c o mm o n c a us e .

T h e m i n istr a ti o n s o f th o s e w h o h e ld th e i r m e e ti n gs in th e
‘
Whit e H o rse w e re c a rr i e d i n t o th e m o st d e stitu te a n d d e
’

m o ra liz e d p a r ts o f th e t o w n Bil n e y visite d th e l a z a r c o ts ‘ ’

.
,

w r a pp e d th e l e p e r s in sh e e ts a n d h e lp e d th e m o f th a t th e y ,

w a n t e d if th e y w o uld c o n v e r t to Ch rist
,
Bil n e y a n d L a tim e r .
’

t o ge th e r visite d th e p r is o n e r s in th e T o w e r r e a d th e Sc riptu r e s ,

to th e m a n d e n t e r e d w ith i n t e re st i n t o th e i r i n dividu a l h i s
,

t o r i e s At a l a te r p e r i o d L a time r r e l a te d fro m th e pulpit h o w

.

h e k n e lt d o w n b e fo r e th e Ki n g o n o n e o cc a si o n a n d o bt a i n e d , .

th e p a r d on o f a p o o r w o m a n c o n d e m n e d fo r mu r d e r wh o m h e ,

h a d b e c o m e a cqu a i n t e d w ith wh e n sh e w a s in p r is o n a n d o f ,

wh o se i n n o c e n c e h e h a d r e a s o n to b e th o ro ughly c o n vi n c e d .

N o r w e r e th e e v a n ge lizin g e ffo r ts o f th e s e h o m e m issi o n a r i e s -

cc di g t t di ti th C mb i d g R vi
H e re , to o , a
( 1 6 04 1 1 )
or n o ra on , e a r e e se r s -

h ld th i i tti g T h d m liti w i d t th
e e r s c ti f th
n s . e e o on as n or er o e e re on o e
w p t f Ki g C ll g I m i d bt d f m y i f m ti
’

ne ar o n t th s o e e . a n e e or n or a on o e
R J C Pi y f G vill d C i C ll g V ic f C l hi ll
ev . . . nne ,
o on e an a us o e e, ar o o es
NV w i k h i
ai d C mb idg f i d
c s re , an a r e r en s
.
 B I L N E Y S S E L F -D EN YI N G L A B O UR S
’
.
43

re str ict e d to C a m b r idg e T h e e a st o f E n gl a n d w a s t ra v e r s e d

.

by th e m At Bu ry St Ed m u n ds Rich ar d B a y fie l d a m o n k
. .
, ,

w a s b r o ught o v e r to th e si m plicity o f Ch risti a n t r uth by th e

t e a chi n g o f B arn e s a n d b e c a m e in d u e s e a s o n a c o lp o r t e u r o f
,

G o d s W o rd a n d fi n ally a m a rty r * Thus to o J o h n L a mb e r t

’

, .
, , ,

subs e qu e n tly th e i n tr e pid m a r ty r fo r th e spir itu a l p re s e n c e

i n th e s a c ra m e n t w a s c o n v e r t e d by th e i n st r u me n t a lity o f
,

Bil n e y a n d A r thu r .

‘
Bil n e y s a ys F o x e w a s a gr e a t d o e r in C a m b r idge a n d
,
’
,
‘
,
’

a ls o a g re a t p re a ch e r a t Ipswich N or wich a n d a l m o st a ll th e ,

E a st An gli a n t o wn s ; in chu r ch e s by c r o ss e s i n fi e lds wh e r e v e r, , ,

h e c o uld o bt a i n a n a tt e n tiv e th ro n g o f list e n e r s At C a m .

b r idge i t w o uld a pp e ar th a t h e c o u n t e d Cr a n m e r a m o n g his

i n ti m a t e fr i e n ds ; a t l e a st a ft e r his m ar tyr d o m a l e tte r o f th e
,

Sp an ish A m b a ss a d or to th e Emp e r o r d e sc r ib e d him a s a ‘

c o m p an i on a n d sw orn b ro th e r o f th e A r chbish o p l His ’ -:

h a bitu a l s e lf s a cr i fice — his d e v o t e d l a b o u r s fo r th e s a lv a ti o n o f

-

o th e r s — i n v e st e d h i m w ith mu ch p o pul a r r e sp e ct an d r e

v e r e n ce . H e rar e ly sl e pt m ore th a n fo u r h o u rs i n th e n ight ,

a n d c o m m o n ly t o o k but on e m e a l a d a a n d th a t O ft e n i n
y ,

s o m e p r is on o r wh e r e v e r for th e ti me his z e a l m ight h a v e

c al l e d h im to t e a ch an d witn e ss fo r Chr ist Littl e Biln e y .
‘ ’

m a y d e s e r v e a titl e sc a r c e ly d u e to a n y o th e r— a t l e a st si n c e
,

F u rs e y — o f th e Ap o stl e o f E a st A n gli a .

B ur n t No v mb e e r, 153 1 .
TB . vu .
,
1 71 .
 I II .
— T H OM A S W OL S E Y .

To C o l e t a n d to Biln e y m ust b e a dd e d th e g re at c on t e mp or a ry
E n glish c a r din a l a n d st a t e s ma n a s p o we r fully c o n t ributi n g ,

to p r e p a r e th e succ e ss o fth e A n glic a n R e for m a ti o n Th o m a s .

w o uld h a v e a bh orre d a n e ccl e si a stic a l r e fo rm a ti on o n

th e b a sis o f Sc r iptu r e ; y e t w a s h e h o w e v e r u n i n t e n ti o n a lly ,

a n d u n w itti n gly m a d e u se o f by a n o v e r r uli n g P r o vid e n c e

,
-

to fu r th e r th e v e ry c a us e which h e a bh o rre d Esp e ci a lly h e .

w a s th e i n st r u m e n t wh e r e by th e C a mb r idge G o sp e ll e r s p ro v e d

th e m e a n s o f a spi r itu a l h ar v e st to th e sist e r u n iv e r sity .

Th a n Wo lse y n o m o r e e xt ra o r din a ry ch ara ct e r st an ds o u t

c on spicu o u sly in th e a n n a ls o f E n gl a n d B a c on wr it e s th a t .

L e wis XI F e r din an d o an d H e n ry m ay b e e st e e m e d fo r th e
tr e e m a gi o f ki n gs o f th o s e a g e s I n th e y e a r s i mm e di a t e ly
’
f
.

fo ll o win g th e r e w e r e n o t o n ly th r e e gre a t s o v e r e ign s but a ls o ,

th re e gre a t c a r di n a ls w h o by fo rc e o f ch a r a ct e r a n d a d m in is
, ,

tra tiv e c a p a city r e a ch e d a c o mm a n di n g pitch o f a u th o r ity a n d

,

p o w e r in th e i r s e v e ra l c o u n tr i e s Of th e s e W o ls e y w a s th e .

l a st IVi th o u t th e p o pul a r symp a thi e s o f G e o r g e d A m b o is e

’
.

—with o ut th e high m o ra l re ctitud e o f Xi m e n e s

( 1 4 6 0 1 5 1 0 ) -

—S O far a t l e a st w a s W o ls e y m o r e r e m a rk a bl e , ,

Ji m Xi m d
e n e s, o r Ci wh f ty f y ld
e n e s,d e sn e r o s, en or -
o ur e a rs o su
d th F ci c M t y fS J d l R g
,

d enly t e n e re e ra n s an o nas e r o an uan e os e es

ch gi g h i b pti m l m ( G z l ) t F ci c R c mm d d by
an n s a s a na e on a es o r an s o . e o en e
C di l M
ar d z t b C f
na en t Q o I b ll h w
a om d A ch e on e sso r o ue e n sa e a, e as a e r

bi h p f T l d
s o o g i t h i w ill by P p l c mm d H w
o e o a a ns s ,
a a o an e as
C di l 1 5 0 7 il d f A f ic 1 5 0 9 d hi m l f d f y d l l th
.

ar na H . e sa e or r a, an se e ra e a e
c t f th w g i t th M
os s o e O F di
ar a d d th by h i w ill
a ns e o o rs . n er n an
’

s ea s
h b c m R g t f Ch l H di d 8 N v mb 1 517 w h
, ,

e e a e V e en or 81 ar e s . e e o e e r, en
y f g hi d c b i g h t d by th i g ti t d f C h l
,
e ars o a e ,
s e e a se e n as e n e e n ra u e o ar e s
d p m p v il d th th gh c tic H f d d th U iv
.

Hi tw
s ou ar o e e e o ro u as e . e ou n e e n er
si ty f A lc l d H
o t hi
a a w l c t A t A lc l ( i L ti
e e n a re s a s o n so e os . a a n a n,
C m pl t m ) w
o u p i t d th C m pl t i P lygl t t h i
u as r n e e
‘
o u e n s an o o
’
a s o wn
xp f h lf m illi d c t T hi w t p bli h d til 1 5 22
,
e e n se o a a on u a s s as no u s e un
l th gh fi i h d b f —A lv G m z d C t
.

a ou n s e D e b g tiore aro o e e a s ro s
'
‘
e re us es
,

s
F i i X i m i i f li 1 6 5 9 A lc l
’
r a n c sc en o o, a a
, .
,
 WOL S E K S E A R L Y PA T R ON S .
45

th a n e ith e r th a t h e ra is e d his c o u n tr y by his st a t e sm an ship

,

a n d skilful dipl o m a cy
— a t a p e r i o d wh e n E n glish dipl o m a cy
w a s a l a ughi n g st o ck to th e r e st o f Eu r o p e — fr o m b e i n g a
-

s e c on d ra t e p o w e r to t a k e ra n k with F ra n ce a n d Sp a i n a n d
-
,

r a is e d h i m s e lf fr o m th e o bscu r e m e a n n e ss o f his bi r th to a

p o siti o n which h a s n e v e r b e e n e qu all e d by a n y o th e r E n glish

subj e ct .

Tyn d a le c o m p a r e s Th o m a s W o ls e y o r W o lf se e a s h e p re fe r s ,
-
,

to c a ll h i m a cc o r di n g to th e cust o m o f his p a r ty— wit h wh o m

,
’
a bish o p w a s a bit e S h e e p ; C ar din a l P o o l (P o l e ) C a rn a l F o o l ;
‘ ‘ ’
- -
,

"
p re l a t e s pil p a t e s e tc to Th o m a s B e ck e t wh o s e life h e
,
‘
-
,
’
.
-
, ,

s ays w a s lik e Th o m a s C ar din a l s but n o t lik e Chr ist ; n e ith e r

,
‘ ’

is Th o m a s C a r din a l s life a n ythi n g s a v e a c o u n t e r fe iti n g o f St

’

Th o m a s o f C a n t e rbu r y T h e tw o c e l e b ra t e d E n glish e ccl e .

’

s ia s ti cs h o w e v e r u n d e r th e fo r c e o f diff
,
e re n t ci r cu m st an c e s so
, ,

fa r fro m p re s e n ti n g a r e s e m bl a n c e p r e s e n t r a th e r a st r iki n g ,

c on tra st to o n e a n o th e r a t l e a st i n a ct a n d o u tw a r d c o n duct , .

W o ls e y w a s ch a r a ct e r is e d by th e u tm o st sub m issi o n a n d
d e v o t e dn e ss to his s o ve re ign ; B e cke t by d e v o te d n e ss to his
Chu r ch a ga i n st his s o v e r e ign e v e n a t th e c o st o f his life , .

W o ls e y fo u n d his fi r st p a t r o n in th e M a r quis o f D o r s e t .

D u r i n g a Ch r ist m a s v a c a ti on which h e sp e n t a t D or s e t s
’

c o u n try s e a t h e ch a rm e d his p a tr o n by his a gre e a ble c on v e r

,

s a ti o n a n d e l e g a n t m an n e r s H e w a s p r o mo te d by D o r s e t .

( Oct o b e r 1 5 00) to th e R e ct o ry o f L imm in gto n ( S o me r s e t) a n d

, ,

thus quitt e d Oxfo r d for a p a ro chi a l sph e re His li fe o n his .

fi r st b e n e fice w a s n o t fre e fr o m gro ss sc a n d a l a n d o n o n e ,

o cc a si o n th e R e ct o r o f L immin gto n w a s pu t i n th e st o cks by

S ir Amy a s P a ul e t fo r b e i n g c o n c e r n e d i n a d r u n k e n fr o lic a n ,

a ff r o n t which W o ls e y i n his h e ight o f p o w e r n e ith e r fo r g o t n o r

fo rga v e H e fo u n d his n e xt p a tr o n ( 1 5 0 1 ) in D e a n A r chbish o p

.
,

o f C a n t e r bu r y w h o a pp o i n t e d him o n e o fhis ch a pl a i n s
,
Aft e r .

th e p r im a te s d e c e a s e h e b e c a m e ch a pl a i n ( 1 5 03 ) a n d c o a dj uto r
’

to S ir J o h n N a n fa n d e pu ty li e u t e n a n t o f C a l a is a n d r e sid e d
, ,

in F r a n ce a c on sid e r a bl e ti m e H e us e d this o pp o r tu n ity to .

‘
T hi s w ily w o lf
,
gi g
an d d hip w ck f
ra n se a , an s re o a ll En gl a nd
’

Pr a c tic e of Pr e l a te s , P S ii p 3 0 7
’
,
.
,
. .

T hi h ly f
. .

s o ox ,

Or wo l f b th f h i q l v
,
or o or e s e ua ra e nou s

As he i b tl — S h k p H y VI I I
s su e .
’
a s e re , enr .
 46 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

acqui r e c o mp e t e n t k n o wl e dge o f th e Fr e n ch l a n gu a ge
a .

N an fa n o n r e ti r i n g fr o m public life r e c o mm e n d e d him ( 1 5 0 6

, ,

or 1 5 0 7 ) to H e n ry V II App o i n te d a roy a l ch a pl a in h e
.
,

o bt a i n e d th e g r e a t a im o f his a mbiti on a n d s e t o n e fo o t in th e ,

co u rt.
’
H e r e his r e m ark a bl e a biliti e s p o in t e d h im o u t to
Rich ar d F o x Bish o p o f Wi n ch e st e r a s a t o o l w e ll a d a pt e d to
, ,

s e c on d his sch e me s a n d thwa r t his r iv a l th e E a r l o f Su r re y , .

E n tr ust e d by H e n ry V I I in th e a utu mn o f 1 5 0 8 o n th e , ,

r e c o m m e n d a ti o n o f F o x w i th a d e lic a t e e mb a ssy to M e chli n

, ,

i n r e fe re n c e to his p ro p o s e d m a r r i a ge n o w th a t h e w a s a ,

w id o w e r with M a rg a re t M a xim ili an s o n ly d a ught e r his

, ,
’
,

sin gul a r p r o mptitud e ga in e d him th e th an ks o f his s o v e re ign

a n d th e a ppl a us e o f th e wh o l e c o u r t .

B e fo r e H e n ry V I I di e d (Ap ril . W o ls e y h a d a l re a dy
,

us e d to th e full th e o pp or tu n itie s pl a c e d within h is r e ach a n d ,

h a d w o n th e fa v o u r o f th e y o uthful Pr i n c e H e n r y H e w as a .

m an o f lust a n d c o u r a ge a n d b o dily st r e n gth to d o an d to ,

su ffe r gre a t thi n gs an d to e n du r e in a ll m an n e r o f v ol u ptu

,

o u sn e ss s a ys Tyn d a l e a s e l o qu e n t a s subtl e
,
’
,
His i n flu e n c e .
’

o v e r th e y o u n g p r i n c e n o w r a i s e d to th e th ro n e a n a thl e t e i n
, ,

b o dy a n d m i n d s o o n b e c am e p aram o u n t
,
Wa s n o man so .

O bs e qui o us a n d s e r vic e a bl e an d i n a l l g a m e s a n d sp or ts th e
,

fi r st a n d n e xt a t h an d a n d a s a c a pt a i n to c o u ra ge o th e r a n d
, ,

a ga y fi n d e r o u t o f n e w p a sti m e s A l e ss on on th e a r t o f ’ ‘
-
.

g o v e rn me n t w o uld b e i n culc a t e d r e m a r k s L o r d C a m pb e ll ,
’

o v e r a g a m e a t p r i m e r o a n d a ft e r a r oyst e r i n g p a r ty a t n ight
,

a disput a ti o n w o uld b e h e ld in th e m o r n i n g o n a qu e sti o n o u t

o f Th o m a s Aqui n a s
’
.

Pro m o ti o n n o w fo ll o w e d p ro m o ti o n s o r a pidly th a t E r a s m us ,

in d e dic a ti n g a b o o k to th e a spi r i n g E n glish e ccl e si a stic h a d ,

t h r ic e e re h e c o uld p re s e n t it to ch a n g e th e titl e w h e r e by h e
, ,

a dd r e ss e d h i m Al re a dy D e an o f Li n c o l n b e fo re H e n ry V I I s ’
. .

d e a th h e b e c a m e C a n o n o f Wi n ds o r an d D e an

o f Y or k a n d D e a n o f St St e ph e n s We stmi n st e r ’
.
,

H e h a d a n u n li m it e d disp e n s a ti o n fr o m th e P o p e to h o ld
plu r a litie s D e a n e r i e s w e r e h e a p e d u p on h im a s b e fore
.

b e n e fi ce s a n d sh o rtly a ft e r w ar ds bish o p r ics a s l a vishly a s

, ,

d e an e r i e s Bish o p o f T o u rn a y fi r st
. th e n Bish o p o f
Li n c o l n A r chbish o p o f Y o rk c o m me n d a t o r o f
 W OL S E Y CH A N CE L L O R A N D PR I M E M I N I S T E R .

th e p r e m ie r Abb e y o f St Al b a n s Bish o p o f Du r h a m .
’

a n d fi n a lly n o t l o n g b e fo r e his fa ll Bish o p o f Wi n , ,

che st e r His v a r i o us a n d r a pid p r e fe r m e n ts a r e d e t a il e d by

.

C a v e n dish a s fo ll o ws : T o th e i n c r e a se o f his ga i n s h e h a d a ls o
th e Bish o p r ic o f D u r h a m a n d th e Abb e y o f St Alb a n s i n
’
.

co mm e n d a m ; h o wb e it a ft e r wh e n Bish o p F o x o f Wi n ch e st e r ,

di e d h e su r re n d e re d D u rh a m i n t o th e kin g s h a n ds a n d in
,
’

li e u th e re o f t o o k th e Bish o p r ic o f W i n ch e st e r Th e n h e h e ld .

a ls o a s it w e r e
, i n fe r m e B a th W o r c e st e r an d H e re fo r d
, , , , ,

b e c a us e th e i n cu m b e n ts th e r e o f w e re stra n ge rs b o rn o u t o f this ,

re a l m e tc ,
Wa s n e v e r such a plu ra list e v e n i n th a t a ge
.
’
, .

M o re o v e r in 1 5 1 5 h e r e c e iv e d a c a r din a l s h a t (S e pte m b e r
,
’

which w a s se t o n his h e a d by W a r h a m in W e stm i n ste r Abb e y

S u n d a y 1 8 N o v e mb e r ) a m idst a n a ugust th ro n g o f bish o ps
( , ,

a n d a bb o ts At this imp osin g ce re mo ny_CO l e t ma d e L a b rie f

.

M
.

c o ll a ti o n o r TO OS
’

al s
’

"
s ufi
dr i r tu e S Je xh o r t e d h im to humility r i ht e o us n e ss a n d
'
i

ej e fl g , ,
”

m erc y ——
with r u th T C o l e t s e a rn e st a pp e a l w a s a s m uch n e e d e d
’
t .

a s it w aS W Cll i n t e n d e d Wh e n th e C ar di n a l o f St C e cili a w a s
’

. .

a ls o c o n stitut e d by P a p a l Bull L e a te a l a te r e ( 1 7 M a
g y 1 5 18) T , ,

h e t o o k p re c e d e n c e e v e n o f W ar h a m a n d b e c a m e r ul e r o f th e ,

C hu r ch .

But Wol se y s e ccl e si a stic a l p r e fe r m e n ts w e r e m a tch e d by h is

’

high a n d r a pid p ro m o ti o n s in th e St a t e H e w a s a pp o i n te d .

Ch an c e ll o r o f th e O r d e r o f th e G a r te r 1 5 1 2 a n d th e s a m e ,

y e ar o n N o rfo lk s r e sign a ti o n L o r d T r e a su r e r B e fo r e th e
,
’

, .

cl o s e o f 1 5 1 5 h e a ls o r e c e iv e d th e G re a t S e a l a n d b e c a me ,

(D e c e m b e r 2 2 ) i n su cc e ssi on to W a rh a m L o r d High Ch a n c e l l o r
, , .

A t th e s a me ti m e a s a m e m b e r o f th e C o u n cil h e h a d it w a s
’

, , ,

s a id th e h e a ds o f his fe ll o w c o u n cill o r s u n d e r his gi r dl e

,
‘ ’ ‘
.
’

H e w a s n o t o n ly H e n ry s tr ust e d mi n ist e r but his m o s t

’

li ttl b f thi ti m d gh t w b t W l y M y L d
A e e o re s e a au er as o rn o o se . or

C di l c
ar d m t p t y g g tl w m t th m t y d
na a u se e o u a oun en e o an o e onas e r an

y f S h ft b y d th t b p f d d w ld h t b
n un n e r o a es ur ,
an e re o e ro e sse ,
an ou er o e

m d my d gh t t th i h w h i d gh t J h ’
na e d th au t
e r, an e ru s, s e as s au e r, e c . o n

Cl u se
y t h w i t f t hi l tet p t th d gh
r t erg t b ot tw ty s e e r, u e au
’
er s a e a a ou en

y t th ti m h w T m Wi t l w d bt W l y
,
’
fo ur e ar s a t e e e ro e . o n e r a so as
,
no ou ,
o se s

so n I t i ch c t i tic th t th C di l b t i d f h i m b id g t
s ar a er s a e ar na o a ne or ,
es es re a

d m y p f m t g t f m f m th H ld C ll g
.

’
an an re er en s, a r an o ar s ro e e ra s o e e .

T C fi m d t onW l y f r li f by C le m t V I I 24oF b y 1 524 o se or e e en .

,
e r ua r , .

B iv p t i 1 1 5
. .
, . .
,
.
 48 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /l I A T I ON .

i n ti ma t e p e r s o n a l fri e n d ; a n d r e li e v e d h i m o f th e t o ils o m e
bu r d e n o f public a ffa i rs b o th a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d With o n e .

h a n d h e he ld th e r e i n s o f t e mp o ra l go v e rn m e n t with th e o th e r
h e c o n t ro lle d th e Chu r ch H e j o i n e d l a r g e vi e ws to th e
.

p e rfe ct m a ste ry o fmi n ut e d e t a ils His i n dustry w a s p ro digi o us

. .

By his u n iv e rs a l succ e ss— wh e th e r h e h a d to pl a n a p a ge an t ,

o r c o n duct a n i n t r ic a t e dipl o m a tic n e g o ti a ti o n to e n d o w a ,

c o lle ge o r subj ug a te th e b e n ch o f bish o ps to his will — h e u n

,

d o ubt e dly p r e p a re d th e w a y fo r p e rs on a l g o v e r n m e n t by th e
s o ve re ig n a n d fo r th e e sta blishm e n t o f th e r o y a l sup re m a cy in
,

m a tt e r s e ccl e si a stic a l
.

His a pp e a r a n c e w a s c o mm a n din g a lth o ugh s o m e wh a t m arr e d

,

by a bl e m ish o f th e r ight e y e th e m e me n to it w a s whisp e r e d o f

, , ,

li b idi n o us i rre g ul a r iti e s G ay a n d fa c e ti o us his m a n n e r s c o uld

.
,

b e a t will i n si n u a ti n g o r dig n ifi e d Alth o ugh n o t with o ut a

.

ti n ctu re o f sch o l a stic th e o l o gy h e w a s n e v e r th e l e ss li k e th e

, ,

c on t e mp o r a ry C a r din a l d A m b o ise a m a n o f t a st e a n d d e v o t e d
’

, ,

to th e fin e a r ts . I n m ar v e ll o us v e r s a tility a n d fa culty o fr e a dy
a d a pt a ti o n to p e r s o n s a n d ci r cu m st a n c e s b e e clips e d a ll his ,

r iv a ls
.

A p r i n c e o f th e chu r ch h e w a s y e t— str an ge c o m bi n a ti o n
,

a p a t r i o tic E n glish m a n . H e p e r fe ctly u n d e r st o o d th e p e culi a r

p o siti o n o f his o w n l an d a n d d r e w to h e r a n i m p o r t a nc e a n d
,

p r e stige wh o lly disp ro p o r ti o n e d to h e r p o pul a ti o n a n d p o w e r .

I n p o litic a l c o m p e titi on s h e th r e w E n gl a n d s w e ight i n th e

’

w e a k e r sc a le a n d thu s p r e s e r v e d th e Eu ro p e a n e quilib r iu m
, ,

a n d m a in t ain e d f o r his c o u n t r y h e r r e sp e ct e d p o st o f u m pi r e .

His p o licy w a s fo r th e m o st p a r t p a cific F r o m his s e ttl e d .

p r e fe r e n c e fo r p e a c e h e d e p a r te d o n ly o n e xc e pti o n a l e m e r
ge n ci e s . Thus in 1 5 1 2 h e sup e r i n t e n d e d th e fo r m a ti o n o f th e
, ,

a r m y with w hich H e n ry c r o ss e d to th e C o n ti n e n t a n d w o n th e

B a ttle o f th e Spu r s F o re s e e in g th a t th e s e a r a th e r th a n th e
.

l a n d m ust b e th e th e a t re o f his c o u n t ry s g re a t n e ss h e di re ct e d ’

th e a tt e n ti on o f H e n r y hi m s e lf d e xt e r o us i n th e shi build e r s
’

, p
a rt to th e n a ti on a l duty o f fo r m i n g a su f
, fi ci e n t n a vy By his .

a dvic e th e H e n r
y Gr a ce d c D i e n o f p o r t ag e to n s ’
, ,

huge fo r th a t a ge w a s l a id ( 1 5 1 3) o n th e st o cks ; l a n d
,
><

a lth o ugh th e g r e a t S hip p ro v e d sh o r t o f a succ e ss it b e i n g

,

B iv p . .
,
ar t i .
,
1 7 14 .
 l VO L S E Y S
’
S EN S E OF CH UR CH N E E D S .
49

pl a n n e d a s it w a s did n o t th e l e ss m a r k Wo l se y s l o n g S ight e d
,
’
-

p o licy .

As L o r d Ch a n c e ll o r h e w a s e n a bl e d to d e a l a s e v e r e bl o w a t
p e rj u ry p r e vi o usly th e d ry r o t o f o u r c r i m in a l p r o c e e din gs
, .

H e e xt e n d e d th e j u r isdicti o n o f C h a n c e ry o r th e C o u r t o f ,
‘

C o n sci e n c e a s h e p r e fe rr e d to c a ll it d ra wi n g v a r i o us n e w
,
’

c a us e s u n d e r its c o gn is a n c e s o th a t n o t w ithst a n din g his , ,

d e sp a tch th e r e w a s g e n e ra lly a gr e a t a rr e ar o f busin e ss

, To
me e t th e i n cr e a s e d j udici a l d e m an d h e c re a t e d fo u r sub or di n a t e ,

c o u r ts o f w hich o n ly o n e th a t o f th e M a st e r o f th e R o lls s ur
, , ,

v iv e d h i m a n d r e m a i n s to this d a T h e l a wy e r s o fhis ti m e b e
,
y .

r e g a r d e d a s i m p e r fe ctly a cqu a i n t e d with th e g e n e r a l p r i n cipl e s

o f j u r isp r u d e n c e ; a n d thus wit h h is usu a l g ra n d e u r o f con ,

ce p tio n h e p roj e ct e d a n i n stituti o n to b e fo u n d e d in th e

, ,

m e tro p o lis fo r th e syst e m a tic st u dy o f a l l b r a n ch e s o f th e

,

No k n e w b e tt e r th an W o ls e y th e l o w ch a ra ct e r o f
on e

cle r ic a l m or a ls o fw h ich his o w n w e re a hu m ili a ti n g sp e cim e n

, ,

fo r h e w a s n e i th e r m uch b e l o w n o r much a b o v e th e a v e ra g e
m o ra lity Of th e l e a di n g e ccl e si a stics o f th e p e r i o d Th e .

d e gra d e d c o n diti o n o f th e m o n a stic o r d e r s w as w e ll k n o w n to

h i m a n d b e a pp r e ci a t e d th e v a lu e o f c o n v e r ti n g e ffe t e in s titu
,

ti o n s to n e w a n d m o re u s e ful pu rp o s e s H e d e si r e d to h a v e .

th e succ e ssi o n o f th e th ro n e s e cu r e d a n d th e n th e c o n sist o ry ,

c o u r ts pu rge d cl e r ic a l i mm o r a liti e s r e stra i n e d a n d th e

, ,

m o n a ste r ie s th e m s e lv e s e ith e r c on v e r t e d i n t o e duc a ti o n a l

e st a blish m e n ts — th e g re a t n e e d o f th e ti me s — o r a t l e a s t
r e st o r e d to b e fitti n g s a n ctity s o a s to b e e ff ici e n t g a rr is o n s o f ,

th e P a p a cy But th e r e fo r m o f th e Chu r ch a H e r cul e a n

.
,

t a sk — fro m w hich h o w e v e r h e did n o t lik e W a r h a m sh r i n k

, , , ,

— h e w o uld h a v e a cc o m plis h e d fr o m withi n by th e Chu r ch ,

h e r s e lf e x e r ti n g h e r o w n r e cup e ra tiv e e n e rgi e s H e w o uld .

h a v e th e r e n o v a ti n g i n flu e n c e to d e sc e n d lik e th e p r e ci o us o il ,

up o n A aro n s b e a r d fro m St P e te r s succ e ss o r a s th e fo u n t a i n

’
, .
’

h e a d th r o ugh c a r din a ls a n d bish o ps to th e v e ry l o w e st ski r t

, ,

o f th e gre a t p a p a l fr a m e w o r k .

It w a s o n th e c o n t ra ry G o d s pl a n th a t th e pl a n t o f t r uth
, ,
’

striki n g r o o t in th e humbl e h e a r ts o f w e a v e r s a r tis a n s , ,

C am pb ll
e
’
s C h c ll an e o rs
,
’
i .
,
pp . 43 0 3 1-
.
50 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R AI A TI O N .

m e ch an ics fish e r me n husb a n d me n t ra d e r s a s in th e fi r st

, , , ,

d a w n o f Chr isti a n ity sh o uld b e a r fruit a n d w a ft its wi n ge d

, ,

s e e ds a n d sp r e a d its i n flu e n c e up w a r ds fro m th e c o tt a g e a n d ,

w o rksh o p to th e m an si o n an d th e p a l a c e A n d su ch w a s in .
,

fa ct th e hist or y o f th e e ar ly E n glish R e fo r m a ti o n Els e wh e re

,
.

it w a s o th e r w is e ; but wh e r e it w a s o th e r w is e th e e n d w a s
fa ilu re I n Ita ly a m o n gst th e illumi n a ti —in Sp a i n a m on gst
.

‘
.
,

th e fr i e n ds o flight — th e l a m p w a s pl a c e d high a n d its r a ys ,

w e re s o on e xtin guish e d A m o n g th e upp e r r a n ks a n e v a n

.

l i al c r e e d ma b e a n d s o m e ti m e s is th e issu e o f th o ught
g e c y , , ,

o f t a st e a n d re fi n e m e n t A m o n g th e p o o r a n d d e spis e d it
.

c o mm on ly sp r i n gs fr o m th e r e a l w o r ki n g o u t in th e d e pths
o f th e s o ul o f th e p r o bl e m o f p ro bl e m s fr o m th e st r ivi n gs o f a
,

quick e n e d c o n scie n c e a ft e r p e a c e with G o d a n d th e sin c e re ,

d e si re to kn o w a n d to d o th e Divi n e w ill .

Wo l se y s sch e me s w e r e n o t b o u n d e d by th e li m its o f his

’

o w n isl a n d ; th e i r c o mp a ss e m b ra c e d th e e xti r p a ti o n o f h e r e sy

fr o m G e r ma n s o il A n o b e di e n t son o f th e Chu r ch m ust h o ld

.

th e i m p e r i a l S c e pt re ; n o e xisti n g r ights c o uld b e a ll o w e d to

i n te r fe r e with th e r e a liz a ti on o fth e gra n d id e a l o f th e Chr isti a n
th e o c r a cy T h e c r o w n i n g tr iu m ph o f his s an gui n e visi o n
.

w o uld h e hi ms e lf in St Pe t e r s ch a i r a t th e h e a d o f th e
.
’

th e o c ra cy pu r ifi e d a n d st r e n gth e n e d
,
.

H e w a s r e m o v e d fr o m th e w o r ld b e fo r e th e s e p a r a ti on o f
E n gl an d fro m th e p a p a cy w a s a cc o mplish e d a n d thus p e r h a p s ,

it m ay b e to s o me m a tt e r fo r c onj e ctu re wh a t his c on victi o n s

w o uld h a v e b e e n a n d h o w h e w o uld h a v e a ct e d if h e h a d b e e n
, ,

sp a re d i n p r o sp e rity to th e h o u r wh e n his m a st e r disti n ctly

ch a ll e n g e d th e sup re m a cy o f th e Chu r ch in his o w n d o m i n i o n s
a g a i n st th e p a p a cy But th e re ca n r e a lly b e lit tl e d o ubt o n
.

this p o i n t His d e v o ti o n to his ki n g an d his p a t r i o tism w e re

.

t ra its i n his ch a ra cte r c e r ta i n ly m o re b r o a dly m a r ke d th a n h is

r e v e r e n ce f o r th e R o m a n s e e His c o n fi r me d a n d c o n tin u e d
.

l e g at e ship w a s its e lf a p re p ara ti on fo r E n gl a n d s i n d e p e n d e n c e ’

a n d his m e th o d o f o bt a in i n g th e l e g a t e ship w a s sig n ific an t .

C am p e ggi o w a s to b e s e n t to E n gl a n d to a sk a id a g a i n st th e
Tu rk Wo lse y i n fo r m e d L e o th a t th e ki n g w o uld o n ly a d mit
.

C a m p e ggi o o n tw o c o n diti o n s— o n e th a t his e m b a s sy sh o uld b e

,

r e st r ict e d to th e o n e o bj e ct o f b e s e e chi n g h e lp a g a i n st th e
 CA R D I N A L C OL L E G E .
51

i n fid e l ; th th e r th a t W o ls e y hi m s e lf sh o uld b e j o in e d with
e o ,

h im a s l e g a t e T o this i m p e r i o u s d e m a n d L e o sub m itt e d

. .

T he r e ca n thus b e n o r e a l d o ubt th a t W o ls e y lik e his pr o tege ,

G a r din e r w o uld h a v e c o r di a lly w e lc o m e d th e sc h e m e o f a

,

n a ti o n al Chu r ch u n d e r th e sup r e m a cy o f th e c ro w n .

His th e o cr a tic d re a m w a s o f c o u rs e i n th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e
, ,

sixt e e n th c e n tu ry a n a n a chr o n is m ,
It w a s to o l a t e fo r a .

Hild e b ra n d o r I n n o c e n t III T h e e v e n ts a m id w hich W ols e y

.

fo u n d hi m s e lf a s ti m e p a ss e d o n p r o v e d a t o t a l su r p r is e to his
‘

, ,

m o st ch e r ish e d fa n ci e s Th e re can b e littl e d o ubt th a t th e

.

e a rli e r c o n n e cti o n o f E n gl a n d with R o m e — a lth o ugh th e

missi o n a ry z e a l which w a s a chie f i n st r u m e n t in c on v e r ti n g
,

o u r S a x o n fo re fa th e r s d e sc e n d e d s o uthw a r ds fro m a n o th e r
,

s o u r c e a n d fo r s o m e ti m e th e n a sc e n t A n glic an Chu r ch l o ok e d
,

to I o n a ra th e r th a n to C a n t e rbu ry — w a s n e v e r th e l e ss o f m uch
n a ti o n a l a dv a n t a g e B e sid e s E n gl a n d b e i n g d r a w n th e r e b y
.

i n t o th e g r e a t cu rr e n t o f Eu r o p e a n life th e gift o f o r g a n iz a ti o n , ,

w hich h a s a l w a ys disti n guish e d R o m e w a s a n i n v a lu a bl e ,

c o m mu n ic a ti o n Ye t a t th e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f th e S ixt e e n th
.

c e n tu ry th e su n o f th e d a y o f R o m e s p o t e n cy fo r g o o d h a d se t ’

s o m e ti m e si n c e fo r e v e r O n qu e sti o n s o f t h e o l o gy Wo l se y s
.
’

vig oro us mi n d r e m a i n e d to th e l a st u n e n lighte n e d Th e o l o gy .

h e c ar e d littl e to study G ro ssly sup e rstiti o us his pi e ty w e n t

.
,

littl e d e e p e r th a n o utsi d e for m s It is a s a st a t e sm a n th a t h e

.

is e n titl e d to a l l th e h o n o u r which E n glish me n can r e n d e r .

H e h a s b e e n w e l l d e sc r ib e d by P ro fe ss o r C r e ight o n a s a ‘

p o litic a l a r tist H e hu n g b ro o di n g o v e r his p roj e cts a s a

.
’

s culpt o r o r p a i n t e r o v e r th e gro wi n g c re a ti on s o f his g e n ius .

Oxfor d o w e s a d e bt o f d e e p gr a titud e to th e gr e a t c a r di n a l ,

w h o lik e Xi m e n e s a spi r e d to bl e ss futu r e g e n e ra t i o n s b y

, ,

p e rm a n e n t i n stit u ti o n s H e i n duc e d th e kin g to c o n fi rm a n d

.

e n l a r g e h e r ch a r t e r s ; a n d wh e n th e ti m id W a r h a m st o o d a l o o f ,

W o ls e y gi rd e d hims e lf to th e e n t e r p r is e o f u n iv e r sity i mp ro v e
m e n t a n d r e fo r m By a p a p a l B ull b e c o n v e r t e d w ith th e
. ,

r o y a l a ss e n t th e m o n a st e ry o f St F r i d e s w i d e i n t o .
.

C ar di n a l C o ll e ge T h e n a m e w a s ch an ge d a ft e r w a r ds to
.
.

H e n ry V I I I S C o ll e g e a m is n o m e r a lt o g e th e r fo r H e n ry e y e d
.
’
, ,

th e Chu r ch with j e a l o usy i n his g r e e d o f a bs o lut e p o w e r .

H e n ry thus sw a ll o w e d up e n tir e ly th e o th e r C a r di n a l C o ll e ge ,

4 —2
52 TH E D A l VN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A TI ON .

of St M ary in th e p ar ish o fSt M a tth e w Ipswich a n n ihil a tin g

.
,
.
, ,

e v e ry t r a c e o f th e d e sig n s o th a t o n ly o n e is o l a t e d a r ch o f ,

a g a t e w a y r e m a i n s to m a r k th e sit e O f Wo l se y s O xfo r d .
’

sch e m e a ls o th e k i n g d w a r fe d th e m a gn ific e n t
Th e r e w e r e i n c o r p o ra t e d for th e u se o f C ar di n a l C o ll e ge ,

O xfo r d fo r ty o n e p r i o r i e s a n d n u n n e r i e s a n d a ll th e d e
,
-
,

p e n d e n cie s b e l o n gin g to St F rid e s w id e s w e r e an n e x e d T .

’

Th e r e w as m uch th a t w a s r e p r e h e n sibl e in th e a r ti fice s w hich

h e r e s o r te d to i n o r d e r to c o ll e ct th e n e c e ss ary fu n ds ; bu t
W o ls e y with a sta t e sm an s t e mp e r th e e n d b e i n g go o d w a s
,
’
, ,

littl e sc rupul o us a s to th e m e a n s ; r

T h e c a r di n a l i n t e n d e d his n e w fo u n d a ti o n to b e th e chi e f
bul w a r k a n d stro n gh o ld o f th e p a p a cy in E n gl a n d I n o r d e r .

to r e n d e r it th e s e a t o f th e ch o ic e st l e arn i n g a n d m o st b r illi a n t
t a l e n t h e fi r st d r e w thith e r a ll th e b e st sch o l a r s th a t O xfo r d
,

c o uld h e r s e lf fu rn ish a n d th e n th r o ugh D r C a p o n a tt ra ct e d , , .

,

thith e r a lso th e fi n e st wits fro m C a m b r idg e O f th e c o l o n y .

thus i m p o r t e d fr o m C a mb ridge th e r e w as sc a r c e ly on e in
d ividu a l i n wh o m l o v e fo r th e H o ly Sc riptu r e s did n o t bu rn
lik e a fire Thus W o ls e y him s e lf wh e n h e w o uld fa i n h a v e
.
,

a ggr an diz e d th e p a p a cy p r o v e d th e i n str u m e n t in high e r ,

h a n ds fo r th e i n t r o ducti o n o fa pu r e r fa ith .

It sh o ws h o w d e e ply C a mb r idge w a s i m bu e d with th e

p ri n cipl e s o f H o ly Wr it th a t h e r a bl e a l u m n i tra n sfe rre d to ,

O xfo r d w e re a l mo st a ll G o sp e ll e r s Thus th e light o f pu r e .

r e ligi on w a s ki n dl e d o r r a th e r r e ki n dl e d a m o n g th e c o ll e g e s , , , ,

an d h o st e l ri e s o n th e Isis F o re m o st fro m a mo n g th o s e .

ly th ki g pli d (A g t 22 1 530) t H igd

‘
S u re ,
’
e d n re e u us ,
o on an

wh th y d f th c ll g w p p t h v h ‘
C t ar e r , en e s ue or e o e e, e ur o se o a e an o n o ur

abl c ll g th b t t g t d f ch m g i fi c c my l d
e o e e e re ,
u no so re a an o su a n en e as or

c di l i t d d t h v ; f it i t th gh t m t f th c mm
ar na n en e o a e or s no ou ee or e o on

w l f
ea l m y t w ill w h v c ll g h
o o ur r e a bly t m i t i th e e a e a o e e o n o u ra o a n a n e

se rvic f G d d li t t — B iv p t iii 65 7 9
e o o an e r a ur e .
’
. .
,
ar .
, .

T B ll f pp i f S t F id w i d d t d 3 N A p il ’
u or w su re ss o n o . r es e s as a e on . r
,
1 52 4 S B iv p t i 6 49 6 50 L icee t f d th I p w ich C ar e n se o oun e s ar
d t J 2 9 1 52 8 —B iv p t ii 443 5
.
, , ,
. . .

d i l C ll g b
.

na s o e e e ars a e un e ,
. . .
,
ar .
, .

K igh t l tt t W l y A g t 1 9 1 5 2 7 — B iv p t ii
’
S ee n s e er o o se ,
u us ,
. . .
,
ar ,

giv gg tiv i t c t f m y N th m b l d
.

33 6 0 T . o e one su es e n s an e ou o an ,
or u e r an
w it ( A g t 3 15 2 8 ) t h i c i Th m A d l : B d ‘
r es u us
,
o s o us n , o as r un e e
f ll w
e o if th c di l w ill giv m l v t p t W illi m W m
. e ar na e e ea e o u a or
i t c tl f mi t A w y k (th t i i p i ) til h h cc t d
n o a as e o ne a n a s, n r so n un e as a oun e
f orm m y th v I c iv d I w ill giv h im £ 2 00 d
ore one an e er re e e e an a
—
,

B iv p t ii 4 6 0 3
,

b fi
e ne f £ 1 00 f h i
ce o ll g or s co e e .
’
. .
,
ar .
, .
 IVO L S E Y S
’
CH I E F M E R I T .

53

dr a ft e d fr o m C a m br idge w a s J o h n Cl e rk c a n o n o f C a r d i n a l ,

C o ll e ge o ld e r th a n th e re st a n d m o re m a tu re in sch o l a r ship
, , .

Cl e r k i n his n e w sph e r e did n o t fo r s a k e his Ca m b r i d ge h a bits ,

but p ro c e e d e d to r e a d in his ch am b e r Pa ul s e pistl e s to y o u n g ’

m e n a n d th o s e w h o w e r e o f tw o th re e o r fo u r y e a r s st a n di n g
’

, , ,

i n th e Like Bil n e y a t C a m b ri d ge so Cle r k a t ,

Oxfor d e xte n d e d his min istra ti o n s to th e p o o r o f th e t o w n .

His e ffo r ts w e r e syst e m a tic a n d u n i n te r m itti n g We a r e .

chie fly i n d e bt e d fo r wh a t w e k n o w o f his l a b o u r s to An th o n y
D a l a b e r o f St Alb a n H a ll a w a r m h e a r t e d a dh e r e n t
,
.
,
-
.

D a l a b e r r e l a t e s th a t h e i m pl o re d Cl e r k to suffe r h im to go
with h im c o n ti n u a lly wh e n a n d wh e r e s o e v e r h e sh o uld t e a c h
‘
,

o r p r e a ch Cl e r k w a rn e d him in re ply th a t p e r s e cuti o n w o uld

.
’

b e su r e o n e d a y to fa ll up on th e t r u e d o ct r i n e a n d its m a i n
ta in e r s D a l a b e r fe ll d o w n o n his k n e e s a t his fe e t a n d w i th
.
,

t e a r s an d sighs b e s o ught h im fo r th e te n d e r m e r cy o f G o d ’

n o t to r e fus e h im I tr ust h e s a id th a t h e w h o H a s b e gu n ’
.
, ,

this in m e will n o t for s a k e m e but giv e m e gra c e to c o n ti n u e ,

th e r e i n to th e e n d Cl e rk t o o k h im i n his a r ms kiss e d h i m
.
’

, ,

a n d s a id T h e L or d Al m ighty gr a n t y o u s o to d o a n d fro m
,
‘
,

h e n c e for th e v e r t a k e me fo r y o u r fa th e r an d I will t a k e y o u ,

fo r my so n in Ch rist V e ry us e ful w e re D a l a b e r s s e r vic e s in

.
’ ’

distr ibutin g b o o ks a m o n gst th e stud e n ts If a n y fa il e d to b e .

p re s e n t a t th e Sc r iptu re r e a din gs D al a b e r w o uld visit him in ,

p riv a t e h e ar his d o ubts an d diffi cultie s an d c a rr y b a ck w o rd s

, ,

o f c o u n s e l fr o m Cl e r k .

Thus w a s th e re fo rm e d a t Oxfo r d th r o ugh th e u n wittin g ,

i n str u m e n t a lity o f n o o th e r th a n th e gre a t c a r din a l him s e lf in ,

th e c e n t r e wh e r e h e h a d h o p e d to pl a n t a c o mm a n di n g p a p a l
,

ga rr is o n a k n o t o f Sc r iptu re stud e n ts u n it e d a s b r e thr e n in

, ,

Chr ist tr a i n e d in th e Sc r iptu r e s a n d re a dy to t a k e th e i r p a r t

, , ,

with i n t e llige n c e as w e ll a s z e a l in th e c o n flict th a t w as a l re a dy ,

w a gin g .

It w a s in th e te e th o f his o w n pl a in i n te n t th ro ugh th e ,

p ro vid e n c e o f a n i n fi n it e ly m o r e fa r s e e in g e y e a n d st r o n ge r -

a r m th a t W o ls e y h e lp e d fo r w a r d th e R e fo r m a ti o n
,
Ye t it .

must b e a ll o w e d n o twithst a n din g his z e a l fo r R o m e th a t h e

, ,

w a s n o t g e n e r a lly a c ru e l p e r s e cut o r T h e full vig o u r o f h is .

L on d on s
’
l e tte r to L o n gl a n d , B . iv p.
,
ar t ii ,
39 6 8 .
54 TH E D A IYN OF T H E EN GL I S H R E F O R NI A T I O N .

mi n d w a s c o n ce n tra t e d o n p o litics a n d h e h a d l e ss l e isu r e

,

th a n o th e r p r e l a t e s fo r bu rn i n g h e r e tics It is a s a st a t e sm a n
.

th a t h e w a s e m ph a tic a lly th e right m a n r a is e d up a t a c r itic a l

,

u n ctu re o a chi e v e a g r e a t n a ti o n a l w o r k F o r e ig n a ffa i rs

j t ,
.

e s pe ci a lly i n vit e d a n d r e c e iv e d his k e e n e st a tt e n ti o n .

H a d th e r e b e e n n o W o ls e y c o uld th e E n gl a n d o f to d a y
,
-

e v e r h a ve g ro w n up a t l e a st s o a s to r e a ch h e r p r e s e n t
,

s t a tu re a n d st r e n gth Str ipp e d o f h e r c on ti n e n t a l p ro vi n c e s ,

p ro s t ra te d by l o n g i n t e sti n e bl o o dsh e d th e r a v a ge s o f civil

,

w a r h a vi n g b e e n o n ly l e ss d e s o l a ti n g th an th e Bl a ck D e a th a

c e n tu r y b e fo re E n gl a n d w as in p e r il o us w a t e r s w h e n th e
,

butch e r s so n o f Ipswich w a s su m m o n e d to th e h e l m M o d e rn
’
.

E n gl an d in fa ct with a l l h e r l a t e n t p o w e r s fo r go o d o r e vil
, , ,

w a s in th e hu m bl e c r a dl e a t th a t m o m e n t o us e p o ch A n d if
.

it b e p e r missibl e to c ar ry th e c o m p a ris o n a l ittl e fa r th e r it ,

w a s W o ls e y w h o p r o v e d th e fo r e m o st m o st c a p a bl e a n d m o st
, ,

c l e a r sight e d n u r s e
-
th a t in S ca rl e t h a t a n d tipp e t o f r ich
,
‘

s a bl e s dilige n tly w a tch e d o v e r th e fr e tful a n d w a yw a r d

’

i n fa n t .
 BO O K III .

THE E N GL I S H N EW T E S T A M EN T .

I . WI L L I A M T YN D A L E S P R E PA R A T I O N
’
.

TH E c e n t ra l fi gu r e in th e e ar ly p e r i o d o f th e E n glish R e fo r m a
ti o n is Willi a m Tyn d a l e th e Ap o stl e o f E n gl an d in th e s e
,
‘

l a t e r ti me s a s F o x e d e sign a t e s h im His n a tiv e l an d fo r th e

,
’
.
,

e n light e n m e n t o f which with pu r e Ch r isti a n t r uth h e pe r

s e v e r i n gly t o il e d a s l on g a s h e liv e d a n d a t l a st su ffe re d ,

m ar ty r d o m a pp e a re d s e a l e d i m p e n e tr a bly b e y o n d o th e r l a n ds
,

a g a i n st th e W o r d o f G o d Luth e r fl o u r ish e d a m o n g th e
.

S a x o n s Z u in gl e a m o n g th e Swiss but Tyn d a l e by th e bitte r

, ,

h o stility which th e rul e r s o f his c o u n t ry e n te r ta i n e d a g a i n st

th e p r i n cipl e s o f th e R e fo r m a ti o n w a s d r iv e n a l m o st a s s o o n
, ,

a s th e pu r p o s e o f his life w as s e ttl e d to th e r e fug e o fa fo r e ig n ,

sh ore c arr i e d o n his l a b o u r s fo r th e s a lv a ti on o f his c o u n try

,

me n a m o n g st ran g e r s a n d in or d e r to b a ffl e pu rsuit w a s
, , ,

fo r c e d to r e s or t to v a r i o us p re c a uti o n s which b e sid e s con ,

ce a l in g his m o v e m e n ts fro m his p e r s e cut o r s h a v e i n l a rg e ,

d e g re e sh ro ud e d th e m fro m p o ste r ity .

Willi a m Ty n d a l e a cc o r din g to th e st a t e m e n t o f F o x e w a s
, ,

‘
b o rn a b o ut th e b o r d e rs o f W a l e s N or did th e p r e v a l e n t
.
’

b e li e f th a t h e w a s b orn in Gl o uc e ste r shi r e di ffe r fro m this

v a gu e st a te me n t fo r fo r me rly M o n m o uthshi re s e p a ra t e d fr o m
, ,

G l o u c e st e r shir e by th e S e v e rn w a s i n clud e d in Wa l e s At
, .

l e n gth n o t o n ly th e vill a ge o f Gl o uc e ste r shi r e b ut th e v e r y

, ,

h o us e its e lf wh e re i n th e t ran sl a t o r o f th e S c r iptu r e s i n t o

,

h o m e ly E n glish fi r st sa w th e light b e c a m e m a rk e d o u t a n d ,

d e te rm i n e d to th e cu r i o u s public Hu n t s C o u r t in th e p arish
.
’

,
56 TH E D A WN OF T TI E E N G L I S H R EF OR M A T I ON .

o f N o r th N i b l e y c a m e to b e visit e d by a d m i ri n g pi l g ri m s as
,

th e v e ry bi r thpl a c e o f Willi a m th e illust r i o u s t r a n sl a t or a n d ,

r e fo rm e r th e s e c o n d s o n
,
it w a s s a id o f Th o m a s a n d Alici a
, ,

Ty n d a l e .

T h e situ a ti on is pictu r e squ e a n d i n viti n g th e h o us e its e lf ,

n o t e qu a lly a tt r a ctiv e bu t du ri n g th e c o u r s e o f fo u r c e n tu r i e s
it h a s u n d e rgo n e n o d o ubt m uch ch an g e A p o r ti o n o f it
, ,
.

h a s b e e n c o n v e r t e d i n t o a n in n k n o w n by th e n a m e o f th e
Bl a ck H o rs e ; an d a re p re s e n t a t i o n o f this qu a d rup e d o f th e
siz e o flife is pl a c e d u n de r th e e a v e s o f th e m iddl e o fth e thr e e
g a bl e s o f th e l o n g o n e st or i e d buildi n g which in a n ci e n t d a ys
-
,

fo r m e d a sin gl e c o mmo di o us dw e lli n g h o us e G a zin g upw a r ds -

.

t o w a rds th e C o ts w o lds th e e y e disc e r n s a t o n c e a t littl e dista n c e

,

th e Ty n d a l e M e m o r i a l e r e ct e d by subsc r ipti on o n Nibl e y

,

K n o ll — a t a ll squ a r e pil e with o ut i n sc r i p ti o n with a gild e d

, , ,

c ro ss o n th e su m m it I n d e e d a st on e r oll e d d o w n fr o m th e
.
,

hill b ro w m ight e a sily fin d a r e sti n g pl a c e j ust in fro n t o f

- -

Hu n t s C o u r t
’
.

It w a s a pl e a si n g fa n cy th a t th e futu re R e for me r pl ay e d a s
a bo o n th e g re e n hillsid e cli m b d up t h r o u n d ch a lky
y e e ,

k n o lls o r w a n d e re d o n th e b r e e zy r idg e o f hig h l a n d which

,

l o o ks d o wn o n th e b e a utiful c o u n try a b o u t W o tt o n u n d e r -

E d ge . This fa n cy h o w e v e r ca n b e n o l o n ge r i n dulge d
, ,
.

R e c e n t r e s e a r ch e s h a v e m a d e it cl e a r th a t Hu n t s C o u r t did ’

n o t b e c o m e th e p r o p e r ty o f a Ty n d a l e s o e a rly a s 1 4 8 4 8 6 -
,

which m ust b e a b o ut th e ti me o f th e Biblic a l tra n sl a t o r s ’

bi rth ; a n d it h a s b e e n lik e wis e p r o v e d th a t Willi a m th e s on ,

o f Th o m a s a n d Alici a Ty n d a l e o f Hu n t s C o u r t w a s a liv e i n
’

, ,

1 5 4 2 a n d th e r e fo re c an n o t b e id e n tic a l with his m o r e disti n

,

u i sh e d ki n s m a n o f th e s a m e n a m e
g .

It is th o ught p ro b a bl e by D e ma u s* th a t th e Ap o stl e o f ‘

E n gl a n d w as b o rn n o t a t N ib l e but a t Slimb r idg e Eith

’
er
y, ,
.

Sli m b r i d g e o r Sti n chc om b e w a s in a l l p r o b a bility th e R e , ,

fo rme r s a ctu a l bi r th pl a c e N o t o n ly h a d th e r e b e e n T y n d a l e s
’

e st a blish e d a s fa r m e r s a t M e lksh a m C o u r t i n th e n e ighb o u r

,

in g p ar ish o f Sti n chc o m b e but i n th e r e ign o f Rich a r d III .

T y n d a l e s h a d p o ss e ss e d s o m e p a r t o f th e M a n o r o f Hu r st i n ,

Slimb r i d ge A l e tte r is e xt a n t fro m St o k e sl e y Bish o p o f

.
,

D e ma n s ’
T y d l pp n a e,
’
. 3, 4 .
 T H E S UPP O S E D T YN D A L E S B I R T H
’
S PO T O F 7

L o n d o n to Cr u m w e ll wh e r e i n h e s o licits a fa rm i n G l o uc e st e r
, ,

shi re ( Gre e n e H a mpst e r) fo r an o l d fr i e n d A Tyn d a l e h o w .

,

e v e r h a d m a d e a pplic a ti o n f
,
o r th e s a m e fa r m ; a n d St o k e sl e y

r e m a r ks : H e th a t s u e th u n t o y o u h a th a ki n s m a n c a ll e d
‘

E dw a r d Tyn d a le b ro th e r to Ty n d a l e th e a r ch h e r e ti c u n d e r
,
-
,

r e ce iv e r o f th e l o r dship o f B e r k e l e y w h o d a ily p r o m o t e s his ,

ki n sfo lks to th e ki n g s St o k e sl e y in 1 5 0 9 w a s R e ct o r ’

o f Sli m b ridg e a b e n e fi ce i n th e gift o f M a gd a l e n

,
C o ll e ge ,

Oxfo r d a n d thus w a s n o d o ubt p e r s o n a lly a cqu a i n t e d with th e

,

T y n d a l e s o f his p a r ish a n d n e ighb o u r h o o d T h e Edw a r d .

Ty n d a l e r e fe rr e d to w as a m a n o f subst a n c e a n d a bility a n d ,

is p r o v e d by his will to h a v e b e e n p o ss e ss e d o f a b o o k
h Old T st a me n t p ro hibit e d a s h e r e tic a l
’

(
‘
P e l l i can u s o n t e e ) ,

o n which h e se t s o m e v a lu e .

T h e n a m e o f a n o th e r b ro th e r J o h n a pp e a r s ( 1 5 3 1 ) a m o n gst , ,

th o s e w h o we re pu n ish e d fo r a ssistin g in th e circul a ti o n o f th e

N e w T e st a m e n t It s e e m s to h a ve e sc a p e d th e r e s e a r c h e s o f
.

bi o g ra ph e rs th a t th e re w a s a ls o a thir d b ro th e r n a m e d M a r ti n , ,

a F e ll o w o f Ki n g s C o ll e ge C a m b r idg e L e tt e r s h o w e v e r a r e
’

,
.
, ,

e xt a n t fr o m M a r ti n Ty n d a l e ( d a t e d July 1 5 33 ) to his b ro th e r ,

Edw a r d s fr i e n d C ru m w e ll in o n e o f which h e e xp re ss e s g r a ti
’

tud e fo r kin d n e ss sh o w n to h i s b ro th e r J o h n (n o w d e p a r te d ) ‘

i n his t r o ubl e s M a r ti n hi m s e l f is a sch o l ar lik e th e R e

.
’

fo r me r a n d o ffe r s to C r u m w e ll s o m e fruits o f his i n dustry

,

tra n sl a tio n s o f th e live s o f J o h n C o l e t a n d J e b a n V itr i e r th e

-
,

F r a n cisc a n o f St O m e r tw o c o m p a n i o n p o r tr a its disin te rre d

.
, ,

fr o m a c o rn e r o f th e Epistl e s o f E r a sm us C r u m w e ll s
’ ’

a pp r o v a l h e s a ys will b e a p r ick to h im to b e b e tt e r willi n g

’
, ,

to go fo r th in lik e h a r v e st w o r k ; wh e r e i n h e t r usts s o to
t e m p e r hims e lf th a t h e will r e fr a i n fr o m r a sh m e ddlin g w ith
thi n gs th a t p a ss his l e a rn i n g bu t y e t h e pu r p o se s n o t to ‘

fl a tt e r th e p e e vish p o pish th a t fo r fe a r o f th e i r displ e a su r e h ,

will m a k e whit e th e i r b l a c k a n d a b o m i n a bl e a cts l "

.
‘

O f th e fa th e r o f th e s e fo u r s o n s a ll th a t is a t p r e se n t k n o w n
d F lh m J
D a te y 26 I th l tt ft
u a a n u ar n ano er e e r, a er an

i t v l f th d y S t k l y j i
n er a o If m g my h d E d w
re e a s o es e re o n s,
‘
a re ea ,
.

Ty d l h ld p t my v t f m th t g t m y f i d w ld thi k
,

n a e s ou u se r an ro a ran r en s ou n
,

th t h h d m i fl c w i th y th I t — B vi 8 2 9 5 By ’
a e a o re n ue n e ou an ,
e c . .
, ,
.

b q t th B k l y t t i 1 49 2 c m t th c w
e ue s e er e e e s a e s, n ,
a e o e ro n .

l B vi 7 5 1 7 52
‘ ‘

. .
,
.
,
58 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R fl/I A TI O N .

is c o m m u n ic a t e d in a l e tt e r o f th e s am e M a r ti n w h o in , ,

s o liciti n g C r u m w e l l s h e lp a ga in st th e u n kin d l a dy w e n fa
’
/

r e c o u n ts : W h e n I w as fi r st s e n t to sch o o l my
‘
,

p a r e n ts w e r e a bl e e n o ugh to k e e p m e th e r e a s w h o w e r e w e ll ,

n igh u n d e r th e high w a lls o f glitt e r i n g w o r ldly r ich e s ; bu t a

w hil e a ft e r (th e wh e e l o f fo r tu n e tu rn e d ) s o o n e r th an a m a n ,

w o uld h a v e th o ught th e y w e r e d e fe a t e d a n d put b a ck to such

, ,

p e n u ry t h a t th e y c o uld n o t so l a rge ly a s b e fo r e b e ar my i

ch a rg e s a t sch o o l H e r e D r D e n t o n D e a n o fL ich fie l d p a r s o n
. .
, ,

o f St O l a v e s S o uthw a r k o f wh o m m y fa th e r fa r m e d th e s a m e
’

.
, ,

b e n cfi ce go t m e to Et on C o ll e ge wh e re a n d a t C a mb r idge
, , ,

lik e wis e to this y e a r h e h as y e arly giv e n m e his lib e r a l ity a n d

,

p a id th e stip e n d o f th e c o ll e ge This y e a r h e di e d e tc .
,
’
.

T h e fa ct o f fo u r s o n s a l l fa v o u r i n g th e R e for m a ti on sugge sts

th e qu e sti o n wh e th e r th e p are n ts th e m s e lv e s m ay n o t h a v e
in cli n e d to th e te n e ts o f Wycliffe — a c o nj e ctu r e supp o r t e d by
th e t ra diti o n th a t o n e o f th e b a r o n s o f B e r k e l e y w a s Wy cl ifl e s
'
’

pupil Thus a fr e sh li n k is e st a blish e d it ma y b e b e tw e e n th e

.
, ,

succ e ssful R e fo r m a ti on in th e e a r ly c a re e r o f which Tyn d a l e

,

pl a y e d th e p r i n cip a l p a r t a n d th e a pp a r e n tly u n succ e s s ful

,

m o v e m e n t o n e hu n d re d a n d fifty y e a r s p re vi o usly u n d e r th e
a p o st o lic Wycli f fe .

T h e o r igi n o f th e Gl o u c e st e r shi r e T y n d a l e s is p r o b a bly co r

r e ctl giv i a l e tt e r d a te d F b u a ry 3 fro m a
y e n n ( e r ,

Th o ma s Ty n d a l e to a c o usin a n d n am e s a k e : I h a v e h e re t o
fo r e h e ar d th a t th e fi r st o fy o u r fa m ilie c a m e o u t o f th e N o r th
in th e ti m e s of th e war s b e tw e en th e h o u se s o f Y o r k a n d L a n
c a st e r a t wh a t tim e m an y o f g o o d s o r t (th e i r sid e go in g d o w n )
,

did fly fo r r e fug e a n d succ o u r wh e re th e y c o uld fin d it Th a t .

it w a s y o u r p re d e c e ss o r his fo r tu n e to c o me i n t o Gl o u c e st e r
sh ir e ch a n gi n g his n am e i n t o th a t o f H u ch i n s a n d th a t
,
f

a ft e r w a r ds h e m a r r i e d th e r e a n d s o h a vi n g child r e n h e d i d
, ,

b e fo re his d e a th d e cl a r e h is r ight n a m e e tc ,
’
.

O n c e a n d o n c e o n ly th e R e fo rm e r m a k e s a llusi o n — a v e ry
, ,

ch ara ct e r istic a llusi on — to his b o yh o o d in his w r itin gs : Exc e pt

my m e m o ry fa il m e a n d t h a t I h a v e fo rg o tt e n wh a t I r e a d
,

See O r Bi g phy f T y d l p fi d t h i
r s
’
o ra o n a e ,
’
re x e o s re pi r nt ( 1 83 6 ) of
th e on e p f c t c py f th fi t N w T t m t v i
er e o o e rs e es a en e rs o n i n th e o ct v a o
l
a so th e bi g phic l tic p fi x d t T y d l w k
o ra a no e re e o n a e s
’
or s, PS . .
 T H E T YN D A L E S A D H E R E N T S O F W YCL I F F E .
59

w h e n I w a s a child th o u sh a lt fin d i n th e En glish Chro n icl e ,

h o w th a t K i n g A d e l sto n e c a us e d th e H o ly Sc r iptu r e to b e
t ra n sl a t e d i n t o th e t o n gu e th a t th e n w as in E n gl a n d a n d h o w ,

th e p r e l a t e s e xh o r t e d h im
T h e c o u n ty o f T y n d a l e s bi r th w a s i n th a t a ge b e y o n d
’

m e a su r e b e n ight e d a n d p r i e st r idd e n Ye t a m idst d e n s e d a rk -

.
,

n e ss — d a r k n e ss th a t m ight b e fe lt — light in G o d s m e r ciful

’

p r o vi d e n c e h a d b e e n lifte d up in th e p r e c e di n g c e n t u r y T h e
,
.

fifth b a r o n Th o m a s L o r d B e rk e l e y Wycliffe s pupil h a d a s

, , ,
’

his o w n ch a pl a in an d a ls o a s vic a r o f his p a r ish chu r ch J o h n

, ,

d e T r e v isa w h o a t th e re qu e st o f h is p a t ro n to w h o m h e w a s
, , ,

a c o m pli an t a n d to qu o t e his o w n ph r a s e ,
bux o m s e r v a n t , ,

t ra n sl a t e d i n t o E n glish th e Po lych ron ic o n o f R a n u l ph

Higd e n a B e n e dictin e m o n k o f St We r b u rg Ch e ste r w h o
,
.
, ,

fl o u r ish e d a t th e cl o se o f th e thi r te e n th c e n tu r y T h e P o ly .

ch r o n ic on w a s th e chi e f s o u r c e o f i n fo r m a ti o n in hi st o ry a n d
’

ge o gra phy— fo r it e mb ra c e d b o th — to En glish stud e n ts for th e

T r e v isa s t r a n sl a ti on w a s e m pry n te d
’
tw o n e x t c e n tu r i e s
’ ‘
.
,

with a lte ra ti o n s by C a xt o n w h o st a t e s th a t T r e v is a tr a n sl a te d
, ,

this s a yd b o o k th e b y b l e a n d B ar tyl me w d e p ro pr ie ta tib u s

, ,

r e r um As r e g a r ds th e t ra n sl a ti o n o f th e Bibl e th e c e l e b r a te d
.
’

p r in t e r m ust h a v e t a k e n th e will fo r th e d e e d T r e v isa a spi re d .

to a n a chi e v e m e n t to which his sch o l a r ship w o uld h a v e b e e n

u n e qu a l fo r his v e r si o n o f H igd e n c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l gr o ss
,

blu n d e rs T h e V ulga t e w a s tra n sl a te d by o th e r s b e tt e r

.

qu a lifi e d fo r th e t a sk It is a s a w r it e r o f E n glish th a t .

T r e vi sa s v e r si o n r o f Higd e n s Un iv e r s a l Hist o ry is v e ry
’ ’ ‘ ’
-

a cc e pt a bl e to th e phil o l o gist It w a s a cc o mplish e d i n 1 3 8 7 .

,

a n d thu s cl o s e ly fo ll o w e d Wycliff e s v e r si on o f th e Sc r iptu re s

’

in p o i n t o f ti m e It l on g re ma in e d a p o pul a r b o o k A m idst
. .

d a r k n e ss n o t di m i n ishi n g but ra th e r a ugme n tin g th e r e w a s

, , ,

fo o d fo r m e dit a ti o n in m e m or i e s such a s th e s e w e ll a d a p t e d ,

to c a ll fo r th a n d quick e n th e e n e r gi e s o f a y o u thful a r d e n t ,

m in d .

Willi a m Tyn d a l e w a s p r o b a bly y e t a l a d wh e n h e co m

m e n ce d his studi e s a t Oxfo r d b ro ught u p e v e n a s a child ,
’

Pr e fa e to T h e O c b di c f ‘
e en e o a C h i tir s an M an .
’
T y n d al e
’
s W or k s ,
PS , i,
. 149
. . p . .

1 E te
"

di d by h c ill B bi g t
C ur h a n on , w i th i an n tr o d u cti on .
 TI I E D A l I N OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R AI A T I ON
'

60 .

s ays F o x e in th a t u n iv e r sity
,
‘
C ra n me r w a s s e n t to Ca m.
’

b r idge a t fo u r t e e n y e a r s o fa ge ; W o ls e y w a s n o o ld e r w h e n h e
t o o k his B a ch e l o r s d e gr e e I n th a t a ge th e u n 1v e rs 1 tie s w e r e
’
.

ra th e r high sch o o ls p o ss e ssin g a dv a n t a ge s b e y o n d th e m o n

,

a sti o sch o o ls th a n wh a t th e y h a v e si n c e b e c o m e
,
M a gd a l e n .

H a ll n o w H e r tfo r d C o ll e ge w a s T y n d a l e s t ra i n i n g sch o o l
, ,
’
-
.

His p o r t ra it a d o rn s its di n in g h a ll It h a d b e e n i n t e n d e d by
-
.

its fo u n d e r Willi a m Way n e fl e te a s a n u rs e ry to his n o bl e r

, ,

fo u n d a ti o n o f M a gd a l e n C o ll e g e an d so w e ll did it a n sw e r this
,

pu rp o s e a s to ga in a n d d e s e r ve th e a pp e ll a ti on o f G r a mm a r
H a ll . St o k e sl e y b e c a m e p rin cip a l e a rly in th e sixte e n th
c e n tu ry an d w a s succ e e d e d in th e p o st by L o n g

lan d .

Of his c a r e e r a t Oxfo r d F o x e h a s l e ft u s o n ly this sh o r t

,

su m ma ry : Tyn d a l e by l o n g c o n ti n u an c e g re w u p a n d in
‘
, ,
'

c r e a s e d a s w e ll i n th e k n o wl e d ge o f t o n gu e s a n d o the r lib e ra l ,

a r ts a s e sp e ci a lly i n th e k n o wl e dg e o f th e Sc r iptu r e s ; wh e re
,

u n t o his m i n d w a s si n gul a rly a ddict e d i n s o m uch th a t h e , ,

lyi n g th e n a t M a gd a l e n e H a ll r e a d p r ivily to c e r t a in stu d e n ts

,

a n d F e ll o ws o f M a gd a l e n e C o ll e g e s o me p a r c e l o f divi n ity in ,
~

s tr u cti n th m i h k n o wl e d ge a n d t r uth o f th e Sc r iptu re s

’

g e n t e .

This i n fo rm a ti o n w a s p r o b a bly giv e n to th e m a r tyr o l o gist by

C o v e r d a l e w h o m ay h a v e r e c e iv e d it fr o m Tyn d a l e hi m s e lf ;
,

a n d it m ust n o t th e re fo r e b e lightly r e j e ct e d
, , .

T yn d a l e s st a y a t O xfo r d w a s p ro t ra ct e d I n a cc o rd a n c e
’
-
.

with cust o m tw o y e a r s a n d a h a lf m ust b e a ll o w e d to th e

,

tr i vi u m o r g ra m m a r r h e t o r ic , a n d l o gic
, ,
Th e n tw o y e a r s .

an d a h a lf m ust b e a ll o tt e d to th e u a d r i vi u m o r a r it h m e tic
q , ,

ge o m e t ry a stro n o my a n d m usic Th e n th e a pp ro a ch l ay O pe n
, , .

to th e th r e e phil o s o phi e s — n a tu r a l m o r a l a n d m e t a physic a l , , .

Thus n e arly e ight y e a r s w o uld b e o ccupi e d in th e studi e s

r e quisit e f or th e d e gr e e o f M a st e r o f A r ts Wid e a s th e co m .

p a ss o fk n o wl e d ge a pp e a rs o ur e sti m a t e o f its v a lu e v e ry m uch

,

sh ri n ks wh e n th e b o o ks in u se a re t a k e n i n t o th e a cco un tfl ‘

The n s a c r e d study w o uld e n g ro ss u n d e r its tw o sta g e s o f ,

Biblic a l a n d syste m a tic th e o l o gy s e ve n y e ar s ,

.

Th a t Ty n d a l e t o o k his M a st e r o f A r ts d e gr e e is c e r t a in but
li ttl e m o r e is k n o w n o fh im in r e l a ti o n to his Oxfo rd c o u r s e a s
L u to np ’
s Co l e t,
’
pp . 38 , 3 9 .
 T YN D A L E A T M A GD A L E N H ALL . 6 1

a p o sitiv e fa ct Th a t h e a tte n d e d C o l e t s l e ctu r e s a n d d e r iv e d

.
’

b e n e fit fro m his hist o r ic a l syst e m o f i n t e r p r e ti n g Sc r iptu r e

a s o pp o s e d to th e p r e v a ili n g sch o l a s tic a l m e th o d — is r e n d e r e d

highly p ro b a bl e by th e m o st p a t e n t ch ar a cte r istics o fT y n d a l e s ’

m in d . Th a t h e w a s bli n dly fa sci n a te d by th e re put a ti o n a n d

ge n ius o f E r a s m us is b e y o n d a d o ubt .

It is m a tt e r fo r c o nj e ctu r e in w h a t ye a r h e re m o v e d to
C a mb r idge E r a smus is supp o s e d to h a v e b e e n th e m a gn e t
. .

If s o th e d a te o f T y n d al e s re mo v a l is p ro b a bly 1 5 0 9 o r s o o n
,
’

a ft e r w a r d s a lth o ugh E r a s m u s h a d b e fo r e visit e d C a m b r idge

,

i n 1 5 06 du r i n g his s e c o n d visit to E n gl a n d but th e n o n ly fo r

, ,

a b r i e f sp a c e But it i s n o w cl e a r ly a sc e r t a in e d th a t Ty n d a l e
.

h a d a b r o th e r a t Ki n g s C o ll e g e a n d to b e with h i m a n d a i d
’

h im i n his studi e s w o uld a l o n e supply suffici e nt r e a s o n for th e

migra ti on C o l e t w a s p r o b a bly a n i n flu e n c e fo r go o d a t Oxfo r d ;
.

a n d a t C a mb r i d g e th e r e can b e littl e g r o u n d f o r d o ubti n g th a t

th e guidi n g st ar w a s th e d e v o t e d Bil n e y
-
.

H o w Ty n d a l e w a s a bl e to m a i n t a in hi m s e lf du r i n g his l o n g
c o u r s e o f a ssidu o us study is a n i n qui ry w hich n a tu ra lly a r is e s ,

fo r a s a tisfa ct o r y re ply to which fe w m a t e r i a ls e xist Was

’

T y n d a l e s fa th e r lik e L a tim e r s th e L e ic e st e r shi r e y e o m a n o f

’ ’

, ,

w h o m his s o n s a id i n a s e r m o n b e fo r e th e C o u r t : H e k e pt

m e to sch o o l or e ls e I h a d n o t b e e n a bl e to p re a ch b e fo r e th e
,

kin g s m aj e sty n o w ? It s e e m s h o w e v e r th a t a ft e r a ti m e
’ ’

, ,

his fa th e r s ci r cu m st a n c e s b e c a m e str a it e n e d H a d Tyn d a l e

’

.
,

th e n lik e W o ls e y lib e ra l fr i e n d s
, ,
If s o h e r e s e m bl e d in this ,

r e sp e ct his b r o th e r M a r ti n w h o a ck n o wl e dge d his o blig a ti on

,

to b e n e v o l e n t a ssist an c e fo r his o w n e duc a ti o n .

A u n iv e rsity c ar e e r in th a t a ge w a s n o t luxu r i o us a n d c o stly

a s it is n o w Th re e o r fo u r y o uths w o uld s o m e ti me s b e pl a c e d
.

t o ge th e r in th e s a m e str a w litte r e d a p ar tme n t T h e h o st e ls

-
.

a n d r e ligi o us h o us e s much o ut n u m b e r e d th e c o ll e g e s a lth o ugh ,

th e s e l a st we r e gro wi n g in i m p o r t a n c e T h e a ggr e ga t e o f th e .

m e mb e r s o f th e s e v e r a l i n stituti o n s w a s l a r ge a n d m a n y w e re ,

i n hu mbl e a n d e v e n d e p re ss e d ci r cu m st a n c e s Th e ir fre .

qu e n tly n e c e ssit o u s c o n diti on is p r o v e d by tw o fa cts — th a t th e

u n iv e rsity its e lf u n de r t o o k th e o ffic e o f p a w n b r o k e r a dv a n ci n g ,

m on e y o n a d e p o sit a n d th a t stud e n ts re tu rn in g h o m e fro m

,

th e i r studi e s w e re o fte n lic e n s e d to b e g a t th e h o us e s o f th e

6 2 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O P JII A T I O N .

wea t l hi e r cl a ss a n d w e re thus e n abl e d to s upp or t th e ms e l ve s

,

o n th e i r fo o ts o r e j o u rn e y .

But o f th e p e culi a r iti e s a tt e n din g th e futu re tra n sl a to r s ’

s oj o u rn wh e t h e r a t Oxfo r d o r C a mb r idge w e k n o w n e xt to
, ,

n o thi n g . N o d o ubt his h a bits e v e n a t this e ar ly sta g e w e re

, ,

e xt re me ly fr ug a l . Afte r a ti m e h e w o uld d e r iv e s o m e e m o l u
m e n t fro m tuiti o n . I n d e e d a l mo st th e o n ly a dditi on a l fa ct
,

k n o w n with a bs o lut e c e r t a i n ty re l a tiv e to his l o n g u n iv e r sity

c a re e r— c o mm u n ic a t e d by his o w n pe n i n a l e tt e r to F ry th
is th a t h e h a d a pupil J o h n Tis e n by n a m e a ft e r w a r ds i n
, ,

T un s ta l s s e r vic e wh o s e r e d b e ar d a n d bl a ck r e ddish h a i r
’ ‘
,

h e o bs e r v e d in a ft e r y e a r s a t A n tw e r p n o t with o ut s o me fe a r
-
,

a n d suspici o n .

At l e a st it is b e y o n d d o ubt th a t his p e rs e v e rin g dilige n c e

w as r e w a r d e d a n d th a t h e l e ft C a m b r idg e a sch o l a r an d a
‘
, ,

r ip e a n d g o o d o n e It is c e r ta i n a ls o th a t h e w as o r d a in e d
’
.

p r i e st but wh e n w h e re o r by wh o m a re p o i n ts i n v olve d in
, , ,

h o p e l e ss o blivi on O n O ffo r s supp o s e d disc o v e r i e s n o r e li a n c e

.
’

ca n b e pl a c e d .

B . VI 4 03 .
 II .
— T YN D A L E A T L IT TLE SOD B UR Y .

AB O UT 1 5 2 1 Ty n d a l e c o m e s u on
p th e sc e n e w ith cl e a r e r
p ro m i n e n c e i n th e c h a ra ct e r o f th e stu d i o us p ri e st o f a s m a ll
p ar ish in th e n e ighb o u r h o o d o f his h o m e .

S ir J o h n W a lsh o f Littl e S o db u ry C o u r t ch a m pi o n to , ,

H e n ry VIII an d in 1 5 2 6 an d a ga i n i n 1 5 3 5 High Sh e r i ffo f

.
, , ,

G l o uc e ste r shi r e r e qui r e d a ch a pl a i n fo r his h o us e a p ri e st fo r

, ,

his p a r ish chu r ch a n d a tu to r p ro sp e ctiv e ly fo r his littl e s o n

,

M a u r ice fi" th e n it w o uld s e e m fi v e o r six y e a r s o ld

,
Tyn d a l e , . ,

o n his p a r t a cc e pt e d th e c o m bi n e d duti e s a n d t o o k u h i
, p s ,

r e sid e n c e in S ir J o h n s m a n si o n
’
.

T h e c o u r t o r m a n o r h o us e st a n ds u n d e r th e b r o w o f Littl e
,
-

S o d b u ry Hill a n e m i n e n c e d i sti n guish e d to th e t ra v e ll e r s e y e

,
’

by its clu m ps o f b e e ch t re e s A R o m a n c a mp c r o w n s its su mm it -

.
,

a n d h e r e Edw a r d I V l a y o n e n ight with a p a r t o f his a r my a .

littl e b e fo r e th e b a ttl e o f T e wk e sbu ry T h e h o us e is built o n .

t e rr a c e s an d is a g o o d m o d e l o f a c o u n try g e n tle m an s s e a t o f
,
’

th e Tud or p e r i o d a lth o ugh n o w p a r tly c o n v e r t e d i n t o a fa r m

,

h o us e a n d p ar tly u n t e n a n t e d T h e r ight win g with its pr o .

,

a bl e s is a st o r e h o us e f
j e ct i n
g g o r pl a n ks a n d is u s e d a ls o a s a
, ,

c a rp e n t e r s sh o p T h e l e ft sid e o f th e h o u s e is i n h a bit e d but

’
.
,

i s i n d e pl o ra bl e dil a pid a ti o n th e ro o f p r o pp e d with up r igh ts , .

I n 1 6 0 8 th e m a n o r h o us e p a ss e d fr o m th e W a l sh e s to th e -

fa m ily o f Ste ph e n s It n e xt p a sse d to M r H a r tl e y r e sid e n t

. .
,

at L ro v e a b o ut a mil e dist an t w h o st r ipp e d it o f su ch

yg , ,

m e m o r i a ls o f a n tiquity a s h e c o uld r e m o v e a n d l e ft th e o l d ,

The ic w m l ch ly I th y 1 5 5 6 i l
fa te of M aur e as e an o .
‘
n e e ar ,
n e ss

th an tw m th di d M
o ic W l h E q t g th w ith v
on s,f hi e a ur e a s ,
s .
,
o e er se en o s

child by fi y lph
re n , gl b lli g i t th p l d
a er t su ur o u s o e ro n n a e a r our oo r a

di ti m
n n e r- w hich t ck e, d d t th t bl d c d th d th f s ru one ea a e a e an a u se e ea o

t — A tk y Gl c t hi f li p 3 54 ’
th
’ ’ ‘
e re s . n s o u e s e rs re
,
o o, . .
64 TII E D A WN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R /II A T I O N .

m a n si o n fa ll i n t o d e c a y T y n d a l e s r o o m which w a s co n
to .
’

ne c t e d w ith th e h a l l h a s dis a pp e a r e d,
It w a s pull e d d o w n .
,

t o ge th e r with o th e r p a r ts o f th a t s e cti o n o f th e h o us e s o me ,

y e a r s a go to fu r n ish m a te r i a ls for r e p a i r in g c o tt a ge s St . .

Ad e li n e s Chu r ch wh e r e in Ty n d a l e o ffici a te d which st o o d o n

’

, ,

a t e rr a c e a b o v e th e h o us e w a s t a k e n d o w n in 1 8 5 8 S o m e , .

st o n e s a n d tw o fin e y e w t re e s r e m a i n to m a r k th e site -
.

If th e visit o r t ak e his st an d o n th e gr a ss pl a tfor m in fro n t

o f th e o l d p o r ch o f th e m a n o r h o us e h e will se e to th e r i ght
-
,

a n o r i e l wi n d o w a n d to th e l e ft i n a r e c e ss th e i ro n b a r s o f
, , ,

th e w i n d o ws o f th e l o fty di n i n g h a ll l o n g si n c e with o u t gl a ss -
, ,

a n d m an tl e d w ith ivy E n t e r in g th e a n ci e n t h a ll his fan cy

.
,

will h a r dly fa il to t ra n sfo rm th e p r e s e n t dis m an tl e d sc e n e a n d

to pictu re Ty n d a l e a sh o r t g ra v e p e r s o n w ith cl o s e clipp e d
, , ,
-

b e a r d a quilin e n o s e high full fo r e h e a d a n d l a rge e y e s a b o ut

, , , , ,

t h i r ty six o r t h i r ty s e v e n y e ars o f a ge s e a t e d a s h e o ft e n w a s
- -
,

r a th e r m o r e th a n th r e e hu n d r e d a n d fifty y e a r s a go a t th e
o a k t a bl e w ith th e N e w T e st a m e n t o f E ra s m us o p e n b e fo r e
,

h im .

This is th e m o st h e a r t stir r i n g sp o t s ays A n d e r s o n in a l l

‘
-
,
’

,
‘

E n gl a n d It is h e r e th a t Ty n d a l e h a d m a n y c o n v e r s a ti on s
.
’

o n r e ligi on with S ir J o h n a n d D a me A n n e his wife th e , ,

d a ught e r o f S ir R o b e r t P o i n tz o f I r on Act on a n d g ra n d , ,

d a u ght e r o f th e a cc o mplish e d L or d Riv e r s b e h e a d e d a t P o n te ,

fra c t by Rich ar d III H e r e a ls o h e h a d m a n y c o n t ro v e rsi e s

.

w ith p r i e sts o f th e vici n ity m u mp s i m u se s l o f divi n ity wh o m

><
, ,

h e h a s d e sc r ib e d a s w o n t to l o ok o n n o m o r e o f Sc r iptu r e th a n
‘

th e y fo u n d in th e ir Du n s G o d it k n o w e th h e a fte r w a r ds
’ ’
.
,

w ro te th e re a re a full ig n o ra n t s o r t which h a v e s e e n n o m o r e
, ,

L a tin th a n th e y r e a d i n th e ir P o r t e ss e s a n d Miss a ls which y e t ,

m a n y o f th e m ca n sc ar c e ly r e a d e xc e pt it b e A l b e r tu s d e ,

se cr e ti s m u l i e r u m H o w a n gry g re w th e i r fa c e s wh e n
’
e tc t ,
.

S ir J o h n s studi o us ch a pl a i n e xp o s e d th e i r g ro ss ig n o ra n c e
’

H e re to o it w a s th a t h e e n c o u n te r e d s o me m o re subtl e dis
, ,

u ta n ts a n d by a l l h e h e a r d a n d s a w w as l e d to m e dit a t e
p ,

Se e R ar ich d
Pa e s a n e c ’
cd t N tiv o e ,
a r ra e s of th e R e fo r ma t i on ,
’
O S
p i g d gg l i th pp dix
. .
,
a n d S k e l to n s a m u s A
’
. 141 n o e re n e en .

r Pr e fa e to th e F
J
c e iv B k f M oo s o o se s , T y n d al e
’
s W o r k s, PS i
p
. .
,
.
,
. 94 .
 L I T TL E S OD B UR Y D I N I N G H A L L . 65

m o re an d tr u e m e an s o f e m a n cip a ti n g th e
m ore on th e
b e n ig h te d h e a r t a n d p e r v e r te d i n t e ll e ct a n d a rr iv e d a t th e ,

c o n clusi o n th a t th e o n l y w a y to ge t r id o f th e i r i m a gi n a ti o n s ‘

an d j uggli n g t e rm s w a s to t ra n sl a te th e Sc r iptu r e s i n t o
’

E n glish H e a ft e r w a r ds w r o t e : As l o n g a s th e y m ay k e e p
.
‘

th a t ( th e Sc r iptu r e ) d o w n th e y will so d ar k e n th e r ight w a y

,

with th e m ist o f th e i r s o phist ry a n d so t a n gl e th e m th a t ,

e ith e r r e buk e o r d e spis e th e i r a b o m i n a ti on s with a rgu m e n ts o f

phil o s o phy a n d w ith w o rldly si militud e s a n d a pp ar e n t r e a s on s

,

o f n a tu r a l wisd o m a n d with w r e sti n g th e Sc r iptu r e i n t o th e i r

,

own pu r p o s e cl e a n c o n t ra ry u n t o th e p r o c e ss o rd e r a n d , ,

m e a n i n g o fth e t e xt a n d so d e lud e th e m with d e sc a n ti n g up o n

,

it with a ll e g or i e s a n d a m a z e th e m e xp o u n di n g it i n man y
, ,

s e n se s b e fo r e th e u n l e a r n e d l a y p e o pl e w h e n it h a th but o n e -
,

si mpl e lite r a l s e n se wh o s e lig h t th e o wls c a n n o t a bi d e th a t

, ,

th o ugh th o u fe e l i n thi n e h e a r t a n d a r t su r e h o w th a t a l l is
fa ls e th a t th e y s ay y e t c o uldst th o u n o t s o l v e th e i r subtl e
,

r iddl e s Which thi n g o n ly m o v e d m e to t ra n sl a t e th e N e w

.

It is n o t su rp risi n g th e n th a t th e h a pp y fo o ti n g o n which
, ,

Tyn d a l e h a d st o o d with his p a t r o n s w a s distu r b e d by th e sly

whisp e r s o r o v e r t d e n u n ci a ti on s o f th e m a i n t a i n e r s o f th e o l d
sch o l a stic syst e m a n d its p re t e n ti o us s o phis tr i e s H e fo u n d .

hi m s e lf a l o n e a m o n g a h o st o f o pp o n e n ts a ll b an d e d t o g e th e r ,

a s i n t e r e st e d i n o n e c o m m o n c a us e a g a i n st h im th e n e tw o r k ,

o f th e i r m i n ist r a ti on s a n d i n flu e n c e e xt e n di n g f ar an d ne a r .

F ri ar s m o n ks p r i e sts dign it a r i e s sp o k e o fh im in si m il a r t e rm s
, , , ,

o f bitt e r d islik e F o x e r e l a t e s l th a t in p a r ticul a r a t a supp e r

.
- ‘

b a n qu e t a t w hic h S ir J o h n a n d his l a dy w e r e a m o n g th e
’
,

gu e sts b e n e fic e d d o ct or s t a lk e d a g a i n st th e i r ch a pl a i n a t
,
‘ ’ ‘

w ill with o ut a n g a i n s a yi n g O n th e i r r e tu rn h o m e Ty n d a l e
’

, y .

w as su m m o n e d b e fo r e his p a t r o n s a n d w a s i n fo r m e d o f such ,
‘

c o mm u n ic a ti o n a s h a d b e e n w h e r e th e y c a m e fr o m a n d o f
th e i r o pin i o n s M a st e r Ty n d a l e th e re u n t o m a d e a n s w e r a gr e e
.

a bl e to th e tr uths o f G o d s w o r d a n d in r e p r o vi n g o f th e i r
’

P re fa e to th e F e c iv B k
o o s o f M o se s . .

T di i
I n th e e t o n o f 1 5 6 3 th e r st afi cc t i E gl i h
,
oun n n s . The rep t or

ca me fr o m o n e w h o ne w T k
n a e, y d l p b bly R ich d W bb
ro a ar e ,
of C hippi g n

So db y d v
u r , a fte r w a r s s e r a n t to L a t m e r i .
66 T H E D A IVN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O P JI A TI O N .

fa ls e O pi n i o n T h e L a dy We lch b e i n g a st o ut w o m a n a n d a s
.
, ,

M a st e r Ty n d a l e did r e p o r t h e r to b e wis e b e i n g th e r e but n o ,

m o re th a n th e y th r e e M a st e r We l ch his wife a n d M a st e r , , ,

Ty n d a l e We ll s a id sh e th e re w a s such a d o ct o r h e m a y
, , ,

d isp e n d tw o hu n d re d p o u n d by th e y e a r an o th e r o n e hu n d r e d ,

p o u n d a n d a n o th e r th re e hu n d re d p o u n d a n d wh a t thi n k y e
, , ,

w e r e it r e a s on th a t w e sh o uld b e li e v e y o u b e fo r e th e m s o g r e a t ,

a n d b e n e fice d m e n ? I n r e tu r n Ty n d al e s a id n o thi n g but

.
,

sh o r tly a fte r w a r ds p re s e n t e d to th e k n ight a n d his l a dy a

t ra n sl a ti o n i n t o E n glish o fa w o r k O fE ra s m us whi ch a t th e ti me ,

w a s v e ry p o pul a r T h e Ch r isti a n S o ldi e r s P o ck e t

’

This w o rk o r igi n a lly w r itt e n in 1 5 0 1 h a d b e e n r e issu e d in

, ,

1 5 1 8 w h e n th e c o n t ro v e r sy b e tw e e n Lu th e r a n d R o m e w a s
,

b e gi nn in g to e n g ro ss a tt e n ti o n Its n e w p re fa c e fra ught with .

,

a vig o u r a n d fi r e a b o v e th e usu a l st r a i n o f E r a s m us a s if a t so ,

m o m e n t o us a c r isis th e m a n li n e ss o f Lu th e r h a d i n flu e n c e d
a n d t ra n sfo r m e d th e ti m id sch o l a r p r o v e d e sp e ci a lly a cc e pt ,

a bl e T y n d a l e s t r an sl a ti o n o fthis w o rk which h a d n o w b e c o m e
’

.
,

p o pul a r w e l l s e r v e d th e O bj e ct which h e h a d i n vi e w T h e
,
. .

a u th o r ity o f E r a s m us w a s ge n e ra lly r e c o gn is e d a n d th e ,

‘
d o cto rly p r e l a t e s w e lc o me d l e ss h e a r tily fr o m this ti me fo r
,
’

w a r d a t th e m a n o r h o us e b e c a me m or e sp a r i n g o f th e i r visits
-
,

and a t l a st utt e rl y withd r e w th e m s e l ve s a n d c a m e n o m o r e

‘
.
,

Ap ar t fro m th e e ffe ct p ro duc e d o n S ir J o h n a n d his l a dy ,

th e re a r e o bs e r v a ti o n s i n th e E n chi r idi on w hich m ust h a v e

su n k i n t o th e v e ry s o ul o f o n e w h o w as m e dit a ti n g th e t r a n s
l a ti o n o fth e Sc r iptu re s i n t o E n glish a n d m ust h a v e h e lp e d to ,

p r e p ar e him fo r th a t g re a t w o rk sti mul a ti n g a n d guidi n g h im ,

to e mb a r k i n it i n th e r ight t e m p e r R e m e m b e r a ga in a n d .
‘

a ga i n w a rn e d E ra s m us th a t Sc riptu re m ust b e h an dl e d with

,
’

‘
chi idi
M i li ti s C r s t a n E nhi i i pp
r on, v ol v , 1 66 E r a smi Op e r a ,
’
. . .
-
.

fo l i o , L ey d e n, 1 703 i b c p d
T h e tr e a t se h a d
. een o m o se 1 5 0 1 , a t th e C a st e l
,
i fl c g d
o f T o r n a h e n s n e a r S t O me r , to n u e n e fo r . oo a b ad u s a n , a t th e h b d
su gg i i ll g
e st o n o f h i s w fe , E r a sm u s fe hil ow u e st W st fo r e a rs a fte r i t
’
-
. y
i k
w a s w r tte n i t w a s ly,
l c ci cl
now n on i n se e t r e s, a n d w a s fa r fr o m e n a bi g
p p l b k
o u ar v
o o , y e t n o s o o n e r h a d th e Pr o te sta n t m o e m e n t o mm e n e
,
c cd
th ith
an , w hp c
a fr e s p d h gh l
r e fa e , i t i
a ss e t rou a mo s t n n u m e r a e e t on s bl di i
w ith i hi g pidi y
a sto n s n ra t d ly by
N or w as i t re a on . th e e a r n e I t w as l d .

t l d i
r a n s a te gli h by y d l
n to E n s gi
T n a e , an d a a n in a n a r e fo r m b idg d
i d
r e ssu e gli h by v d l
in E n s hil
Co e r a e hi
A nd w st i n t s o u n tr
. it w as c y
d l b k p l
tr e a te a m o st a s a P ro te sta n t o o , so i n S a i n a s o i t h a d a r e m a r a k bly
w id ci c l i
e r u at on
’
— x d . c
S e e b o h m s O for R e fo r me r s, s e o n e t ,
’ ’
1 74 d di p . .
 T H E E N C H I R I D I ON O F E R A S IlI US . 67

wa sh e d h an ds — th a t is with th e utm o st pu r ity o f mi n d L e t

,
.

n o t th e a n tid o t e th ro ugh y o u r fa ult tu rn to p o is on L e t n ot .

th e m a n n a fr o m h e a v e n b r e e d w o r ms a n d sti n k R e c e iv e it .
.

i n t o y o u r h e a r t o fh e a r ts a n d liv e up on it B e n o t lik e Uzz a h

,
.
,

w h o put fo r th a p ro fa n e h a n d to st a y th e to tt e r i n g a rk Fi r st .

o f a ll thi n k w o r thily O f th e H o ly Sc r iptu re s

,
Pu r e o r a cl e s .

a r e th e y p ro c e e di n g fro m th e shr i n e o f th e Divi n e m in d

, .

A pp r o a ch w ith hu m ility a n d a w e a n d i n w o n d r o us s o r t y o u ,

sh a ll b e tra n s figu r e d Yo u sh a ll b e h o ld th e j oys o f th e ble ss e d

.

b r id e g ro o m th e r ich e s o f th e w e a lthi e st S o l o m o n th e hidd e n

, ,

t r e a su r e s o f Et e rn a l Wisd o m But t a k e h e e d ; r ush n o t i n t o .

th e s a n ctu a ry T h e p or t a l is l o wly ; b o w y o u r s e lf to th e
.

gr o u n d st r ik e n o t th e li n t e l with y o u r h e a d .
’

I n p r o p o r ti o n h o w e ve r a s Ty n d a l e gr e w in fa v o u r with S ir
, ,

J o h n a n d L a dy W a lsh th e h a t re d a n d a ccus a ti on s o f h is
,

e n e mie s b e c a m e m or e i n t e n s e a n d l o u d It h a d n o t m itiga t e d .

th e ir a n tip a thy th a t h e h a d chill e d fo r th e m th e h o spit a lity o f

Littl e S o dbu ry T h e p r i e sts o f th e c o u n tr y clust e r i n g to
‘ ’
.
,

g e th e r in k n o ts b e ga n to st o r m a n d r a v e a ga i n st h im m o r e
,

fi e r c e ly th a n e ve r H e w a s d e n o u n c e d a s a h e r e tic by th e m
.

w ith o ut a v o ic e O f c o n t r a dicti o n o v e r th e i r t a n k a r ds i n th e
’
a l e h o us e which s a id Ty n d a l e w a s
-
, ,
th e ir p re a chi n g pl a c e,
-
.

At l e n gth a ll e g a ti o n s a g a i n st h im w e r e l o dge d w ith D r .

P a r k e r th e ch a n c e ll o r o f th e di o c e s e r e c e n tly r a is e d to th a t
, ,

dign ity T h e Bish o p o f W o r c e st e r in wh o s e di o c e s e th e

.
,

c o u n ty o f Gl o u c e st e r w a s th e n i n clud e d w a s a n It a li a n , ,

re sid e n t a t R o m e I n d e e d a t this p e r i o d thre e It a li an s in

.
,

succ e ssi o n w e r e bish o ps o f th e r ich S e e o f Wo r c e st e r

Sylv e st e r d e G igl iis (S y l v e s tro d e Gigli) w h o r e ti re d to R o m e ’

, ,

1 5 1 2 ; a n d o n his d e a th 1 5 2 1 Juli o d e M e dici a ft e r w a r d s

’

, , ,

Cl e m e n t V II a n d th e n o n his re sign i n g th e S e e within l e s s

.
,

th a n a ye a r J e r o m e d e G h in u cci a udit o r o f th e a p o st o li c
, ,

ch a m b e r m uch e m pl oy e d by H e n ry V III a s a dipl o ma tist

,
.
.

I n fa ct th e bish o p r ic w a s a re t a i n i n g fe e fo r s e r vic e to b e
, ,

r e n d e re d to th e E n glish C o u r t ; a n d \Vo l s e y hi m s e lf fa r m e d

th e r e v e n u e s for th e It a li a n a bs e n t e e But it w o uld h a v e b e e n .

idl e fo r T y n d a l e s a dv e r s a r i e s to m a k e the ir r e p re s e n t a ti o n s to
’

o n e s o i mm e r s e d i n m ultifa r i o u s busi n e ss a s th e C a r di n a l

L e g a t e The y th e r e for e re p a i re d to D r P a r k e r a n d v e n te d
. .
,

5—2
68 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A TI ON .

th e ir c o mpl a in ts in full v o lum e i n t o a n e a r quit e r e a dy to

r e c e iv e th e m This is th e dign it a ry w h o subs e qu e n tly
.

e a rn e d n o t o r i e ty by e xhu m in g a n d bu rn i n g th e b o n e s o f
W illi a m T ra cy O f T o ddi n gt o n w ith o ut s o m u ch a s w a iti n g fo r
, ,

th e ki n g s w r it in o b e di e n c e to C o n v o c a ti o n fo r w hic h ill e g a l
’

, ,

h a st e a cc o rdi n g to H a ll a suit w a s i n stitut e d a g a i n st h im tw o

, ,

e a r s a ft e r w a r ds by M r Rich a r d T r a cy w ith th e r e sult th a t

y . ,

h e w a s fi n e d th e l a r g e sum o f th r e e hu n d re d p o u n ds P a rk e r .

a pp o i n t e d a d a y f o r Ty n d a l e a n d th e cl e r gy o f th e di o c e s e to

a pp e ar b e fo r e h im W e ll did Ty n d a l e k n o w th a t his a n t a g o n ists

.

h a d b e e n s e dul o usly a t w o r k b e hi n d th e sc e n e s a n d a s h e w a s
g o in g to th e ch a n c e ll o r h e p ra y e d in his m i n d h e a r tily to
G o d to st re n gth e n h i m to st a n d fa st in th e t r uth o f His w o r d
’
.

T h e r e fo r m e r s o w n pe n h a s r e l a t e d th e r e s u lt Th e y
’
.

h p r i e sts o f th e c o u n t r y ) a ffi r m th a t m y s a yi n gs a r e h e re sy ;
( t e

a n d b e si d e s th a t th e y a d d to o f th e i r o w n h e a ds w hich I
,

n e v e r sp a k e a s th e m a n n e r is to p r o l o n g th e ta l e to sh o r t th e
,

ti me w ith a l a n d a ccus e d m e s e c re tly to th e ch a n c e ll o r ; h e

,

th r e a t e n e d m e gr i e v o usly a n d r e vil e d m e a n d r a te d m e a s
, , ,

th o u gh I h a d b e e n a d o g a n d l a id to m y ch a r g e w h e r e o f th e r e
,

c o uld b e n o n e a ccus e r b r o ught fo r th ( a s th e i r m a n n e r is n o t

to b r in g fo r th th e a ccu s e r ) a n d y e t a l l th e p r i e sts o f th e ,

c o u n t ry w e r e th e s a m e d a y T h e o u tc o me o f th e
e x a m i n a ti o n w a s m e r e ly fr uitl e ss r e vili n g a n d th r e a t e n i n g f o

Tyn d a l e w h o thus d e p a r t e d h o m e
,
‘
.
’

‘
Th e r e d w e lt n o t fa r O ff a c e r t a i n d o cto r F o x e n a rra t e s ,
’

w h o h a d b e e n o f O ld fa m ili a r a cqu a i n t a n c e w ith M r Ty n d a l e .

,

a n d a ls o fa v o u r e d h im w e ll u n t o w h o m M r Ty n d a l e w e n t a n d
,
.

o p e n e d his m i n d u p o n div e r s qu e sti o n s O f th e Sc r iptu r e ; f or

to h im h e du rst b e b o ld to discl o s e his h e a r t This d o ct o r ’

.

A n d e rs o n c o n j e ctu re s to h a v e b e e n Wi lli a m L a ty m e r th e ,

Ox fo r d G re e k sch o l a r r e tir e d a s R e ct o r o f W e st o n sub Edge

‘
- -
.
’

D o yo u n o t kn o w th e d o ct o r e xcl a i m e d i n a n s w e r to
‘

T y n d a le s i n quir i e s th a t th e P o p e is v e ry A n tich r ist wh o m

’ ‘

, ,

th e Sc r iptu re sp e a k e th o f? But b e w a r e wh a t y o u s ay fo r if , ,

y o u s h a l l b e p e rc e iv e d to b e O f th a t O pi n i o n it will c o st y o u ,

y o u r life I h a v e b e e n a n o ffic e r o fhis bu t I h a v e giv e n i t u p

.
, ,

Pr e fa c e to th e F iv B k e oo s o f M o se s
,
T y n d al e
’
s W o rk s , PS ,
i .
,
p . 39 5 .
 T YN D A L E S D E F I A N C E O F ’
T H E P OPE . 69

an d d e fy h im a n d a l l his w o r ks This i n t e r vi e w m a r ks a n .
’

i m p o r t an t o n w a r d st e p in T y n d al e s m e n t a l a n d spir itu a l ’

d e v e l o p me n t .

N o t l o n g a fte r w a r ds h e w a s e n ga ge d in a rgu m e n t with a n

o p on e n t
p w h o e nj o y e d th e
, r e put e o f l e a rn i n g w h o bl a s ,

p h e m o u sl y a ss e r t e d W e w e re b e tt e r to b e with o ut G o d s
,
‘ ’

l a w s th a n th e P o p e s I I d e fy r e t o r t e d Tyn d a l e usi n g th e
’ ’

,
’

e xp r e ssi o n o f th e d o ct o r his o l d fa m ili a r th e P o p e a n d a l l

‘
, ,

his l a w s ; a n d if G o d sp a r e m y life e r e m a n y y e a r s I will ,

c a us e a b o y th a t d r iv e t h a pl o ug h sh a ll k n o w m o r e o f th e
Sc r iptu re th a n th o u d o e st .
’

‘
Aft e r this F o x e p ro c e e ds th e gr udg e o f th e p r i e sts in
,
’

,
‘

c re a sin g still m o re a n d m o r e a ga in st Tyn d a l e th e y n e ve r c e a s e d ,

b ar ki n g a n d r a ili n g a t h im a n d l a id m an y s o r e thi n gs to his ,

ch a r ge s a yi n g th a t h e w a s a h e re tic in s o phistry a h e r e tic i n

, ,

l o gic a h e r e tic in divi n ity ; a n d s a id m o r e o v e r th a t h e b a r e

, , ,

hi ms e lf b o ld o f th e ge n tl e me n th e re in th a t c o u n t ry ; bu t n o t ,

w ithst a n di n g sh o r tly h e sh o uld b e o th e r w is e t a lk e d w ith a l

’
.
,

‘
I a m c o n t e n t Tyn d a l e p ro fe ss e d to go i n t o a n y c o u n ty in
,
’

,
‘

E n gl a n d with te n p o u n ds to liv e o n a n d b o u n d to n o m o re
, ,

th a n to t e a ch child re n a n d to p re a ch .
’

H e b e c a m e m o re a n d m o r e c o n vi n c e d th a t his st a y a t Littl e
S o dbu ry m ust b e b r i e f I w a s so tu r m o il e d in th e c o u n tr y
.
‘

w he re I w a s h e a ft e r w a r ds w r o t e th a t I c o uld n o l o n ge r
’ ‘
, ,

d w e ll th e r e Still h e c o uld n o t witho ut s o m e fe e li n gs o f

.
’

r e gr e t q u it a sp o t wh e r e h e h a d sp e n t tw o o r th r e e y e a r s o f
,

study a n d m e dit a ti o n ; o f c o n t r o v e r sy to o with O pp o n e n ts , , ,

w hich if v o id o f a n y o th e r g o o d e ff
,
e ct h a d a t l e a st s e r v e d to ,

giv e gr e a t e r cl e a r n e ss to his o w n re ligi o us c o n victi o n s wh e r e ,

m o r e o v e r th e p e r sist e n t r e s o lv e o f his life h a d b e e n fo r m e d

, ,

an d his ch a ra cte r h a d b e c o m e m a tu r e d a n d fix e d His .

e v an g e lizi n g z e a l h a d l e d him f a r b e y on d S o dbu ry ; h e h a d

p r e a ch e d a b o ut B rist o l th e n th e s e c o n d city i n th e ki n gd o m
‘
,
’
,

a n d a ls o in th e s a id t o wn i n th e c o mmo n pl a c e c a ll e d St
‘
.
,

Au stin s G re e n a n d h a d b e e n gl a dly list e n e d to by m an y

’

,
’
.

T h e k n ight a n d his l a dy h a d t re a t e d h im with ki n d n e ss th a t ,

h a d k n o w n but sh o r t i n t e r m issi o n C o n v e r s e m o r e o v e r with .

, ,

T r a cy o f T o ddi n gt o n wh o m h e h a s hi ms e lf c o mme n d e d a s a
,
‘

le a rn e d m a n a n d b e tt e r s e e n in th e w o rks O f A usti n tw e n ty
,
70 TH E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H E E F O R /lI A T I O N .

y e a r s b e fo re h e di e d th a n e v e r I k n e w d o cto r in
a n d o cc a si o n a l re fe r e n c e s o f v a r i o us diff i culti e s to th e o l d ‘

fa mili a r sp o k e n o f by F o x e w h o s e d e lib e r a te j udg me n t o n

’
,

t h e P a p a cy h a d o p e n e d a fl o o d o f cl e a r e r light h a d n o t b e e n ,

w ith o ut r e a l h e lp a n d c o m fo r t H e c o uld n e v e r fo r g e t S o dbu r y. .

But it h a d b e e n m a d e quit e pl a i n to h im th a t its M a n o r

H o us e w a s n o t th e pl a c e whe re i n to t ra n sl a te th e \Vo r d o f
G o d in p e a c e ; a n d to this e n t e r p r is e h e h a d c on s e c r a t e d his
d ays W a lki n g th e hill a b o v e its g re e n t e rra c e s p a ci n g its
.
,

h a ll sittin g a t th e o a k di n i n g t a bl e in th e s o litud e o f his o w n

,
-
,

a p a r t m e n t o n e th o ug h t a n d pu r p o s e h a d s o fill e d his s o ul a s
,

to b e c o m e a r o o t e d d e te r m i n a ti o n o v e r — m a st e r i n g e v e ry ,

e co n d a ry sch e m e to t ra n sl a t e th e Sc r iptu r e fro m th e in

,

s pi r e d o r igi n a ls with st r ict fi d e lity i n t o pl a i n h o m e ly E n glish ,

such a s th e m o st u n l e tte r e d c o uld u n d e r st a n d .

H e th e re fo re r e qui r e d his M a st e r W e lch o fhis g o o d w ill to

‘

d e p a r t fr o m h im s a yi n g to h im , S ir I p e r c e iv e th a t I sh a ll ,
“
,

n o t b e suff e r e d to t a rry l o n g h e r e i n this c o u n t ry n or y o u ,

s h a ll b e a bl e to k e e p m e o u t o f th e i r h a n ds
; a n d wh a t dis
pl e a su re y o u m ight h a v e th e r e by is h a r d to k n o w ; fo r th e
”
which I sh o uld b e r ight s orry .

L e a vi n g th e r e fo r e Littl e S o dbu ry h e p ro c e e ds up th e
, , ,

ste e p hill a t th e b a ck a n d o n th e su mm it tu r n s fo r a n i n st a n t
,

to t a k e a fa r e w e ll l o o k o n th e fa i r v a ll e y h e is quitti n g d o tt e d ,

wi th gra y w e a th e r st a in e d a bb e ys with chu r ch t o w e r s a n d

,
-
,

st o n e m a n si o n s a n d e n r ich e d with th e a utu m n fo li a ge o f

,
-

w o o ds a n d h e dge r o w t r e e s th e p a n o ra ma b o u n d e d by th e
,

S e v e rn a n d th e We lsh m o u n t a in s H e th e n s e ts his fa c e r e s o .

l u te l y t o w a r ds th e M e t r o p o lis w ith a h e a r t n o t d e v o id o f h o p e .

It is th e a utu mn o f T h e j o u rn e y m ust b e a cc o m plish e d

on fo o t L o c a l t r a diti o n by a ficti o n sugg e st e d by fa cts
.
, ,

r e p re s e n ts his p e rs e cut o r s in a n gry s e a r ch a n d Ty n d a le ,

e sc a pi n g by th e d o o r o f th e lib r a r y i n t o th e fl o w e r g a r d e n o n -

th e n o r th sid e o f th e h o us e th e n c e by th e g a t e up th e hil l , ,

a n d by n i m bl e fli ht e ludi n g his pu r su e r s
g .

E xp i i
o s t o n o f T ra
yt’
s T e k
s a me n , Tciii p ’
t
y n d a l e s W o r s, P S , ,
2 79 . . . .

d d
i d p y cl ly by l th
.

l T h e a te i s e te r m n e e tte r fr o m M o n m o u
"

r e tt
“

ose a
fr o m th T o w e r , 1 9 M a
e did giv
y, 5 8
1 2 xhibiti
‘
I pi t
e an e o n u n to a r es

c ld
al e illi
S1r W y d l li
am T p y
n a , a a s H o tch e n s U o n fo u r e a rs a n d a
hl p t
a f as h d
an d mo re I e ar id illi p ch
th e a fo r e sa
, h
S ir W am re a tw o o r t re e
m t St D i th VV t — B iv p t ii ’ ’
se r t
o ns a . u n s an s -
n -
e -
es . . .
,
ar .
,
 I II .
— T YN D A L E I N L O N D ON .

WHA T h e sh o uld d o on r e a chi n g L o n d o n h a d b e e n al re a dy

pl a n n e d by Tyn d a l e E r a s m us th e n a typ e n o t o n ly o f
.
,

lite ra ry bu t a ls o o f m or a l a n d S pi r itu a l e xc e lle n c e to his

, ,

fan cy— o f wh o m h o w e v e r fi v e o r six y e a r s l a t e r in his

, , ,

‘
Pr e fa c e to th e Five B o o ks o f M o s e s h e w r o t e H e m a k e th ,
’

,
‘

o f littl e g n a ts g r e a t e l e ph a n ts a n d lift e th up a b o v e th e st a r s
,

wh o s o e v e r giv e th h im a littl e e xhibiti o n h a d l a vish e d ,

’

e n c o m iu m on Tu n st a l w h o h a d quit e r e c e n tly su cc e e d e d
,

th e p e r s e cuti n g Fitz J a m e s i n th e S e e o f L on d o n
-
Fitz .

J a m e s h a d b e e n a vi o l e n t Sc o tist a n d h a d a ccus e d Co l e t to ,

Wa rh a m o f o bj e cti n g to th e w o r ship o f i m a g e s o f disd a in i n g ,

th e n o ti on th a t Chr ist s a d m o n iti on to P e t e r F e e d M y fl o ck

’ ‘ ’

, ,

c o uld m e a n w orldly w ays o fe n t e r ta in m e n t a n d o fc on d e m n i n g ,

re a di n g s e r m o n s i n a c o ld u n a f fe ct e d m a n n e r such a s w a s
‘ ’

, ,

th e h a bit o f Fitz J a m e s hi m s e lf
-
T h e fa ili n gs a n d i n co m
.

e te n ce O f such a p r e d e c e ss o r s e r v e d a s a fo il to th e a e c o m
p
l ish m e n ts a n d w o r th o f Tu n st a l w h o h ad m o r e o v e r th e
p , ,

r e put e o f b e i n g a g o o d G re e k sch o l a r h a vi n g studi e d th e ,

l a n gu a g e u n d e r a bl e t e a ch e r s in It a ly .

T o such a n a d m i r a bl e p re l a t e th e n a n d lib e ra l p r o m o t e r, ,

o f l e a rn i n g,
Ty n d a l e will b e t a k e hi m s e lf ; will b e c o me his
ch a pl a i n ; a n d will t r a n sl a t e th e T e st a m e n t o f Ch r ist e v e n ‘

i n th e Bish o p o f L o n d o n s h o us e
’
Wh a t sp o t m o r e a pp r o
.
’

r i a te ! H e w a s i n d e bt e d to S ir J o h n W a lsh f or a l e tt e r
p
O f i n t r o ducti o n to his fr i e n d S ir H a r r y G ilfo r d o r Guld e
, ,

fo r d th e kin g s g ra c e s c o m pt r o ll e r w h o h a d s e r v e d u n d e r
,
‘ ’ ’

,
’

F e r di n a n d a n d Is a b e ll a a g a i n st th e M o o r s in Sp a i n a n d ,

n o w e nj o y e d m uch fa v o u r w ith h i s r o y a l m a st e r Ty n d a l e .

b ro ught h im— fo r h e w a s a m a n o f r e a din g a s w e ll a s a s o ldi e r

— a n o r a ti o n o f Is o c r a t e s t ra n sl a t e d o u t o f G r e e k i n t o E n glish
, ,
72 T H E D A IVN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A TI ON .

a s a m pl e o f his G re e k sch o l a rship S ir H a r ry p r o mis e d .

Tyn d a l e to sp e a k to Tu n st a l i n his b e h a lf ; which a s th e ‘

,
’

R e fo rm e r h as re l a te d f" h e a ls o did a s h e sh o w e d m e an d
‘
, ,

w ill e d m e to w rit e a n e pistl e to m y l o r d a n d to go to h im ,

m ys e lf ; which I a ls o did a n d d e liv e r e d m y e pistl e to a s e r v a n t

,

o f his o w n ,o n e Willi a m H e b il th w a y te a m an o f m i n e O l d ,

a cqu a i n t a n c e
’
.

But th e h o p e o f qui e t studi o us l e isu r e fo r a m o m e n t o us

a chi e v e me n t i n an e pisc o p a l p a l a c e to o lightly r a is e d w a s , ,

d o o me d to sp e e dy dis a pp o i n t me n t Tu n st a l a n swe r e d th a t
.

his h o use w a s full ; h e h a d m o r e th a n h e c o uld w e ll fin d

a n d a dvis e d o n e s o highly r e c o mm e n d e d to s e e k in L o n d o n ‘
,

w h e r e h e c o uld n o t l a ck a s e r vic e F o r th e m o m e n t Ty n d a l e
’
.

w a s d o w n c a st ; but e r e l o n g a c k n o wl e dg e d th a t h e h a d r e a s o n

to th a n k G o d fo r a v e r ti n g a st e p which w o uld h a v e p ro v e d a
hin d r a n c e n o t a h e lp
, .G o d which k n o w e th wh a t is withi n
‘
,

hyp o c r ite s sa w th a t I w a s b e guil e d a n d th a t th a t c o u n s e l ,

w a s n o t th e n e xt w a y u n t o m
y pu r p o s e ; a n d th e r e fo r e H e , ,

ga t m e n o fa v o u r i n m y l o r d s sight P r o vid e n c e h a d p re
’ ’
.

p a r e d fo r h im in his p e r pl e xity a m o r e c o n ge n i a l fr i e n d a n d
p a t ro n a w o r thy m e r ch a n t r e sidi n g i n th e e xtre m e e a st o f
, ,

L on d on in th e p a r ish o f All S a i n ts B ar kin g F o r e de n

,
‘

,
’
.
,

if th e o l o gic a l diffe r e n c e s c o uld h a v e b e e n s e t a sid e wh a t r e a l ,

sy m p a thy c o uld th e r e e v e r h a v e b e e n b e t w e e n th e h o l d o u t ,

S p o k e n e n thusi a stic Ty n d a l e a n d th e t a citu r n

,
w o r ldly wis e ,
-
,

c o u r tly Tu n st a l
This si n c e re fr i e n d Hu mphr ey M o n m o uth b e l o n ge d to a
, ,

cl a ss r a is e d to w e a lth by th e e xt e n si o n o f c o mm e r c e a n d th e i r
o w n p e r s e v e r in g e n t e r p r is e m e n w h o w e r e d e sti n e d to a id th e
R e for m a ti o n o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry a s z e a l o usly a n d m o r e
ef fe ctu a lly th an th e k n ights h a d a id e d Wycli f fe s m o v e m e n t
’
.

C o mm e r c e h a d b ro ught E n glish m e r ch a n ts i n t o c on ta ct with

th e fr e e bu rgh e r s o f th e H a n s e t o w n s a n d th e busy t r a d e r s
-

o f th e N e th e r l an ds a n d th e ci r cl e o f id e a s h a d e n l a rg e d with

th e ci rcl e o f o utw a r d life a n d i n t e r e st I n his z e a l fo r Ch r ist .

,

M o n m o uth h a d e v e n m a d e a pilgr im a ge to J e r us a l e m ; a n d
c
Pr e fa e to th e F e iv B k
o o s o f M ose s

y dl d c ll d l h ill t i m gi
.

"

1 T n a e a fte r w a r s a e T u n sta , S a u r n , th e
‘
t a t st a ne r
’—
of all m s i ch i
ef T y n d a l e s W o r s, P S
.
’
k . .
,
ii pp
.
,
. 32 1 , 3 3 7 .
 H UM PH JeE Y M O N M O UT H .
73

o ut o f his l a r g e w e a lth — fo r h e usu a lly s o ld 4 00 o r 5 00 cl o ths

e v e ry y e a r to fo re ig n e r s — h e h a d pu r ch a s e d p a r d o n s a p a mct ’
‘

an d a eu l a fr o m th e P o p e a s w e ll a s fr o m W o ls e y T h e
p , .

i n tro ducti o n w a s d u e to T yn d a l e s p r e a chin g o n e o r tw o ’

s e r m o n s a t St D un s ta n s ih th e W Ve s t ; M o n m o uth w a s o n e o f
.
’
- - -

th e c o n g re g a ti o n a n d list e n e d with pl e a su r e a n d p r o fit Afte r .

th a t M o n mo ut h hi m s e lf r e c o u n ts i n his p e titi o n to W o ls e y
,
’

a n d th e C o u n cil in his subs e qu e n t t ro ubl e s

"
l ch a n c e d to
m e e t with h im a n d w a s t o ld by h i m th a t h e h a d n o livi n g , ,

bu t h e t r ust e d to b e w ith my l o rd o f L o n d o n i n his s e r vic e ;

a n d th e r e fo r e I h a d th e b e tt e r fa n t a sy to h im A n d a ft e r w a r d .
, ,

h e w e n t to m y l o r d o f L o n d o n a n d sp a k e to h im a s h e t o l d , ,

m e a n d my l o r d o f L o n d on a n sw e r e d h im th a t h e h a d ch a p
l a i n s e n o ugh a n d h e s a id to h im th a t h e w o uld h a v e n o
,

m o r e a t th a t ti m e A n d so th e p r i e st c a m e to m e a g a i n a n d
.
,

b e s o ught m e to h e lp h im ; a n d s o I t o o k h i m i n t o my h o us e
h a lf a y e a r a n d th e re h e liv e d lik e a g o o d p r i e st m e th o ugh t
, ,

h e studi e d m o st p a r t o f th e d a y a n d o f th e n ight a t his b o o k ;

a n d h e w o uld e a t but s o dd e n m e a t by his g o o d w ill n o r d r i n k ,

but s m a ll si n gl e b e e r I n e v e r s a w h im w e ar lin e n a b o ut h i m .

th e sp ac e h e w a s with m e Thus Tyn d a l e a cte d o u t w i th ’

.

c on sist e n cy his o w n subs e qu e n t p r e c e pt th a t e v e r y m a n mu st ,

t a m e his fl e sh with p r a y e r fa sti n g a n d th e c o n tin u a l m e di , ,

ta tio n s o f Ch r ist s p e n a n c e a n d fa sti n gs fo r us a n d o f th e h o ly

’

s a i n ts a n d with such a bstin e n c e a n d ki n d o f livi n g a s e v e ry

m an thi n k e th m o st m e e t fo r his c o m pl e xi o n ? “

I n L o n d o n Ty n d a l e h a s h i m s e lf n a rra t e d I a b o d e a l m o s t
’

, ,

y e a r a n d m a rk e d th e c ou rs e o f th e w or ld a n d h e a r d o u r
, ,

m t e r s — I w o uld s a h — h o w th e y b o a st e d th e m
p y o u r
p r e a c e r s

s e lv e s a n d the ir high a utho r ity ; a n d b e h e ld th e p o m p o f

o ur
p r e l a t e s a n d h o w busy th e y w e r e a s th e y
,
y e t a r e to s e t , ,

B iv p ii 4 2 82 T hi p ti ti
. .
,
ig d H mf y M
ar t . s e on ,
s ne
‘
u r e un
m thou d p f L de , giv th f c t f h i li f
ra er j t tt d
o on on ,
’
es e a s o s e as us s a e
m pl i i t th t th gh h i i mp i m t h h d ly ld 2 2
.

H e co i a ns n a ,
ro u s r so n en e a on so
cl th i c C h i tm
o s
‘
s n e Th A ticl mi i t d gi tM
r s a s, e
‘
r es n s ere
’
a a ns un
m th w
ou tw ty f A ticl 3 d cl
e re d th t h h en giv h ib i -
ou r . r e e a re a e as en ex
ti on t p o cc p i d i t l i g th Bi b l
e r so n s S i W illi m H chi
o u e n ran s a t n e e ,
as r a o n,
a li T y d ll
as d F i R y n p t t O b v t A ticl 4 th t
a e ,
an r ar o e, an a os a e se r an
’
r e ,
a
h e h lp d T y d l l d R y t g t A l m g t t dy L th
‘
e e n a ct e an o e o o o a ne o s u u e r s se
’ ’

—B iv p t ii 4 2 6 0
.

. .
,
ar .
, .

T S T y d l W k P S i p 9 0 ii 9 0 9 8
ee n a e s
’
or s, . .
,
.
, . .
,
-
.
 O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O IerlI A TI O N
’

74 T H E D A IVN .

p e a c e a n d u n ity in th e w o rld (th o ugh it b e n o t p o ssibl e fo r

th e m th a t w a lk in d a rk n e ss to c o n ti n u e l o n g in p e a c e fo r th e y ,

c a n n o t but e ith e r stu m bl e o r d a sh th e m s e lv e s a t e ith e r o n e

thi n g o r a n o th e r th a t sh a ll cl e an u n qui e t a l l t o g e th e r) a n d
, ,

sa w thi n gs wh e r e o f I d e fe r to sp e a k a t this ti m e a n d u n de r

sto o d a t th e l a st n o t o n ly th a t th e re w a s n o r o o m in my l o r d
o f L o n d o n s p a l a c e to t ra n sl a t e th e N e w T e st a m e n t but a ls o
’
,

th a t th e r e w as n o pl a c e to d o it in a ll E n gl a n d a s e xp e ri e n c e ,

d o th n o w o p e n ly
Ye t th e re w e r e th o s e in L on d o n wh o m Ty n d a l e r e gar d e d ,

a s b r e th r e n i n Ch r ist D e a n H o o k r e fe rri n g to Wycli ffe

.
, ,

r e m a r ks f Wh e n th e ti m e o f his d e p a r tu re c a m e whil e th e r e
-
, ,

w e r e m an y w h o pi o usly a n d i n s e c r e t studi e d th e s a c r e d

v o lu m e h e h a d pl a c e d in th e ir h an ds y e t h e le ft b e hi n d h im ,

n ot a r e ligi o u s p a r ty b u t on ly a vi o l e n t p o litic a l fa cti o n

, ,

which in his n a m e p ro p a g a t e d wh a t w o uld n o w b e c a ll e d th e

, ,

p r i n cipl e s o f s o ci a lis m N o d o ubt to m ix p o litic a l w ith

.
’

r e ligi o us a spi ra ti o n s w as a m ist a k e h o w e v e r stron g th e ,

t e mpt a ti o n s to such c o n fusi o n ; a n d a fte r th e i n su rr e cti o n

a n d e x e cuti o n 7 f S i J h Oldc stl — th e g o o d l o r d
( 1 1 )
‘
4 o r o n a e

C o bh a m —th e st re a m o fL o ll ar d histo ry r u n s a s it w e re u n d e r , ,

g r o u n d A t e rr ibl e re c or d in th e St a tute B o o k su r viv e s to

.

m ark p re tty n e a r l y th e c o m m e n c e me n t o f this o bscu r ity a n d ,

th e i r e xti n cti o n a s a n a v o w e d p ar ty It n e e ds to b e th e m o r e .

disti n ctly sta te d th a t Wycli ffe s Biblic a l v e r si on n o t o n ly t a ught

’

his c o u n t ry me n th e c o pi o us n e ss a n d e n e rgy o f o u r n a tiv e

‘

di a l e ct but c o n ti n u e d to fo rm a c e n tr e o f c o mmo n b e li e f an d
,
’

a pp e a l to a fa ithful a n d u n it e d re m n an t w h o s e ch ara ct e r w a s
,

e ss e n ti a lly r e ligi o u s N o t on ly w a s his t ra n sl a ti o n to b e m e t

.

with in th e fe ud a l ca stl e I wh e r e Wycli ffe h a d fo u n d str e n u o us

,

iv B k
Pr e fa e to th e F e c k
o o s O f M o se s, T y n d a l e s W o r s, P S , i , 39 6
’

. . . p . .

l
‘

Liv ‘

e s o chbi h p
f A r i p
s o s , n e w se r e s i ,
’
,
26 . .

h h d py
.

i A f h b b l 15 th e M a s tr at , I w e n th e u tm o s t
“
s o r t e y ’ e
y r se

p d v
h a d n o t a sse m rk .
— F e n n s Pa sto n L e tte r s ,
‘ ’ ’
3 06 iv p . . .

J h Ob v ly p i d di i Bibl
,
S ll o n F e nn
’

se r e s T h e on r n te e t o n o f th e e a t th e
i
t me w a s “ Bibli a L at ,by . J F u st a n d P S ch o e ffe r , 1 4 6 2 ,
'

hich ld h v c h Bibl d ycli

.

o t m o re to w a s W
’
T u s th e e r e fe r r e ffe s
’
w w ou a e s . .

W ycli l d
ffe tr a n s a te hi l
th e N e w T e s ta m e n t mse f, 1 3 8 0 ; N o as d e ich l
d dd d
H e r e fo r a e p c yph l
th e O ld T e s ta m e n t— th e A o r a as w e a s th e ll
Cano n aic l b k J h
oo s v y y cli
o n Pu r e c vi d b
W ’
ffe s u r a te , r e se ot h
pp
,

S e e L e ch l e r s W y cl i fl e ,’
’
4 4 1 4 45 . .
 W YCL I F F E ’
S L A B O UR S N O T WA S TE /J .
75

a dh e re n ts bu t d e t a ch e d c o pi e s O f p a r ticul a r b o o ks w e re
,

t re a su re d by v e ry m a n y p e r s on s o f a hu mbl e r gr a d e w h o ,

pi n n e d th e i r fa ith o n Sc r iptu re r a th e r th an o n th e Chu r ch ,

an d w h o w e r e sc a tt e r e d th r o ugh o ut En gl a n d a lth o ugh chi e fly ,

r e si d e n t i n th e M e t r o p o lis a n d th e n e igh b o u r i n g dist r icts

Wycliffe h a d n o t liv e d a n d l a b o u r e d i n v a i n e v e n with o u t ,

t a k in g i n t o a cc o u n t Huss a n d B o h e m i a Th e re is a b un d a n t .

e vid e n c e th a t th e r e w a s i n E n gl a n d a b o dy O fm e n a n d w o m e n .

n o t i n c o n sid e r a bl e e v e n i n n u m b e r s c o n str a i n e d to a cl o s e ,

fre e m a s o n ry by c o mm o n p e r il w h o l o o k e d up o n o n e a n o th e r ,

a s b r e th r e n a n d fe lt a n e a rn e st i n t e r e st in a c o mm o n m o m e n
,

t o us c a us e Th e s e w e r e re a dy to w e lc o m e w ith i n t e llige n t jo y
.

a t r a n sl a ti o n o f th e i n spi r e d w r iti n gs n o t fro m th e Vulg a t e ,

lik e Wycliffe s bu t fr o m th e G r e e k a n d H e b r e w o r igi n a ls n o

’

l o n g e r i n m an usc r ipt bu t p r i n t e d ; c o uch e d in l an gu a ge n o t ,

a l m o st O b s o l e te fi“ which Wycliff e s h a d b e c o me bu t pl a i n a n d ’

fr e sh Alth o ugh th e fir e o f L o ll a r dis m tr o dd e n d o w n u n d e r

.
,

th e i r on h e e l o f p o w e r s e e me d quit e qu e n ch e d s o me e m b e r s , ,

r e m a i n e d gl o wi n g with th e o l d fe r v o u r which o n ly n e e d e d a ,

b re a t h fro m h e a v e n to b e a g a i n fa n n e d i n t o a fl a m e T h e .

h e a v e n ly b r e a th p r a y e r fully w a it e d fo r w a s s o on to c o me , ,
.

T h e B r o th e r s i n Chr is t o f L o n d o n u s e d to m e e t a t this
‘

tim e fo r t e a chin g a n d re a di n g a t o n e Russ e ll s h o us e a t

,
‘
,
’ ‘ ’

th e g a t e o fB ir d e s All e y a g a i n st St St e ph e n s Chu r ch C o l e m a n
’ ’

, .
,

S tr e e t F a th e r J o h n H a ck e r a l i a s E b b is m e n ti o n e d a s o n e
.
’

, ,

o fth e i r chi e f t e a ch e r s B r o th e r h o o ds sc a tt e r e d th ro ugh Esse x . ,

Su ffo lk N o r fo lk a n d Bucki n gh am shire w e r e in c o n n e cti o n wit h

, ,
’

th e c e n t r a l L o n d o n c o n g re g a ti o n Th e s e Bibl e Ch r isti a n s ‘
-
.

h a d s e v e r a l disti n ct p o r ti o n s o f Sc r iptu r e in m an usc r ipt which ,

th e y highly p r iz e d 1 Luth e r h a d d e cl ar e d th e Epistl e o f St -:

.

J a m e s to b e stra wy (str a m i n e a ) an d u n i n spir e d i m a gin in g

‘ ’
,

th a t its d o ct r i n a l t e a chi n g c o n flict e d with his fo u n d a ti o n t e n e t

o f j u stific a ti on by fa ith T h e dis a g r e e m e n t which is o n th e
’
.
,

su r fa c e a r isi n g m e re ly fr o m v ar i a n c e in th e u se o f t e r m s o n ly
, ,

" W ycli ffe

l g g d d gl y m ch C h c F x
’ ’
7 er s o e,
s an ua e ne e e a o ssa r as u as au .

ti g f b k w i tt b t 1 4 07 ll d t th l d p ch f th t ‘
tre a n o a oo r en a ou ,
a u es o e o s ee O a

ti m l g g w t Willi m C x t (p i t 1 4 7 6 —
" ’ ‘
e O. ur an w
ua e, ro e a a on r n er no

u sed i th f f m th t hich w
var e d d p k wh I w b
ar ro a w a s u se an s o en en as o rn .
’

—G H i t y f th E gli h P pl
re e n s
’ ‘
ii p s or o e n s eo e
’

5
.
,
.
,

T B iv p t i i 4 0
. 2 9 4 0 3 8 4 1
. 7 5
,
4 2 5 4 4 44 4
ar4 5 4 4 8 5 0 .
, , , , , , ,
.
76 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O IM I A T I O N .

v e ils a n e ss e n ti a l fu n d am e n ta l a gre e me n t in th e tr u e d o ctr i n e ,

w hich it r e a lly re n d e r s m o r e e m ph a tic This e pistl e w a s a .

p o r ti o n o f Sc riptu re m uc h ch e r ish e d by th e p ra ctic a l E n glish

m in d fi" H e re is a g o o d illust ra ti o n o f th e fa ct th a t th e
E n glish Pr o te st an ts h o w e v e r highly th e y v a lu e d Luth e r s
,
’

“ r i tin s
g ,
m a in t a i n e d n e v e r t h e l e ss an ,
u n fe tt e r e d i n d e e n
p ,

d e n c e o f j udg me n t .

T h e chi e f a dv a n t a ge s r e sulti n g fr o m T y n d a le s s oj o u rn fo r
’

a y e a r a n d a h a lf in th e M e t r o p o lis w e r e his a ss o ci a ti o n with

th e L o n d o n Ch r isti a n B r o th e r h o o d — to m e mb e r s w h e re o f ,

d o ubtl e ss th e s e c r e t o f his i n t e n d e d a chi e v e m e n t w a s e n

,

t1 u s te d — a n d his g a i n i n g th e p a t ro n a g e o f th e g e n e ro us
M o n m o uth T o th e s e m ust b e a dd e d th e h a ppy ci r cu m st a n c e
.

t h a t h e n o w fo rm e d a fr i e n dship with J o h n F ryth wh e n c e th e ,

m o st bl e ss e d fr uits w e r e subs e qu e n tly to b e r e a p e d F ryth .

w a s a F e ll o w o f Ki n g s C o ll e g e C a m b r idge a n d th e r e for e
’

, ,

k n o w n with o ut d o ubt to T y n d a l e s b ro th e r M a rti n T h e

, ,
’
.

a cqu a i n t a n c e w hich n o w r ip e n e d i n t o th e cl o s e st m u tu a l
,

af fe cti o n p r o b a bly c o m m e n c e d wh e n Ty n d a l e hi m s e l f w a s
,

s tudyi n g a t C a m b r i d g e But it w a s fr o m T y n d a l e s lips du r in g ’

.
,

h is st a y in L on d o n th a t F r y th r e c e iv e d th e s e e d o ft h e G o sp e l
,
‘

a n d si n c e r e g o dli n e ss T h e n e w c o n v e r t p r o v e d to h is i n
’
.

s tru cto r th e b right e st s o l a c e i n a s o r e ly t r i e d e a r thly l o t ; -

m o r e th a n M e l a n cth o n w a s to Lu th e r — e v e n w h a t Ti m o thy
h a d b e e n to P a ul — his o w n son in th e fa ith H o w th e h e a r ts
’
.

o f th e tw o b o s o m fr i e n ds w a r m e d a s th e y discuss e d th e p a r a

m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e o f h a vi n g H o ly S c ri p tu r e tu rn e d i n t o th e ‘

v u lga r sp e e ch th a t th e p o o r e st m ight r e a d a n d s e e th e
,
’ ‘

si m pl e pl a i n W o r d o f G o d ! H o w th e y fi re d o n e an o th e r s
,
’ ’

z e a l a s th e y c o n c e r t e d t o ge th e r th e b e st w a ys a n d m e a n s fo r
b r in gin g to p a ss such a bl e ss e d c o n su mm a ti o n !
T h e h o p e s p r e s e n t e d by a r e vi e w o f th e st a t e o f th e A n glic a n
hi e ra rchy a n d th e k i n g a n d his C o u r t a t this p e r i o d s e e m e d
c o ld a n d ch e e r l e ss b e y o n d p ar a ll e l W o lse y w a s r ul e r o f .

Chu rch a n d St a te an d h e w a s C ar di n a l L e g a t e H e n ry w a s
, .

d e fe n d e r o f th e fa ith a n d thus R o me s pl e d ge d ch a m pi on
‘ ’ ’
.
,

F or i n sta n c : Ab t f y
e
‘
ou ou r e ars a go , w as c o n tr a ct d t Je o oan,
d ght f
au er o one Dy f Fy h
er of ld nc en e now d d
ea ,
who t gh t h i m th
au e
fi t ch p t f J m B iv p t ii
,
’
rs a er o a es . . .
,
ar .
,
4 8 50 .
 E N GL A N D B A P P E D A GA I N S T G O D S
’
W OR D .
77

To t ra n sl a t e Sc r iptu re h a d b e e n e xp re ssly p ro hibit e d i n a

C o n v o c a ti o n h e ld a t O xfo r d ( 1 4 0 8 ) u n d e r A r chbish o p A r u n d e l .

Ev e n to re a d Wycli ffe s v e r si o n h a d b e e n p r o n o u n c e d h e re sy
’
.

Aga in st h e re sy th e bis h o ps w e r e fo r tifi e d by t e rr ibl e st a tut e s .

A t this p e ri o d E n gl a n d s e e m e d a v e ry st r o n gh o ld o f th e
P a p a cy— i n d e e d its fir me s t fo r t r e ss b r istli n g with a r m s its
, , ,

r a m p a rts m a n n e d by th o us a n ds an d te n th o us a n ds o f z e a l o ts

w e ld e d t o ge t h e r by c o mm u n ity o f c r e e d a n d in v e ry m a n y ,

c a s e s by th e stro n g tie O fw o rldly i n t e re st a ls o P o t e n t i n d e e d .

a n d wid e ly e xt e n d e d w e r e th e i n duc e m e n ts to uph o ld th e

e st a blish e d th r a ld o m o f sup e r stiti o n by e v e r y a v a il a bl e m e a n s .

Ab o v e a l l it w a s i mp e r a tiv e to k e e p i n th e fa st b on d a ge o f
,

a n ci e n t t o n g ue s th a t m o st succ e ssfu l an d d r e a d e d o f a ll
e m a n cip a t o r s th e W o r d o f G o d
,
.

It w a s i m p o ssibl e th a t Ty n d a l e c o uld e x e cute th e w o r k to

which his h e a r t w a s give n a n d his life c o n s e c r a t e d i n a n y sp o t
in E n gl a n d .Whith e r sh o uld h e go to p e r fo rm with a d e qu a t e ,

s e cu r ity fro m i n t e rr upti o n a n d m o l e st a ti o n a duty b o u n d ,

up on h im by G o d a n d h is o w n c o n sci e n c e ? A n t w e r p w a s
u n d e r th e g o v e rn m e n t O f M a rg a re t o f S a v o y th e d a ught e r o f ,

M a ximili a n a n d a u n t O f Ch a rl e s V a r igid R o m a n ist But

,
.
,
.

th e r e w e re e ighty fr e e citi e s d o tt e d o v e r a l a rg e e xte n t o f

,

t e rr it o ry fro m th e B a ltic to C o l o g n e up o n th e Rhi n e w hich ,

w e r e u n ite d in th e fa m o us H a n s e a tic L e a gu e T h e c o mm e r c e .

o f this g r e a t L e a gu e w a s a s a ctiv e a n d p ro sp e r o us a l o n g th e

n o r th e r n c o a st a s th a t o f th e L o mb a r ds i n th e s o uth an d i n

B r uge s th e L o m b a r d a n d th e H a n s e a tic m e r ch a n t m e t a n d ,

th e i n dustr i o us Fl e mi n g t ra d e d with b o th H a m bu rg w a s a
.

p r in cip a l city in this gre a t m e r c a n til e c o n fe d e ra cy th e p o w e r ,

o f which w a s to o fo r m id a bl e to b e i n v a d e d o r t a m p e r e d with ,

e v e n by c ro w n e d h e a ds T h e citiz e n s o f H a m bu rg lik e th o s e
.
,

o f s e v e r a l o th e r fr e e citi e s h a d r e c e n tly a b o lish e d th e M a ss

,

an d re n o u n c e d th e P o p e an d, h a d i n vit e d fro m Ro st o ck
K e m p e fo r me rly a F r a n cisc a n to b e c o m e th e i r p re a ch e r
, , .

Th e r e w e r e m o re o v e r in H a m bu r g th o s e w h o w e r e in cl o s e
, ,

busin e ss a ss o cia ti o n with th e g e n e r o u s M o n mo uth a n d in ,

wh o m p e r s o n a lly h e c o uld r e p o se c o n fid e n c e T h e b a l a n c e o f .

a dv a n t a g e s th e re fo r e d e cid e d T yn d al e s ch o ic e i n fa v o u r o f
, ,
’

H a mbu rg which fr e e city w a s a ls o a g ro u n d o f v a n t a ge in

,
78 TH E D A W 1
”
O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O N .

an o th e r p a r ticul a r sc a r c e ly to b e o m itte d fro m th e c a lcul a ti o n .

But o fhis m o re r e m o t e d e sti n a ti o n h e r e a fte r It is t ru e th e r e .

w e r e a ls o n u m e r o us J e ws i n H a m bu r g th e n a s n o w ; but this ,

can h a r dly h a v e b e e n a fa ct o r i n a tt ra cti n g Ty n d a l e thith e r ,

fo r it w a s o n th e t ra n sl a ti on o f th e G r e e k N e w T e sta m e n t th a t
his th o ughts w e re c o n c e n t ra t e d fo r th e ti m e b e i n g N o r d i d .

H a m bu r g p o ss e ss a t this p e r i o d o r fo r l o n g a ft e r w a r ds a s , ,

D r M a itl a n d h a s sh o w n * th e p r ivil e g e o f a p r i n ti n g p r e ss
.
,
-
.

H a m bu rg its e lf h o w e v e r w a s o n ly to b e a sp o t o f te m p o r a ry
, ,

s a fe s oj o u rn a pl a c e o f t ra n sit to a y e t m o re a dv a n t a ge o us
,

re tre a t f o r stu dy .

Ty n d a l e th e r e fo re e mb ar ks o n b o ar d a m e r ch an t v e ss e l
, ,
-

b o u n d fo r H a mbu rg in c o m p a n y with a fri e n d w h o w a s to a ct

,

a s his a m a n u e n sis — n o t R o y e w h o j o i n e d h im l a t e r He , .

l e a v e s with M o n m o uth his S e r mon s a n d tw o c o pi e s of his ‘ ’

v e r si on o f th e E n chi r idi o n which p e r ish e d i rr e t ri e v a b ly in

‘
,
’

th e s a d t r o ubl e s which a fte r w a r ds b e fe l l th e n o bl e m i n d e d -

m e r ch a n t gr e a tly thro ugh his p a t ron a g e o f Ty n d a l e

,
H e h as .

r e c e iv e d fr o m M o n m o u th th e gift o f te n p o u n ds An o th e r .

e qu a l s u m o t o f s o m e o th e r m e n h n t r usts to his p a t r o n s
‘ ’ ’

g , e e ,

c a re to b e fo r w a r d e d to h im w h e n h e m ay r e qui re i t C o m
, .

m e n d e d to G o d with d e v o ut supplic a ti o n h e b ids fare w e ll to ,

th e b r o th e r h o o d a n d to F ry th bu o yan t with h o p e th a t his ,

m o m e n t o us life w o rk sh a ll y e t b e a cc o m plish e d
-
But sc ar c e ly .

ca n h e h a v e r e a liz e d a s th e whit e cliff s a r e r e c e di n g fro m his

,

s ight th a t h e is n e v e r to s e t fo o t o n th e l a n d o f his bi r th
,

a ga in .

I f th e d b t M i V i gi i
L au es ea e ar e r n s h ad b pieen r n te d th e re 1 49 1 ,
no h
ot er b k w p i t d th
oo f
as r n e e re or yfi y
fo r t -
ve e a rs a fte r w a r d s
y pp 3 7 1 3 75
.

M a i tl a n d
’
s E ss a s, .
-
.
 IV .
—T HE E N G L I S H N E W T E S T A M E N T PR I N T I N G .

FOR n e ar ly y e a r a n d a h a lf o u r i n fo rm a ti o n re sp e cti n g T y n
a

d a l e is c o mp r is e d in a fe w p r i n cip a l fa cts H e re a ch e s H a m .

bu rg a b o ut Ju n e 1 5 2 4 His i mm e di a t e n e c e ssiti e s a re
,
.

suppli e d by th e te n p o u n ds which h e h a s b r o ught with h im .

Afte r th e l a ps e o f n e a rly a y e a r p r o b a bly in Ap ril I 5 2 5 h e

, , ,

is a g a i n in H am bu rg a n d s e n ds fo r his o th e r te n p o u n ds to
,

his p a t r o n M o n m o uth ; a n d a p r e s e n t o f a littl e t re a tis e ‘ ’

a cc o m p a n i e s his r e qu e st It h a s b e e n c o nj e ctu re d th a t
.

M a tth e w a n d M a rk w hich a s h a s b e e n cl e ar ly a uth e n tic a t e d

,
’

, ,

Tyn d a l e p ublish e d b e fo re his c o ll e ctiv e N e w T e sta m e n t a r e ,

i n t e n d e d u n d e r this v a gu e e xp r e ssi on a littl e t r e a tis e b u t ,

‘

th e w or ds o f M o n m o uth s o w n p e titi o n i n his t r o ubl e s e f

’
fe ctu
*
a lly p re clu d e such a supp o siti o n H e s a fe ly r e c e iv e s th e
.

s e c o n d te n p o u n ds b v o n e H a n s C o ll e n b e k a m e rch an t o f th e ,

S tily a r d e I n th e a utu m n o f 1 5 2 5 h e is i n C o l o g n e
’
. .

T h e qu e sti o n which n a tu ra lly a r is e s th e n i s Wh e r e w a s ,

.

Ty n d a l e du r in g th e sp a c e o f n e arly a y e a r which i n t e rv e n e d ,

b e t w e e n his l a n di n g a t H a m bu rg a n d M o n m o uth s c o mm u n i ’

c a ti o n with h im by C o l l e n b e k ? D id h e sp e n d th e i n te r v a l a t .

H a mbu r g o r e ls e wh e r e A n d if so wh e r e ,

Th e r e is a c o n s e n sus o f sta t e m e n t o n th e p a r t o f fri e n d a n d

fe e C o ch l ae u s M o r e a n d L e e j a gr e e i n g with F o x e — i n d e e d
, , ,

h ii th l li l
M o n m o u t s Pe t t o n ( M a y 1 9 , 1 5 2 8 ) s ta te s
’
a t h e h a d a so
‘
a tt e
hich y d l
’
tr e a ti se , w t h y h
T n a e s e n h i m w e n h e se n t fo r h i s m o n e A l l t e se .

b k c i
o o s, h e xc p
o n t n u e s,
‘
te h l v l
e t th e N e w T e s a m e n t, — th e w o e
’
o ume

b q ly p bli h d h v b
su se u e n t u p ly
s e h a e h
e en o en i n m y o u se fo r m o r e t a n
tw oy h
e a r s , e tc
’
ld v h v
.M o n m o ut w o ud th ne e r a e su f fe re ‘
M a t e w an d
k
M ar ’
Op ly
to l i e
‘
h en i n h i s o u se
’
.

c v il ii g J
T M o re , i n h is o n tro e rs‘ a w r t n s, p a ssim C o ch l ae u s, to a m e s V . .

c l d J
O f S ot an , igh y
u n e , 1 533 : E gli h p t e a r s a go tw o E n s A o sta te s, w h o
l d l d h t
h a d e a rn e G e r ma n a t Wi tte n b e r g, tr a n s a te L u t e r s T e s a me n t i n to
’

Engli h vi
s , e tc — B
’
.
,
y .608B d x c b
. L e e , to H e nr , fr o m
. o r e au , D e e m e r 2 ,
 [eE F O R rlI A T I O N
’
80 T H E D A IVN OF TH E E N GL I S H .

a ll c on t e m p o r a ry w r it e r s a tt e st th e s a me fa ct — th a t Ty n d a l e
p a sse d th e i n t e r v a l o f a ssidu o us study a t Witt e n b e rg its e lf .

Such u n v a ryi n g t e sti m o n y is e n title d to c re dit o n its o w n

a cc o u n t ; a n d it is fu r th e r c o r r o b o r a t e d by th e p r o b a biliti e s o f

cir cu m st a n c e a n d o f ch a ra cte r .

H a mbu rg is situ a t e d s e ve n ty mil e s fro m wh e re th e Elb e

p o u r s its w a t e r s i n t o th e se a ; Witt e n b e r g st an ds m uch high e r
up up on th e v e ry s a m e r iv e r It is p o ssibl e a n d p ro b a bl e
,
.
, ,

th a t in di re cti n g his c o u r s e to H a m bu rg in p re fe r e n c e to a n y ,

o th e r c o n ti n e n t a l p o r t th e fa cility o f u n i mp e d e d a cc e ss by
,

w a t e r w a y to th e fa m o us u n iv e r sity fr o m th e bustli n g fr e e m a r t

o fc o mm e r c e wh e r e h e w o uld dis e m b a r k w a s p r e s e n t to T y n
, ,

d a l e s m i n d a n d h e lp e d to d e t e r m in e his ch o ic e Pa ss a ge b y
’

,
.

b o a t fro m H a mbu r g to Witt e n b e r g if th e l e n gth o f dist a n c e ,

b e e xc e pt e d w o uld b e a s e a sy o r e a si e r th a n th e p a ss a g e by
, , ,

b o a t whic h w e kn o w t h a t h e subs e qu e n tly a cc o m plish e d o n

,

th e Rhi n e fr o m C o l o g n e to Wo r m s
,
I n a n a ge wh e n r o a ds .

w e r e fo r th e m o st p a r t i n e xt r e m e ly b a d c o n diti o n a r iv e r ,

o ff e r e d fre qu e n tly th e r e a di e st a n d b e st highw a y th r o u gh a

c o u n try o r e v e n thr o ugh a city Thus in L o n d o n th e n a ti on a l

,
.

r iv e r th e n th e, s il ve r y stre a m which a p o e t o f th e n e x t
‘ ’

c e n tu ry t o o k fo r his e x a m pl e a s w e ll a s fo r his th e m e ”l w a s , ,
<
,

in th e sixte e n th c e n tu ry th e g re a t m e t r o p o lit a n high w a y to

, ,

th e n e gl e ct o f st r e e ts fo ul o r e v e n bl o ck e d with fi lth o f a ll, ,

s o r ts M o re o v e r in G e r m a n y in th e su mme r o f 1 5 2 5 wh e n
.
, , ,

th e l o n g s e e thi n g disc o n t e n t o f th e p e a s a n t r y w a s bu r sti n g

-

i n t o fl a m e th e diss e n si o n s O f th e a gr icultu ra l p o pul a ti o n

'

r e n d e re d j o u rn e yi n g by l a n d p e r il o us i n n o o r di n a r y d e g re e .

Th a t in s a ilin g to H a m bu rg Witt e n b e r g sh o uld h a v e b e e n ,

T y n d a l e s r e a l d e sti n a ti o n is a ls o i n e x a ct h a r m o n y with
’ ‘

o ne o f th e m ar k e d t r a its o f his ch a r a ct e r T h e e a rn e st .

1 52 5 — a fte r a a m e n t o e r th e l s pr e a v o f L u t e ra n s m i n F r a n e : A n
‘
d h i c
Engli hs m a n , a t L u th e r s i n s ti a ti o n h a s
’
g ,
r a n s a te th e N e w T e s ta m e n t i n to t l d
Engli hs , an d w r n r n te ill b i g p i
o es n to E n an d c pi
i n a fe w a s
’
i gl d d y
B iv p t
.

.
,
ar
. i , 1 8 03 . .

0 ou c ld lik th
I fl ow e d m k th y t m e e , an a e s re a

g x pl
M y re a t e a m e , i t i m y th m as s e e
T ou h gh d p cl
e e , ye t th gh g tl y t t d l le ar ou en e, e no u
t g ith
S ro n , w g w ith t fl w i g f ll
ou t ra e ou o er
’
o n ,
u .
’

—Si J h D h m C p r o n en a
’
s oo
’
er s H ill .
’
 T YN D A L E A N D L UT H E R . 81

stud e n t w h o h a d b e e n fa sci n a te d by E ra s m us w o uld n a tu ra lly

, ,

b e a tt ra ct e d to th e fa r g r e a t e r th e o l o gi a n w h o h a d a l re a dy ,

b e st o w e d o n G e rm a n y th e v e ry b o o n which h e hi m se lf w a s
l o n gi n g to b e st o w o n E n gl a n d a n d to a u n iv e rsity th e v e ry
,

fo c us o fr e ligi o us e n light e n m e n t fo r th a t a ge .

T r u e n o m e n ti on o f Tyn d a l e by n a m e o cc u r s i n Luth e r s
,
’

c orr e sp o n d e n c e But in th e e ar ly m o n ths o f 1 5 2 5 Luth e r

.

w a s i n v o lv e d i n a n a bs o rbi n g c o n t r o v e r sy w ith C a rl s ta d an d ,

b e y o n d such a n i r k s o m e ta x o n his a tte n ti o n it m ust b e ,

p a lp a bl e th a t it w a s o fth e fi r st m o m e n t fo r th e a tt a i n m e n t o f
succ e ss th a t th e sch e me to s e n d a c ro ss th e se a i n t o th e midst
, ,

O f th e E n glish p e o pl e Ch r ist s T e st a m e n t i n th e i r o w n n a tiv e

’

t o n gu e sh o uld b e k e pt a p r o fo u n d s e c re t Th a t Luth e r w a s .

w e ll a w a re o f th e e n d e a v o u r s m a ki n g to pl a n t th e light o f
e v a n g e liz a ti on i n th e v e r y h e a r t o f E n gl a n d is m a tt e r of

c e r t a i n ty . I n this w a y o n ly is it p o ssibl e to e xpl a i n his

s e c on d l e tt e r to H e n ry V III th e m ild a n d d e fe re n ti a l t on e O f
.
,

which w a s so u n p r e c e d e n t e d th a t this p or te n t o us n o v e lty

m ight a l o n e h a v e su ffic e d to a w a k e n ke e n suspici o n H e n ry .

r e pli e d i n L a ti n a n d p ublish e d ( D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 6 ) b o th l e tt e r s
, ,

in L a ti n a n d a ft e r w a rds a n E n glish v e r si o n to which h e

, ,

a dd e d a sp e ci a l p r e fa c e i n E n glish A n d h e r e a pp e a r s th e
.

e xp r e ss st a t e m e n t th a t Luth e r fe ll i n d e vic e with o n e o r tw o

‘

l e wd p e rs o n s b o r n i n this o u r r e a l m for th e tr an sl a ti n g o f th e
N e w T e st a m e n t i n t o E n glis h a s w e ll with m an y c o rr upti o n s
,

O f th a t h o ly t e xt a s c e r t a i n p re fa c e s
,
an d o th e r p e stil e n t
,

gl o ss e s in th e m argi n s fo r th e a dv a n c e m e n t a n d s e ttin g fo r th
,

o f his a b o m i n a bl e h e re si e s i n t e n di n g to a bus e th e g o o d m i n ds
,

a n d d e v o ti o n th a t o u r d e a r ly b e l o v e d p e o pl e b e a r t o w a r d th e
-

H o ly Scr iptu re s e tc ,
’
.

It m ay th e n b e c o n clud e d with s o m e a pp ro a ch to c e r t a i n ty
, , , ,

th a t it is in W itt e n b e r g th a t T yn d a l e sits d o w n in p e a c e a n d
qui e t with his a ma n u e n sis a t his sid e to c o mpl e t e his w e ll
, ,

p o n d e re d tr an sl a ti on T h e G r e e k T e st a m e n t o f E ra smus with
.
,

its cle ar L a ti n v e r si o n h a d b e e n publish e d 1 5 1 6 ; a s e c o n d

,

e diti on h a d fo ll o w e d 1 5 1 9 a n d in 1 5 2 2 a thi r d It w a s this .

thi rd e diti o n which Ty n d a l e e mpl o ye d H e h e a r s th e gre a t .

R e fo rme r p re a ch h e c o n v e r s e s w ith M e l a n cth o n Buge n h a ge n ,

a n d J o n a s ; his k n o w l e dg e an d u se o f G e r m a n a r e g ro wi n g

6
82 T H E D A IVN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

d ay by c o n sults Luthe r s T e st a m e n t a s h e pro

d ay ,
an d he
’

ce e d s i n his w o r k But his v e r si o n is m a d e di r e ctly fro m th e

.

Gr e e k o rigi n a l its e lf a n d is th e r e sult o f his o w n i n d e p e n d e n t

,

t o il a n d j udgm e n t th e a uxili a ry light which o th e r s o u r c e s,

fu rn ish e d n o t b e in g d e spis e d .

T h e th r e e c o ll a t e ra l a ids O f which Ty n d a l e a v a il e d hi m s e lf
w e r e th e Vulg a t e Luth e r s T e st a m e n t an d E ra s m us o r igi n a l
’ ’

, ,

L a tin v e r si o n Of th e s e th re e E ra sm us w a s th e m o st h e lpful
.
, .

Still di ffe re n c e s a pp e a r which a r e a lik e n u m e r o us a n d im

, ,

p o r t an t As re g a r ds L u th e r s v e r si o n h e a v a il e d hi m s e lf
.
’

,
‘

fully to a d o pt We s tco tt s w o rd sfi o f Luth e r s n o t e s fo r h is

,
’ ’ ‘ ’

o w n gl o ss e s but with th e te xt h e d e a lt a s o n e w h o p a ss e d ‘

a sch o l a r s j udg m e n t u p o n e v e r y fra gm e n t o f th e w o rk

’

u n bi a s e d by a n y p r e d e c e ss o r A n d his i n flu e n c e o n a ll ’
.

subs e qu e n t tra n sl a ti o n s i n t o E n glis h o f H o ly Sc riptu re h a s

b e e n p ar a mo u n t I n \Ve stco tt s w o r ds h e fix e d th e typ e
.
’

,
‘

a cc or di n g to which th e l a t e r l a b o u r e r s w o r k e d His i n flu e n c e .

d e cid e d th a t o u r Bibl e sh o uld b e p o pul a r a n d n o t lite r a ry

; ,

sp e aki n g in a si mpl e di a l e ct ; a n d th a t so by its sim plicity it

sh o uld b e e n d o w e d with p e rm a n e n c e Ye t did h e n o t l o w e r
’ ‘
.

his t ran sl a ti on to a vulga r d ia l e ct a s his a dve r s ari e s fe ign e d ,

‘
but l ifte d up th e c omm on l a n gu a ge to th e sim plicity o f his o w n
idi o m A n d thus a lth o ugh subs e qu e n tly h e c o m pl e t e d o n ly
.
’

a b o u t h a lf o f th e Old T e st a m e n t i n a dditi o n to th e N e w th e ,

st a n d a r d w hich h e e sta blish e d h a s c o n sist e n tly b e e n m a i n

ta in e d th r o ugh o ut ; his spi r it is e v e rywh e r e a n d giv e s u n ity ,

to th e wh o l e .

It w a s cu rre n tly a ss e r t e d th a t Lu th e r hi m s e lf w a s a t th e
b o tt o m o fth e e n t e r pr is e o r a t l e a st i n ti m a t e ly a ss o ci a t e d with ,

it But this su spici o n is o v e rth r o wn by T y n d a l e s o w n fl a t

.
’

d e n i a l Wh e n S ir Th o m a s M o re a ccus e d h im o n th e e vid e n c e
.
,

O f th o s e t a k e n a n d c on vict e d h e r e o f h e r e sy o f b e i n g
‘
co n ,

fe d e ra t e wit h Luth e r h e a n s w e re d T h a t is n o t t r u th ,
’

,
‘
.
’

Luth e r w a s n o t a c o n fe de r a t e a lth o ugh d o ubtl e ss w e ll ‘

,
’

a cqu a i n t e d with th e u n d e r t a ki n g a n d si n c e re ly a n d fe r v e n tly ,

s o licit o us fo r its succ e ss .

T y n d al e s fi r st a m a n u e n sis h e d e sc r ib e s l a s a fa ithful co m
’
-:

S e e W e s tco tt s E n
’
gli h Bibl pp 1 4 2
s e,
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.
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1 5 2 , 1 6 4, 1 6 5 .

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c W illi m T y d l a n a e, o h
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to th e W e M a mm o nick d .
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s W o r ks ,
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,
pp 37 44
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 WI L L I A M R 0 YE . 83

p a n i o n which n o w h a th t a k e n an o th e r v o y a ge up o n him to
, ,

p re a ch Ch rist wh e r e I supp o s e h e w a s n e v e r y e t p r e a ch e d
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w e kn o w littl e m o r e th a n th a t his m o th e r liv e d i n W e st

m i n ste r A m an o f t a l e n t R oye w a s v e r s e d in v ar i o u s
.
,

l a n gu a ge s but w a s u n c o n ge n i a l to Ty n d a l e i n p e r s o n a l ch a r a c
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,
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wh a t I c o uld r ul e h i m but a s s o o n a s h e h a d g o tt e n m o n e y
h e b e c a m e lik e hi m s e lf a ga i n Gl a d e n o ugh w a s Ty n d a l e in ’
.

d ue ti me to u s e his o w n w o r ds to bid h im fa r e we ll for o u r

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tw o liv e s a n d a s m e n sa y a d a y l o n g e r At l a st i n dustry ’

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st e a dily pu r su e d w a s c ro wn e d with th e m e r it e d r e w a r d L e s s
, .

tha n a ye a r s p e r sist e n t study a t Witt e n b e rg w a s a dd e d to

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p re vi o us t o il a n d th e t ran sl a ti on w a s r e a dy for th e p r e ss
, .

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w h e r e o r by wh o m is u n c e r t a i n : bu t p r o b a bly a t Witt e n b e r g .

Of th e fi rst fruits o f T yn d a l e s skill a s a t r an sl a t o r n o s e p a ra t e ’

c o py n o t e v e n s o m u c h a s a fra g m e n t h a s su r viv e d But th e

, , .

fa ct th a t M a tth e w a n d M a r k by th e ms e lv e s p r e c e d e d th e
c o ll e ct e d E n glish T e st a m e n t is e vid e n c e d b y t rustw or thy
p ro o fs l -:

T h e e n ti re E n glish T e st a m e n t h as n o w to b e p r in t e d .

Ty n d a l e a cc o r d in gly h a vi n g fi r st ge n e to H a m bu r g a n d
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r e c e iv e d fr o m M o n m o uth s a g e n t th e te n p o u n ds which h e
’

h a d s e n t fo r p r o c e e ds in th e summ e r o f 1 5 2 5 a cc o m p an i e d by
, ,

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,
.

Pe te r Qu e n t e l a n d A rn o ld By r ck m a n w h o a ls o h a d w a r e h o us e s ,

a n d a sh o p i n L o n d on to p r i n t a qu ar t o e diti o n o f th e E n glish
,

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ii y g ih ich d x
,

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th e E a n e s s i n E n gl i sh e , e tc ’
g li t .

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84 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

w as i n t e n d e d to h a v e c o pi e s p ri n te d b u t subs e qu e n tly , ,

th e p r o p o s e d n u m b e r w a s r e duc e d o n e h a lf .

F o r s o m e ti m e e v e rythi n g p r o m is e d w e ll a n d g o o d p ro gr e ss ,

w a s ma de Th e n a l l a t o n c e th e e n t e r p r ise w a s thw a r te d
.
, , ,

a n d a pp e a r e d d o o m e d to t o t a l fa ilu r e .

The re h a pp e n e d to b e l o dgin g with G e o rge L a v e r c a n on a , ,

n o l e ss ra bid f o e to t r uth th a n J o h n C o ch l ae u s so his n a m e

(
D o b n e ck w a s L a ti n iz e d ) d r iv e n fr o m his d e a n e ry o f th e Chu r ch ,

o f th e Bl e ss e d V i r gi n a t F ra n kfo r t by th e i n su rr e cti on o f th e ,

p e a s a n t ry fi rst to M e n tz a n d th e n c e to C o l o gn e * F o u r ye a r s
, , .

b e fo r e C o ch l ae u s h a d d o g ge d Luth e r s ste ps a t W o rm s H e is ’
.

a s busy a s e a g e r f or n o t o r i e ty a s p ryi n g a n d i n uisitiv e a s

, q ,

e ve r . By a stra n ge c o i n cide n c e C o ch l ae us w as hi ms e lf i n ,

t re a ty with Q ue n te l fo r th e public a ti o n o f s o m e w ritin gs o f

Rup e r t Abb o t o f D e utz — situ a te j ust a c r o ss th e r iv e r a n d
, ,

co n n e ct e d w ith C o l o gn e by a b r idg e o f b o a ts Rup e r t in th e .

,

tw e lfth c e n tu ry— lik e th e e cs ta tic a l Abb e ss H il d e ga r d r (b o r n

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o f St Rup e r t s n e ar Bi n g e n o n wh o m B e rn ar d b e st o w e d
’
.
, ,

p r a is e a n d lik e J o a chim th e Cist e rci a n Abb o t o f C ur a cio

, , ,

wh o m D a n te a n d c o mm on fa m e p ro n o u n c e d i n spi r e d 1 —h a d
b e e n visit e d by ra ys O fDivin e light in th e sh a d e o f th e cl o ist e r .

Lik e Ab e l a r d a n d lik e B e re n ga r Rup e r t w a s u n a bl e to a cc e pt

, ,

th e m o n stro us d o g m a o f t ran subst an ti a ti o n At l e a st a cc or d .

,

i n g to R o b e r ts o n his c o n fo r mity w ith th e m o de rn R o m a n

,

d o ct r i n e ca n o n ly b e vi n dic a t e d by a subtl e
’ ‘

N o w th a t th e R e fo r m a ti o n w a s i n its e a rly d a w n Rup e r t s

’

w r iti n gs w e r e i n m u ch r e qu e st T h e p u r p o s e O f C o ch l ae u s i n .

publishi n g such w r itin gs w a s to p e r ve r t the ir e v a n ge lic a l s e n s e

a n d t e n d e n cy “ .

C o ch l ae i A ta e t S r ta
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c c ip fo o , li p . 1 1 5, u n d er 1 52 5 A D .

cp gli ch
.

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hi i h ch iii p .
,
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S r o ro e o o a o .

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Pa rad i so ,
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x ii .

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E lli tt Ho Ap ,
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iv pp 3 84 42 2
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R b t C h i ti C h ch iii p 2 6 0
.

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o e r so n s r s an ur , .
, . .

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 T H E E S CA PE T O W O R III S . 85

O n e d a y h e o v e r h e a r d th e p r i n te r s b o a sti n g th a t a l l E n gl a n d
w o uld s o o n b e Luth e r a n A m yste ry m ust u n d e r li e such a .

v a u n t w hich h e will u se a ll his wits to s o l ve

,
Acc or din gly h e .

d e c oys s o me o f th e w o r km e n to his l o dgin gs pli e s th e m with ,

win e a n d e x to r ts th e s e c re t th a t th e T e sta m e n t in E n glish a

, ,

t ra n sl a ti o n sa y th e w o r km e n O f Luth e r s G e rm an T e sta
,
’

,
‘ ’

m e n t is p a ssi n g th ro ugh th e i r p re ss
,
’
Adv an c e h a s b e e n .

m a d e a s fa r a s th e t e n th sh e e t o r K in th e qu a r t o e d iti o n , , .

Wh a t a disc o v e ry ! T h e r e sult to o o f a pp ar e n t a ccid e n t ! , ,

C o ch l ae u s m a st e r i n g his fe e li n gs fe ig n s sup r e m e a d m i ra ti o n
, , .

B u t h e a t o n c e c o mm u n ic a t e s his disc o v e ry to H e r m a n
R in ck e form e r ly a mb a ss a d o r to E n gl a n d a n d high i n i n flu e n c e
, ,

a t C o l o gn e R in ck e i mm e di a t e ly d e sp a tch e s a n a g e n t to th e
.

p r i n tin g o ffic e a n d a sc e r ta i n s th a t th e i n fo r m a ti o n o fC o ch l ae u s
-
,

is on ly to o tru e H e th e n p r o cu re s a m an d a t e fro m th e .

s e n a t e in p r o hibitio n o fth e w o r k .

Me a n w hil e Ty n d a l e h a s re c e iv e d i n for m a ti on o f wh a t h a s
o ccu r r e d Th e re is n o tim e to b e l o st H e a n d R o y e h a st e n
. .

to th e p r i n ti n g h o us e an d b e ar a w a y th e -
q u a r t o sh e e t s
,

a l r e a dy p r i n t e d Th e se th e y p a ck e xp e diti o usly in a b o a t
.
,

a n d with o ut d a llyi n g a sc e n d th e Rhi n e with th e i r r e scu e d

, ,

c a rg o N o r d o th e ir e ffo r ts fl ag u n til th e y a n d th e tre a su re d

.

she e ts a re u n d e r s a fe gu ar di a n ship a t W o rm s — a city w e l l

disp o s e d to th e G o sp e l fo r th e s e e d s o wn i n Luth e r s t ria l w a s ,
’

a l r e a dy yi e ldi n g th e e a rn e st o fa futu re r ich e r h a rv e st .

Bitt e r w as th e dis a pp o in tm e n t ; n e ve r th e l e ss it w a s o v e r ,

r ul e d by P r o vid e n c e to ulti m a t e g o o d I n st e a d O f th e qu a r to .

e diti o n b e gu n a t C o l o gn e a n o ct a v o e diti o n with o n ly a n

, , ,

e pistl e to th e r e a d e r a t th e e n d w a s n o w p r i n t e d a t W o r m s , .

T h e p r i n t e r w a s P e t e r S ch a e ffe r f! hi m s e lf h a ppily a h e a r ty <

Luth e ra n H e w a s th e so n o f Sch a e ffe r o f M e n tz a ssist an t to

.
, ,

Gut e n be r g a n d F a ust w h o h a d he lp e d th e m to p e rfe ct th e a r t ,

o f p r i n ti n g .

of l g
W o r ms ti t did vic i T y d l T t m t d i
a Co o n e ar s se r e n n a e s
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es a en an n a

m til t d f m i R p t C mm t y —F
, , ,

i F y
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u a e or n u er s o e n ar ranc s r .

F yh p v d thi by c m p i g th
r iq c py f T y d l c t v
as ro e s o ar n e un ue o o n a e s o
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a o

T t m t t B i t l w i th th b k f m S ch ff p typ
’
es a en a i r s o o er oo s ro ae er s r e ss , n e,
p p w t m k t S h fi G m Bibl f 1 5 2 9 h th m
a e r, a er -
ar s, e c c ae
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dc t f S t P l T y d l T t m t S F ci F y F i t
.

’ ’ ‘
w oo u o . au as n a e s es a en . ee ra n s r s rs

N w T t m t I t d c ti p 8 t ’
e es a en n ro u on, e c .
,
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,
86 T H E D A I VN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O e I A T I ON .

This o ct a v o e ditio n w a s m o r e a ccu ra t e th a n th e qu ar t o ,

a n d p r e s e n t e d th e pu r e t e xt o f Sc r iptu r e with o ut th e e n cu m

b ra n c e o f a c o m m e n t a ry— a sup e r i or ity a pp r e ci a t e d i n m o r e

m o d e r n ti m e s a lth o ugh n o t re c o gn is e d by Ty n d a l e hi m s e l f
,
.

I n th e e pistl e a t th e e n d his h a r a ssi n g dis a pp o in tm e n t fi n ds

s o m e fa i n t e xp r e ssi o n : M ore o v e r e v e n v e ry n e c e ssity a n d
‘
,

c o mb r a u n ce ( G o d is r e c o r d) a b o v e st r e n gth w hich I will n o t ,

r e h e a r s e l e st w e sh o uld s e e m to b o a st o u r s e lv e s c a us e d th a t
, ,

m an y thi n gs a r e l a cki n g which n e c e ss a r ily a re r e qu i re d

, .

C o u n t it a s a thi n g n o t h a vi n g his full sh a pe but a s it w e r e , , ,

b or n b e fo re his tim e e v e n a s a thi n g b e gu n r a th e r th a n

,

fi n ish e d .
’

T h e qu a r t o e diti o n w a s c o m pl e t e d M a tth e w a n d
M a r k with a n n o t a ti on s h a d b e e n p r in t e d s e p ara t e ly b e fo r e .

T h e r e w e r e thus n o w m an y wh o l e v o lu m e s o r p o r ti o n s o f th e
, , , ,

W o r d o f Li fe c o n c e a l e d a t v a r i o us pl a c e s on th e C o n ti n e n t
, ,

r e a dy f o r ship m e n t i n d u e s e a s o n to E n gl a n d Th o s e wh o m .

th e A n glic a n hi e r a r chy h a d d e n o u n c e d a n d fo r c e d i n t o e x il e
s t o o d lik e a n g e ls o f m e r cy o n th e O pp o sit e sh o r e h o ldi n g o u t ,

i n th e i r h a n ds th e B o o k o f G o d th e i r gift w o n by t o il a nd , ,

p e r il to th e i r b e n ight e d c o u n trym e n
, .

T h e l a di n g a n d th e s a ili n g o f th e m e r ch an t v e ss e l w hich ,

b ro ught th e fi r st i n sta l me n t o f th e s a c re d t re a su re to o u r
s h o re s d e e p a s w a s th e h o p e ful a n xie ty O f th e g o o d m e r ch an ts
,

c o n c e rn e d i n th e t r a n sa cti on h a v e b e e n sh r o ud e d i n a d e n s e
,

v e il o f s e c re cy r e n d e re d n e c e ss a ry a t th e ti me by c o n ti n u e d
,

d a n ge r fro m n u me r o us e n e m i e s O p e n a n d c o v e r t It is e a sy
, .
,

h o w e v e r to i ma gi n e th e sc e n e M e n h e a r ty i n th e e n t e rp ris e
, .
, ,

full o f z e a l a n d c o u ra g e a n d n o t with o ut i n g e n uity such a s

, ,

Rich a r d H arm an a n d G e o rge C o n stan ty n e h a v e sto w e d th e ,

v o lu m e s i n c a sks a n d c o v e re d th e su r fa c e with fl a x T h e .

s a il or s ge n e ra lly k n o w n o t th a t th e y h a v e a ught o n b oa r d
b e y o n d th e i r usu a l fre ight Th e re is th e o r din a ry bustle
.

a m o n g th e c r e w th e cust o m a r y m e dl e y o f n a utic a l s o u n ds
,
.

M e n o f fa ith w h o a r e i n th e s e c r e t a r e p r ayi n g much ,

e a rn e stly a n d b e li e vi n gly
; but n o thi n g to a w a k e n th e sus

f
fl T h e Pr o o u e to th e l g q u a r to di ti
e on w a s re p d c d l m t i th
ro u e a os n e
i gi l th w y i H ly S c ip t —W k
,
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Pa ’
o r
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pp
.

P S ,
. . 7 28 .
-
.
 TH E VA R I O US E D I TI ON S A N D R E VI S I ON S . 87

p i ci o n o fth e
byst an d e r s a n d l o o k e r s on t r an spi re s A n a r ro w -
.

c re sc e n t o f m o on gli mm e rs th e tid e is a t th e ful l a n d th e , ,

a n ch o r is w e igh e d T h e m o rn i n g r e v e a ls th e v e ss e l sp e e di n g
.

h e r w a y p ro sp e ro usly o n th e m i d s e a I n such st e a lthy w is e .

-

w a s th e r e t ra n sp o r t e d a c r o ss th e s e a a n d up th e Th a m e s i n t o , ,

th e v e ry h e a r t o f o l d E n gl a n d th e v o lu m e o f h e r e n fr a n chis e ,

m e n t an d o f h e r gr e a t n e ss by th e wh o l e v a ts full a s S ir
,
“ ”
,
’

Th o m a s M o r e c o m pl a in e d .

H e r e it m a y b e i n t e r e sti n g an d us e ful to a pp e n d a b r i e f
a cc o u n t o f th e v a r i o u s e diti o n s o f T y n d a l e s T e st a m e n t a n d
’

its r e visi o n s— publish e d du ri n g th e R e fo rm e r s life tim e S o .

v e n o m o us w a s th e p e r s e cution so str ict th e s e a r ch s o e ffe ctiv e , ,

th e m e th o ds o f d e st r ucti on th a t v e r y fe w c o pi e s r e m a i n e xt an t
, ,

a n d o f th e fi r st e diti o n o n ly o n e sh or t fr a g m e n t T h e s e v e ra l .

e diti o n s w e r e th e fo ll o w i n g :

I ( 1 ) O f th e fi r st e diti o n th e qu a r t o a sh o r t fra gm e n t w a s
.
, ,

fo u n d a tt a ch e d to a tra ct o f (Eco l am p a d i u s by M r R o dd a , . ,

b o o ks e ll e r o f G re a t N e w p o r t St re e t which n o w is in th e
, ,

G r e n vill e c o lle cti o n o f th e B ritish Mus e u m visibl e to th e ,

public u n d e r a gl a ss c a se This u n iqu e c o py o n ly g o e s to .

sh e e t H M a tth e w xxii
, .

(2 ) Of th e s e c o n d e diti o n th e o ct a v o p r i n t e d a t W o r m s by , ,

Sch a e ffe r o n e c o py p e r fe ct with illu m in a te d c a pit a ls w o o d

, , , ,

cuts a n d p a r a gra ph m a r k s w a s b e qu e a th e d by D r Giffo rd to

,
-
,
.

th e B a ptist Mus e u m i n B r ist o l a n d is th e r e k e pt i n an i r o n

s a fe This b o o k w a s pick e d up by o n e o f L o r d Oxfor d s co l

.
’

l e ct o r s (J o h n Mu r ra y ) o n wh o m tw e n ty p o u n ds a y e a r fo r life
,

w a s s e ttl e d i n r e c o gn iti o n o f its v a lu e b e sid e s a n im m e di a t e ,

gift o f te n guin e a s L or d O xfo r d s lib r ary w a s pu r ch a s e d by

.
’

M r Osb o rn e o f G r a y s I n n a n d this u n iqu e b o o k ( th e

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.
, ,

ph oe n ix o f th e wh o l e c o ll e cti o n ) w a s s o ld to M r A me s fo r
’
.

fifte e n shilli n gs At th e s a l e in 1 7 6 0 o f M r A m e s b o o ks it
. .
’

w a s pu r ch a s e d by J o h n Whit e w h o s o ld it in 1 7 7 6 to D r ,
.

Giffo r d fo r twe n ty gui n e a s T h e o n ly o th e r su r vivi n g c o py .

m r a r y o f St P a ul s C a th e d r a l
’

( but i p e r fe ct ) is i n t h e lib . .

( )
3 A thi r d e diti o n w a s p r i n t e d i n 1 526 a t A n tw e r p by

Ch r ist o ph e r En d h o v e n with Lut h e r s p r o l o gu e to th e Ep is tl e

,
’

to th e R o m an s e xp a n d e d i n th e t ra n sl a ti o n
,
.
88 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

(4 )A fo u r th e diti o n a p pe a re d in 1 5 2 7 a t A n tw e r p fr o m th e ,

p re ss o f H a n s v an R o e m u n d t th e J o hn R a i m u n d o f F o x e ‘ ’
.
,

Oth s fo ll o w e d By s a ys \Ve s tco tt s w iftly a n d

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5 e r .
,

sile n tly six e ditio n s o f which th r e e w e re su rr e ptiti o us w e r e

, , ,

II Wh a t h a s b e e n c a ll e d bu t im p ro p e r ly th e s e c o n d
. , ,

re vis e d t ra n sl a ti o n w a s by J o y e a n d e m a n a t e d fr o m th e p r e ss ,

o f En d h o ve n s wid o w i n August 1 5 3 4 a t A n tw e r p Ty n d a l e
’
.
, ,

c o mpl a i n e d th a t J oy e wh e n h e fin d e th th e w o r d r e su rre c ,
‘

ti o n ch a n ge th it i n t o th e life a fte r this o r v e ry life

,
’ ‘ ’ ‘
.
’

Ty n d a l e ch a r ge d J oy e with n o t u si n g th e o ffic e o f a n h on e st ‘

m an s e e i n g h e k n e w th a t I w a s i n c o rr e cti n g it mys e lf
’
.
,

III T h e t r ue s e c o n d r e visi o n dilige n tly c orre cte d a n d

. ,
‘

c o m p are d with th e G re e k by Willi a m Tyn d a l e a pp e a r e d in ,

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N o v e m b e r 1 5 3 4 fro m th e p r e ss o f M a r ti n L e m p e re u r a t
, , ,

A n twe rp The re a re tw o a dd re ss e s to th e Chr isti a n re a d e r

. .
’

T h e s e c o n d a dv e r ts a s st a t e d a b o v e to J o y e s dish on e sty
’

, , .

This e diti o n T y n d al e s n o bl e st m o n um e n t h a s m argin a l

,
‘ ’

,
’

gl o ss e s s o a pt th a t W e stc o tt r e m a rks B e n ge l hi m s e lf is n o t
, ,

m ore t e r s e o r p o i n te d At th e cl o s e is a tr a n sl a ti on o f th e .
’

Epistl e s fro m th e Old T e st a m e n t s o m e o f th e m fr o m th e ,

Ap o c ryph a which a r e r e a d in th e chu r ch a ft e r th e u se o f

,
‘

S a lisbu ry .
’

T o this e diti on b e l o n gs A n n e B o l e y n s T e st a m e n t b e qu e a th e d
’

to th e B r itish Mus e u m by th e R e v C M Cra ch e ro d e On . . . .

gild e d e dge s in fa d e d r e d l e tt e r s r u n simply in L a ti n h e r

, , ,

n a me a n d titl e A n n a R e gin a A n gl iae Th e r e is a ls o a n o the r ’

’

.
,

c o py i n th e B r itish Mus e u m .

IV T h e thi rd r e visi on a pp e a re d i n 1 5 3 5 T h e sp e lli n g is

. .

p e culi a r but i n c on sist e n t : fa e th e r m o e th e r b r o e th e r e tc

,
‘
, , ,
’
.
,

s o me tim e s h o w e ve r fa th e r e tc T h e str a n ge o r th o g ra phy

, ,
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,
’
.
,

c o nj e ctu re d by th e R S e dit o r to b e a ph o n e tic a l a d a pt a ti on .

to th e Gl o uc e st e r shi r e di a l e ct is r e a ll y d u e i n a l l p ro b a bil ity , , ,

to a Fl e m ish c o m p o sit o r T w o C o pi e s a re e xt a n t— o n e i n th e .

B r itish M us e u m th e o th e r a t C a m b r i d ge , .

All th e e diti o n s ge n ui n e a n d pi r a t e d A n d e rs on re ck o n s a s
, ,

T h e D ut ch c py o ,
sma ll 1 2 m w ith o .

,
o ut tt il pg
e- a e or c l ph
o o on in
l C ll g C b idg lly q d Ty lly
,

E mm a n u e am r
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o e e, e, u su a u o te as n d a l e s, is re a
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C o v e r d al e s , as D r C o tto n
. h h w
as s o n .
 TH E VA R I O US E D I T I ON S A N D R E VI S I ON S . 89

fo u r t e e n i n umb e r T h e l a st h e s a ys a b e a utiful b o o k i n
n .
, ,
‘

fo li o w a s p r i n t e d in L on d on by B e rth o l e t th e Kin g s p r in te r
,
’
,
’

1 5 3 6 a t th e v e ry ti m e o f T yn d al e s m a r ty r d o m
’
.
,

T h e p r i n t e r w a s r e a lly T G o dfr ay a m e mb e r o f A n n e
.
,

B o l e yn s p a rty fi" Its cl o si n g w o rds m ay s e r v e a s a r e min de r

’

o f Ty n d a l e a n d his a ge : G o d s a v e th e ki n g a n d a l l his w e l l
‘
,

wishe r s
W e stc ott p 50 An d ‘
d cti gli h Bibl ’
’
See ,
. e rso n s I n tr o u on of th e E n s e,

p . 3 .
 V .
—T H E N E W T E S T A M EN T E X PE C T E D .

I N T E L L I GE N C E fro m v a r i o us qu a r t e r s r e a ch e d th e E n glish
c o u r t i n th e cl o si n g m o n ths o f 1 5 2 5 a n d th e e a r ly sp rin g o f ,

1 5 2 6 th a t a gr e a t e v e n t m uch d r e a d e d by th e hi e r a r chy w a s
, , ,

i mm i n e n t A s h as b e e n a l r e a dy st a t e d C o ch l ae u s an d B i n e k e
. .

for w a r d e d e a rn e st w a rn i n gs S o did Eck Lu th e r s r e d o ubt e d

.
,
’

a n t a g o n ist Ye t m o re sp e cific w as th e i n fo r m a ti o n s e n t b y
.

th e ki n g s a l m o n e r Ed w ar d L e e — a ft e r w a r ds A r chbish o p o f
’

Y o r k— fr o m B o r de a ux o n his w a y i n t o Sp a in H e a pp r is e d
~

,
.

his s o v e r e ign in th e b e gi n n i n g o fD e c e mb e r 1 5 2 5 a s a m a tt e r
, , ,

o f c e r t a i n ty th a t a n E n glish subj e ct w h o w a s with Luth e r h a d

, ,

a t his i n st a n c e tr a n sl a t e d th e N e w T e st a m e n t i n t o E n gl ish
‘
,
’

a n d withi n a fe w d a ys w o uld a rr iv e with th e s a m e i m p r i n t e d

‘

i n E n gl a n d L e e b o a ste d th a t a lth o ugh this r e a l m o f F r a n c e

’
.
,

h a th b e e n s o m e w h a t t o uch e d with this s e ct y e t bl e ss e d b e , ,

G o d ! y o u r r e a l m is y e t u n bl o tt e d A sh a d o w m o re e mph a ti
.
’

c a lly h e r a ldin g a pp r o a chi n g e v e n ts w a s th e l e tt e r o f Luth e r ,

him s e lf a l r e a dy r e fe rre d to— a le tt e r in dit e d in full sym p a thy

,

with Tyn d a l e w h o h o p e d fo r an E n glish R e for m a ti o n u n d e r

,

r o y a l a uspic e s — a n d p o r t e n t o u s i n its t o n e o f c on cili a t o ry

m ild n e ss which m u st h a v e r e a ch e d H e n ry s h an d s j ust a s th e
’

fi r st c on sign m e n t o f T e st a m e n ts w a s a ctu a lly l a n di n g .

It pl e a s e d G o d a t this c risis to d iv e r t th e a tte n ti o n o f th e

r ul e r s i n Chu r ch a n d St a t e by fe a r s e t n e a r e r o r busi n e ss
y ,

m o re im me di a t e ly p r e ssi n g En gl an d w a s in th a t a ge o n e o f
.
, ,

th e l e a st h e a lthy c o u n t r i e s o f Eu r o p e C on t e m p o r a ry w r it e r s
.

c om pl a i n o f th e fa ulty c o n str ucti on o f th e h o us e s th e wi n d o w s ,

a dmittin g light but e xcludi n g a ir ; o f th e ch a lk fl o o r s

,
l a id ,

with filthy r ush e s th a t h a r b o u re d n a sti n e ss o f m e n an d d o gs

,

an d of fa l ; o f th e s a lt di e t O f th e p e o pl e a s w e ll a s th e ,

a bu n d an c e o f s a lt w a te r a n d m a r shy sw a m ps ; o f st r e e ts g r i m y
 TH E ‘
sn z z CH R I S T M A s
’
.
9 1

wi ht mu d , w s a b o m in a tio n s l Thus th e pl a gu e
an d
y et or e .
><

w a s a fre qu e n t visit a n t I n th e r e ign o f H e n ry VII a n e w

. .

dis e a s e disti n guish e d a s th e E n gli sh sw e a t (su d o r

,

d e sc rib e d a s a m a lign v a p o u r flyi n g to th e h e a r t a n d ,

’

‘
s e izin g th e vit a l spi r its sp r e a d wid e r a v a ge s p r o vi n g to o ,
’

o ft e n sudd e n ly fa t a l But th e win t e r o f 1 5 2 5 2 6 w a s sickly

.
-
,

far b e y o n d th e a v e r a g e I n this wi n t e r w r it e s H o lin sh e d

.
‘
,
’
,

w a s gr e a t d e a th i n L o n d o n so th a t th e t e r m w a s a dj o u rn e d ; ,

a n d th e ki n g k e pt his Ch r ist m a s a t Elth a m with a s ma ll ,

n umb e r a n d th e r e fo re it w a s c a ll e d th e still Chr ist ma s “

, .

T h e p r i n cip a l e ccl e si a stics m or e o v e r h a d th e i r h a n ds a l r e a dy

, ,

quit e fu l l with busin e ss o f p r e ssin g i n t e r e st Tu n st a l w as i n .

Sp a i n W o ls e y w a s i mm e r s e d in p o litics H e w a s i n iti a tin g

. .

a ch a n ge i n E n gl a n d s fo r e ig n r e l a ti o n s l e a guin g with F r a n c e
’

a g a i n st Sp a i n E n gl a n d s o l d a lly ; a n d p a cifyi n g Sc o tl a n d
,
’
.

Thus w a rn i n g u p on w a rn i n g p o u re d i n to littl e pu r p o s e .

T h e G o sp e ll e r s o n th e i r p a r t w e r e m o r e e x a ctly i n fo r me d
, ,

o f th e n e a r a pp ro a ch O f wh a t m a b e t r uly c a ll e d th e g r e a t
y
e v e n t o f th e p e r i o d a n d m o re a liv e to its r e a l i m p o r t
,
Ye t a t .

a ju n ctu r e wh e n if e v e r c a l mn e ss a n d disc re ti o n w e re i m
, ,

p e ra ti v e l
y d e m a n d e d th e C a m b r idg e P r o t e st a n ts e l a t e w i th
, ,

th e p r o m is e d a d v e n t o f th e B o o k did a l l th a t fa tuity c o uld d o ,

to e n d an g e r th e succ e ss o f th e c a us e which th e y h a d a t h e a r t .

R o b e r t B arn e s n o t s o fir m a s b o ld w a s th e r i n g l e a d e r a t C a m
, ,

b r idge in o st e n t a ti o u s i n disc r e ti o n
Nich o l a s W e st Bish o p o f Ely h a d b e e n a liste n e r i n th e
, , ,

u n iv e r sity chu r ch to a s e r m o n p r e a ch e d by L a ti me r o n th e
,

high p r i e sth o o d o f Ch r ist T a ki n g th e S a vi o u r a s th e m o d e l

-
.
,

L a ti me r d e lin e a t e d with a ll th e vig o u r a n d cl e a rn e ss o f C o l e t

, ,

t h e ch a ra ct e r a n d fu n cti on s o f a t r u e p r i e st e sp e ci a lly a ,

bish o p .We st s e n t fo r L a ti m e r a n d th a n k e d h im fo r his ,

e xc e ll e n t s e r m o n If y o u will d o o n e thi n g a t my r e qu e s t
’

. ,

c o n ti n u e d th e bish o p 1 will k n e e l d o w n a n d kiss y o ur fe e t

, ,

for th e g o o d a d m on iti o n th a t I h a v e r e c e iv e d o fy o u r s e r m o n
L a ti me r i n qui re d his l o rdship s pl e a su r e M a r ry th a t y o u ’
.

w ill p r e a ch m e in this pl a c e one s e r m o n a g a i n st M a r ti n

Luth e r a n d his d o ctr in e .
’

S O E r a sm u s to F r a n
w r o te ci s, W o l se y s ’
th en ph y ici s an
:
S e e L or d
V e u a m s L fe
r l ’ ‘
i and R e n of ig H e nr y an d l B a so . lv .
, p ar t l l .
,
92 T H E D A l VN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R ZII A T I O N .

L a ti me r p r o fe ss e d ign o r a n c e o f Luth e r s d o ctr i n e i n a sm uch ’

a s th e r e w a s a p ro hibiti o n a g a i n st r e a di n g his w r iti n gs Su re .

I a m h e a dd e d th a t I h a v e p r e a ch e d b e fo re y o u this d a y n o
,
’

,
‘

m a n s d o ctr i n e but o n ly th e d o ctr i n e o f G o d o u t o f th e

’

Sc r iptu re s If Luth e r d o n o n e o th e r w is e th a n I h a v e d o n e
. ,

the re n e e d e th n o c o n fut a ti o n o fhis d o ctr in e Oth e r wis e wh e n .

,

I u n d e r st an d th a t h e d o th t e a ch a ga i n st th e Scr iptu r e I will ,

b e r e a dy wi th a l l my h e a r t to c on fo u n d his d o ctr i n e a s m uch

a s li e th i n m e
’
.

‘
W e ll w e ll M r L a ti me r I p e r c e iv e th a t y o u s o m e wh a t
, , .
,

s m e ll o fth e p an :y o u w ill r e p e n t this ge a r o n e d a y .

’

This c o n v e r s a ti o n th e bish o p fo ll o w e d u p by p r e a chi n g h i m

s e lf i n B arn w e ll Abb e y in o pp o siti o n to L a tim e r s t e a chi n g ; a n d ’

n o t o n ly this bu t g o i n g a g o o d st e p fa r th e r h e i n hibit e d L a ti m e r
, , ,

fro m p r e a chi n g in his d i o c e s e A n d n o w B a rn e s c a me fo r w a rd 5 .

a n d si n c e th e Augusti n e m o n a st e ry w a s e x e m pt fr o m e pisc o p a l

j u r isdicti o n o p e n e d its pulpit fo r th e i n culc a ti o n o f th e tr uths

,

o f S c r iptu re .

Ch r ist ma s Ev e 1 5 2 5 w a s l on g r e m e m b e r e d a t C a m b r i d g e
, ,
.

L a ti me r p r e a ch e d in th e Augusti n e m o n a ste ry B ar n e s in ,

St Edw a r d s Chu r ch T h e l a tt e r s e l e cte d his t e xt fro m th e

.
’

Epistl e fo r th e d a y R e j o ic e in th e L or d a lw a y a n d d e liv e re d
, ,
’

a disc o u r s e which w a s in subst a n c e Luth e r s P o stil ; but with ’

ch a ra ct e r istic i m p rud e n c e h e a fte r w a r ds div e rge d to p e r s o n a l ,

t o pics a n d in his r e m a r ks gl a n c e d a t bish o ps w h o lik e Jud a s

, , ,
‘
,

h e ld th e b a g a n d lik e B a l a a m r o d e o n a ss e s T h e h orn s
,
’

,
‘
,
.
’

o f th e i r m it r e s h e lik e n e d to th e h o rn s o f Ah a b s fa ls e ’

p ro ph e ts ; the i r p a st o r a l st a ff s e r v e d to kn o c k th e sh e e p o n
th e h e a d H e r idicul e d i n p a r ticul a r Wo l s e y s e xt r a v a g a n t
’
.

p o mp : his pill a rs c ro ss e s cushi o n s g o ld sh o e s a n d r e d , , ,

gl o v e s bl o o dy gl o ve s to k e e p h im w a rm a m idst his c e r e ,

m on i e s
’
.

Such a disc o u r s e a t such a ti m e w a s a s a sp a r k which fa lls

i n t o a m a g a zin e o f e xpl o siv e s C o m pl a i n ts w e r e fo rw a rd e d to .

L o n d o n a n d a t l e n gth B arn e s w a s su m m on e d b e fo re th e
,

c a rdin a l a n d W e d n e sd a y F e b r u a ry 7 1 5 2 6 p r e se n t e d , , ,

hi m s e lf b e fo r e h i m i n his ga ll e ry a t W e stm i n st e r H e w a s .

n e xt a r r a ig n e d b e fo r e th e t r ibu n a l c o m m issi o n e d to d e a l with

h e re tics H e r e fus e d h o w e v e r to m ak e a n y c o n fe ssi o n

.
,
.
 ’

T H E A UT O D A F E A T S T PA UL S
’
. .
93

Th e n he w as s e n t to th e Fl e e t C o v e r d a l e an d o th e r fri e n ds
.

w e re d e n i e d a cc e ss to h im S o lit a ry c o n fi n e m e n t w o uld s e e m
.

to h a v e p ro du c e d th e i n te n d e d e f fe ct fo r sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds h e
,

w as i n duc e d to r e a d a p a p e r i n a ck n o wl e dg m e n t o f e rr o r a n d ,

p r o fe ss e d his r e a di n e ss to sub m it to wh a t e v e r p e n an c e m ight

b e i m p o s e d up o n him .

A s e a r ch fo r h e re tic a l b o o ks d e c r e e d in 1 5 2 3 th e e x e cuti on
, ,

o f which h a d b e e n d e l a y e d w a s n o w p ut i n fo r c e
,
A n d to a d d .

e m ph a sis to th e r e s o luti o n u n a n i m o usly a gre e d to by th e

,

p re l a t e s to d e a l with h e re tics u n sp a r in gly a g re a t fire w a s

, ,

k i n dl e d Su n d ay F e b r u ar y 1 1 1 5 2 6 a t St P a ul s
, ,
b e fo re
, .
’

th e r o d e o f N o r th e n ( th e c r uci fix a t th e n o r th d o o r ) W o ls e y
hi ms e lf sa t e n th ro n iz e d in his pu rpl e o n a sc a ffo ld e re ct e d
’

on th e to p o f th e st a i r s a n d t o g e th e r with h i m th e r e s a t
,

six a n d thi r ty a bb o ts p r i o r s a n d bish o ps his ch a pl a i n s b e i n g

- -
, ,

i n a tt e n d a n c e in g o w n s o f d a m a sk a n d silk Fish e r p re a ch e d .

th e s e rm o n . Th e n B a rn e s a n d s o m e fe ll o w h e re tics d e sc r ib e d -
,

a s E a st e r li n gs ( i n h a bit a n ts o f th e E a st e r n p a r ts o f G e r m a n y ) ,

o r m e n o f th e S ti l l y a r d (a h o us e o f G e r m a n m e r ch a n ts ) with ,

fa gg o ts a t th e i r b a cks k n e lt d o w n a n d b e gge d p ar d o n a n d
, , ,

fi n ally w e re w a lk e d ro u n d th e fl a m i n g pil e i n t o which th e y

, ,

th re w th e i r fa ggo ts B a sk e tfuls o f he re tic a l public a ti o n s w e r e

.

th e n hu r l e d i n t o th e fl a me s By such a m i m ic sc e n e W o ls e y
.

t r ust e d to i n s pi r e t e r ro r a n d to d e te r fro m h e r e sy by pictu r i n g

, ,

th e d o o m o f h e re tics in th e futu r e w o r ld .

T h e s e qu e l o f th e C a m b r idge t ro ubl e s n o t a t a ll c r e dita bl e ,

to th e G o sp e ll e r s wh o s e i rr e s o l u t e c o n duct a t this p e r i o d a n d
, .

fo r s o m e ti m e a ft e r w a r ds g re a tly dish o n o u r e d a n d r e t a r d e d
,

th e i r c a us e m ay b e b e st giv e n h e r e Bil n e y a n d A r thu r

,
.

a pp e a r e d W e d n e sd a y Oct o b e r 2 7 1 5 2 7 a t n i n e o cl o ck a m
’

, , , .

for e x a m i n a ti o n i n th e ch a pt e r h o us e a t W e st m i n st e r b e fo re
-

th e c a r di n a l a n d m an y o th e r bish o ps Bil n e y w a s r e c o gn is e d .

a s h a vi n g b e e n e x a m in e d o n a p re vi o us o cc a si on H e j usti fi e d .

his vi o l a ti o n o f his o a th to p re a ch n o m o re by th e p o o r quibbl e

th a t th e o a th h a d n o t b e e n a d m i n ist e r e d to h im j udici a lly ‘
.
’

Ex a m i n e d a fte r w a r ds b e fore Tu n st a l it a pp e ars th a t th e fi rst ,

fra me r o f C a mb ri d ge i n th e k n o wl e dge o f Ch r ist e vi n c e d ’

sig n s o f gr e a te r h ar dih o o d a n d th r ic e r e fus e d to r e c an t But

,
.

e v e n tu a lly ,
o v e r p e r su a d e d by fr i e n ds
-
h e a bj u r e d list e n e d , ,
94 T H E D A l VN O F TH E E N G L I S H R EF O R III A TI ON .

b a re h e a d e d sub m issiv e ly to a d e cl a m a ti o n a g a i n st h e r e sy fro m

,

th e pulpit b o r e his fa gg o t a n d w a s s e n t to p r is o n
, ,
.

G e o rg e J oy e F e ll o w o f Pe t e r H o us e h a d b e e n a ls o cit e d to
, ,

a pp e a r a t W e st m i n st e r a t th e s a m e ti m e a n d h e h as hi m s e lf

re l a t e d — i n a s o r t o f p o stsc r ipt to a littl e b o o k w hich h e a fte r

w a r ds publish e d i n r e ply to th e ch a r g e s o f th e Pr i o r o f N e w n
,

h a m Abb e y b e sid e s B e dfo r d m a d e to th e Bish o p O f Li n c o l n

’
,

a ga i n st h im — wh a t t r e a tm e n t h e r e c e iv e d O n th e S a tu r d a y .

fo ll o wi n g h e a t l e n gth fo u n d his w ay i n to th e ch a m b e r o f ‘

p re s e n c e Th e re h e r e l a te s n o m an k n e w m e n o r I th e m
.
’
,
’

, , .

Th e r e w a s a gre a t fire in th e ch a m b e r th e w e a th e r w a s c o ld a n d , ,

I sa w n o w a n d th e n a bish o p c o m e o u t but I du rst n o t st a n d

n e a r th e fir e f o r fe ar o f bu r n i n g Th e re w e re in a ll a b o u t a .

d o z e n bish o ps wh o s e s o l e m n a n d l o r dly l o oks pl e a s e d m e n o t

, .
’

Afte r a tim e J o y e w a s i n fo rm e d h e s ays th a t th e c a r din a l s e n t , ,

not f o r me H e w a s di r e ct e d to p r e s e n t hims e lf a t six o cl o ck

’ ’
.

n e xt m o r n i n g b e fo r e th e Bish o p O f Li n c o l n to wh o m his ,

suffra g a n bish o p a t th e i n stig a ti o n O f th e p r i o r h a d a ccus e d

, ,

him H e did so bu t th e bish o p w a s n o t a t l e isu re ; a l l th e

.
,
‘

bish o ps t o o k th e ir b a rg e s to w a it up o n th e c a r din a l th a t m orn

T h e O bs e r v a ti o n s a n d m a n n e r s
’
i n g to G r e e n wich to th e ki n g .

o f th e e pisc o p a l o ff ici a ls w e r e th e r e v e rs e o f fr i e n dly to wa r ds

J oy e w h o in th e e n d w a s gl a d e n o ugh to e sc a p e by u n k n o w n
, ,

w a ys u n h a rme d by th e thi e v e s a n d r o bb e r s w h o i n fe st e d th e
,

r o a ds a n d to r e a ch th e s e a c o a st a n d thus p a ss to th e C o n ti n e n t
,
-
, .

L a ti m e r w a s tr e a t e d with a pp r e ci a tiv e ge n tl e n e ss He .

p ro v e d to b e b e tt e r v e r s e d i n D u n s a n d th e Sch o o l m e n th a n -

C a p o n o r M ar sh a ll th e c ar di n a l s ch a pl a in s T h e d e t a ils o f
,
’
.

wh a t p a ss e d in his e x a m in a ti o n b e for e W o ls e y w e r e d e r iv e d n o ,

d o ubt by R a lph M o r ic e Cr a n me r s s e c re t ary fro m L a time r s

, ,
’

,
’

o w n lips .

Wo ls e y tu rn s to his ch a pl a i n s Wh a t m e a n y o u m y ,

m a st e r s to b r i n g such a m an b e fo r e m e i n t o e x a m i n a ti o n ?
,

I h a d th o ught th a t h e h a d b e e n s o m e light h e a d e d fe ll o w -
,

th a t n e v e r studie d su ch kin d o f d o ctr i n e a s th e sch o o l d o cto rs -

a re . I p r a y th e e L a ti m e r t e ll me th e c a us e why th e Bish o p
, , ,

o f Ely a n d o th e r d o th dislik e thy p re a chi n gs t e ll me th e

tr uth a n d I will b e a r w ith th e e up o n a me n d me n t
,
.
’

L a ti me r in r e ply st a t e d th e O ffe n c e which h e h a d giv e n

, ,
 L A T I M E R B E F OR E WO L S E Y .
95

to th e bish o p by his s e r m o n wh e re i n I d e sc r ib e d s a id
,
‘
,
’

h e th e o ffic e o f a bish o p a s up r ightly as I m ight so th a t h e

‘ ’

, ,

c o uld n e v e r a fte r a bid e m e but h a th n o t o n ly fo r bidd e n m e

to p r e a ch i n his di o c e s e but a ls o h a th fo u n d th e m e a n s to
,

i n hibit m e fro m p r e a chi n g i n th e u n ive r sity ’

’

At th e c ar di n a l s r e qu e st L a tim e r r e vi e w e d th e t o pics o f
’

his disc o u rs e Did y o u n o t p r e a ch a ny o th e r d o ct r in e th a n

.

y o u ha v e r e h e ar s e d i n quir e d W o ls e y N o su r e ly L a ti m e r
’
.
, ,

r e pli e d .

T h e c a r di n a l c o n sulte d with his ch a pl a i n s a n d a ft e r c o n sid e r ,

in g wh e th e r a n y o th e r o bj e cti o n s c o uld b e a ll e g e d a g a i n st th e
culp r it a n d fi n din g n on e g a v e L a ti me r his o w n sp e ci a l a u th o
, , ,

r ity to p r e a ch If th e Bish o p o f Ely c a n n o t a bid e such

.
‘

d o ctr i n e a s y o u h a v e n o w r e h e a r s e d s a id th e c a r din a l ,
’

n o thi n g l o th to h a v e a n o pp o r tu n ity o f publicly s n ubbi n g

his e pisc o p a l b ro th e r y o u sh all h a v e m y lic e n s e a n d sh a ll

,
‘
,

p re a ch it u n t o his b e a r d l e t h im say wh a t h e will

, .
’

L a tim e r r e tu rn e d to C a m b r idg e a n d a ft e r sm a ll d e l a y
,

e nj oy e d th e s a tisfa cti o n o f r e citi n g fr o m th e pulpit th e lic e n s e ,

whic h h e h a d r e c e iv e d fro m th e c a r di n a l l e g a t e hi m s e lf -
.

T h e d a t e o f his d e liv e r a n c e fr o m his fe e s by Wol se y s fa v o u r

’

c a n n o t b e fi x e d with an y c e r t a i n ty ; bu t th e c on v e r s a ti o n
a b o v e r e p e a t e d which e xhibits Wo l se s ch a r a ct e r cl e a rly if
’

, y ,

u n d e r a s o m e wh a t n o v e l light t o o k pl a c e p r o b a bly s o m e
,

m o n ths a ft e r th e fi r st c o n sign m e n t o f N e w T e st a m e n ts h a d
b e e n l a n d e d a n d h a d a l re a dy b e e n p a r tly ci r cul a t e d
,
.
 V I — EN G L A N D S W EL C O M E T O H E R N EW T E S T A M E N T
’
. .

IN E n gl a n d l o vi n g h e a r ts e a ge r e y e s an d re a dy h an ds w e r e , ,

a w a iti n g th e B o o k which h a d b e e n n e w d e sp a tch e d a c ro ss th e

,

se a . It m a rks y e t m o r e cl e a rly th e c o n n e cti o n o f th e E n glish

R e fo r ma ti o n with th e G e rm a n th a t n o t o n ly w a s it a t Witte n ,

b e rg th a t T y n d a l e s v e r si o n w a s c o m pl e t e d b u t th a t Lu th e r a n
’

i mm igr a n ts w e r e a m o n g th e fi r st to w e lc o me th e T e st a me n t
to E n glish sh o r e s a n d t a k e a ctiv e p a r t i n its ci r cul a ti o n
,
. .

Esp e ci a lly is t h is re c o r d e d o f th e c o l on y o f Fl e m ish cl o thi e r s

s e ttl e d a t G o udhu r st a n d Cr a n b ro o k e in K e n t ; fo r a t th a t ,

p e ri o d th e s o uth e rn a n d e a st e r n p a r ts o f E n gl an d w e re th e
s e a ts o f m a n ufa ctu r e Ed w a r d III h a d a llu re d i n dust ri o us
. .

Fl e m i n gs i n t o E n gl an d a n d thus l a id th e fo u n d a ti o n o f o u r
o ,

w o o ll e n m a n u fa ctu r e Of c o u rs e j e a l o usy w as r ife a ga i n st

.

th o se w h o w e r e r e ga r d e d by th e l e ss p e rs e v e r i n g n a tiv e s a s
i n tr ud e r s T h e E n glish m o n o p o lists w e re e v e n diss a tisfi e d
.

th a t w o o l w a s a ll o we d to b e e xp o r t e d si n c e by w o rki n g it a t ,

h o me it w a s a ll e ge d th e p o e r p e py ll m ight b e fe d
, ,
‘
Th e .
’

d e m an d fo r w o o l w a s gr e a t th e p r ic e high ; so th a t m uch ,
-

a r a bl e l a n d w a s pu t d o w n to gra ss a ch an g e si m il a r to th a t

which w e h a v e e xp e r i e n c e d i n o u r o w n d a y a lth o ugh fro m a ,

v e ry d iffe r e n t c a us e Un lik e th e cl o si n g y e a r s o f o u r n i n e
.

te e n th c e n tu ry r e n ts o f l a n d ro s e e x o r b it a n tly with th e
,

i n c r e a s e d d e m a n d fo r w o o l a n d h o us e pro pe r ty fw a s fe tchi n g
,
‘ '

d o ubl e th e re n t it did e ighty ye a r s b e fo r e Upw a r ds o ffifte e n .

ib pi
T h e Uto a a ttr u te s a r t to t s th e a a r m n
‘ ’
p ly hi
n r e a se o f t e es l i gi c hi v .

pi
S e e D ib d in s U to a , I n tr o u t o n ,
’ ‘ ’
18 1 urne t s
’
d ci p
ran s a on , .20, . B t l ti p .

. c p lxxvi
a n d B i , Pre fa e ,
. . .

l
L o n gl a n d w ro te to W o se o f ‘
i a e s, a m e ts, m a n o ry v ll g
a e s in r u n h l pl c i
and dcy p pl g
th e o n e , th e lou o w n , e tc —B p gh l id d iv p ii
’
e a eo , e s a ,
ar t , . . .

4 79 6 . lg v l id
P a ra e a it o
t W o s e
’
s a r e , t a t O f th e
‘
l y ch a e s,g h vill g
th e r e b e vd
r e mo e to w e in oo d ll g
to w n s , e tc — B
’
,
ar t ,
d iv p iii . . . .

5 75 0 . i ic
T h e ar t o f s ta t st s w a s i n i ts n fa n i cy .

1
“

B v , 1 78 8
. . .
 T H E F L E TII I S H CL O T H I E R S .
97

th o us a n d Fl e m i n gs w e r e c o m put e d to b e in L o n d o n ; a n d th e
t o t a l n u m b e r th ro ugh o ut th e c o u n t ry w a s re ck o n e d a t tw e n ty
o r thi r ty th o u sa n d ’e A l a rge p r o p o r ti o n o f the s e w e re
.

Luth e ra n s ; h e re tic a n d w e a v e r a s a pp e a rs by th e d o cu
’

,
’

m e n ts o f th e tim e b e i n g a l mo st c o n v e r tibl e t e r m s We o w e
, .

much to th e l a b o r i o us Fl e mi n gs wh o s e r e ligi o us e n lighte n ,

m e n t h e lp e d to diffus e th e p r i n ci pl e s o f a p u r e r Ch r isti an ity ,

a s th e i r pl o ddi n g i n d u str y fo u n d e d o u r m a n ufa ctu r e s .

It w a s o f this Fl e m ish Luth e ran e l e m e n t a dd e d to th e o l d ,

Wy cl iffi te r e m n a n t a n d th e a cc re ti o n s c on ti n u a lly m aki n g

,

by th e sp re a d o f light a n d k n o w l e dge th a t th e o r ga n iz e d ,

C h r isti a n b ro th e r h o o d a l re a dy m e n ti o n e d a n d to b e fo u n d
, ,

chi e fly y e t n o t e x cl usi ve l y j in a n d a ro u n d th e m e t r o p o lis co n

,
‘

sist e d I n th e r e c o r d e d e x a m i n a ti o n s o f h e r e ti cs such a
.
,

d e sig n a ti o n a s o n e o f th e b r o th e r h o o d o r a k n o wn m a n ,
’

,
’

fr e qu e n tly r e cu r s As s o o n a s th e E n glish T e st a m e n t w a s
.

s a fe o n E n glish s o il it w a s o n this Ch risti an b r o th e rh o o d th a t

,

its dist r ibuti o n a n d ci r cul a ti o n d e v o lv e d T h e b re th r e n .

‘ ’

h a d b e e n l o n g a ccust o m e d a s h a s b e e n a l r e a dy st a t e d to , ,

cir cul a t e by ste a l th d e ta che d c o pi e s o f Wycliffe s v e r si o n ; to i

’

hid e th e m a n usc ript b e hi n d th e w a in sc o t o r u n d e r a m o v a bl e ,

b o ar d i n th e fl o o r i n g ; to r e a d it t o ge th e r i n th e still n e ss o f
th e n ight with b a rr e d d o or s ; o r i n th e s o lit u d e o f thick w o o ds
by d ay Th e y w e re p r i n cip a lly m e n o f th e l o w e r ra n ks
.

w e a ve r s t a il o r s c o bbl e r s fl e tch e r s ( b u tch e r s ) c a r p e n t e r s

, , , , ,

s a il o r s t ra d e a pp r e n tic e s p o or cl e rgy I n th e dusk o f e ve n

,
-
, .

i n g a l o n g s o me u n fr e qu e n t e d a ll e y o f L o n d o n o r l an e in its
,

subu r bs might b e d e sc r i e d a m e m b e r o f this e a r n e st but tim id

,

fra te rn ity pl o ddin g wit h his h a lf c o n c e a l e d bu n dl e o f b o o ks

,
-
,

u n til a t l e n gth h e h a lts a t s o m e s a fe d o o r It s a ys much fo r .

th e e n e r gy s a g a city a n d s e n s e o f h o n o u r which ch ara ct e r iz e d

,

this hu mbl e b a n d th a t fo r n e arly tw o ye ar s th e y b a ffl e d a ll

,

th e e f fo r ts o fth e hi e ra r chy to d e t e ct o r st a y th e m At l a st a .

clu e fe l l i n t o T u n s tal s h an ds Th e n s o m e o f th e susp e ct e d

’
.

w e re sum m o n e d b e fo re th e t ribu n a ls an d fo r c e d to c on fe ss ,
.

S e e D u B e l l a y s sta te me n t,
’

,
a rt ,
5 0 1 6 ,
a nd M e n B iv p ii
. . . d z
o a s,
’

B iv p iii
.
, . ar t ,
5 2 55 . .

T N lk f w f m t ti t M s a m i nd hS u f
f o
‘
un dl h lk l wf l
a u
— d
o r o a s n o r e a a e n e

ro t e r s —1 0 0, 6 0,
, ,

bli
a sse m es
’
O f C r st a n hi i b h
or 2 0 e r so n s p u se

to b e e d — B v , 1 86
hl . . .
98 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

Th e pisc o p a l r e gist e r s fu rn ish s om e n a m e s a n d s ome su g

e ,

ge stiv e fa cts .

I n t e r sp e r s e d with th e h u mbl e r me mb e r s O f th e fr a t e rn ity

w e r e me n o f high e r st a ti o n Such w a s Sym on F ysh e a .
,

n tl e m a n o f G ra y s I n n o n e o f a t a ll st a tu r e a uth or o f th e
’ ’

e
g , ,

w e ll k n o w n B e gg a r s P e titi o n to which M ore Pr o ct o r o f

‘ ’ ‘
-
,

Pu rga t o ry a s Tyn d a l e c a ll e d him r e pli e d in th e Supplic a

,
’
,
‘

ti o n o f S o uls F y s h e w a s a ctiv e a n d e a rn e st in th e ci r cul a ti on

.
’

of R o b e r t N e ct on wh o s e b r o th e r w as 1 5 30 , , ,

Sh e r i ff o f N o rwich w a s a n o th e r m e mb e r o f th e br o th e rh o o d
,

o f g o o d s o ci a l ra n k w h o hims e lf a n d a m an o f his a ls o a s
, , , ,
’

M ore c o mpl a i n e d s o ld m a n y such b o oks o f h e re sy b o th i n

,
‘
,

L o n d on a n d in th e shi re s .
’

N ccton s c o n fe ssi on is in str uctiv e

’
.

H e b o ught a t su n d ry pl a c e s o f M r F y s h e dw e lli n g by th e .
,

Whit e F r i ar s i n L on d o n m a n y o f th e N e w T e st a m e n ts in
, ,

E n glish th a t is to sa y 11 0 W fiv e a n d n o w te n a n d s o m e ti me s
, ,

m o re a n d s o m e ti me s l e ss to th e n u m b e r o f t w e n ty o r thi r ty
, , ,

i n th e gr e a t v o lu m e T h e which N e w T e st a m e n ts th e s a id M r
. .

F y sh e h a d O f on e H a r m o n d a n E n glish m a n b e i n g b e y o n d , ,

se a ( Rich a r d H a r m an a n a tiv e o f C r an b ro o k e in K e n t )
, , ,

e tc . Ab o u t a y e a r a n d a h a lf a g o n e h e fe ll in a cqu a i n t
a n c e with V ic ar C o n st a n ti n e h e re in L o n d o n w hich sh o w e d ,

this r e sp o n d e n t fi r st th a t th e s a id M r F y sh e h a d N e w T e sta
,
.

m e n ts to s e ll a n d c a us e d this re sp o n d e n t to buy s o m e o f,th e

,

s a id N e w T e st a m e n ts o f M r F y sh e A n d th e s a id M r Fy sh e . . .

a t th e d e si r e a n d i n st an c e o f Vic a r C o n st an ti n e b ro u gh t th e

s a id N e w T e st a m e n ts h o me to this r e sp o n d e n t s h o us e A n d ’
.

b e fo re th a t Vic a r C o n st a n ti n e c a us e d this r e sp on d e n t to buy

s o m e o f th e s a id N e w T e st a m e n ts h e h a d n o n e n o r n o o th e r , ,

b o oks e xc e pt th e ch a pt e r s o f M a tth e w
, .

A n d m o r e o v e r this r e sp o n d e n t s a ith th a t a b o u t th e s a m e
, ,

tim e h e s o ld five o f th e s a id N e w T e st a m e n ts to S ir Willi a m

d c iv
F y s h e , a n a t e o f K e n t a n d r a d u a te o f O fo r , a te C r stm a s , g x d hi
pl y
1 5 2 6, i n a y
a p O
at G r a iv
s I nn , a l yart ffe n s e to W o se
’
I n th e e r se . p
h v b
cu ti o n O f 1 5 2 8 h e m u s t c i t
a e e e n o n th e on t n e n Ea r in 1 5 2 9 h e . ly
p bli h d
u s e pplic i
h is S u
‘
B gg pi i
a t o n fo r th e e a rs
’
N O s r tu a ma n sa . l id
hi gh d h c ll d d dy
,

t s l i be l , ou t to b e L o r C an e o r E mu n M o d d i s, o r M o .

pl c d h k y d l ck d d k p iv
,

th e o o i n H e n r s h a n , w h o o i t u p i n h i s e s fo r r a te
’
a e e

p l
e r u sa di d
F y sh e
. e d
i n 1 530 i n L o n o n .
 T H E P OP UL A R WE L C OM E O F G OD S
’
W OR D .
99

F u rb osh o r e si n gin g m a n in St o w m ar k e t in Su ffo lk fo r s e v e n

,
-
, , ,

or e ight g r o a ts a pi e c e ( 2 s 4 d or 2s . .
,
.

‘
Als o h e s a ith th a t a b o ut Ch rist ma s l a st h e s o ld on e N e w
T e st a m e n t to a p r i e st Als o V ic ar C on st a n tin e a t div e rs .

tim e s h a d o f this r e sp o n d e n t a b o ut fift e e n o r sixt e e n o f th e

N e w T e st a m e n ts o f th e bigg e st ( th e qu a r t o ) Als o h e .

s o ld S ir Rich a r d B a y fe ll tw o N e w T e st a m e n ts u n b o u n d , ,

a b o ut Ch r ist m a s l a st f o r which h e p a id 3 s 4 d
’
, . .

T h e a vidi ty with which th e E n glish T e st a m e n t w a s

w e lc o me d is c o n vi n ci n gly p r o v e d by th e high p r ic e p a id for it ,

m o n e y b e i n g th e n a b o ut tw e lv e ti m e s m o r e v a lu a bl e th a n it is
a t p re s e n t S o m e o f th e hu m bl e r cl e rgy n o t on ly pu r ch a s e d
.

th e b o o k but e v e n a ll o w e d th e i r o w n p ar s o n a g e s to b e a
,

d e p o sit o ry fo r th e d a n ge r o us m e r ch a n dis e A n d n o t on ly .

w e re p a r ish p r i e sts thu s i mplic a t e d ; bu t a m o n g th e m on a s

te r i e s sc a tt e re d o v e r th e c o u n t ry h e r e a m o n k o r fr i ar g ro pi n g ,

for h e a v e n s d a ylight an d th e r e a pi o us l a dy a bb e ss tu rn e d
’

, ,

th e u n su sp e ct e d c o n v e n t its e lf i n t o a r e c e pt a cl e for th e d r e a d e d
b o o k a n d disp o s e d o f c o pi e s to p e rs o n s wh o s e fide lity an d
,

disc re ti o n w e re b e y o n d suspici on f .

T h e N e w T e st a m e n t in a t o n gu e u n de r st a n d e d o f th e ,
‘

p e o pl e w a s fi rst o n E n glish sh o re s 1 5 2 6 a b o ut th e e n d o f
,
’

, ,

M ar ch or th e b e gin n i n g o f Ap r il It w a s p r o b a bly in th e .

Au gust or S e pte mb e r o f th e s am e ye ar th a t a co n cl a v e o f
bish o ps w as su mm on e d by W o ls e y to d e lib e ra t e up o n th e
m e a su r e s which it m ight b e e xp e d i e n t to a d o pt u n d e r th e
a l a r mi n g ci r cu m st a n c e s which h a d th e n b e c o m e p a t e n t to a l l .

R oy e p re s e n ts a n e n t e r t a i n in g v e r si o n o f w h a t p a ss e d a t th e
e pisc o p a l m e e ti n g a n d his r hym e s h a v e a t l e a st s e r v e d to
’ ‘
, , ,

tr a n smit to us th e r um o u r s th a t w e r e a fl o a t a m on g th e
b r e thr e n a t th e tim e .

T h e qu e sti o n is p r o p o s e d Wh a t must b e d o n e in fa c e o f , ,

th e t e rr ibl e fa ct th a t th e b o o k th e w o r ds wh e r e o f a r e a
, ,

d e a th k n e ll to th e p r e t e n si o n s o f th e hi e ra r chy h a s a ctu a lly

-
,

o t i n t o th e h an ds o f th e c o m m o n p e o pl e ? S ta n d ish th e
g , l

B iv p t ii 4 029 4 030 4 1 75 4 2 1 8 4 2 43 4 2 54 4 54 5 4 69 4 485 0

. .
,
ar .
, , , , , , , , ,
.

See A b pp 4 6 4 7
r e r,

x w h yc mb d w i th b th C lch t d B mp t d
.
,
.

E sse as o ne o e re re n o e s e r an u s ea a re

m ti
en d p ci lly
one es e a

T h p ic f th E gli h T t m t v i d f m 9 d t 4
.

e r e o e n s es a en ar e ro . o 3
100 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

C or d e l i e r Bish o p O f St As a ph (o r D e S an ot o Asin o a s
,
.
,

E r a s m us w a s w o n t to styl e him) c o m e s fo r w a r d to e n t e r his ,

a ccus a ti on a g a i n st th e b o o k T h e C a r di n a l lik e Pil a t e a v e r s

.
, ,

th a t h e fi n ds n o fa ult th e r e i n bu t d e m a n ds th e o pi n i o n o f
‘ ’
,
’

th e r e st.
Th e n Tu n st a l Bish o p C a i a ph a s p r o n o u n c e s c a t e
, ,

o r i cal l y fo r c o n d e mn a ti o n a n d bu r n in g T h e s e n te n c e pr o
g .

p o u n d e d by Tu n st a l is put to th e v o t e a n d a gre e d to
u n a n im o usly
di l h i c i
T h e C ar n a t e n n on t n e n t
gi p l g v dg
A a n st th e G o s e a e ju m e n t,
yi g b d vd
S a n to re n n e h e e se r e
W h e r to a ll th e b i sh o p pe s cry e d ,
i g c
A n sw e r n i t an n o t b e d e n y e d ,
hy
H e i s w or t vd
s o to b e se r e .
’

Luth e r h a d bu r n e d th e P o p e s Bull th e p re l a t e s will bu rn ’

th e E n glish T e st a m e n t P a ul s C r o ss a s a c e n tra l co n '

, ,
.

s i cu o u s a n d n o t e d sp o t is ch o se n f o r th e g ra n d b o n fi r e
p , , .

T h e Bish o p o f L o n d o n n o w c o m e s fo r w a r d hi m s e lf a s th e
”

p re a ch e r ; a n d d e n o u n cin g th e b o o k d e sti n e d to th e fl a m e s
p r o cl a i m s th a t h e h as d e t e ct e d a b o v e th r e e th o us a n d e rr o r s
i n th e ill m a d e t r a n sl a ti o n
-
.

This it must b e c a r e fully n o te d is th e li n e o f o pp o siti o n

, ,

which th e p re l a tic a l p a r ty a d o pt N o t d a ri n g to fin d fa ult .

with th e w o rds o f Ch r ist Hi ms e lf th e r e is n o c e n su r e which ,

th e y a re n o t p r e p a r e d to fl in g a t T y n d a l e s pl a i n a n d e x ’

p re ssiv e v e r si o n Ridl e y T u n sta l s ch a pl a i n ( u n cl e to th e

.
,
’

illust r i o us r e fo rm e r) wh o m C a v e n dish W o l se y s bi o gra phe r

, ,
’
,

h a s d e sc r ib e d a s a v e ry s m a ll p e r s o n i n st a tu r e but su r e ly a ,

gr e a t a n d a n e xc e ll e n t cl e r k in divi n ity ch ar a ct e riz e d th e ,

’

w o rk a s this c o mm o n a n d vulg a r tra n sl a ti o n o f th e N e w

T e st a m en t i n t o E n glish d o n e by M r Willi a m H ich in s
, My . .
’

l o r d — Tu n st a l w a s r e pute d a n a bl e G r e e k sch o l a r — h a th ‘

p r o fo u n dly e x a m i n e d it s o Ridl e y w ro t e to G o ld e VVa r h a m s ,

’

ch a pl a in The n o n e o f th e r e a l o bj e cti o n s to th e v e r si o n is
.

a ll o w e d to p e e p o u t By this t r a n sl a ti on sh a ll w e l o s e a l l
.

th o s e Chr isti an w o r ds wh a t Tyn d a l e c a lle d th e ir j uggli n g

-
‘

te rms p e n a n c e ch a r ity c o n fe ssi o n gr a c e p r i e st chu r ch

, , , , , .
’

T o n gu e s o f fl a m e illu m i n in g T u n s ta l s c o n d e mn a ti o n thus
,
’

p r o cl a im th e v e rdict o f th e A n glic a n hi e r ar chy to a ll

Chr ist e n d o m R o m e o f c o u rs e e xul ts a n d in r e sp on s e
.
, , , , ,
 TH E B ON F I R E F UR T H E R E D T H E CA US E O F T R UT H 10 1

s e n ds h e r g r a t e ful a pp r o v a l a n d w a r m c o n gra tul a ti o n s to

E n gl a n d a n d h e r ki n g N o h o l o c a ust c o uld h a v e b e e n m o re .

a cc e pt a bl e to G o d This fi rst a uth o r it a tiv e bu rn i n g o f th e

’
.

E n glish T e sta m e n t t o o k pl a c e p ro b a bly in S e pte mb e r 1 5 2 6 , ,

fo r th e re is a l e tt e r fro m C a m p e ggi o to Wo ls e y d a t e d ,

N o v e mb e r 2 1 5 2 6 whic h sp e a ks o f th e p ra ise a n d gl ory

, ,
‘

which th e ki n g h a d w on by th e r e c e n t
A c e n tu ry o r so e a rli e r such an a uth or it a tiv e a a to cl a fe migh t - -
’

h a ve an sw e re d its i n te n d e d pu r p o s e B ut it w a s n o w to o l a te .

in th e c ar e e r o f p ro gr e ss with th e p r i n ti n g p r e ss c o n ti n u a lly ,
-

a t w o rk m e n s h e a r ts sti rr e d to th e i r v e ry d e pths r e a s o n a n d
’

, ,

o bs e r v a ti o n d e b a ti n g qu e sti o n s o f fa ith a n d p ra ctic e f or th e ,

me re d e n u n ci a ti o n O f a uth o r ity i n t e n sifi e d by a public ,

c e r e m o n i a l to h a v e a n y d e t e rr e n t e ffe ct up on r e fl e ctiv e
,

mi n ds ; an d such w e r e d a ily g r o wi n g in e n light e n me n t a s

w e ll a s in n umb e rs O n th e c o n tr a ry th e p ublic bu rn i n g o f .
,

th e T e st a m e n t fu r th e r e d th e c a us e n o t O f O pp r e ssi o n but o f , ,

i n qui ry It e xhibit e d on a c o n spicu o us st a g e p r e l a tic a l h a tre d

.

to tr uth a n d l e d th e multitud e to c o m p are th e h a bitu a l liv e s

,

o f th e bish o ps with th e p r e c e pts o f th e b o o k which th e y h a d

r ej o ic e d to r e duc e to a sh e s Fish e r in o n e o f his s e rm o n s .

,

d e n o u n ci n g M a r ti n Luth e r h a d r e mark e d th a t Luth e r by , ,

b u rn i n g th e Po p e s Bull h a d giv e n a m a n ife st sign h o w gl a dly

’
,

h e w o uld h a v e b u r n e d th e P o p e s h o li n e ss a ls o if h e h a d h a d
’

him .Ty n d a l e r e t o r te d R o ch e st e r a n d his h o ly b re th r e n

’
,
‘

h a v e bu r n e d Ch r ist s T e st a me n t a n e vid e n t sign v e r ily th a t ’

, ,

th e y w o uld h a v e bu rn e d Ch rist Hi m s e lf a ls o if th e y h a d h a d

d e m on st ra ti on P a u l s Cro ss ly th e fl a min g
’
Th e at w as on
‘
Cu m su m ma e usj l d au e et gl i a or a u d i tu m e st, m a je state m su a m
c
sa r u m Bibli as co d i ce m , q ui v e r n a cu l o s e r mo n e d e p r a v a tu s e t ad

j
e us re g nu m d il a t u s fu e ra t, ju s tl ssi me co m b u r i fe ci sse .
’
S e e A r e r, b p . 49
W e stco tt s gli h Bibl p 3 6 t
’
En s e
’
no e .

rk s i p 22 1 T y d l h p d x lti gly th i p
.
, ,

W f f
0

1 PS e e u n on s ro o o
“

o . n a e ar

pi c p l f y S m w ill k p dv t w h y I t k th l b
. . .
, , ,
.

e s o a ur o e o ne as e ra e n u re a e e a our
, ,

t m k thi w
o a k (th W i k d JlI mm ) i m ch th y W l l b
e s or te c e a on ,
n as u as e l urn 1 ,

i g th y b t th G p l I w i b i g th N w T t m t
se e n e urn e os e an s e r, n u rn n e e es a en ,

th y did
e th thi g th
none I l k d f o m er h ll th y d f n an oo e or no ore s a e o 1

th y b m l i f i t b G d w ill i t h ll b I pp 4 3 4 4 ’ ’ -
e u rn e a so e o s s a e so . .
,
.
, .
,

Ag i S till S t
a n ( T t l ) th t ld m p k th b t w lk th
a u rn , un s a ,
a so se o s ea e u a e

up d d wan l l d y m io g d
n a i m gi i g m i h f da k g hyp c i t
,
us n an a n n sc le ,
a uc l n o r e,

m d t di
a mb l
e o H b t th N w T
ss e t m t c ll i g t d
e t m e u rn e e es a en a n i o c rl n a

p g i m ( t g l i g ) —I I p 3 3 7
.
,

e re r na s ra n e e ar n n .
, . .
10 2 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

p re fa c e to s o l e mn i n ju n cti o n s fro m W o ls e y T u n s ta l a n d , ,

W a r h a m a ga i n st c o n c e a li n g o r r e a di n g E n glish v e r si o n s o fth e
Sc riptu r e s V oy s e y o f Ex e t e r w a s c o m missi o n e d to s e a r ch
.
, ,

fo r N e w A n d e arly in 1 5 2 7 th e ki n g hi m s e lf
issu e d a p a t e rn a l w a rn i n g to his p e o pl e : We o f o u r e sp e ci a l ‘
,

t e n d e r z e a l t o w a r ds y o u h a v e d e t e rm in e d th e s a id u n tr u e
,

tra n sl a ti o n s to b e b re n n e d ( bu r n t ) with fu r th e r sh ar p cor ,

r e cti o n a n d u n ish m e n t a g a i n st th e k e e p e r s a n d r e a d e r s o f
p
th e s a m e r e ck on in g O f y o u r wisd o m s v e r y su r e th a t y e will
,

w e ll a n d th a n kfully p e r c e iv e o u r t e n d e r a nd l o vi n g m in d
t o w a r ds y o u th e re in a n d y e will n e v e r b e so g r e e dy up o n a n y
,

sw e e t wi n e b e th e g ra p e n e v e r s o pl e a s a n t th a t y e will d e si re
, ,

to t a st e it b e i n g w e ll a dv e r tis e d th a t y o u r e n e m y b e fo r e h a th
,

p o is o n e d it .
’

A b on fi re up o n a y e t l a rg e r sc a l e n o w c o mm e n d e d i ts e lf to
W a rh a m s fan cy a n d h e ci r cul a t e d a m o n g th e bish o ps his
’

sch e me for r a isi n g a suffici e n tly l a rge s u m o f m o n e y by sub

scr i ti o n s to buy up th e wh o l e st o ck o f T e st a m e n ts to m a k e
p ,

th e m fu e l fo r th e fl am e s This n o t a bl e d e vic e e licit e d a s m il e

.

fro m M o re ; but th e bish o ps by w o r d o fm o uth by l e tte r s a n d , , ,

by a ctu a l co n tr ibuti o n s w a r mly s e c on d e d th e p r oj e ct Bli n d

, .

o l d Bish o p Nix e o f N o r wich displ a y e d a n ar d o u r b e y o n d th a t

, ,

o f y o u n ge r p r e l a t e s H e fo r w a r d e d to W a r h a m te n m a r ks
.
,

O bs e r vi n g i n a n e pistl e with his ch a r a ct e r istic st a u n ch n e ss

,

This m a tt e r a n d d a n g e r h e r e o f if r e m e dy h a d n o t b e e n p ro ,

v id e d sh o uld n o t o n ly h a v e t o u ch e d y o u but a l l th e bish o ps

, ,

o f y o u r p r o vi n c e I n a l e tt e r th r e e y e a r s l a t e r wh e n N ix e
’
.
,

w a s c on st r a i n e d to a d m it th a t th e pl a n h a d tu rn e d o u t a
fa ilu r e h e y e t r e gre tt e d his l a ck o f gre tte r a u ctor i tie to
,

u n sh e His q u a i n t l an gu a g e is b e st se t i n his o l d qu a i n t
’

p y .

sp e lli n g : I b e se ich e y o u r g o o d l o r d sh e p th a t a r e me dy m ay
b e h ad . F o r n o w it m a y b e d on e w e ll i n my d io ce s s e fo r th e ,

e n til me n a n d co m m e n t b e n o t g re a tly i n fe ct but m a r ch a n ts

g y ,

a n d such th a t h a th th e r a b d in n o t fe rr e fr o m th e s e a
y g .

Th e re is a c o ll a ge in C a m b r idge c a ll e d G u n w e ll ( G o n vill e ) ,

h a ul e o f th e fo u n d a ti o n o f a B p o f N o r wich Th e r e is n o
,
. .

cl e rk th a t h a th o o mm e n o ught (o u t) l a t e ly o f th a t c o lla ge bu t ,

s a v e r i th o fth e fryi n g h e h e sp e k e n e v e r so h o l e ly Th e
’

p an t -
, .

T h e man d a te b e a rs d a te N o v mb
e er 3 1 52 6 . See B iv
. .
, p ar t ii .
,
26 0 7 .
 III A N D A TE T O S E I Z E R O YE A N D T YN D A L E . 10 3

s um o f£ 6 6 9s 4d —
littl e sh or t o f a th o us a n d p o u n ds a cc or d
. .
,

i n g to th e p r e s e n t v a lu e o f m o n e y— w a s c o ll e ct e d a n d e x
p e n d e d i n e x e cuti o n o f Wa rh a m s sch e m e * ’
.

W o ls e y him s e lf ( A ugust 1 5 2 8 ) s ma r ti n g fro m th e stin g o f

, ,

R oy e s s a tir e r e qu e st e d R in ck e to s e iz e th e p e r s o n s o f R o ye
’

a n d Hutchi n s
(Tyn d a l e ) a n d to buy up th e i r w r itin gs Bu t , .

th e y h a d n o t b e e n s e e n a t F r a n kfo r t si n c e E a st e r a n d w e r e
‘

g o n e n o o n e k n e w whith e r B i n e k e h o w e v e r pu r ch a s e d o f
’
.
, ,

J o h n Sch o tt th e St ra sbu r g p r i n t e r wh a t b o o ks o f th e i r s h e
, ,

h a d o n h a n d a n d c o n g ra tul a t e d th e c a r di n a l o n this fo r tu n a t e
,

b a rga i n sin c e o th e r wis e th e b o oks w o uld h a v e b e e n w r a pp e d

,

i n p a p e r c o v e r p a ck e d in te n bu n dl e s c o v e re d with fl a x an d
, ,
’

t ra n smitt e d by s e a to E n gl a n d T h e u n fl a ggi n g z e a l o f th e .

p r e l a te s in th e i r s e lf in te re st e d w or k o f d e str oyi n g E n glish -

N e w T e st a m e n ts is fully e vid e n c e d by r e sults Of th e o ct a v o .

e diti o n o n ly o n e c o mpl e te c o py is e xt a n t ; o n e o th e r i m
p e r fe ct Of T y n d a l e s qu a r to e diti o n th e r e o n ly r e ma in s a
.
’

v e n e r a bl e m util a t e d fr a g m e n t .

Pil e s o f b o o ks d e n o u n c e d a s h e r e tic a l w e r e thr o w n to th e, ,

fl a m e s ; y e t th e multiplic a ti o n o f su ch b o o ks o utstr ipp e d th e ir

d e str ucti o n a n d n a tu ra lly e n o ugh w a s e v e n quick e n e d by
, , ,

it Tu n st a l str uck up o n a n e w d e sign H e lic e n s e d M o r e

. .

( M ar ch 7 th 1 5 2 8 ) to r e a d a n d k e e p h e r e tic a l public a ti o n s
‘
, ,

a n d e xh o r t e d him a s one a bl e to pl a y th e D e m o sth e n e s ,

‘ ’

a lik e i n E n glish a n d L a ti n to u s e his sp a r e h o u r s to e xp o s e ‘ ’

, ,

e v e n to r u d e a n d si m pl e p e o pl e th e c r a fty m a lic e o f th e
‘
,

h e re tics w h e r e by h e w o uld ge t hi m s e lf a n i mm o r t a l n a me
,
’

a n d e t e rn a l gl o ry i n h e a v e n Thus w a s M o r e b ro ught in t o ’
.

di re ct c o llisi o n with Tyn d a l e Of th e i r c o n tr o ve r sy s ome .

a cc o u n t h e r e a ft e r .

ix ) c g t l t d W h m ( J
R .
(N 1 4 1 5 2 7 ) th t h
e h d on ra u a e ar a une ,
a e a
‘
l t ly g t i t h i h d l l th b k f th N T t m t t l t d
a e o n o s an s a e oo s o e e w es a en ran s a e

i t E gli h d p i t d b y d th
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10 4 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

But a cl ue h a s n o w b e e n O bt a i n e d to th e p ro c e e di n gs o f th e
p r in cip a l a ge n ts i n th e N e w T e st a m e n t t ra ffic a n d it is n o t ,

l o n g b e fo re T u n sta l s bl o o dh o u n d s a r e up on th e t ra ck T h e
’
.

vi rul e n t p e r s e cuti on o f 1 5 2 8 e xhibits Tu n st a l in chi e f p ro

min e n ce N o t th a t h e w a s m or e c ru e l th a n his e pisc o p a l
.

c o ll e a gu e s ; h e w as in fa ct l e ss s a n gui n a ry th an his succ e ss o r

, ,

St o k e sl e y a n d his l e tt e r to W o ls e y o n th e N e w T e st a m e n t
,

t r a ffic is a s a mpl e o f m o d e ra ti o n a n d c almn e ss in c on t ra st to

th e t o n e o f L o n gl a n d s l e tt e r s o n th e s a m e subj e ct But h e w as
’
.

d r a w n to th e v an in th e ran ks o f p e r s e c u tio n b y th e p o siti o n o f

his di o c e s e L o n d o n w a s th e c e n tre o f th e r e ligi o u s m o v e m e n t
. .

T h e victims o f P a pistic a l v e n g e a n c e fill th e L o ll a r ds T o w e r

’

a t St Pa ul s an d c r o wd th e o th e r p r is o n s o f th e L o n d o n
.
’

di o c e s e Of o n e o f th o s e i n culp a t e d— G o u gh th e b o o ks e ll e r
.

Tu n st a l w r o t e to W o ls e y : I c o m mitt e d h im to th e Fl e e t ‘

b e c a us e all my p r is o n s b e full o f o th e r p e r s o n s o u t o f th e
fur th e st p a r ts O f my
I n this fi e r y o r d e a l which th e E n glish r e fo r m e r s w e r e c a ll e d
up o n to p a ss th r o u gh th e m o st m e mo r a bl e i n cid e n t is th e ,

Oxfo r d S a lt fish C e ll a r c a t a str o ph e -

L a m e n t a bl e in th e .

j udg me n t o f th o s e th e n a liv e this sa d t ra ge d y m ay b e s a id ,

to o ccupy a pl a c e i n th e a n n a ls o f th e E n glish R e fo r m a ti o n
— if th e disp a r ity in th e n u m b e r o f th e su ffe re r s b e e xclud e d
fr om vi e w — sim il a r to th a t which th e C a lcu tt a Bl a ck H o l e
t r a ge dy o ccupi e s i n th e r e c o r ds o f B ritish I n di a .

A p r i n cip a l s o u r c e o f o u r i n fo r ma ti o n is to b e fo u n d in
th o s e Pu r it a n w r ite r s o n wh o s e st a t e m e n ts D r M a itl a n d
‘
,
’
.

h a s a tt e m pt e d to th r o w s o m e disc re dit H e d o e s n o t disc u ss . ,

h e s a ys th e p o i n t wh e th e r th e y h a d a r ight to d e c e iv e th e i r
,

p e r s e cut or s but a sks w h e th e r a s th e y t e ll u s with o u t co m ,

pu n cti o n th a t th e y s a id w h a t w a s fa ls e to o th e r s th e y m a y
, ,

b e d o i n g th e s a m e to u s j But th e p o i n t which h e d o e s
’
n ot
'

n o t discuss is su r e ly i n r e a lity vit a l T h e fr a n k a v o w a l o f .

d e c e it with o ut c o mpu n cti o n sh o ws th a t th e y a t l e a st pe r

‘
, ,

su a d e d th e ms e lv e s th a t th e y w e r e fully j ustifi e d ; a n d can

B iv p t ii 4 1 75 4 2 1 8 4 2 42
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 H ON E Y L A N E CH UR CH ,
A N D I T S PA R S O N . 10 5

h a r dly b e d isto r te d s o a s to i m p e a ch the ir v e r a city wh e n th e , ,

qu e sti o n o f life fu r n ishi n g an o v e r p o we r i n g m o tiv e fo r d e ce p

,

tio n w a s n o l o n g e r p a ra m o u n t C o ll a te r a l i n fo r m a ti o n a dd e d
,
.

to i n t e rn a l e vid e n c e l e a v e s n o d o ubt O f th e tr u th o f th e m a i n
fa cts re c o r d e d by th e m S o me o f the i r gr a phic d e t a ils sugge s t .

in c o n te st a bly a v e ry l o w co n diti o n o f m o r a lity in th a t a ge .

A n d this w a s th e _r e sul t a m o n g o th e r c a us e s o f th e b e n ighte d , ,

re ligi o us t e a chi n g o f th e ti m e s to th e i n flu e n c e o f w hich th e y ,

th e ms e lv e s h a d b e e n e xp o s e d in th e i r p r e vi o us tr a i n i n g .

A n a r ro w l an e i n Che a psid e n e a rly o pp o site to Bo w ,

Chu r ch still b e ar s th e n a m e o f H o n e y L a n e Thr e e c e n tu r i e s

,
.

a n d a h a lf a o th e littl e chu r ch o f Allh a ll o ws st o o d n e a r thi s

g
l a n e T h e chu r ch p e rish e d i n th e G r e a t Fir e a n d H o n e y
.
,

L a n e M a r k e t n o w o ccupi e s th e sit e o f th e a n cie n t e di fi c e a n d

°
~

its p a r s o n a ge D r R o b e r t (o r Th o m a s ) F o rm a n (o r F ar ma n )
. . ,

wh o s e s e rm o n s w e re v e ry a tt ra ctiv e to th e G o sp e ll e r s w a s ,

R e ct o r o f A llh a ll o w sfil J o h n G o o d a l e a n d a ls o G e o ffre y ‘

,

Ush e r o f St A n to n y e s a r e b o th sp o k e n O f a s his s e r v a n t s
,
‘
.
,
’

in d o cu m e n ts o f th e p e r i o d a n d a r e d e sc r ib e d a s i n fe cti o u s
‘
,

p e r s o n s Th o m a s G a rr a t o r G a rra r d o f M a gd a le n C o ll e ge
.
’

, , ,

O xfor d a n e n t e r p r isi n g a ge n t in th e s a l e o f T e st a m e n ts w a s
, ,

h is cu ra t e G a rr a t w a s k n o wn a s a G o sp e ll e r a n d h a d b e e n
.
,

a bj u r e d t o ge th e r with Bil n e y s o r e c e n tly a s th e p re vi o u s

, ,
.

N o v e mbe r by th e c a r di n a l fo r sp e a ki n g a ga in st th e P o p e s
,

a uth o r ity J o h n G o ugh a b o o ks e ll e r o f Fl e e t Str e e t w a s

.
, , ,

like wis e implic a t e d in th e N e w T e st am e n t t r a ffic A D utch .

m a n fro m A n tw e r p n a m e d T h e o d o ry k e
’
is m e n ti o n e d a s , ,

h a vi n g b r o ught m a n y b o o k s l " '

di d O c t b 3 1 1 5 2 8 I t i i t ti g t tic A
F o rma n e o er . s n e re s n o no e nne

B ly y m p thy w i th h i m h w by h l tt t W l y B i
,
’
o e n s s a as s o n er e er o o se v .
,
.
,

p t iii A pp dix 1 9 7 H l t z l i th m c pp
,

ar en h . er a er ea n e sa e a u se a e a r s 1 11 er
, ,

l tt t C mw ll i b h l f f th b R ich d H m
.

e er o ru e (H m ) n e a o
‘
e e are r, ar er an ar an ,

m ch t d ci tiz p i B b t w h w i th ti m f ’ ‘
er an f A tw an en o n er n ra an ,
o as n e e o

th l t L d C h c ll xp ll d f m h i f d m d f l l w h p f
e a e or an e or e e e ro s re e o an e o s l o

an d i th E gli h h
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or a e s e a oo r s an an , o 1s oo s

d p licy t h i g t h d hi d c i thi w l d h lp t th
,

an o t o s re a ur an n e ra n e n s or e o e
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10 6 TH E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A T I O IV .

G arr a t a rr iv e d Ch rist m a s Ev e 1 5 2 7 in O xfo r d a g a i n , ,

h a vi n g b e e n th e re th e p r e vi o us E a st e r— a n d b r o ught with
him a fr e sh sto re o f b o o ks N e w T e st a m e n ts a m o n gst th e m , .

Just b e fo r e this visit h e h a d s e n t tw o h e a vy fa r d e ls o f ‘

b o o ks to Oxfo r d All th e s e th e C a mb ridge c o l o n y w e lc o m e d

.

a n d p r e p a r e d to dist r ibut e But m e a n whil e th e cl an de stin e

.
, ,

tr a fli c h a d b e e n d e t e cte d F o r m an s r e cto ry a n d o th e r sus

.
’

e ct e d pl a c e s w e re s e a r ch e d a n d p ro hibit e d b o o ks w e re fo u n d
p ,

bu r ie d u n d e r th e gro u n d F o r m a n himse lf p r o fe ss e d th a t h e
.

h a d studi e d Luth e r s w r iti n gs i n o r d e r to k n o w his O pin i on s

’

and b e th e m o r e r e a dy to d e fe n d th e Chu r ch H e w as .

fo rbidd e n by Tu n st a l ( Thu r sd a y M a r ch 1 9 ) to p e r fo rm m a ss ,

o r p r e a ch Dire cti o n s fo r th e a pp re h e n si o n o f G arra t w e r e

.

fo r thwith d e sp a tch e d to Oxfo rd C o l e o f M a gd a l e n h a pp e n e d .

, ,

to b e th a t y e a r p ro ct o r a n d h e a pp r is e d G arra t o f his d a n g e r
, .

Up on this fri e n dly w a rn i n g G a rra t fl e d with p r e cipit a ti o n in t o

D o r s e tshi r e to a b ro th e r o f D a l ab e r— w h o h o w e v e r w a s a
, , ,
‘

r a n k Pa pist — i n t e n di n g to o f fe r to s e r v e h im in th e c a p a city
’ ‘

o f cu r a t e .

O n ly a fe w d a ys h a v e i n t e rv e n e d fro m G arra t s flight wh e n ‘

D al a b e r a s h e is p e r usi n g L a mb e r t o n St Luk e is i n t e rr upte d

'

.
, ,

by a k n o ck a n d a ga i n a m o re i m p a ti e n t kn o ck a t th e d o o r o f
, ,

his r o o m in G l o uc e st e r (n o w W o r c e st e r) C o lle ge — fo r to this

c o ll e ge D a l a b e r h a d j ust r e m o v e d fro m S t Alb a n s H a ll .
’

l e a vi n g h o we v e r his b o o ks in his o l d r o o m i n S t Alb a n s

, ,
.
’

i n a v e ry s e c re t pl a c e to k e e p th e m s a fe T h e visit o r
‘ ’
.
,

i m p a ti e n t fo r e n tr an c e p ro v e s to b e G a rra t him s e lf l o o ki n g
,
.

,
‘

lik e a m a z e d m a n ! I a m u n d o n e ! h e e xcl a ims in th e

’ ‘ ’

h e ar i n g o f th e s e r va n t His st o ry is s o o n t o ld H e h a d
. .

re li n quish e d th e j o u rn e y i n t o D o r s e tshi r e an d h a d re tu r n e d ; ,

h a d sl e pt a t R a dl e y s ( a si n gi n g m a n s ) h o us e h a d b e e n t a k e n
’ ’
,

by th e Pro ct o r s a n d d e liv e re d o v e r ( S a tu rd a y F e b r u a ry 1 2 )
, ,

to D r C o ttisfo r d M a st e r o f Lin c o l n a n d C o mm iss a ry o f th e

.
, ,

U n iv e r sity Whil e a l l w e r e a t e v e n s o n g h e h a d slipp e d b a c k

.

with his fi n ge r th e b a r o f th e l o ck a n d e ffe ct e d his e sc a p e .

G a rr a t s h o o d an d g o w n a r e n o w th ro w n a sid e ; h e puts o n a
’

sl e e v e c o a t o f D a l a b e r s fin e cl o th i n g ra i n his p r i e st s ca p
-
’ ‘

,
’ ’

h e re t a i ns T h e tw o fr i e n ds k n e e l d o w n a n d a sk th e Divi n e
.

p ro te cti on the n G a r ra t st a r ts for Wa le s D al a b e r cl o s e s his

,
.
 TH E TH R E E H E A D S OF C OL L E GE S . 10 7

d oor ,
t a ki n g in his h a n ds th e N e w T e sta m e n t o f E r a smus
and ,

r e a ds o v e r with m a n y a d e e p sigh a n d s a lt t e a r th e t e n th
‘ ’

c h a pt e r o f M a tth e w .

Aft e r this D a l a b e r h a st e n s to c a rry tidin gs to th e b re thr e n .

’

It is a rra n ge d tha t a ll sh a ll m e e t a t D io t s ro o m O f C o r pus ’

C h r isti a t fiv e O cl o ck D a l a b e r th e n p a ss e s o n to St F rid e s
’
. .
,

wid e s Ev e n s o n g is b e gu n T h e d e an a n d c an o n s in th e i r
’
. .
,

ra y a mic e s a r e ch a n ti n g th e M a n ifica t D l b p a us e s a n d
g , g a a e r .

liste n s T a v e r n e r o n e O f th e b re th re n is pl ayi n g th e o rga n

.
, , .

Pr e s e n tly D r C o ttisfo r d b a re h e a d e d a n d p a l e a s a sh e s
.
,
‘
-
,
’

hu rr ie s thr o ugh th e ch o i r d o o r m a k e s st ra ight to th e d e a n s ,

’

s t a ll a n d t a lks with him i n a whisp e r

,
Th e y l e a v e th e ch o i r .

t o g e th e r D r L o n d o n W a rd e n o f N e w C o lle ge ( a ft e r w a r ds a
. .
,

visit o r o f th e m o n a st e r i e s u n d e r C r u m w e l l k) me e ts th e m ’
,

pu ffi n g blust e r i n g a n d bl o wi n g lik e a gre e dy li o n s e e kin g his

,

p re y At l e n gth a b o ut th e mi d dl e o f c o mpli n e Cl e r k c o m e s
.
’

, ,

fro m th e cho i r a n d h a s th e i n t e llig e n c e o f G a r ra t s c a ptu re

,
’

a n d subs e qu e n t e sc a p e c o mmu n ic a t e d to h im M ay G od ‘ ’
.
,

h e e xcl a i m s v o u chs a fe to u s th e wisd o m O f th e s e r p e n t a n d

, ,

th e h a r ml e ss n e ss o f th e d o v e We sh a ll sh o r tly h a v e n e e d o f .

b o th .
’

T h e n e xt m o rn i n g Su n d a y D a l a b e r h a vi n g p a ss e d th e , , ,

n ight i n St Alb a n s with F i tz a m e s r is e s a t fi v e O cl o ck an d

j
’ ’
.
, ,

r e p a i r s to Gl o uc e st e r C o ll e g e H e fi n ds th e g a t e s u n o p e n e d .
,

a n d h as to w a it u n til a ft e r six o cl o c k b e fo r e th e y a r e O p e n e d
’

m u ch l a te r th a n w a s th e cust o m H a ste n i n g to his ro o m h e .

,

fi n ds to his c on st e rn a ti o n th a t th e l o o k o f his d o o r h a s b e e n
pick e d a n d th a t his b e d stra w h a s b e e n th rust th r o ugh with
,
-

bills a n d s w o r ds His pupil fro m th e a djo in i n g r o o m c o m e s

.

in a n d i n st r ucts h im to go a t o n c e to th e p r i o r
, .

T h e p r i o r A n th o n y D u n st an a m o n k o f W e st m i n st e r r e
, , ,

u i re s D a l a b e r to put d o w n i n w r iti n g a l l th a t h e m a y k n o w
q
a b o ut G a r r a t T h e qu ick e y e o f th e p r i o r p e r c e iv e s o n th e
.

u n d e rg r a du a t e s fo re fi n ge r a r i n g o f silve r v e ry w e ll d o ubl e
’

,
‘

l l te d l o o k i n g a s o f g o ld m s e e th a t r i n g y o u n g m a n
’
L
’

g e t e . ,
.

Tu rn i n g it r o u n d a n d sc a n n i n g th e l e tt e r s m a rk e d o n i t— A
,

an d D It is m y r i n g ! e xcl a i m s th e p r i o r A fo r A n th o n y ’

, ,

O n D r L o n o n , se e G a s
. d q ue ts
’ ‘
H e nr y V I II . and th e E n gli h M s o n as

te r i e s, i ,
’
pp
4 64 , e tc
. . .
10 8 TH E D A WN O F TH E EN G L I S H R E F O R M A T I O ZV .

an d D for Du n st a n W o uld th o ught D a l a b e r I m ight b e a s

.
’

,
’

w e ll d e liv e r e d o fy o u r c o m p a n y a s I a m su r e to b e O fth a t r i n g ,

D a l a b e r tu rn s to his w r iti n g ; bu t b e for e h e h a s put d o w n

th r e e w o rds th e b e a dle p r e s e n ts hi mse lf to c o n duct h im to
Li n c o l n C o ll e ge Ch a p e l Th e re C o ttisford Higd o n D e an o f .
, ,

F r i d e s w id e a n d L o n d o n o f N e w C o ll e g e — th e l a st
, ,
th e
‘

r a n k e st P a pistic a l Ph ar is e e o f th e m a ll — a re st a n di n g a t th e
’

a lt a r a n d a w a iti n g his a pp e a r an c e H e is m a d e to sw e a r o n a .

m a ss b o o k th a t h e will a n sw e r th e i r i n t e rro g a ti o n s t r uthfull y

-

but in my h e a r t h e a ck n o wl e dge s I n o thi n g so m e a n t

‘
,
’
,
‘
.
’

With th e i r utm o st e ffor ts th e th r e e h e a ds o f h o us e s fa il to

e x t o r t a n ythin g fr o m hi m d e t r im e n t a l to G a rr a t B a ffl e d o f .

th e i r pu r p o s e th e y a t l e n gth r e m o v e D a l a b e r u pst a i r s i n t o a
,

l a r ge u n fu rn ish e d a p ar t m e n t wh e re th e y l o ck his fe e t fa st in ,

th e st o cks .

I n a n a ge o f sup e r stiti on wh e n e v e n W a r h a m p ro cu r e d a ,

lic e n s e to p r a ctis e n e c r o m a n cy it will n o t b e j udg e d e xt r a ,

o r di n a ry th a t th e a uth or iti e s i n th e i r p e r pl e x ity n o w re s or t e d

to such h e lp a s a str o l o gy c o uld a f fo r d th e m T h e C o mmiss a ry . ,

b e in g in e xtr e m e p e n siv e n e s s c a us e d a figu r e to b e m a d e

‘
,
’ ‘

by o n e e xp e r t in a stro n o my T h e in fo rm a ti o n thus e licit e d .

’

w a s th a t G a rra t h a d fl e d in a t a w n y c o a t s o uth e a stw a r d a n d -

,

is i n th e m iddl e o f L On d on Astr o l o gy p r o v e d a t fa ult N o t

.
’
.

l o n g a ft e r w a r ds o n th e l a st d ay o f F e b r u ary G a rr a t w a s
, ,

a pp r e h e n d e d a t B e dmi n st e r h a vi n g i n v a i n t r i e d to a e c o m ,

li s h his e sc a p e by a n p ss g v r th e w a t e r withi n fift e e n

p y a a e o e

m il e s o f B r ist o l T h e st r ict e st w a tch h a d b e e n m a i n t a i n e d

. .

T h e j o yful i n t e llige n c e w a s a t o n c e c o n v e y e d by L o n gl an d ,

th e Oxfo r d Ch an c e ll o r to his p a tr o n W o ls e y T h e wick e d ‘

.
, ,

m a n is t a k e n a n d is n o w i n Ilch e st e r p r is on H e a dds
’ ‘ ’

, .
,

G a rre tt Cl e r k e a n d F r e e r h a v e d o n e much m ischi e f ; fo r th e

,

l o v e o f G o d l e t th e m b e h an dl e d th e re a fte r I fe ar th e y h a v e .

i n fe ct e d m an y o th e r p ar ts o f E n gl an d G a r ra t w a s c a r e fu l ly .
’

e x a m i n e d ; a n d a ft e r th e e x a m i n a ti o n L o n l a n d i n a n o th e r
g , ,

l e tt e r d e sc ribe d h im to W o ls e y a s a v e ry s ub tyl c ra fty

,
‘
, ,

s o l e y n e a n d a n u n tr e w e m a n a s will a pp e a r by a c o m p a r is o n
, ,

o f his a n sw e r s with th o s e o f th e sch o l ar s

’
.

His pl a n fr ustra te d his h o p e s blight e d th e C a rdi n a l n o w

, ,

e m pti e s th e fi e r ce n e ss o f his di r e w ra t h up on th e h e re tic s

 CL E R K S D E A TH ’
. 10 9

wh o m li k e s o m a n y vip e rs h e h a s n o u r ish e d in his o w n b o s o m

, , ,

The y a re fo u n d to h a v e in th e i r k e e pi n g thr e e hu n d re d a n d
fifty fo u r h e r e tic a l public a ti o n s
-
Higd o n p r o c e e ds to co m .

m u n ica te th e m e a su re s which h e h a s a d o pt e d to Wo ls e y He .

h a s k e pt i n w a r d M r Cl e rk e M r S um n ar M r B e tts a n d S ir
‘
. . .
, ,

F r ith e b e i n g c a n o n s p r tmi o r d i m s S ir B a yl y e a c a n o n
'

, , ,

s e cu n d t o r d i n i s a n d S ir Th o s L a w n e y a p r i e st o f th e Ch a p e l
’
.
, , ,

e tc . T a n n e r a n d R a dl e y a s b e i n g u n l e arn e d h a d n o t b e e n , ,

i m pr is o n e d T h e d e an a dds E a st e r is n e a r a n d m an y o f
.
,
‘
,

th e m a r e e xc o mm u n ic a t e d H e e xp re ss e s th e r e fo re a h o p e .
’

, ,

th a t th e C ar di n a l will a bs o lv e th e m th a t th e y m ay t a k e th e i r ,

r ights i n H o ly C h u r ch But a ll W o l se y s b o we ls o f c o mp a s
.
’ ’

s i o n h a d b e e n tu rn e d to g a ll I n v a i n did e v e n L o n gl an d .

i n cli n e to m e r cy ; a n d hims e lf su ffe r i n g fro m th e g o ut w ro t e ,

to th e C a r di n a l th a t it w o uld b e a g r a ci o us d e e d to lic e n s e
’

th o s e sch o l a r s w h o h a v e b e e n d e t e ct for h a vi n g o fe vil b o oks ,

’

th o s e th a t a r e p ri e sts to c e l e b ra t e a n d th e o the r s to r e ce y v e ,
‘

t h e i r M a k e r a ft e r r e c o n cili a ti on a t this fe a st o f E a st e r But ’

, .

W o ls e y still re m a i n e d i n e x or a bl e T h e o utc o me w a s th a t th e .
,

r i n gl e a d e r s i n h e r e sy th e m o st t o w a r dly y o u n g me n in ,

O xfo r d th r ust in t o a n u n d e r gro u n d pit a p r is o n withi n

’ ‘
, ,

a d e e p c av e a cc o r di n g to F o x e wh e re the ir s a lt fish w a s
’ ‘

, ,

l a id pin e d a w a y u n d e r th e t e rribl e o r de a l p e n t in a m id fo ul
,
’
,

a ir fro m M ar ch till August

,
T h e y e a r 1 5 2 8 w a s m a rk e d by .

p e stile n c e th ro ugh o ut E n gl a n d ; a n d th e r e ign in g sick n e ss ‘

,
’

s e izi n g up on fr a m e s d e bilit a t e d by c o n fi n e m e n t a n d b a d di e t ,

v o uchs a fe d to fo u r o fth e suffe re r s th e h a ppy r e l e a s e o f d e a th .

O n e o f th e s e w a s Cl e rk hi m s e l f Wh e n dyi n g h e r e qu e st e d .
,

th a t h e m ight b e a l l o w e d to r e c e iv e th e Euch a r ist but w a s ,

H e s o l a c e d his d e p ar ti n g spi r it with th e dict u m o f

Augusti n e : B e li e v e a n d th o u h a st e a t e n ( Cr e d e e t m a n du
‘
, ,

T h e r e st s e e m e d li k e ly to fo ll o w th e i r b r e th re n to th e
g ra v e T h e c o m m is e ra ti on o f th e U n iv e r sity a n d th e city
.

d e e pe ne d At l e n gth W a rh a m re l e n te d ; a n d a t l a st Wo l se v
.

T h
By d p i t t C mw ll S p t 1 1 5 2 8
os . r ,
Th ig i g
r es ,
o ru e , e .
,
‘
e re n n

sick t bl my l d C di l C ll g M C l k b th
n e ss rou es d or ar na
’
s o e e . r . er e s
’
ro er an

a no th ch l di d b t th w k g l t w k M S mm ( i )
er s o ar e a ou re e ee s a o as ee r . u er s c ,

th t w a cc d ; d M
as a d y l t M Cl k J
u se p d th i
an on on a as r . er e . e su s ar on e r

l ! T h y w b i d i C h i ti
so u s p l t b t th S c m t w
e e re ur e n r s a n se u u re ,
u e a ra en as

d i d th m by th D
en e Th th
e th wh til l live m i e an . e o er re e , o a re s a e ,
re a n

i th i l d c t dy — B iv p t ii 4 690 S i b id 39 62 39 68 39 9 9’
n e r O us o . . ar . ee ,
, , , , ,
. . .

4 004, 4 01 7, 4 0 73 , 4 1 2 5 , 4 1 5 0 .
1 10 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

hi m s e lf T h e su rviv o r s c ra wl e d o u t o fth e i r p r is on r e s e mbli n g

.
,

c o rps e s d ra w n fr o m th e t o mb All th e ki n d a tt e n ti o n s th a t .

c o m p a ssi o n c o uld p r o m pt w e re b e st o w e d o n th e victi m s o f th e

C ar di n a l s dis a pp o in tm e n t an d w ra th w h o with o n e e xc e pti on
’

, , ,

by sl o w d e gr e e s re c o v e re d .

S o m e o f th o s e implic a t e d in th e e v an ge lizin g e ffo r ts o f th e

C a mbr idge c o l on y a t Oxfo r d a ft e r w ar ds r o s e to disti n cti o n
a n d dign ity i n th e R e form e d Chu rch F ry th a ft e r a ti m e .

e sc a p e d a c ro ss th e s e a to Ty n d a l e G arr a t o utliv e d h is .

humili a ti on s b e c a m e in c o u r s e o f tim e ch a pl a i n to Hugh

,

L a ti me r an d a t l e n gth ( 1 5 3 7) w a s hi m s e lf a pp o in t e d R e ct o r
,

o f Allh a ll o ws ; an d in 1 5 4 0 fa ith a n d c o n st a n cy a t l a st ,

m a tu re d w as h o n o u re d in fe ll o wship with B a rn e s with th e

, , ,

c ro w n o f m ar ty r d om D al a b e r liv e d u n til 1 5 6 2 ; a n d u n d e r
.

Eliz a b e th w r o t e th a t i n t e r e sti n g n a rra tive S p a r kli n g with ,

in cid e n t a l gr a phic t o uch e s which e mb e llish e d a littl e h e re , ,

an d th e r e p e r h a ps by th e liv e ly pe n o f th e m ar ty r o l o gist h a s
, ,

b e e n r e p ro duc e d a t full l e n gth by F ro ud e a s b r i n gi n g u s fa c e ,

to fa c e i n its mi n ut e si m plicity with th a t o l d w o r ld

‘ ’
.

Wh a t m a n c o uld d o th e hi e rar chy did to bu ttr e ss th e i r o w n

,

a uth o r ity a n d to h o ld th e hu m a n m i n d still i n e r t an d p o w e r

,

l e ss in th e i ro n sh a ckl e s o f u n r e a s on in g submissi o n But all .

th e ir c o u n s e ls th re a ts a n d p e n a l in fl icti on s w e r e a v a i n str ivi n g

,

a g a i n st G o d Pr o vid e n c e m a d e e v e n c a l a m ity subs e r v e m e rcy

. .

T h e v e ry v e ss e ls th a t i n th e pi n chi n g st ra its O f sc a r city w e re

w e lc o m e d with i n e x pre ssib l e joy l a d e n with wh e a t a n d ry e for ,

th e fa m i n e st r ick e n L o n d o n e r s t o g e th e r with th e b re a d th a t
-
,

p e rish e th dis e m b a r k e d a ls o a n e w i n st a l m e n t o f th e b r e a d
,

th a t e n du re th N o t a bly to o in 1 5 2 8 wh e n th e p e r s e cuti on
.
, , ,

w a s a t its fi e r c e st h e a t a n u n e xp e ct e d a n t a g o n ist th e sw e a t
, ,

in g sick n e ss in gh a stly a rra y a g a i n st ty ra n n y t o o k th e p a r t

, ,

o f th e d o w n t r o d d e n b r e th r e n
-
By th e m iddl e o f Ju n e fo r ty .
’
,

th o us an d p e r s on s h a d b e e n a tt a ck e d a n d tw o th o us a n d h a d ,

fa ll e n victims to th e sc o u rg e in th e city o f L on d o n a t a ti m e ,

wh e n its p o pul a ti on w a s r e ck o n e d a t s e v e n ty tho us a n d o n ly * .

Tu n sta l withd r e w fro m his p a l a ce by L o n d on B ridg e to th e

pu r e r a ir o f Ch arin g C ro ss T h e s e a r ch fo r T e st a me n ts w a s .

susp e n d e d a n d th e p e r se cute d h a d r e st
,
.

S e e th e R e o r t o f E n an p gl d ma d e to th e S e n a te of Ve n ic by
e

o F a e r —V e n ,
,
Lo d vic
o li
,
69 4 . . iv . .
 V I L —T H E WI CKE D M A M M O N ’
AN D T HE ‘
O B E D I EN CE .
’

THE E n glish T e st a m e n t b e in g n e w i n p rin t a n d p ri n ti n g i ts ,

t r uths in E n glish he a r ts th e li n k which fo r a tim e h a d b o u n d , ,

Tyn d a le a n d R o y e t o ge th e r in u n c o n ge n i a l fe ll o wship w a s ,

br o k e n Tyn d a l e giv e s p re tty cl o s e ly th e d a t e o f th e i r s e p a

.

r a ti o n Afte r w e w e re d e p a r te d h e ( R oy e ) w e n t an d go t him
.
,

n e w fr i e n ds a n d wh e n h e h a d st o r e d him o f m on e y h e ,

g o t him to A r g e n ti n e ( Str a sbu r g) A y e a r afte r th a t a n d , ,

n o w tw e l ve m on th s b efo r e th e p r i n ti n g of th i s w o r le
’

( th e
‘
Wick e d M a mm on c a m e o n e J e ro m e ( B a r l o w) thro ugh ‘

Wo rm s to A rge n ti n e e tc * As th e Wick e d M a mm o n w a s ,
’
.
‘ ’

publish e d M ay 1 5 2 8 th e sp r i n g o f 1 5 2 6 is fi x e d with to l e ra bl e
, ,

e x a ct n e ss a s th e d a t e o f th e s e p ar a ti o n o f Ty n d a l e a n d his

s e c o n d a m an u e n sis .

J e r o m e w a s an o th e r s o c a ll e d Ap o st a te Obs e r v an t o f -
’

G re e n w i ch d an d w a s w a r n e d by Tyn d a l e o f R o y e s b o ld n e ss
’ ’
‘

a n d e xh or t e d to w a lk qui e tly a n d with p a ti e n c e an d l on g ,

suffe r in g a cc o r din g a s w e h a v e Chr ist a n d His A p o stl e s fo r a n

,

e x a m pl e But a t Str a sbu r g o l d i n flu e n c e s r e su me d th e i r

’
.

sw a y W illi a m R oy e n a rr a t e s Tyn d a l e wh o s e t on gu e is
‘ ’ ‘
.
, ,

Pr e fa c e to The W ick e d
M a mm o n .
’

T J e ro me
B l d h i R y f kill i l fo r r e d
’
a r o w w a s n o te
‘
a r, as o e or s n an
g g — B iv p iii
ua es c j ct
.
,
. J m t h b
ar t ,
5 66 7 D e ma n s
. . on e ure s e ro e o a ve een
id tic l w i th
en a B l ck w l dg d th t h h d w i tt
Wil l i a m a r o w , w h o a no e e a e a r en
ag i t th M
a ns pp i g J m t b e m d m
a ss, su tic m os n
‘
e ro e o e a n a ss u e o na s na e .

D m Ty d l p 3 13 t
’ ’
e ans n a e, ,
no e .

Th l J h B l w C l D f W tb y d c ib d
.

w e re a s a so o n ar o , or a ro o , e an O es ur ,
es r e
as f m ll t t
‘
o w i th
s d h i
a b i ti g
s a u re d d i ki g
,
re a r ,
so er n ea n an r n n
,

wh k w b th E liz b th Bl t H y F i tz y m th — w h m h
o ne o a e o un ,
ar r ro
’
s o er o e

sp k f
o e l q t g ci
o d b
as ti f l — d A
e o ue n B ly ,
ra o u s, an e au u an nne o e n

m b ti f l till B 1 1 1 4
o re e au u s .
’
-
. v .
,
.

W illi m B l w w Bi h p f S t A ph F b
a ar o y 1 53 6 w t as s o o . sa e r u ar , as ra n s

l t d th m y t S t D vid
a e e sa d i 1 5 4 8 t B th
e e ar d W ll o O . a
’
s an n o a an e s . n
M y cc i h w t b d
ar
’
s a e ss o n e en a ro a .
1 12 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

a bl e n o t o n ly to m a ke fo o ls st ark m a d but a ls o to d e c e ive th e ,

w is e st th a t is a t th e fi r st sight a n d a cqu a i n t a n c e ga t h im to
, , ,

h i m a n d se t h im a w o rk to m a k e r h y m e s whil e h e hi m s e lf
, ,

t r an sl a t e d a dia l o gu e o u t o f L a ti n i n t o E n glish in wh o s e ,

p r ol o gu e h e pr o mis e th m o r e a gre a t d e a l th a n I fe a r me h e , , , ,

w ill e v e r p a y
’
.

T h e Di a l o gu e w a s fo ll o w e d by th e c e l e b ra t e d s a ti re o n
‘ ’

W o ls e y T h e Bu ryi n g o f th e M a ss in E n glish r hym e

,
‘
,
’

b e gin n i n g
Re d e me , an d be no t

th e j o i n t w o rk o f th e tw o e x fr i ar s T h e p r i n t e r w a s Sch o tt o f -
.
,

Stra sbu r g .

T o p e r s o n a l r idicul e an d s a ti r e W o ls e y w a s m o r bidly se n
s iti v e and ,
as littl e pl e a s e d with R o ye an d J e ro m e a s
with th e O pp r o b r i o us Sk e lt o n f— th a t J o n a t h a n S w ift o f -

th e r e ign s o f th e tw o l a st H e n rys u n su rp a ss e d in c o a r s e ,

i n v e ctiv e th e a uth o r o f C o li n Cl o ut a n d a lth o ugh h i m

,
‘
,

s e lf a p r i e st a s a ti rist o f th e cl e rgy a n d e sp e ci a lly o f

, ,

W o ls e y T h e C a r din a l by his e miss a r i e s s o ught to ge t th e

.
, ,

tw o e x fr i a r s i n t o his h a n ds but st ro v e in v a i n to h a v e th e m
-
,

a pp re h e n d e d .

Ty n d a l e o n his p ar t did n o t r e c e iv e th e e xt ra o r din a ry

, ,

c o mp o siti o n o f th e tw o fr i ar s with a n y d e gr e e o f a pp r o v a l .

H e w a s a pp r e h e n siv e th a t d a m a g e w o uld b e i n flict e d o n th e

c a us e so n e a r to his h e a r t a n d h e h a r shly bl a m e d a s u n b e
c o m i n g to th e Ch r isti a n p r o fe ssi on th e r h y m es wh e r e with
th e y a ss a ile d th e C o l o ssus o f Chu r ch a n d S ta te wh o m h e h im ,

s e lf n e v e r th e l e ss subs e qu e n tly styl e d a m issh a p e n m o n st e r ,

T h e fi r st s ta z a p r e dic te d W l se y s su dd e fa ll
’
n o n

d h
R e e me , a n d b e n o t w r o t e ,
F o r I sa y n o th i n ge b u t tr o th e
ill c d I w a s e n , m a k y n ge m y s ta te so h y e ,
h p p h h ll v
T a t m y o m o u s o n o u r s a n e e r d ie .

h h hi k l
0 C a y ty fe w e n t o u t n e st e a s t o f a ll ,
ihc i h hl h v ll
W t o n fu s o n t o u s a t a e a fa ’
.

i ill
T h e sa t r e w d li i c ll i B
b e fo u n i n th e H a r e a n M s e a n e s M , . .

1J h kl
'
o n S e to n ( 14 60 ga p h
r o té e
g o f M a r ar e t
,
m ot er of
’

y y ch
H e n r V I I , w a s tuto r to H e n r V I I I a n d Po e t L a u r e a te , a n d w a s mu .

c d d by y y b k
.

o mm e n e E r a smu s H e w a s fo r t e ar s O f a ge
. e fo r e h e to o

Holy d h p d c
O r e rs , w e n h e w a s r o m o te i lk
to b e R e to r o f D s s, i n N o r fo .

B iv p a r t i l1 2 3 5 p ch
C o e t w a s th e ch l
re a e r , E r a smu s th e s
. o a r, M o r e
hil ph kl p i g
.
.
, .
,

th e p o so e r , a n d S e to n th e oe t o f th e N e w L e a r n n .
 ‘
R A I L I N G R H YM E S .
’
1 1 3

sp r u n g o u t o fa It b e c o m e th n o t h e c o mpl a in e d ,
’

th e L o r d s s e r v an t to u s e r a i l i n m but G d s W d
’ ’

g r h y e s o o r ,

which is th e r ight w e a p o n to sl a y s in vic e a n d al l i n iquity , .

Such str ictu r e s e xp o s e th e t ra n sl a t o r to th e j ust ch ar ge o f

i n c on siste n cy a s we ll a s o f p r ej udic e F o r a w r ite r such a s
, .

Tyn d a l e to c e n su r e ra ili n g i n a n o th e r is e vid e n c e o f th e

d e e p s e lf ign o r a n c e e v e n o f th e b e st o f m e n M o re in his
-
.
,

tu rn t a k e s Tyn d a l e him s e lf s e v e re ly to t a sk o n this ve ry s a me

,

sc o re a n d w ith e qu a l i n c on sist e n cy
, I n h is .
‘

wr o t e M o r e a littl e l a t e r h e r a il e th a t l a rge a ga i n st a l l p o p e s
, ,

a g a i n st a l l k in s a g a i n st a l l p r e l a t e s a g a i n st a l l p r i e sts But ’

g
'

, ,
.
,

i n fa ct it w a s a n a ge i n which m e n w h o fe lt st ro n gl y w e r e n o t
,

r e qui re d by g e n e ra l O pi n i on o r lit e ra r y t a st e to put a n st r ict

y
r e st ra i n t up on th e l a n gu a g e i n which th e y e xp r e ss e d th e ir

fe e li n gs All w e r e r a i l e r s M o r e hi m s e lf s om e tim e s littl e l e ss

.

g ro ss a n d vi r ul e n t in his r a ili n g th a n e v e n Luth e r him s e lf .

R h y m e s w e r e m e r e ly th e o utsid e fo r m i n which th e ra ilin g

w a s c o uch e d a n d su r e ly such a n o utsid e fo rm w a s a t l e a st
,

quit e i n n o c e n t R h y m e h a d n o pl a c e i n cl a ssic a l p o e try ; but

.

i n tro duc e d fi r st i n t o L a ti n e ccl e si a stic a l hy mn s— th e L a tin

t o n gu e a b o u n din g in c o n s o n a n c e s — o bt a i n e d e re l o n g a fir m -

fo o ti n g in m o d e rn lite ra tu r e R hym e — lik e i te r a ti on s o f a .

ph r a s e o r a w o r d s o c o mm o n in a l l lit e r a tu re — a n sw e r s a
,

c e r t a in d e ma n d o f th e s o ul T h e Pr o v e n ca l p o e t ry e xhibit s
.

wh a t H a lla m c a lls th e m o st i n t r ic a t e disp o siti o n o f r hy m e s .

’

Of o ur o w n p o e ts Ch a u c e r a d o pt e d r hy m e ,
wh e n i ts ‘ ’

v a lu e h a d b e c o me r e c o g n is e d ; Sp e n s e r e m pl oy e d i t ; a n d
Sh a ksp e r e o cc a si o n a lly ; Milt o n with e xqui s it e fre shn e ss in
s o me m i n o r pie c e s ; Po p e a t l e n gth i n his l o v e o f p o in t a n d ,

glitte r c a rr ie d th e a r t to a high fi n ish o f m e ch a n ic a l e x a ct

,

n e ss. H o w i mm e a su r a bl e th e l o ss if a l l th a t h a s th e a d o r n ,

m e n t o fr hy m e sh o uld b e e xpu n ge d fro m m o d e rn p oe t ry ! O r

if r h y m e s which l on g p re c e d e d bl a n k v e r s e o f which n o
, ,

sp e cim e n h a d quite a s y e t m a d e its a pp e ara n c e b e t a k e n i n a ,

l a rg e r s e n s e a s it o fte n ti m e s w a s a s a syn o n y m fo r p oe t ry in
, ,

g e n e ra l w h o c o uld h a v e k n o w n b e tt e r th a n Ty n d a l e t h a t th e
, ,

Visi on o f Pi e r s Pl o wm a n i n its a llite ra tiv e S a x o n v e r s e h a d

,
’
,

d on e k n ight s s e r vice by t e a chin g th e p e o pl e wh a t hig h

’

T yn d al e
’
s W o rk s ,
PS . .
,
ii p.
, . 32 2 .
1 14 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

h on o u r G o d pu ts o n w o r k a n d th a t to d o go o d is fa r b e tt e r
,

th an to c a rry a b o u t a p o ck e tful o f i n dulge n c e s T h e All e go ry .

o f Willi a m L a n gl a n d w ith o ut di re ctly i m pug n i n g th e p a p a cy

, ,

h a d p re p a r e d th e w a y fo r Wycliffe s Bibl e a n d thus fo r

’

T y n d a l e s T e st a me n t But Ty n d a l e w a s to o p re j udic e d to
’
.

j u d g e w ith c o m m o n s e n s e a n d fa irn e ss It mu st n o t .
,

h o w e v e r b e i n fe r re d th a t h e fa v o u re d th e fa n a tic a l n o ti o n s
,

o f th e Z wick a u p r o ph e ts in th e i r vitup e ra ti o n o f lite r a tu re

,

an d l e ar n i n g Ag a i n st such a c o n clusi o n th e wh o l e t e n o r
.

o f his studi o us life is a c o n ti n u o us p ro t e st T h e t r uth n o .

d o ubt is th a t h e b e h e ld his a ma n u e n sis hi m s e lf wh o m h e

, ,

dislike d a s u n sta bl e s e lf will e d v a i n a n d fr iv o l o us th ro ugh

,
-
, , ,

th e thi n v e il o f his r h y m e s a n d t r a n sfe rre d to th e s e th e m e a n

,

e sti m a t e which h e h a d fo r m e d o f th e i r c o m p o s e r .

F r o m this ti m e to k e e p his re put a ti o n u n sulli e d a n d pre

, ,

" h
v e n t a n y c on fusi on o f his o w n w r iti n gs with R o y e s e
’

c o u r t e d th e publicity which h e h a d b e for e shu n n e d a n d ,

publishe d th e t re a tis e which fo ll o w e d his T e st a m e n t a n d which ,

w a s a n e xp o siti o n o f th e d o ct r i n e s w hich h e d r e w fr o m th e

i n spir e d v o lu m e disti n ctly u n d e r his o w n n a m e

, .

H a vin g qu itte d Wo r m s Tyn d a l e w h o s e l a b o u r s e xil e th o u gh

'

, , ,

h e w a s fro m his c o u n t ry m a r k with t o l e r a bl e e x a ctn e ss th e

,

p r o gr e ss o f Chr isti a n life a n d light in th e h e ar ts a n d mi n ds o f

his c o u n try m e n is n e x t fo u n d in th e s a fe a n d qui e t r e tre a t o f
,

M a r bu r g H e r e h e b e c a m e m o re th o r o u ghly fa m ili a r with th e

.

G e r m a n t o n gu e a n d a ppli e d hi m se lf w ith st e a dy i n d u st ry to
,

his s a c r e d studi e s Esp e ci a lly h e e n d e a v o u r e d to a tt a i n

.

g re a t e r p ro fici e n cy in H e b r e w e n j o yi n g in th e n e w u n iv e r sity
,

th e a ssist a n c e o f l e a r n e d fr i e n ds wh o s e r e ligi o us c o n vict i o n s

w e r e in h e ar ty sy m p a thy with his o w n .

S itu a t e in th e b e a utiful v a ll e y o f th e L a h n a tr ibut a ry O f ,

th e Rhi n e M a rbu rg w a s th e c a pit a l o f th e L a n dg ra v e o f

,

H e ss e C a ss e l wh o se c a stl e c r o w n e d a n e m in e n c e o v e r l o o k
-
,

i n g th e city T h e u n iv e r sity re c e n tly i n a ugu r a t e d i n th e

.
,

B ut su ch c o n fu s o n i b i t d Ri k w t t W l y
w as n o t o v a e . nc e ro e o o se
O ct bo 1528
e r, o e C mp l l d J h
e o n S c tt t c f
’

th t h h d p i t d i
o o o n e ss a e a r n e n

En gli h
s , G e r ma n , re n F ,
ch d th l g g
an o th db k f
er an ua es on e o u sa n oo s o
i q i
s x u re s i
( q u a te r n o n e s a n o n e
) d th d f i t th d fR y
o u sa n o n ne, a e or er o o
a n d H u ck y n gh , o wh w
e re un a bl t p y f th m B i v p t ii
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’
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. .
,
ar .
,
 T H E L A N D GR A VE S
’
UN I VE R S I T Y . 11 5

m e t a m o r ph o s e d D om i n ic a n c o n v e n t w a s in th e full vigo u r o f ,

its y o uthfu l e n e rgie s Philip th e M a gn an i m o us ch e r ish e d th e .

m o r e a dv a n c e d t e n e ts o f th e F re n ch a n d S w iss R e fo rme rs a n d
th e p r o f e ss o r s o f his u n iv e r sity r e fl e ct e d th e lib e r a l t e n d e n ci e s

o f th e i r p r i n ce Fra n cis L a m b e r t o f Avign o n w a s r e mo d e l

.
, ,

li n g th e chu r ch a cc o r di n g to his ch ar a c te r istic m a xim o f

th o r o ugh n e ss : Wh a te v e r is d e fo r m e d m ust b e re fo rme d
‘
.
’

J o h n L o n ice r w a s th e re a n a d e pt i n H e b re w a s w e ll a s G re e k ; ,

J o h n R u d e l iu s distin guish e d by his b e a utiful L a ti n Bibl e j ust

, ,

issu e d fro m Q u e n te l s C o l o gn e p re ss ; a n d a ls o H e r m a n v o n ’

B u sch e ( Bu sch i u s) th e fi r st n o bl e ma n w h o d e ign e d to ,

b e c o m e a te a ch e r a pupil o f R e uchli n a n d a n a ss o ci a t e , ,

o f Hutt e n a n d E ra s m us i n th e l i te r ce O b scu r or u m v i r o
r n m w hich r idicul e d th e m o n ks with s a ti r e
,
m o re t e lli n g fr o m ,

its a pp a r e n t u n c o n sci o us n e ss Eus e b i u s w a s p r o fe ss o r O f .

p o e try a n d o ra t o ry H e h a d p a id a visit to Tyn d a l e w hilst th e

.
,

t ra n sl a t o r w a s still a t W o r ms a n d a ft e r w a r ds i n fa m ilia r t a lk ,

wi th Sp al a tin th e S a x o n Ele ct o r s s e c re t a ry h a d e xp a ti a t e d
,
’

o n th e E n glishm a n s si n gul a r p r o fici e n cy i n s e v e n l a n gu a ge s

’

— H e b re w G re e k L a ti n It a li a n Sp a n ish E n glish a n d
, , , , , ,

Yo u w o uld fan cy h e s a id th a t which e v e r ’

‘ ‘

, ,

l a n gu a ge h e sp o k e w as his m o th e r t o n gu e .
’

H e r e in studi o us p e a c e Tyn d a l e issu e d fro m th e p re ss O f

H an s Luft ( M ay 8 th e p ar a bl e o f th e Wick e d M a m
,

m on (o r U nj u st
’ ‘
a r e p r o ducti o n i n th e m a i n ,

a l th o ugh n ot a s e r vil e c o py o f Luth e r s t e a chi n g on his ,

’

c e n t r a l d o ct r i n e o f u sti i ca ti o n b y fa i th Ty n d a l e h a d pre
j f .

v i o u sl
y publish e d ( 1 5 2 6 ) a n o n y m o usly Luth e r s Pr o lo gu e to
’

th e Epistl e to th e R o m a n s n o t h o w e ve r c o mp re ss e d i n fo r m , , , ,

b u t lik e his p ro l o gu e s to o th e r b o o ks o f Sc r iptu r e d e r iv e d

, ,

fro m Luth e r E n gl i sh e ol a n d e n l a rge d Luth e r s L a ti n t e xt

, .
’

w a s h e r e chi e fly e m pl oy e d a lth o ugh th e G e r m a n a ls o w a s ,

e vid e n tly c o n sult e d It is in his p r o l ogu e s th a t Ty n d a l e sh o ws

.

m o re p a r ticul a r ly h o w p o w e rful w a s th e i n flu e n c e e x e r te d o v e r
i y d S d y ft S t L w c D y 1 5 2 6
S pa l a ti n
’
s
‘
D ar
’
un er un a a er . a re n e s
’
a ,

(A g t S ch l b iv p 4 3 1 d 1 7 30 I th PS
,

u us A mm e o rn ,
‘
u .
,
.
,
e . . n e .

bi g phy f T y d l D tch (G m ) i b tit t d f F ch

.

‘ ’ ‘ ’
o ra O n a e u er an s su s u e or re n ,

p xxx I f b v W tc tt th p i t d di g F h b c ct
. .
,
’
o se r es es o e r n e re a n re nc e o rre
,
lik l y th t T y d l h d p t l g ti m t W i tt b g w i th
,
it i s un e a n a e a s en a on e a en er
L th u—W t tt E gli h Bibl p 35 d 1 8 72
er .
’
e s co
’
s n s e,
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. , e . .
1 16 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

him by th e S a x o n R e fo rm e r Ye t fr e e d o m o f j udgm e n t w a s .

a l w a ys c o n sist e n tly r e t a i n e d fo r th e
p r o l o u e to th e H e b r e w s is
g ,

e v e n a sust a i n e d a r gu m e n t i n o pp o siti o n to Luth e r ; a n d th e

p r o l o gu e s to th e Epistle s o f J a m e s a n d Jud e d e cl a r e pl a i n ly in ,

c on tra v e n ti on o f Luth e r th a t th o s e e pistl e s o ught o f right to

,

b e t a k e n fo r H o l y Sc r iptu re T h e p r o l o gu e to 1 C o r i n thi an s
’
.

is a lt o ge th e r an i n d e p e n d e n t w o rk .

T h e Wick e d M a mm o n a n d th e p r o l ogu e to th e R o m an s
’
,

th e l a tt e r w a s O ft e n b o u n d u p in o n e v o lu m e w ith T y n d a l e s
’

T e st a m e n t —m ar k th e p e r i o d du r i n g which th e i n flu e n c e o f
th e g r e a t G e r m a n o v e r th e E n glish R e fo r m e r s m i n d w a s a t
’

its z e n ith vigo ro usly i n d e p e n d e n t a s T y n d a l e s m i n d e v e r

,
’

w a s i n its e x e r cis e o f th e g e n e r a lly s o u n d j udg m e n t wh e re with

h e w a s e n d o we d T h e r e s e m bl an c e o f th e Wick e d M a m m o n
.
‘
,
’

in its illustra ti on s a n d l an gu a g e a s w e ll a s its d o ct r i n e to , ,

Luth e r s w r itin gs is st ri k i n g ; y e t th e tre a tis e h a s th e i mp re ss

’

o f T n d a l e s i n dividu a l ity st a m p e d up o n it with u n m is ta k

’

y
a bl e cl e a r n e ss .

F a ith o n ly b e fo r e a l l w o rks s a ys Ty n d a l e a n d with o u t ,

’

,
‘

a ll m e r its but Ch r ist s o n ly u s tifie th a n d s e tt e th u s a t p e a c e

j
’

, ,

with G o d .
’

S e e th e r e fo r e h e i n sists qu it e i n Luth e r s m a n n e r th a t
’ ’ ‘
, , ,

th o u h a v e G o d s p ro m is e s i n thi n e h e a r t a n d th a t th o u
’

b e li e v e th e m w ith o u t w a v e r i n g ; an d w h e n t e m pt a ti o n a r ise th
a n d th e D e vil l a y e th th e l a w a n d thy d e e ds a g a i n st th e e ,

an sw e r h i m with th e p r o m is e s a n d tu r n to G o d a n d c o n fe ss ,

thys e lf to H im a n d s ay it is e v e n s o o r e ls e h o w c o uld H e h e
, ,

m e r ciful ?
‘
This is th e r e fo r e pl a i n a n d a su r e c o n clusi on n o t to b e
,

d o ubt e d o f th a t th e re m u st b e fi r st in th e h e a r t o f m a n b e fo re
, ,

h e d o a n y go o d w or k a g re a t e r a n d p r e ci o u se r thi n g th a n a ll
,

th e g o o d w o rks in th e w o rld to r e c o n cil e h im to G o d to b r i n g , ,

th e l o v e a n d fa v o u r o f G o d to him to m a k e h im l o v e G o d ,

a g a i n to m a k e him r ight e o us a n d g o o d i n th e sight O f G o d to

, ,

d o a w a y his sin to d e liv e r h i m a n d l o o s e him o u t o f th a t

,

c a ptivity wh e r e i n h e w a s c o n c e iv e d an d b orn in which h e ,

c o uld n e ith e r l o v e G o d n o r th e will o f G o d .

Th a t p re ci o us thi n g th a t m ust b e in th e h e a r t e re a m an ,

ca n w o r k a n g o o d w o rk is th e W o r d o f G o d which in th e
y , ,
 ‘
TH E T R UE OB E D I E N CE O F A CH R I S TI A N M A N .
’
1 17

G o sp e l p re a ch e th pr o ffe re th a n d b r i n ge th u n t o a l l t h a t
, ,

r e p e n t a n d b e li e v e th e fa v o u r o f G o d i n Ch r ist
’
, .

U n i on with Chr ist Ty n d a l e p r o cl a i m e d to b e th e sum a n d

s ubst a n c e o f Ch r isti a n ity Ch rist is thi n e a n d all His d e e ds
.
,

a r e thy d e e ds Ch r ist is in th e e a n d th o u in H im k n it t o ge th e r
.
, ,

i n s e p a ra bly N e ith e r c an st th o u b e d a m n e d e xc e pt Ch r ist b e

.
,

d a m n e d with th e e N e ith e r can Ch r ist b e s a v e d e xc e pt th o u

.
,

b e s a v e d w ith Him
’
.

Th e Wick e d M a m m o n w a s th e m a n ife st o o f th e E n glish

‘ ’

R e fo rm a ti o n i n r e ga r d to re ligi o us d o ctr i n e Its public a ti o n .

p re c e d e d by th e sh o r t i n te r va l o f fiv e m o n ths a n o th e r ch a ra c
te r is ti c t r e a tis e w hich ( p u blish e d Oct o b e r
,
a dv a n ci n g

fro m th e o l o gic a l d o ctr in e i n to th e d o m a i n O f p r a ctic a l life ,

c a rr i e d th e t e a chin g o f Sc r iptu re i n t o th e a ffa i r s a n d r e l a ti on s

o f th e h o m e a n d O fth e g o v e rn m e n t a n d n a ti o n a n d th e n w o u n d ,

u p with a p o w e r ful d e sc r ipti o n o f th e c o rr upti on s a n d i n iquitie s

of in s a ti a bl e A n tich r ist fo r so Ty n d a l e d e sign a t e d th e
‘

gig a n tic p a p a l syst e m This t re a tis e w a s e n title d T h e Tr u e

.

O b e di e n c e o f a Ch r isti a n M a n a n d h o w Chr isti a n Rul e r s o ught ,

to G o v e r n th e l a rg e st m o st p o pul a r a n d i n flu e n ti a l o f
’
, ,

T y n d a l e s w r itin gs
’
.

Fil m e r hi m s e lf a c e n tu ry a n d a h a lf l a t e r did n o t e n u n ci a te
, ,

th e duty o f p a ssiv e o b e di e n c e pu re a n d si m pl e with m o r e , ,

u n sw e r vi n g disti n ctn e ss th a n did Ty n d a l e in this tra ct .

T h e R e fo r m e r w e n t s o fa r a s to a ss e r t : H e th a t j udge th
‘

th e ki n g j udge th G o d Wh a ts o e v e r is d o n e to u s by.
’ ‘

th e m ( ki n gs) th a t h e m a i n t a i n e d d o th G o d wh e th e r it b e
, ,
’

, ,

g o o d o r b a d If th e y b e e vil why a re th e y e vil ? W h e n

.
,
’

ki n gs tu rn e d c on tra ry to th e n a tu re o f th e i r n a m e s a n d 0 5 ce s
‘
,

e v e n in t o lio n s b e a r s fo x e s a n d u n cl e a n swin e all th e

, , , ,
’

hid e o us c o mplic a ti o n s o f m o r a l an d physic a l e vils th a t e n su e d

th e R e for m e r re g a r d e d a s G o d s v e n g e an c e u p on us fo r o u r
’ ‘

u n n a tu ra l a n d blin d u n kin d n e ss a n d o u r r e b e lli o u s dis o ’ ‘

b e di e n c e T h e ki n g w a s th e i m a ge o f G o d o n e ar th This
’
. .

d o ct r i n e O f Ty n d a l e th a t th e a uth o r ity o f th e ki n g w a s
,

i mm e di a te ly d e r iv e d fro m h e a ve n w a s th e ge n e ra l b e lie f o f ,

th a t a ge ju st a s tw o c e n tu r i e s o r m or e p r e vi o usly it h a d b e e n
th e g e n e ra l b e li e f th a t th e p o p e w a s a ctu a lly G o d up o n e a r th .

O n this o n e p o i n t Ty n d a l e w a s quite i n u n is o n w ith

‘
 1 1 8 TH E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

H e n ry VIII a n d his min ist e r Wo ls e y w h o w a s e xt e n din g a n d

.
,

d e e p e n i n g o n d e sp o tic p r in cipl e s such a s th e R e fo r m e r t a ught

, ,

th e fo u n d a ti o n s o f th e e dific e o f o u r n a ti o n a l p o lity ; e v e n a s
subs e qu e n tly C r u m w e ll c arr i e d th e w ork o n w a r d a n d pu t o n ,

it wh a t may b e c a ll e d th e cO pin g st o n e Succ e ss in th e e sta b -

.

li sh m e n t o f r e a l d e sp o tism u n d e r th e m o ck e ry o f an ci e n t
,

c o n stituti on a l fo r ms w as fa cilit a t e d by th e ch a r a ct e r s o f th e
,

E n gli sh m o n ar chs i n wh o s e r e ign s th e ch an ge w a s w r o ught .

Ed w a r d I V with wh o m th e n e w a bs o lutism h a d its co m

.
,

me n ce me n t a n d his gr a n ds on H e n ry V III u n d e r wh o m i t
, .
,

a tt a i n e d its m e r idi a n c o m pl e ti o n w e r e b o th gift e d with co n ,

s id e r a b l e a bility a n d b o th e x e r t e d a ls o th e ch ar m o f p o pul a r
,

man n e r s .

But th e p r i n cipl e s th e ms e lv e s w e r e a d a p te d to th e ci r cum

st an c e s a n d d e m an ds o f E n glish s o ci e ty a t this p a r ticul a r
st a g e N o bl e bl o o d h a d b e e n she d lik e w a t e r ; h a ughty a n d
.

a m b iti o us h o us e s h a d b e e n hu m bl e d o r sw e pt a w a y
; ma n y
on c e w e a lthy w e r e n o w i n v o lv e d th r o ugh th e p ro t ra ct e d civi l
,

str i fe in a ccumul a t e d d e bt M o re o v e r in th e light o f th e

, .
,

r e c e n t p a st th e n e c e ssity w as a pp a r e n t o f a st r on g c e n t ra l
,

a u th o r ity to h o ld in ch e ck wh a t a r ist o c r a tic tu r bul e n c e m igh t

,

y e t su rviv e an d a t th e s a m e ti m e to cu r b th e i n su rre cti o n a ry

,

fa n a ticism o f th e p o pul a c e T h e cl e r gy h a d b e e n c o u r te d in
.

th e civil c o n flict a n d thu s th e i r i n flu e n c e h a d in c r e a s e d ; b u t

,

with th e i n c r e a s e o f i mm u n i ti e s i rre gul a r iti e s a ls o o f life a n d

,

disciplin e h a d r e a ch e d a ran k gro wth T h e cl e r gy might b e .

r e li e d up o n to in culc a te re v e r e n c e for th e th r o n e if th e ,

s o v e r e ign uph e ld th e Chu r ch ; a n d a pp r e h e n si o n s fo r th e ir

o w n w e ll b e in g a m id sign s th r e a te n in g s o ci a l ch a n g e a n d e v e n
-
,

c on vulsi on n a tu ra ll y disp o s e d the m to se e k re g a l p ro t e cti o n

,
.

But h e re to o fo r th e c o rr e cti o n o f g ro ss a bus e s a n d th e

, ,

re m o v a l o r a b a t e m e n t o f sc a n d a ls a wis e h e a d a n d fir m h a n d , ,

an d O pp o r tu n ity to u s e b o th w e r e u r ge n tly re qui r e d,

.

If h o w e v e r Tyn d a l e e x a lt e d th e i rre sp o n sibl e sup re m a cy o f

, ,

th e th r o n e a b o v e th e will an d e v e n th e c r iticis m o f th e subj e ct ,

h e hu m bl e d it to th e dust b e fo r e th e j u d gm e n t a n d m aj e sty o f
H e a v e n M o n a rchs a n d j u d ge s w e re w a r n e d o f th e st ric t
.

a cc o u n t to b e r e n d e r e d a t th e b ar o f th e h e a v e n ly Ki n g a n d

Judg e r e g a r din g th e m an n e r in which a s a c re d t r ust h a d b e e n

 A N N E B OL E YN A N D TH E OB E D I E N C E .
’
1 19

fulfille d E ar t h ly s o v e re ign s w e re e m ph a tic a lly re m i n d e d th a t

.

th e p e o pl e a re G o d s n o t th e i r s N o r c o uld a n y on e utte r a
’ ’
.
,

m o r e d e cisive p ro te st th a n did Ty n d a l e a ga i n st th e usu r p a tio n

O f t e m p o r a l j u r isdicti o n by p o p e c a rdi n a ls bish o ps a n d cl e r gy , , , ,

to wh o m e mp e ro r a n d ki n gs a r e n o thi n g n o w a d a ys but e v e n
‘

h an g me n At th e s a m e ti m e th e R e forme r i n siste d with g re a t

.
’
,

fo r c e up o n th e p a r a m o u n t O bliga ti on r e sti n g o n th e cl e rgy to

disch a rg e to th e full th e fu n cti o n s o f th e i r p r o p e r v o ca ti o n .

T o p r e a ch G o d s W o r d h e p r o cl a im e d is to o m uch fo r h a lf
’ ’ ‘
, ,

a ma n
’
A n d th e n l a t e r o n in th e t r e a tis e as th o ugh in
.
, ,

a n ticip a ti o n o f i m p e n di n g l e gisl a ti o n O n e ki n g on e l a w is
‘
, , ,
’
G o d s o rdin a n c e in e ve ry r e a lm .
’

It w a s th e fa shi o n o f th e d ay to fin d fa ult with T y n d a l e s ’

r a sh a n d r ud e S pi r it his h o m e ly a n d sim pl e sty l e ; with o u t ,

’

which h o w e v e r his w r iti n gs w o uld h a v e a lt o g e th e r m isse d

, ,

th e ir ma rk B u t th e Ob e di e n c e p r o v e d a cc e pt a bl e e v e n to
.
‘ ’

H e n ry hims e lf It is a n a n e cd o t e O ft e n r e p e a t e d an d p e r fe ctly
.
,

a uth e n tic th a t A n n e B o l e yn l e n t th e b o o k to o n e o f h e r
,

w a iti n g g e n tl e w o m e n ( M rs G a in sfo r d ) fr o m wh o m G e or ge .
,

Z o uch a n a d m i re r pl a yfully pluck e d it an d th e n w a s him s e lf

, , ,

r a vish e d with th e p e rus a l D r S a m ps on d e a n o f th e r o ya l

’
. .
,

ch a p e l s n a tch e d th e h e re t i c a l v o lu me o u t o f Z o u ch s h a n ds
,
’
,

a n d d e liv e re d it to W o ls e y A n n e v o wi n g it sh o uld b e th e .
,

d e a r e st b o o k e v e r d e a n o r c ar di n a l t o ok a w a y d e sire d up on ,
’

h e r k n e e s th e kin g s h e lp fo r h e r b o o k It w a s re st o r e d to h e r
’
.
,

wh e r e up on An n e h e rs e lf t a ki n g it to H e n ry b e s o ught his , ,
‘

Gra c e m o st t e n d e rly to r e a d it H e did S O — e sp e ci a lly n o .

’
,

d o ubt th e m o st str iki n g p a ss a ge s which A n n e h a d m ar k e d

, ,

with h e r n a il — an d th e n p ro n o u n c e d with his a ccust o m e d ,

e n e r gy his s e n t e n c e
,
This is a b o o k fo r me a n d a l l kin gs to

Whilst a t M a rbu r g in o n e o f th e b r ight e st d a ys in his s o r e ly ,

tr i e d l o t Ty n d a le w a s re j o i n e d by his so n in th e fa ith J o h n
, ,

F ry th fre sh fr o m th e h o r r o r s O f th e Oxfo r d t ra g e dy
,
Littl e .

m o re th a n fo u r ye a rs h a d e l a pse d si n c e th e fr i e n ds h a d p ar te d
i n L on d o n Wh a t e v e n ts h a d b e e n c ro wd e d i n t o th a t b r ie f
.

g y tt m m i f A
G e or e W a
’
s e o r o nne di ff e rs on ly i n a fe w p ar t u ar s ic l
tiv
fr o m S tr y p e s w hich w
’
n a rr a e as ta k f en ro m Fo x e s
’
M SS — ’
S l n ge r s
.

E ccl p
,
‘
v di h ii pp 202 2 05 S t y p
Ca e n s ,
’
.
,
.
-
r
’
e s
‘
es . M i .
,
1 12
. .
 120 TH E D A IVN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI ON .

sp a c e I O n e ithe r sid e h o w much to t e ll h o w m u ch to h e ar ! ,

It can thus e xcite n o su rp r is e th a t in his n e xt public a ti o n ,

T h e Pr a ctic e o f P r e l a t e s Tyn d a l e e vin c e d a n i n c re a s e d ’

a sp e r ity t o w a r ds p e r s e cuti n g o pp o n e n ts .

It w a s a t this p e r i o d whilst his b e st l o v e d fr i e n d a w e ll r e a d

,
-
,
-

the o l o gi a n w a s a t his sid e th a t T y n d al e s d o ctr i n e in r e g a r d

, ,
’

to th e m o d e o f Ch r ist s p r e s e n c e i n th e Euch a rist u n d e r w e n t

’

a m e n d me n t M o r e a ttr ibute d this imp o r t a n t ch a n ge to th e

.

i n flu e n c e o f B a rn e s F ria r B arn e s w a s o f Z u in gl iu s s e ct
.
’
,

a g a i n st th e S a c r a m e n t o f th e Alt a r b e li e vi n g th a t it is n o thi n g ,

but b are b re a d But Ty n d a l e w a s y e t a t th a t ti me n o t fully

.

fa ll e n s o fa r in th a t p o i n t ; but th o ugh h e w e r e b a d e n o ugh ,

b e sid e w a s y e t n o t c o n t e n t wit h F r i a r B a rn e s fo r th e h o ldin g

,

o f t h a t h e r e sy But withi n a whil e a fte r a s h e th a t is fa lli n g

.
,

is s o o n pu t o ve r th e F ri a r m a d e th e fo o l m a d o utr ight a n d
, ,

l b r o u h t h im bli n dfo ld d o wn i n t o th e d e e p e st du n g e o n o f th a t
g
d e vilish h e re sy whe r e h e sitt e th n o w fa st b o u n d e n in th e
, ,

ch a i r o f p e stil e n c e with th e ch a in o f p e r ti n a city .

’

But M o r e w a s c e r ta i n ly mist a k e n i n supp o si n g th a t th e r e

w a s a n y l a r ge a m o u n t o f sy m p a thy b e twe e n B arn e s a n d
Tyn d a l e Th e y w e re a lt o g e th e r di ffe re n t i n ch ar a cte r B arn e s
. .

w a s d e sc r i b e d by V a ugh a n a s a n E n glish fr i a r O f th e o r d e r o f

St Augusti n e w h o h a d l on g b e e n wit h Luth e r a n d so fa r th e

.
,

d e sc r ipti o n w a s c orre ct But subs e qu e n tly th e r e is a uth e n tic .

n a i
e vid e c e th t n D e c e m b e 1 5 3 1 B a rn e s w a s in L on d o fi a t
r n “
, ,

th e ki n g s g r e a t s o licit a ti o n F o r u n lik e Luth e r a n d Ty n d a l e

’ ’
.
, ,

B arn e s w a s in fa v o u r o f th e r o y a l div o r c e It is p o ssibl e o r .

,

e v e n p r o b a bl e th a t h e m a y s o m e ti me p re vi o usly h a ve p a ss e d
,

in th e str e a m o f r e fuge e s c o n ti n u a lly go in g a n d c o m i n g to a n d

fro m Witt e n b e r g th ro ugh M a r b u r g a n d h e m a y thus h a v e
, ,

c o n v e r s e d with Tyn d a l e But th e re is c e r t a i n ly n o a cc o u n t o f .

such c on ve r s a ti o n n o r o fa n y visit a t a l l o f B a rn e s to M a r b u r g
, .

M o re s sta t e me n t th a t B a rn e s w a s o fZ u in gliu s s e ct a ga in st th e
’ ‘ ’

S a c ra m e n t o f th e Alta r th e r e a r e g o o d r e a s o n s fo r re j e cti n g ,
’

e n ti r e ly a s i n c o rre ct Th a t such a m o me n t o us ch a n ge t o o k pl a c e
.

i n his vi e ws is a s littl e c o u n t e n a n c e d by his b e i n g c o n sult e d

B . v .
,
59 3 . He w r o te C h a p uy s , a d pt
o s a se c l
u ar h bi t
a ,

a nd is mu w ch i h t th e F r an ci cs an, w h o is one of th e c hi e i
f w r te r s i n
fa v o u r o f th e ki g n .
’
 T H E M A R B UR G C ON F E R E N C E . 12 1

by H e n ry a s by his r e m a i n in g a s h e did in high e st e e m wit h , ,

t h e Luth e ra n s d o w n to th e v e ry d a te o f his m a r ty r d o m It is .

d isti n ctly r e l a t e d th a t a t a l a t e r p e r i o d B arn e s w a s o n e o f th o s e

w h o a ccus e d to C ra n m e r o f h e r e sy J o h n L a m b e r t th e i n t r e pid ,

m a r ty r b e c a us e h e h e ld si m ply th e spi ritu a l p re s e n c e

, This .

fa ct giv e s a fl a t d e n i a l to M o r e s a ss e r ti o n M o r e o v e r a l e tte r
’
.
,

o f Ty n d a l e w r itt e n a fte r Ch r istm a s 1 5 3 2 c o n v e y e d to F ry th

, , ,

th e fo ll o wi n g sign ific a n t w a rn i n g : Of th e p re s e n c e o f Ch r ist s

’

b o dy i n th e S a c ra me n t m e ddl e a s little a s y o u ca n th a t th e re ,

a pp e a r n o divisi o n a m on g us B a r n e s w i l l be h o t a ga i n s t y o u
. .

T h e S a x on s b e s o r e o n th e a ffi r m a tiv e ; wh e th e r c o n st an t o r
o bsti n a t e I r e m it it to
,
Bu t wh e th e r a s M o r e a ss e r ts , ,

th e o pi n i o n o f B arn e s o n th e m a n n e r o f Ch r ist s p re s e n c e in
’

th e Euch a r ist u n d e r w e n t a ch a n g e o r a s o th e r d o cu m e n ts a n d , ,

fa cts i n dic a te r e m a i n e d j u st a s b e fo re th e w e ight o f his in fl u

, ,

e n c e o n T n d a l e s m i n d i n th e c o n sid e ra ti o n o f such a c e n t ra l
’

y
t o pic w a s n o t lik e ly to b e m or e th a n quit e tr ivi a l .

N o d o u b t Ty n d a l e a n d F ryth e x a m in e d t o ge th e r th e
t e a chi n g o f Sc r iptu r e o n th e qu e sti o n th e n a s i n d e e d n o w , ,

upp e r m o st in th e th e o l o gic a l m i n d a n d a rr iv e d in c o n c e r t ,

a t th a t d o ct r i n a l c o n victi o n w hich th e n c e fo r w a r d th e y h e ld

i n c o mmo n with o ut h o w e v e r b e i n g in a n y d e g r e e a c r i m o n i o us
, ,

a g a i n st th o s e w h o d i f fe re d fro m th e m a s w as m a d e p a t e n t i n ,

th e ir w r iti n gs .

A n i m p o r t an t c o i n cid e n c e m ust b e r e c o g n is e d i n th e
M ar b u r g C o n fe re n c e T h e S a x on a n d Swiss divi n e s m e t
.

F r id ay Oct o b e r 1 1 5 2 9 in th e l a n d gra v e s c a stl e a n d fo r

, , ,
’

thr e e d a ys disput e d th e c o n tr o v e r te d s a cra m e n t a l t o pic T h e .

l an dgra v e hi m s e lf a n d th e M a rbu r g p ro fe ss o r s list e n e d a s

u m pi re s .

E a rli e r in th e y e a r th e spi r it o f s o l e mn p ro te st a ga i n st th e
disl oy a l d e vi a ti on o f th e Chu r ch o f R o m e fro m th e o n e
Ch risti a n fa ith a s t r a n s m itt e d in G o d s Wo r d h a d u tte re d its
.

, ,

cl e a r v o ic e in th e Di e t o f Spi re s U n d e r th e p e r ils o f the i r .

situ a ti o n th e Pr o t e s tan ts b e sid e s a pp e a lin g to th e e m p e ro r

, ,

a n d a fr e e c o u n cil h a d fo r m e d a m utu a lly d e fe n siv e a lli a n c e

,
.

A n d to r e n d e r this P ro t e st a n t c o m p a c t e ffe ctiv e Philip th e ,

M agn an im o us h a d a rr an ge d n o t with o ut a g o o d d e a l o f O pp o
,

B vi. .
,
4 03 .
 122 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

si tion a n d difficulty a s a c ra m e n t a l c o n fe re n c e in his o w n t o wn

,

o f M ar bu r g F o re se e in g th a t th e a ni mo sity o f r e ligi o us dis

.

s e n si o n w o uld a t n o dist a n t d a te c o mp e l a r e s o r t to th e
, ,

a r bit r a m e n t o f sw o r d a n d l a n c e h e d e si r e d to c o m bi n e a ll w h o ,

fa v o u re d d o ctr in a l a n d e ccl e si a stic a l r e fo rm i n th e b on ds o f

cl o s e r u n i o n an d b ro th e r h o o d .

Luth e r o n th e c on tra ry disd a in i n g re c o u r s e to w e a p o n s o f

, ,

c a rn a l w a r far e c o n t en d e d re s o lut e ly for G o d s s o l e a r bitra

,
’

me n t . Th ro ugh o ut th e disput a ti o n which w a s h e ld a t ,

M a r bu rg h e e n tr e n ch e d hi m s e lf a s in a n i m p re gn a bl e
, ,

str o n gh o ld in Chr ist s o w n w o r ds Thi s is My b o dy an d

,
’

,
‘
,
’

r e pudi a t e d a l l a n d e v e ry e n d e a v o u r to d e fi n e with m a th e
m a ti ca l p re c i si o n th e m o d e o f th e Divi n e p r e s e n c e Chr ist .
,

h e m a i n t a in e d Divi n e a n d hum a n is p re s e n t in th e e l e m e n ts
, ,

r e a ll n ot howe ve r th r o ugh p r i e stly c on s e c r a ti o n bu t by

y , , ,

vir tu e o f His o w n w o r d y e t n o t a s i n a pl a c e Exc e pt th e .

’

s a c ra m e n t a l div e rg e n cy o n a ll o th e r p o in ts a gre e m e n t w a s ,

a tt a i n e d T h e Swiss a n d S a x on s p a r t e d h o ldin g o n e a n o th e r
.
,

to b e fr ie n ds but n o t b r o th e r s
‘ ’ ’
.
,

Wh e th e r Tyn d a l e w a s p r e s e n t a t this c on fe r e n c e a n d thus ,

.

th e r e p re s e n t a tiv e s o f th e R e fo r m a ti o n i n G e r m a n y in Switz e r ,

l a n d a n d in E n gl an d a ll th r e e me t a t a n i m p o r t a n t c r isis m
,

r e ligi o us p ro r e ss must r e m a in m a tt e r f o r qu e sti o n A g d

g , o o .

d e a l o f u n c e r t a in ty a tt a ch e s to T y n d a l e s m o v e m e n ts a b o ut ’

this j u n ctu re At l e a st h o w e v e r h e w a s fully i n fo r me d o f a l l

.
, ,

th a t p a ss e d a n d si n c e r e ly l a me n t e d th e i nj u ry to th e c o m m o n
,

c a us e wh e r e with i n t e st in e str ife w a s su r e ly p r e gn a n t With

, .

o u t b e in g gift e d m e n t a lly s o r ichly a s Luth e r o r Z u in l e h e

g ,

h a d m o r e o f m o d e r a ti o n a n d p r ud e n c e th a n e ith e r M o re .
,

to o o f th a t hu m ility which fe a r i n g p e r ch a n c e to go w r o n g i s
, , ,

on th a t v e ry a cc o u n t m o r e l ik e ly to b e l e d a r ight It is .

c e r ta in th a t h e c o r di a lly d e si r e d u n i o n an d th a t h e tr uste d to ,

a tt a in it th r o ugh th e o n ly s a fe p a th o f m utu a l fo rb e a ra n c e .

‘
I w o uld h a v e th e r ight u se p re a che d h e u rg e d a n d th e ,
’
,
‘

p r e s e n c e to b e a n i n diffe r e n t thi n g till th e m a tt e r ca n b e dis ,

c usse d a t l e isu re .
’
 VIII .
-
M O R E , H I S F A M I L Y A N D M A N O R H O US E -
.

TH E sh ar p str uggle in th e e a rly y e a r s o f th e E n glish B e fo r

m a ti o n h a d d ra w n i n t o d e cisiv e p r o m in e n c e i n th e v e r y v a n
o f th e fight tw o r e d o ubt a bl e ch a m pi o n s Th e s e w e re o n th e
.
,

o n e sid e , Tyn d a l e supp o r t e d by his h e n chm a n F ry th a n d o n

, ,

th e o th e r M o r e s u pp o r t e d by th e v e n e ra bl e Fish e r th e
, ,

w o r thy Tu n st a l by th e r e st o f th e p re l a t e s an d by a n o isy
, ,
‘

hi ve o f fr i a r s a n d m on ks T h e c o n flict w a s b e i n g fo ugh t
.
’

o u t i n city a n d u n iv e r sity i n c o n v e n t an d b a ro n i a l h a ll by ,
,

w o r d o f m o uth a n d by t re a tis e by s e r m o n s fro m th e pulpi t

,

a n d a r gu me n ts a t th e supp e r t a bl e Th a t M or e c a m e fo rw a r d
-
.

a t l e n gth to d o si n gl e b a ttl e a g a i n st th e e xil e d t r a ct w r it e r an d -

t ra n sl a t o r is a sig n th a t th e bish o ps w e r e by n o me a n s e a sy a t
th e p r o sp e cts o f th e i r c a us e .

M o re w a s in s o m e r e sp e cts th e m o st r e m a r k a bl e E n glish
, ,

m a n o f th e a ge if e xc e pti o n b e m a d e o f W o ls e y hi ms e lf
, ,

wh o s e a tt e n ti o n w a s distra cte d by a multiplici ty o f e n gro ssin g

p o litic a l c a re s M ore e nj oye d a n Eu ro p e a n re put a ti o n ; h is
.

l e ga l studi e s h a d e n light e n e d his mi n d o n th e t r u e th e o ry o f

th e E n glish C o n stituti o n but h a d n o t qu e n ch e d his th e o
,

l o gic a l z e a l A l a wy e r by p r o fe ssi o n h e w a s a Chu r ch m a n in

.
,

s o ul His a bl e pe n h a d b e e n su mm o n e d to th e c o n tro ve r sy
.

by Tu n st a l to d o swift a n d su r e e x e cuti o n G o li a th w a s to
,
.

smite o ff th e h e a d o f th e st r ip l i n g D a vid .

S e v e ra l c e n tu r ie s h a v e i n t e r v e n e d sin c e th e n o te d c o n tro
v e rsy . But th e t o pics d e b a t e d w e r e o fn o e ph e m e ra l i n t e re st
M o re him s e l f d e spit e his l a te r r e a cti on ary n o ti on s in r e ligio n
, ,

d e s e r v e dly t a k e s r a n k with th e b e st o f o u r E n glish w o r thi e s

a s g r e a t a fa v o u r it e a n d a s fa m ili a r to us to d a y his w o r ds a s
,
-
,

fre sh a s if h e h a d j e st e d wi th Mist re ss Alic e o r discuss e d ,

1 24 TH E D A WN O F TH E E rV GL I S H R E F O R JI A TI ON .

th e o l o gy a n d e thics with M a rga r e t R o p e r o r w a tch e d th e ,

g a m b o ls o f th e fa m ily p e ts on ly y e st e r d a y His m e m o r y h a s .

b e e n e n shr i n e d in th e n a ti o n a l h e a r t by his m o ra l a n d ,

d o me stic e xc e lle n cie s s e tti n g th e c ro wn o n g e n ius a n d l e a r n i n g .

A littl e m o r e th a n thr e e c e n tu r i e s a n d a h a lf a go Th o m a s
M o r e w a s livin g a t Ch e ls e a (o r C h e l ch ith e o r C h e l s e th a s h e , ,

w o uld sp e ll th e th re e s m a l l mil e s fr o m L on d o n ‘
,
’

i n th e m a n o r h o u s e which h e h a d b u il tj with his s e c o n d ‘

w ife su rr o u n d e d by his thr e e d a ught e rs a n d th e i r husb a n ds ,

s o me g ra n dchild re n a n d his o n e a n d o n ly s o n J o hn a n d
,

J o h n s wife His so n n a m e d a ft e r his g ra n dfa th e r h a d b e e n

’
.
, ,

b o rn ( 1 5 0 9 ) l a st o f a l l a n d w a s in i n te ll e ct a m e l a n ch o ly co n
,

t r a st to his fa th e r w h o it is r e c or d e d h a d h a lf r e p r o v e d th e
,

m o th e r s y e a rn i n g fo r m a l e o ffsp r i n g : G o d h a s giv e n y o u i n
’ ‘

a n sw e r to y o u r p r a y e r s a b o —w h o will a l w ays b e a b o ’

y y .

Wh e n o n ly n i n e t e e n J o h n m a r r i e d A n n e C re sa cre M a r ga r e t .

G iggs a n a d o p te d o r ph a n gir l a n d M r Gu n n e l th e p r e c e pt o r
, ,
.
, ,

w e r e a ls o m e mb e r s o f th e h o us e h o ld o f Che ls e a M a n o r .

All his child r e n w e r e by J a n e his fi rst wife R o p e r n arr a t e s ,

.

R e s or tin g to th e h o us e o f o n e M a iste r C o lt a ge n tl e ma n o f ,

Ess e x w h o h a d th re e d a ught e r s o f h on e st c o n v e r s a tio n a n d

,

vi r tu o us e duc a ti on his m i n d m o st s e r vin g h im to th e s e c on d

, ,

fo r th a t h e th o ught h e r th e fa i r e st a n d b e st fa v o u r e d n e v e r ,

th e l e ss l e st it sh o uld b e a gr e a t g r i e f a n d s o m e sh a m e to th e
,

e ld e st to s e e h e r y o u n g e r sist e r p r e fe r r e d b e fo re h e r i n m a r

r i a e h e fra m e d his fa n cy t o w a r d J a n e th e e ld e st an d s o o n
g , , ,

a ft e r w ar ds m a rr i e d h e r H is fi r st wife M o r e s e l e ct e d with a
’
.

vi e w to tr a in in g a n d m o uldin g h e r to his o w n high id e a l o f

wh a t a w o m an o ught to b e .

Mist re ss Alic e his s e c o n d wife A l o u isa Middl e t o n (h e r

, ,
‘ ’

C h r isti a n n a m e sh o r t e n e d s o m e ti m e s to Alic e s o m e ti me s to ,
’

b k
C e so l w a s a
‘
d
an
’
p bbl
o f sa n h c l hl y
a nd e es ; w e n e a so C e s e , o r
l y x
S e se , i n S u sse .

h igh i
1 M o r e s ma n o r o u se
’
- i h lib y b k g ll y
a r
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t fa r o n e , w t ra r , o o s, a er ,
. g
e tc — h a d y g d
a te w a an d i g h
ar e n s o pe n n d
o n th e T a me s I t sto o n e ar .

th e c ch h ur k h h h yl
(n o w S t L u e s) T e r e w a s a n o t e r ma n o r o u s e ( r o a )
.
'

.
-

hl
a t C e se a a q d g l b ildi
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, h u d
n g, wh i e r e a fte r w a r s K a t a r n e Pa r r
id d i h
re s e w t l th b d
h e r as us a n h M o r e s ma n o r o u se go t th e n a me i n
’
-

c i p ll d d by
.

o u r s e o f t me o f B ea u o r t H o use
f and w as u e ow n in 1 74 0
—
,

l
S i r H a n s S o an e y vi pp
S e e L so n s ’
.
‘
lk
E n r o n s,
’
70 1 82 F au ne r s
’
.
-
.

hl hl
C e se a ( e d 1 8 1 0 ) h a s a m a p o f th e C e s e a o f 1 6 6 4
. .
 S I R T H OM A S A 1VD H I S F A M I L Y . 12 5

‘
L o uis a ith e r y o u n g n or b e a utiful n e c b e ll a n e c
w as n e
‘
,

bu t w a s s e n i o r to S ir Th o ma s by s o m e y e a r s S h e .

w a s a w id o w a n d w a s ch o s e n to b e his s e c on d wife a s a g o o d
,

d iscipli n a r i a n a n d a th r ifty h o us e k e e p e r H e r th r ift i n d e e d .

, ,

sh e c a rr i e d so f a r th a t h e r husb a n d w o uld s o m e ti m e s ra lly h e r

on h e r s a vin g a c an dl e e n d a n d sp o i l in g a v e lv e t g o w n
-
To .
’

pl e a s e h e r husb a n d a n d gra tify his m usic a l t a st e D a m e Ali ce

, ,

l e a rn t to pl a y o n th e h a r p M o r e a cc o mp a n yin g h e r on th e ,

flut e M a r g a re t h e r d a ught e r by h e r fo r m e r husb a n d r e a dily

.
, ,

fe ll in t o th e fa m ily w ays p ro vi n g a pl e a s an t c o m p a n i o n to ,

M o r e s th re e d a ught e r s M a r ga r e t Eliz a b e th a n d C ice l y sf T h e

’

, , ,

w ife is d e sc r ib e d by R o p e r a s a si m pl e ig n o r a n t w o m a n a n d
‘

s o m e wh a t w o rldly to o H e r t e mp e r w a s n o t with o ut a d a sh o f
’
.
,

a cidity M o r e w a s n e v e r k n o w n to fu m e i but l o v e d his

’ ‘
y e t ,

o l d wife a s w e l l a s if sh e h a d b e e n a y o u n g m a id Wh a ts o ’
.

e v e r th a t c o uld n o t b e h e lp e d h e l o v e d it a s th o ugh n o thi n g , ,

c o uld h a v e h a pp e n e d m o r e h a ppily M o r e w a s c o m p a re d by .
’

Rich a r d Pa c e to D e m o c r itus th e l a ughin g phil o s o ph e r o r to a , ,

skilful c o ok w h o m a k e s his vi a n ds p a l a t a bl e with a sp r in k li n g

,

o f vi n e g a r .

His e ld e st d a ught e r M a r g a re t m arr i e d to Willi a m R o p e r

, , ,

o f Elth a m h a d th e l a r g e st sh a r e o f h e r fa th e r s h e a r t
’
, as ,

w a s sh o w n l a t e r o n i n th e fa r e w e ll e m b r a c e up o n th e T o w e r
Wh a r f S h e w a s i n fa ct a n o rn a m e n t o n ly s e c o n d to S ir
.
, , ,

Th o m a s hi ms e lf to th e b r ight h o us e h o ld which E ra smus

, ,

t e r me d a littl e h o us e o f th e Mus e s a n d a n o th e r a c a d e my o f
‘
,

Pl a t o o r r a th e r sch o o l o r u n i v e rsity o f Chr isti a n r e ligi o n

, .
’

T h e y o u n g Swiss p a i n te r o f B a sl e H a n s H o lb e i n i n t ro duc e d , ,

V i d u a m d u x i t, w r o te E r a s m u s , n e c e a m a d m o d u m n e c p u e l l a m ,
‘
’ ‘
b ll
se d a e r e m a c v i gi l a n te m m a tr e m fa m as a n m ili
m n m e m o s, o s tr e mo i i i i lli p
a d r e m a tte n tis si ma m
’
.

1
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G il
id
e s H e r o n , m a rr e to C e ic ly h
w e n sh e w a s tw e n t o n e e ar s o l d y y -

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,

an d W a m D a u n te se y , o r D a u n ce y m a r r e to e ss e w e r e m e m e r s
, ,

fo r T h e t fo r d lii n th e P a r a m e n t o f 1 5 2 9 — B ,
ar t ,
6 04 3 . . iv p iii
. . .

h h b c ith
1; T u s , w e n , i n h i s a se n e w th e n , h is b a r n s w e r e urnt ki g b
d t i d
o w n , h e w r o e to h i s w fe fr o m W o o s to ,
S e te m e r 1 3 , 1 5 2 9 T he ck p b
l ch c
o ss o f s o m u pi yorn is a t b u t w e m u s t n o t o n y b e o n te n t b u t b e l c ,

gl da d vi it ti
of G o
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s a h v
on Pe r a s w e a e m o r e a u s e to
. an H i m fo r c th k
l th
o u r o ss i i g k
a n fo r o u r w n n n T a e a l l th e o u s e o to ur ,
a nd h h ld ch ch
h k
t a n G od p y k
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w a my o o r g d ch h t p
neigh b h v l
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o s t, a n d t e m ta e n o ou t t e r e fo r ; fo r i f I th gh h
h ld
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12 6 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A T I O N .

by E r a sm u s to M o r e a n d by M o r e to H e n ry an d his c o u r t d e li n e , ,

a t e d th e fa mily g ro up n o t o m itti n g th e fo o l — H e n ry Pa tte n d e n ,

(o r Pa tt e s o n ) T h e a r tistic succ e ss o f H o lb e in s gr a c e ful p e n cil

’
.

w a s m uch a d m i r e d by E ra s m us w h o in r e tu r n o r such a gift

’

j
’

, , ,

w ro te to M a r ga re t : I r e c o gn is e d e v e ry o n e i n it n o n e m or e ‘
,

th a n y o u r s e lf ; m e th o ught I sa w a s o ul shi n i n g th r o ugh this

m o st b e a utiful h o us e h o ld e ve n m o re B e sid e s th e ,

y o u n g S w iss a r tist the n r isin g i n t o c e le b r ity C o l e t Li n a c r e , , , ,

a n d th e r e n o w n e d sch o l a r s o f th e p e r i o d w e r e w e lc o m e u e sts
g ,

a t th e m an o r h o us e T h e ki n g hi m s e lf s om e tim e s e nj o y e d th e
-
.

h o spit a lity o f his disti n guish e d subj e ct T h e time w a s wh e n .

M o re w o u ld m a ke m e rry wit h th e ki n g i n his t ra v e rs e o r ‘

,
’
,

visiti n g h im a t th e p a l a c e w o uld w a l k with h im up o n th e ,

‘
l e a d s by n ight c o n sid e r i n g th e div e r siti e s c o u r s e s m o ti on s
, , , ,

a n d o p e r a ti o n s o f th e st a r s an d pl a n e ts But M o re l o v e d his .

o w n h o m e a n d sh o n e th e r e to th e b e st a dv a n t a g e
,
O n on e .

o cc a si o n M ore s d a ught e r s disput e d in phil o s o phy b e fo re th e

’

kin g s gr a c e ’
At a n o th e r ti me th e ki n g u n l o ck e d fo r c a me
.
’

, ,
-
,

to d i n n e r a n d a ft e r w a r ds w a lk e d i n th e fa i r g a r d e n by th e
,

sp a c e o f a n h o u r his a r m a ro u n d M o r e s n e c k M o re w a s ,
’ ’

co n gra tul a t e d by his so n R o p e r o n his r o y a l m a st e r s a f fe cti on

’
.

S o n R o p e r S i r Th o m a s r e pli e d ,
’
I m a y t e ll th e e I h a v e n o ,

c a us e to b e p ro ud th e re o f fo r if my h e a d w o uld w in th e k i n g
a c a stl e i n F r a n c e it sh o uld n o t fa il to
’
o
g ,
.

T h e ch a rm o f M ore s a m i a bl e d o m e stic n a tu r e i n th e b o s o m
’

o f his o w n d e a r ly l o v e d fa m ily c a n n o t r e a dily b e su r p a ss e d

-
.

Ye t w a s h e st r ict a s w e ll a s ki n d T o e a ch m e m b e r o f th e .

h k d M g t R p f m F ib g S p t mb 6 1 5 2 9
E r a sm u s t an e ar a re o er ro r ur ,
e e er ,
.

Th ch l w i t
e s l h ki d h ( th m th A lic ) pic t
o ar r es I ave sse er e o er e s
’
ur e ,
as

co uld t ki h l f M y b t i h t y b th J h M
no ss e r se d es w s es o o ur ro e r, o n o re , an

y h b d R p —B iv p t iii 5 9 24
.

’
our us an o er . .
,
ar . , .

t h i p t it i 1 5 2 3 f m B l f mily
.

E m h d
ra s us a Th M se n s o r ra n ro as e . e o re a

g pw
ro u t gi ft d i p
as av d i th t w h ll t B l
re u rn ,
an s r e se r e n e o n- a a as e .

C m pb ll d C h c ll ii p 7 5 t T hi pic t i p ’
a L e
’
s
‘
or d an e o rs, .
,
.
,
no e . s ure s a e n-an
i k k tch
n s e .

A c py tw lv f t w id
o by b t i high i t N t l l P i y
, e e ee e , a ou n ne ,
s a os e r or ,
th et f L
se a d S t O w ld hi m l f d c d d f m M g t R p
o or . s a ,
se es en e ro ar a re o er

th gh H h w T hi c py h th d t 1 53 0 f i t b t vi ibl
rou a e ns a . s o as e a e ,
a n ,
u s e
on th igh t h d c
e r an o rn e r .

W h t i b li v d t b th
a s igi l p i ti g w l g t B f d
e e e o e e or na a n n as on a ur or

P i y Ox
r or d i k
, w th B f d p ic t
o n , an It i w t C k s no n as e ur or ure . s no a o e
th p P k W i t y th p p ty f M K th i S t ickl d
or e ar ,
ne
,
e ro er o rs . a ar n e r an .
 E S F A M IL Y L IF E
’
[V O R . 12 7

h o us e h o l d a pl o t o f ga r d e n gr o u n d w a s a ll o tte d which it w a s ,

re qui re d sh o uld b e k e pt in g o o d cultiv a ti o n T h e fa mily p e ts

.

to o w e r e n u m e r o us
,
Th e re w a s n o t lightly a n y ki n d o f bir d
.
,

s a ys H a r s fie l d th a t S ir Th o m a s M o re k e pt n o t i n his h o us e ;
p ,

a s h e k e pt a ls o th e a e t h e f t h w a se l t h f rr e t a n d
p ox
, e e , e e , ,

o th e r b e a sts th a t w e r e r a r e A n i n te re sti n g p a ge in th e
’
.

‘
C o ll o qui e s o f E ra s m us n a rra t e s with wh a t a m use d i n te re st
’

th e D utch sch o l ar w a tch e d th e m a n oe uv r e s o f a g re a t a pe a n ,

e sp e ci a l fa mily
p e t i n p ro t e cti n g his fa v o u r it e r a bbits fr o m th e
,

m a l e v o l e n t d e sign s o f th e
See ‘
ll q i
E r a smi C o o u a u n e r th e d ea n h di g Am ici i
ta
’ ‘
R e fe ra m
q d li
uo o vidi
m h i s o cu l i s i n sa dib
as T h
o mae M o r i cl a r i ssi mi a p d
u A n osgl
vi ir . d i
Al e b a t o m si mi u m pr ae gr a n d e m , e tc
’
.
 IX — M O R E S E A R L Y A N D
’
. L AT E R O PI N I O N S .

T H E firstfru its of
M o re s pe n e xhibite d a lib e ra l spi r it which
’

s e e me d e v e n i n cli n e d to e rr in th e dir e cti on o f fr e e d o m I n .

th e Ut o pi a — which s o m e t r a n sl a t e a blissful s o m e wh e r e
‘ ’

o th e r s n o w h e r e — M o re p r e s e n t e d to th e l e a rn e d w o rld a
‘

C o m m o n w e a lth id e a lly p e r fe ct a biti n g s a ti re o n th e l a w s

an d us a ge s o f s o ci e ty in E n gl a n d Pl a t o s R e public h a d ’ ‘ ’
.

fu rn ish e d th e id e a ; but M o r e h a s gr e a tly th e a dv an t a ge o f

th e G r e e k phil o s o ph e r i n i m p a r ti n g to th e a i ry ficti o n o f his
w n i m a g in a ti o n a l o c a l h a bit a ti o n an d a n a m e a n a pp a r e n t
‘ ’

g ,

re a lity w hich e v e n d e c e iv e d m a n y
,
T h e b o o k is a st a n di n g .

p ro o f o f th e re m ar k a ble a dv an c e o f M o r e s m i n d b e y o n d n o t ’

on ly his o w n a ge but e v e n in s o m e r e sp e cts b e y o n d th e

,

cl o si n g d e c a d e o f th e n in e t e e n th c e n tu ry H e n o t o n ly in .
,

his r e m a r ks o n c r im e a n d its pu n ishm e n t a n ticip a t e d s o m e o f ,

th e argu m e n ts o f th e r e fo r m e r s o f o u r c r i m i n a l c o d e R o m illy , ,

M a cki n t o sh a n d o th e r s but h e e v e n a n ticip a t e d th e a spi ra ti o n s

, ,

o f th e b r illi a n t A m e r ic a n s a g e Ch a n n i n g f o r a n e duc a t e d a n d, ,

re fi n e d w or ki n g cl a ss .

T h e s e c o n d b o o k o fth e Ut o pi a w a s w r itt e n fi r st th e o th e r
’

b e in g i n tr o d u ct o ry It w a s c o m p o s e d in L a ti n a b o ut 1 5 1 5
.
,

wh e n M o r e w a s i n his thir ty s e v e n th y e a r l a n d w a s re sidi n g -

,
><

a t B u ck l e r s b u r y his fi r st w ife still livi n g

, At th a t p e r i o d h e .

w a s w o n t to h a v e E r a s m us a s his gu e st w h o h a d n o w visite d ,

E n gl a n d fo r th e thi r d ti me d ra w n b a ck fr o m It a ly a n d R o m e,

by th e j o yful h o p e s e n kin dl e d in th e discipl e s o f th e N e w

L e a rn in g by h a vi n g a y o uthful p r i n c e o f th e i r o w n w ay o f
thi n k i n g o n th e th r o n e .

Un d e r M o r e s r o o f E ra smus c o mp o s e d ( 1 5 1 0) his Pr a ise o f

’

See b h m di c v
o s o e re d th e e x ct d
a a te o f M ore s
’
b i th t
r o b e S atu r d y a ,

Fe b ruar y 7 1 4 78
,
.
 T H E UT OPI A . 12 9

F o lly o r M o ri ae E n c o m iu m its L a ti n titl e b e i n g a p u n o n

,
’ ‘
,
’

his h o st s n a m e a n d p r o p e n siti e s Lik e th e C o ll o quie s sub

’
.
‘ ’

s e qu e n tly publish e d ( 1 5 2 2 ) — th o s e w e ll k n o wn i n t e re sti n g a n d -

i n str uctiv e p r o s e i d y lls r e s e m bli n g Luci a n s Di a l o gu e s in ,

’ ‘

fo rm bu t v e ry sup e r i o r in substa n c e — this littl e b o o k e x e r t e d

,

a p o w e r fu l i n flu e n c e up o n e duc a t e d m i n ds i n fa v o u r o f r e li

gi o n s r e fo r m A littl e l a te r E ra s m us d e v o t e d his e n e rgie s to th e

.

m o st v a lu a bl e o f a l l his l a b o u r s his N o vu m I n st r u me n tu m
’

, ,

fo r s o h e c a ll e d his N e w T e st a m e n t i n its fi r st e diti o n which w a s ,

to i n a ugu ra te a b e tt e r e r a i n r e ligi o n a s B a c o n subs e qu e n tly ,

h i s g re a t t r e a tis e which w a s to r e v o luti o n iz e sci e n c e — th e titl e

,

r e p r o d uc e d fro m A r ist o tl e s c e l e b r a t e d l o gic a l e xp o siti o n s a

’

p ,

plic a bl e to a l l r e a s o n i n g T h e Pa r a ph r a s e s ( 1 5 1 7 1 5 2 0 ) i n .
‘
-

e lucid a ti o n o f Sc r iptu r e w e r e a fu r th e r c o n t r ibuti o n fro m th e

p a i n st a k in g sch o l a r to th e c a us e o f e n light e n m e n t T h e y e a r .

1 5 1 6 is me m o r a bl e I n its M a r ch w a s publish e d E ra s m u s
’
.

‘
N o vum I n str u me n tu m a n d in its Oct o b e r M o re s e n t to ,
’

L o uv a i n th e i n t ro duct o r y b o o k i n c o mpl e ti o n o f th e Ut o pi a .
’

T h e sc e n e o fth e c o n v e rs a ti o n i n w h ich th e wh o l e life o f th e

i n h a bit an ts o f th e isl a n d o fUto pi a is d e ta il e d is w e ll l a id M o r e .

fe ign s th a t a s h e p a ss e d o u t o f O u r L a dy s Chu r ch a t A n tw e r p
,
’
,

h e e spi e d his fr i e n d Pe t e r Gil e s ( Pe t r us IEgid i u s ) t a lkin g with

a ce r t a i n st r a n g e r w e ll st r ick e n i n a ge su n bu r n t i n fa c e
,
with , ,

cl o a k c a st n e glige n tly a b o ut his sh o uld e r s b y m i e n a n d ,

a pp a r e l a se a fa r i n g m a n T h e st r an g e r p ro v e d to b e a
-
.

P o r tugu e s e ge n tl e m a n by n a m e R a ph ae l H y th l o d a y w h o , ,

h a d v o y a g e d a n d tr a v e ll e d m uch a n d h a d a cc o m p an i e d ,

A m e r ig o Ve spucci in his v o y a ge s to th e N e w W o r ld M o re .

i n vit e d h im to his h o us e Th e y s a t e d o wn to ge th e r in th e .

ga r d e n up o n a b e n ch c o v e r e d with tu r v e s fi a n d th e str a n ge r ‘

sp ok e o f his m a r v e ll o u s a dv e n tu re s his b e i n g l e ft in A m e r ic a ,

by V e spucci his w a n d e r i n gs a n d fi n a lly his s oj o u rn for fiv e

, , ,

y e a r s in th e isl a n d o f Ut o pi a T h e thr e e r e ti r e d i n t o th e .

h o us e for di n n e r a n d a ft e r w a rds r e tu rn e d to th e i r s e a ts o n
,

th e b e n ch wh e n H y th l o d a y p ro c e e d e d to giv e a full a n d e x a ct
,
.

‘
A w oo d -
cu t B l E di ti ( f th Ut pi ) p b bly x c t d
i n th e as e on o e o a ,
ro a e e u e

by H lb i o e n , re p t th m ( M
r e se n G il
s d R ph l ) i tti g
e b ch o re , e s, an a ae s n on a en

i th g d b hi d th h d th h d f th t S ’
n e ar en e n e t
o u se , u n er e s a e o e r e e s, e c . ee

b h m p 38 9
o , . . A i mil vig tt pp
s i D ib d i
ar U t pi (B t
ne e a e ars n n s
’ ‘
o a os on ,

L i c l hi
n o ns re ,
p 1 64 . .
1 30 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A TI O N .

d e sc r ipti o n citi e s i n stituti o n s a n d c usto m s o f th e

of th e , ,

Uto pi an c o mm o n w e a lth .

I n E n glish s o ci e ty a n d th e l a ws which re gul a t e d it M o r e ,

b e h e ld a c o n spi ra cy o f th e r ich a ga in st th e p o o r T h us h e .

w a s c a r e ful to p ro t e ct th e Ut o pi a n c o m m o n w e a l a g a i n st th e

ty ra n n y o f Pr in c e ss L a dy M o n e y a n d th a t M o th e r o f a ll
‘
,
’ ‘

mischi e f Pr id e T h e p r i n c e (Uto pu s) w h o h a d g a i n e d th e
’
.
, ,

l a n d by c o n qu e st by re a s o n o f th e diss e n si o n s o f i ts i n h a bit
,

a n ts w a s a public b e n e fa ct o r b o th by wis e l a w s a n d by g o o d
, ,

e x a mpl e .T h e blissful d w e ll e r s i n th e c r e sc e n t isl an d w e re

e x e m p t fr o m m an y o f th e Eu ro p e an vic e s Of th e t r ifl i n g .

s ubtl e ti e s o fth e l o gic a l disquisiti o n s th e n in v o gu e th e y k n e w

n o thi n g . Pr o p e r ty in Ut o pi a w a s p o ss e ss e d b y th e co m
m u n ity ; a n d a lth o ugh n o t C h r isti a n s th e Ut o pi a n s w e r e w e ll
, ,

d isp o s e d t o w a rds th e r e ligi o n o f Ch r ist b e c a us e its fo u n d e r ,

h a d i n stitut e d a c o m mu n ity o f g o o ds a m o n g H is foll o w e r s .

Ev e ry t e n th y e a r th e h o us e s w e r e ch a n g e d by l o t N o thi n g .

wi thi n th e i r h o us e s w a s p r iv a t e T h e t w e n ty fo u r h o u r s o f .
-

th e d ay w e r e s o divid e d th a t six w e r e d e v o t e d to l a b o u r ,

e ight to sl e e p a n d th e r e st to th e g a rn ishi n g o f th e mi n d ‘ ’

, .

B e sid e s a cqu a i n ta n c e with husb a n d ry e v e ry on e w a s re qui re d ,

to a cqui r e s o m e h an dic r a ft V i rtu e w as re ga rd e d a s a life

.

o r d e r e d a cc or di n g to n a tu r e Th e i r m e a ls w e re b e gu n by .

r e a di n g ; a n d n o supp e r w a s u n e n liv e n e d by music Th e y .

a te a n d d ra n k fr o m gl a ss a n d e ar th e n w a r e a n d us e d g o ld to

m a k e th e i r ch a mb e r p o ts a n d gyv e s fo r th e i r b o n d m e n
-
, .

Pr e ci o us st on e s w e r e n o t a ll o w e d a s o rn a m e n ts e xc e pt fo r ,

child re n which a t r ip e r y e a r s th e y w o uld c a st a w a y with th e i r

,

o th e r t o ys Dic e r s h a wk e r s hu n te r s w e r e h e ld i n r e p ro b a
.
, ,

ti o n T h e Ut o pi a n s c o uld fin d n o pl e a su re in s e e i n g a p oo r
.

timid h a re ch a s e d by a d o g Am o n gst th e m e v e ry m o th e r .

su ckle d h e r o w n i n fa n t .

As r e ga rds re ligi o n th e y w o r shipp e d G o d (M y th ra Pe rsi a n

, ,

fo r th e su n ) i n t e m pl e s p ro fan e d by n o im a ge s r a n ge d a cc o r d ,

i n g to h o us e h o lds a l l cl o th e d i n whit e th e m e n o n th e r ight

, ,

sid e th e w o m e n o n th e l e ft T h e p e culi a r r ights o fth e v a ri o us

,
.

s e cts w e r e p e r fo rm e d in p riv a t e Th e re w as n o p e r s e cuti on .

o n a cc o u n t o f r e ligi o n Th e i r p r i e sts w e re fe w in n umb e r a n d

.

w e re m a rr i e d T h e p r i e st w or e v e stme n ts cu n n i n gly wro ught

.
 TH E UT OPI A . 1 31

w ith div e r s fe a th e rs o f fo wls d e picti n g in th e i r p ro p e r se ttin g ,

c e r t a i n divi n e m yst e r i e s Th e i r sp e ci a lly s a c re d s e a s o n s w e re

.

t o w a r ds th e e n d o f e a ch m o n th a n d y e a r ; a n d b e fo re public
w o rs hip a t such tim e s c o n fe ssi o n w a s m a d e by th e wife to h e r
h
hus b a n d a n d by t e child re n to th e ir p a re n ts fi
'

fi
,

Thus th e Ut o pia is sign ific a n t a s c o n t a i n i n g a d e cid e d

‘ ’ ‘

p ro te st a g a i n st s o m e o f th e m o st d e m o ra lizi n g p ra ctic e s o fth e

C h u r ch o fR o me Its pl a n a ls o fo r c o m bi n i n g re ligio us t ol e ra
.

ti o n wi th c o mp r e h e n si o n is v e ry r e ma rk a bl e It m ust b e co n .

fe ss e d h o w e v e r th a t th e h ar m o n y o f th e id e a l e xc e lle n c e w a s
, ,

s o me w h a t m a rre d by a fe w n o t e s o f disc o r d T h e Ut o pi an .

m a r r i a g e cust o m s w e r e m o re cu r i o us th a n d e lic a t e f Suicid e

-
,

if s a n cti o n e d by th e p r i e sts a n d by th e c o u n cil w a s p e r mis , ,

s ibl e a n d e v e n p ra is e w o r thy
,
But v e ry m e m o ra bl e a s a wh o l e .

w a s su ch a n a chi e v e m e n t o f a n i n t e ll e ct si n gu l a r ly b o l d i n ,

co n st r ucti n g a w e ll o r d e r e d s o ci a l syst e m o f hu m a n b e i n gs
-
,

wh o s e u n ity a n d p u re a n d us e ful livi n g w e re a r e p ro o f to

E n glis h vic e a n d s e lfish n e ss T h e p r o m is e h o w e v e r p r o v e d .
, ,

d e c e itful i n n o o rdi n a ry d e g r e e o f th e m a tu r e h a r ve st to b e
r e a pe d e v e n tu a lly fr o m a m i n d o f s u ch o r igi n a l g e n ius .

M o r e fo u n d hi m s e lf a l m o st i n a n e w w o r ld wh e n te n y e a r s ,

h a d p a ss e d fro m th e ti me o f th e public a ti o n o f th e c o mpl e t e d

Ut o pi a T h e guid e s o f his y o uth a n d e a rly m a n h oo d w e r e
’
.

one o r ch a n ge d C o l e t h a d p a ss e d to his r e st His c on sti

g ,
. .

tu tio n h a d su n k (O ct o b e r 1 6 1 5 1 9 ) u n d e r th e e ffe cts o f th e ,

thi r d a tt a ck o f th e s w e a ti n g sick n e ss H e l e ft a v o id which .

his succ e ss o r P a c e a c o u r t syc o ph a n t c o uld ill fill T h e l o n g

, , .

n a v e o f Old S t P a ul s w a s n o l on g e r visit e d a s b e f o r e by m a n y
’
.

a L o ll a rd c r e e pi n g i n a n d t a k i n g his pl a c e in th e c o n g re g a
,

ti o n to list e n to a p re a ch e r w h o a lth o ugh n o t a Wy cl iffi te

, , ,

h a d p e r us e d Wycliffe s w r iti n gs n o t with o ut p ro fit T o M o re

’

, .

t h is l o ss o f his e a rly guid e w a s g re a t I t sh o w s h o w e n ti1 e l y .

M o re s u bs e qu e n tly d e s e r t e d h is o l d m o o r i n gs fo r th e d a r k a n d 0

d e a dly w a te r s o f R o m e s d e lusi o n s th a t h e w r o te to E ra s m us
’

, ,

e nj o i n i n g him n o l o n g e r to p ro p a g a t e his fo r m e r r e ligi o us

o pi n i o n s but r a th e r to r e t ra c t th e m
, E ra s m us hi m s e lf h a d .

b e e n a lie n a t e d m o r e d e cid e dly fr o m Luth e r by th e i r c o n tr o

S e e D ib d i n s U to a ,
’ ‘
pi pp 2 4 1 ’
.
,
2 4 9 , 2 5 0 , 2 55 , 2 6 2 4 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 4 , 2 9 1 3
- -
,

.
308 , 3 4 6 , 3 5 2 - 4 , 3 6 3 , 3 7 1 .

1 L or
"
dB c
a on mo es t di fi h c t e se us o ms i n h is N e w A t a n t
‘
l i s
1 32 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A TI O N .

v e rs f re e will
on Thus M o r e re m a i n e d a l o n e to ch o o s e his
y .

o w n c o u rse a n d e v e n ts which sup e r v e n e d in r a pid su cc e ssi o n

sh o o k i n t o r uin s his e a rly N e w L e a rn in g t a ste s a n d n o ti on s .

M o re s t o t a l a n d a l m o st su d d e n d e p a r tu r e fro m his e a r ly
’

lib e r a l sp e cul a ti o n s to R o m ish big o t ry a n d i n t o le ra n c e h a s b e e n

re g a r d e d a s a puzzli n g e n ig m a C e r t a i n ly i t is a m e l a n ch o l y
.

dis a pp o i n tm e n t His p o litic a l vi e ws c o n ti n u e d m uch a s b e fo re

. .

Ty n d a l e o n his p a r t si n c e r e ly d e si re d th e a me li o ra ti o n o f th e
, ,

c o n diti o n o f th e l a b o u r i n g cl a ss ; bu t h e l o o k e d fo r this
r e sul t to th e i n st r u me n t a lity o f ki n gly p o w e r a cti n g in th e ,

fe a r o f G o d M o r e a ttr ibu te d l e ss to r oy a l a uth o r i ty

.

an d as a c o n stituti o n a l l a wy e r a n d a s a n E n glish m a n , ,

dislik e d h e a r tily th e a bs o lutis m o f H e n ry W o ls e y a n d C ru m , ,

w e ll . I t is th e m o r e su r p r isi n g th a t i n r e ligi on h e sh o u ld h a v e
r e c e d e d to th e u n s a fe g ro u n d o f a fa n a tic a l R o m an ist i n a s ,

m uch a s a p a pist such a s his fr i e n d Fish e r h e n e v e r b e c a m e

, , .

R o p e r st a t e s th a t th e ki n g s b o o k a ga i n st Luth e r i n co m ’

p l e tin
g which h e r e n d e r e d h e lp to Fish e r a n d L e e a s a sor te r ,

o u t a n d pl a c e r o f th e p ri n cip a l m a tte r s b r o ught h im to ,

’

‘
b e li e v e t h a t th e p o p e s p r i m a cy w a s by i n stituti o n o f G o d
’
.
’

This sta te me n t ca n pl e a d th e a u th o r itv o f M o r e hi m s e lf " Ye t .

h e d e cl a r e s i n t h e v e ry s a m e l e tt e r m which h e r e m a rks o n ,

this ch an ge o f his fo r m e r o pi n i o n r e ga r di n g th e p o p e s ’

p r i ma cy th a t h e n e v e r c o n sid e r e d th e p o p e a b o v e th e ge n e ra l
c o u n cil ; a n d it is n o t e w o r thy th a t in his subs e qu e n t D ia ,
‘

l o gu e his d e fi n i ti o n o f th e Chu r ch c o n t a i n s n o r e fe re n c e w h a t
,
’

e v e r t o t h e p o n ti f
f— a n e xclusi o n which ca n h a r dly h a v e b e e n

u n i n te n ti o n a l H e n ry s b o o k m ay h a v e s e r v e d to d e t a ch h im
.
’

a ls o fro m s o m e o th e r o f his p re vi o us N e w L e a rn i n g n o ti o n s .

A n d to thi s b e gi n n i n g o f O pi n i o n s m o re i n c o n s o n a n c e w ith
th e R o m a n sy st e m l a r g e a dditi o n s w e r e d o ubtl e ss m a d e w h e n
h e t o o k u p his p e n to p ro p th e ki n g s h a lti n g c a us e a g a i n s t
’

Luth e r s v e h e me n t re t o r t
’
.

"
Ch e ls e a M a n or a n d th e Witt e n b e rg m o n a st e ry b or e a r e
s e m bl a n c e to o n e a n o th e r s o fa r a s th a t b o th w e r e r e m a rk a bly
h a ppy h o m e s Th e i r p r i n cip a l i n m a te s a ls o illust r i o us to a l l
.
,

ti m e r e s e mbl e d o n e a n o the r in th e high e st m ora l w o r th a n d in

,

l a r ge m e n t a l c o m p a ss Th e y w e r e skill e d i n m usic a n d p o e try

.
,

S ee M
’
or e s l e tte r to C r u mw e ll ,
d a te d M ar ch 5 1 534 — B , . vii 2 89 .
 JI O R E A N D L U TH E R . I 33

in b o th which h o w e v e r Lu th e r w a s g re a tly th e su p e r i o r M or e
, , .

h a d n o t m u ch o f Lu th e r s d e e p a cqu a i n t an c e w ith p a tr istic ’

lite ra tu re Luth e r w a s d e v o id o f M o r e s l e ga l a tt a i n me n ts ’
.

I n b o th a k e e n s e n s e o f hu m o u r w e n t with a n a tu r e o f i n t e n s e
t r uthful n e ss B o th sh o n e with u n usu a l b r illi a n cy in th e
.

d o me stic ci r cl e ; b o th w e r e c h ildlik e i n th e i r e nj o y m e n t o f
chil d r e n s i n te re sts a n d a m us e m e n ts R e l igi o n w a s to b o th
’
.

th e c e n t r e o f a ll e ls e ; bu t i n th e i r id e a o f t r u e r e ligi o n th e
d i ffe r e n c e w a s gr e a tfil F a ith s a id L uth e r is a c o rre l a tiv e < ‘ ’ ‘
, ,

a s p a r e n t i m pl ie s c h ild a n d t e a ch e r sch o l a r so fa ith i m , ,

plie s Ch r ist ; i t is thus th a t fa ith sa ve s Ch risti a n ity s o pu re .

’

, ,

d ive ste d o f e ccl e si a sticis m w a s to o si m pl e fo r th e a u th o r o f ,

th e Ut o pi a i n his m o r e m a tu r e d a ys .

Lu th e r k n e w th e sh o r tc o mi n gs a n d i n a d e qu a cy o f th e N e w
L e a rn i n g ; fo r M o r e o n th e o t h e r h a n d th e Au gusti n i a n th e o , ,

l o gy o f Lu th e r h a d littl e ch a r m I n d e e d th e v o ta r i e s o f th e .
,

N e w L e a rn i n g ge n e ra lly w o uld h a v e b e e n s a tisfi e d wit h m e r e ly

a m o r a l re fo r m a ti o n f o r th e a chi e v e me n t o f which th e y l o o k e d
,

fo r w a r d chie fly to i mp r o v e d e duc a ti o n Lu th e r o n th e o th e r .
,

h a n d b e lie v e d i n m o r a lity a s s o u n d o n ly w h e n it w a s b a s e d
,

o n th e d o ct r i n e s o fG o d s Wo r d F ro m n a tu re a n d cultu re a l o n e ’
.

h e e xp e ct e d v e r y littl e His s pi ritu a l c o n victi o n s h a d b e e n .

bu rn e d d e e p i n t o his s o ul in th e fi e r c e fi r e s o f o v e r p o w e r in g
co n flict T o su ch stup e n d o u s st r uggl e s a s his in th e a g o n y o f
.
,

p ra y e r a g a in st S a t a n s in a n d his o w n h e a r t in o r d e r to l e ar n , ,

G o d s t ruth M o r e s spi r itu a l e xp e r i e n c e h a d m a d e but fe e bl e

’

,
’

a pp ro a c h T h e life a n d d e a th w r e stli n gs which h a d p r o st r a t e d

.
- -

O li t p i t th di ff c m y b t t d th
n s o me s a en o n s e se e re n es a e s a e us

L th h ld J ti fi c ti by F i th d c t i w hich li ttl l t w
u er e us a on a , a o r ne . a e a e r, as

acc p t d b y C di l P l b y C t i i V ld z d th
e e ar na M o e ,
on ar n ,
a e ,
an o e rs . o re s
’

c f d id
on u se thi b j c t m ch
e as o n mbl d th t g m lg m f s su e u r e se e e s ra n e a a a o

D ivi m cyne d h m m i t w hich th C

er an cil f T t c m p d d
u an er e o un o re n o ou n e

aft w d er L thar d hi f l
s .
‘
w t M u m g th th y
e r an s e o w e s,
’
ro e o re ,
a on e o er e re

d m bl h y h v
a na e th t l l
e re s lv ci t d th i f i th l
e s, a e o ne a a o u r sa a o n s an e n a a one,

an d t w d o lv ci ar thi g f c o ur f g d w k t —W k
sa a on no n or e o oo or e s,
’
e c . or es

15 57)
T h C h ch w i th M
e w
ur d t mi d by v i i bl m k d li
,
o re , as e er ne s e ar s an ne s .

Th C e d i d L th
re e d cl ,
I b li
sa i th H ly C th lic C h ch
u e r, e a r e s, e eve n e o a o ur

d S c i pt i t ct th t F i th i f thi g
’
an r u re n s ru s u s, a a s o n s u n se e n .

W ith M th w f c lib cy
o re t ic tly k pt w m i t i
e vo W th o e a ,
s r e ,
as er or o us . 1

L th m t im y w th h ly t t I wi h t m h id b f ‘ ’ ’
u e r, a r on as e o es a e . s o a r r v, e sa , e ore

I d i th t I m y i q i i ti f G d : Wh i th y h lp “
e ,
w a th a ans er e n u s on o o e re s e

m t ee I m d th h lp m t W h i h a e ee a e -
ee , e re s s e
1 34 TH E D A l VN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O IV .

th e s o lita r y m o n k a t Er fu r th a n d a t Witt e n b e r g l a y o u t
‘

sid e th e sphe r e o f M o re s fe e li n gs a n d c on victi o n s w h e t h e r

’

i n his e a r lie r r e ligi o us d e v e l o p m e n t wh e n h e built his c re e d

o n th e fa cts o f Ch r isti a n ity r a th e r th a n o n t e xts o f Sc ri tu r e
p
-
lik e th e o th e r m e n o f th e N e w L e ar n i n g —o r i n its l a t e r
ph a se w h e n h e t o o k u p with th e myths tr ivi a liti e s a n d
, , ,

a bsu r diti e s o f th e R o m an Chu r ch It w a s n o t to d is co v e r .

d o ct ri n a l tr u th but to o v e r c o me t e m pta ti o n s to d e vi a ti o n
,

fr o m th e p a th o f duty th a t M o re c o n ti n u e d in p ray e r full

,
‘

m an y a re stl e ss n ight w ith a h e a vy h e a r t M o r e s Ch r isti a n ity .

’ ’

w a s thus p r i n cip a lly p ra ctic a l .

M o r e o ve r L uth e r s t e a chi n g h a d a pp a r e n tly c on tr ibu t e d to

,
’

se t G e r m a n y o n fl a me ; a n d th e c o n f l a g ra ti o n th r e a t e n e d to
sp re a d to o th e r l a n d s Ag a i n st th e p ro m ulg a t o r th e n o f
.
, ,

t e n e ts in c o m m o n j udg me n t s o r e v o lu ti o n a ry M o re g ra sp e d ,

th e p e n wit h bu r n i n g a r d o u r A n d i t is e a sy to u n d e rst a n d
.

h o w th e wit a n d o ra t o r o f liv e ly i mpulsiv e t e m p e r a me n t th re w

hi ms e lf h e a r t a n d s o ul i n t o his a r gu m e n ts an d b e i n g t h e o , ,

l o gic a lly s u pe r ficia l if h e fa il e d to c o n vi n c e o th e r s a t l e a s t

, ,

ef fe ctu a lly c o n vi n c e d hi ms e lf .

N o d o ubt o th e r m o tive s c o n t ribut e d to fu r the r his d e lib e ra te

a lt e r a ti o n o f b e li e f a n d pu r p o s e ; a n d th e chi e f o f th e s e m a
y
b e d e t e ct e d wit h li ttl e di fficulty His th o r o u gh succ e ss a s a n
.

a dv o c a te d a t e d fr o m th e fa m o us c a us e o f th e g r e a t shi p o f t h e
‘

p o p e a rr iv e d a t S o uth a mpt o n which th e ki n g cl a i me d fo r ,

fo r fe itu re T h e c a us e w a s h e a r d i n th e St a r Ch a m b e r M o re
’
. .

w a s c o u n s e l fo r his h o li n e ss a n d w o n th e suit * ,
B e fo re l o n g .

h e re a ch e d th e s e ttl e d p o st o f a dv o c a t e fo r th e p o p e i n a ll
c a us e s ; a n d it w a s o n ly n a tu ra l th a t this c o n fid e n tia l re l a ti o n
ship a s i t gre w by d e gre e s m o r e i n ti ma t e sh o uld e x e r t a n i n
, ,

c re a sin g i n flu e n c e up o n th e R o m e w a r d t e n d e n cy o f his
re ligi o us vi e w s His succ e ssful a dv o c a cy a ga i n st th e c r o w n
.
,

i n st e a d o f o ffe n di n g i n duc e d H e n ry to p r e s s his t a l e n ts i n to

,

his o w n s e rvic e wi th o ut list e n i n g to a n y r e fus a l

,
.

M o re w as M th e R e u e s s , n
a s te r o f q t k igh
t, a n d o f th e Pr Co u n , ivy cil
1 5 14 l g t
N o t o n a f e r w ar d s h e r e m o e v d
fro m B u ckl e r s b u ry e wee n . B t
q ly b d
.

1 5 1 4 a n d 1 5 2 3 h e w a s fre u e n t a n a m a s s a o r i n th e L o w C o u n tr i e s ,

a n d i n 1 5 2 1 T r e a s u re r o f th e E e uer
; S xch q p k
e a e r o f th e C o mmo n s

h c ll chy c
,

1 5 23 ; C a n e o r o f th e D u o f L a n a s te r , 1 5 2 5 T h e G re a t S e a l .

H e nr y d liv d
e e re to h i m i n h i s M a n o r o f Pl e sa u n ce a t E a s t G r e e n w c h
‘ ’
i
dy c b
o n M o n a , O to e r 2 5 , 1 5 2 9 . ig d
M o r e r e s n e th e se a l M a y 1 6, 1 53 2 .
 C H A N G E O F M OR E S R E L I GI O US OPI N I O N S
’
. 1 35

S o me w o uld s ay th a t fi n d i n g h e h a d in his t o n gu e a k e y ,

to a g o ld t r e a su re h e th e n c e fo r w a r d m a d e his c o n sci e n c e
,

b e a t ti me to his e l o qu e n c e B u t suc h a suspici o n w o uld .

wro n g a n h o n e st h e a r t w hich h a t e d H e w as
a l w a ys si n c e r e a n d pl e a d e d f o r th e i n n o c e n t a n d
,
i n dige n t
wi th o ut r e w a r d B ut w he n e l e v a t e d to hi gh e r s o ci a l gro u n d
.
, ,

h e like m a n y o th e r s i n si mil ar ci r cu m st a n c e s b e g a n to r e g a r d
, ,

m a tte r s u n d e r a n e w light Qu e sti o n i n gs a n d n o ve lti e s o f .

disqu i siti o n which m ight n o t m isb e c o m e a b a r r iste r in l a rge

,

p r a ctic e w o uld little b e s e e m th e Ch a n c e ll o r o f th e D uchy o f

,

L an c a ste r a n d still l e ss th e L o r d Ch a n c e ll o r o f E n gl a n d
, .

T h e S pi r it o f i n n o v a ti o n re v e a l e d to h i m its n a ti o n a l p e r ils
m o re a l a r mi n gly wh e n h e hi m s e lf h a d b e e n ra is e d to b e o n e
,

o f th e m o st c o n spicu o u s fi gu r e s a n d butt r e ss e s o f th e st a t e .

Thus fr o m a c o mbi n a ti o n o f m o tiv e s h e w e n t vi o l e n tly

, ,
‘

b a ck in H a ll a m s w o r ds to th e e xtr e me o f m a i n t a i n i n g th e
,
’ ’
,

wh o l e fa b ric o f sup e r stiti o n H e u ph e ld a n d e n fo r c e d a s o f .

’
,

th e v e ry e ss e n c e o f Ch r ist s G o sp e l th e sup r e m a cy o f Chu r ch

’
,

a uth o r i ty o v e r b o th Sc r iptu r e a n d r e a s o n ; a n d its co n co m i

t a n t d o g m a s — th e a rro g a n t ficti n o f s a c e r d o t a lis m th e d e lu o ,

siv e syst e m o f o bj e ctiv e s a c ra m e n t a lis m an d e v e n tr a n s u b ,

s ta n tia ti o n c o m p a ra tive ly r e c e n t in o r igi n y e t p a r a d e d by

, ,

R o m e in th e fo re fro n t o f h e r p re t e n si o n s— a h i n v e n ti o n so
a bsu r d a n d m on st r o us i n its e lf t h a t a cc o r di n g to Till o ts o n its , ,

w e ight m u s t c r a ck th e v e ry pill a r s o f St Pe t e r s Th e
‘ ’ ’
. .

d o c tr i n e s o f Sc r iptu r e lu ci d ly e xp o u n d e d by T y n d a l e h e did
, ,

n o t c o mp re h e n d His p r o fe ssi o n a l studi e s r iv e t e d h i m d a y

.

by d ay to a uth o r ity a n d p r e c e d e n t a n d a ggr a v a t e d his R o me ,

w a r d bi a s T o his e y e s th e y a w n i n g ch a s m which s e e me d
. ,

o p e n i n g wid e r a n d wid e r a s th e R e fo r m a ti o n p ro g re ss e d ,
’

th re a te n e d to e n gulf w h a t e v e r h a d b e e n h e ld s a c r e d fo
tu r ie s .
Lik e a t ra ve ll e r e xpl o r i n g a n u n kn o w n r e gi o n st a r t ,

i n g b a ck h e hu r r i e d a w a y in th e c o n t ra ry di r e cti o n wh e n his
, ,

fe e t a p pe a r e d to b e st an di n g o n th e e d ge o f a p re cipic e .

As j u d ge his i n t e g rity in a ll t e m p o ra l c a us e s w a s u n im
,

e a ch a h l e H e o n c e s a id to his s o n in l a w D a n c e y W e re it - -

p . , ,

my fa th e r wh o m I r e v e re n c e d e arl y th a t st o o d o n o n e sid e
, , ,

a n d th e d e vil wh o m I h a t e e xt r e m e ly o n th e o th e r his c a us e
, , ,

‘
An im u s a so r did l c o u r o a l i e n i s si m u s .
’
— E r a s mu s
 WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R /lI A TI OIV
'

1 36 TH E D A
'

b e i n g g o o d th e d e vil o f m e sh o uld h a v e his r ight Filia l

,
.
’

v e n e ra ti o n a dds e mph a sis to such w o rds Whe n s oe v e r h e .

p a ss e d th ro ugh We stm i n st e r H a ll to his pl a c e in th e Ch a n c e ry ,

b y th e C o u r t o f Ki n g s B e n ch if his fa th e r ( wh o s e a ge w a s
’ ’

n e a rly n i n e ty o n e o f th e j ud g e s th e r e o f h a d b e e n s e a t e d o r
) , , ,

h e c a m e h e w o uld go i n t o th e s a m e c o u r t a n d th e r e r e v e r e n tly
, , ,

k n e e li n g d o w n i n th e sight o f th e m a l l d uly a sk his fa th e r s

, ,
’

bl e ssi n g Ye t n o twithst a n di n g his i n fl e xibl e j ustic e i n

’
.

o r di n a ry c a s e s his disc r i m i n a ti o n w h e re r e ligi o n w a s co n

, ,

c e rn e d w o uld s o m e ti m e s b e c o me cl o u d y T h e p o o r h e re tic
,
.

c o w e r i n g b e fo r e h i m m ight b e d e c e iv e d if h e r e li e d to o a b so ,

l u te l y o n his h a bitu a l p r o bity B ut th e j u dici a l fo re h e a d .

m ight o n a sudd e n r e l a x a n d th e sp r i n gs o f c o mp a ssi o n b e ,

to uch e d by such a n s w e r s to i n t e r r o g a ti o n s a s tic k l e d a n

,

u n usu a lly q u ick s e n s e o fhu mo u r .

H e h a s b e e n ch a rge d with fa ste n i n g h e r e tics to a t r e e i n his

g ar d e n c a lle d th e T r e e o f T r o th a n d sc o u rgi n g th e m a n d
,
‘
,
’

with s e n di n g a susp e cte d h e r e tic to th e r a ck I n r e p l y to .

such a ccus a ti o n s w e h a v e his o w n w o r ds i n s e lf d e fe n c e which -

,

s e r v e to a cquit h im o f a ctu a l i n hu m a n i ty a t l e a st with his ,

ow n L or d C a m pb e ll su m s u p th e c a s e o n M o re s ,
’

o w n e vid e n c e v e r y m uch to his e n ti re e xcul pa ti o n

,
We .
‘

m ust c o m e to th e c on clusi o n h e w r it e s th a t p e rs on s a ccus e d ,

’
,

o f h e r e sy w e re c o n fi n e d i n his h o us e th o ugh n o t t re a te d ,

with c r u e lty a n d th a t th e supp o s e d t o r tu re s c o n sist e d i n

,

fl o ggin g o n e n a ughty b o y a n d a d m i n iste r in g st r ip e s to o n e ,

E xc p t i
k pi g I v l did c
e n s u re
y ch thi g t b ee n , ne er e se a u se a n su n o e
d t
on e un y f th h tic i
o an l l my li f o x pt ly tw i e e re s n a e ,
e ce on a n one w as
a child d ,
v t f mi i m i
an w
a se r h w h m h i f th
an o ne n ne o n o u se ,
o s a e r , e re
h c m t m
e a h d
e d pi
o ch m tt e , d t h im t
a tt d n u rs e u n su a e rs , a n se o a en
G g J y T hi J y did t ch th child h i g ci h y g i t
e or e a . s a ea e s un ra o us e re s a a ns
th bl e d c m t f th lt ; w hich h y th child i my h
e s se sa ra en o e a ar e re s e n o u se
b g t t ch th child A d p th t p i t I
e an o ea ano d v t er . n u on a o n ca use a se r an

o f mi t t ip h i m lik
ne child b f mi h h ld f m d m t
o s r e e a ,
e o re ne o u se o ,
or a en en
o f hi m l f d se m pl t th an A th e n sa w h ft h h d e o o e rs . no e r w a s o ne o, a er e a

f lla i t th
en f tic h
n o i f ll i t pl i f
e se zy ; lb i t th t
ra n e re s e s
,
so o n e n o a n re n a e a
h h d b
e a i B dl m d ft w d b y b ti g
een n d c
e c ti g th d
a ,
an a er ar s ea n an o r re on a e re
hi m mb
s re c B i g th f
e ra nt t li b ty h i ld f zi f ll
e . e n ,
e re o re ,
se a er ,
s o re n es e
a g i i t h i h d B i g i f m d f h i l p I c d h im t b
a n n o s ea . e n n or e o s re a se ,
a u se o e
t k
a by th c t bl
en d b d d t t i th t t b f th
e on s a es an oun e o a re e n e s re e e o re e
wh l d th t ip d h i m till h w x d w y V i ly G
,

t wo e o n , an e re s r e e a e e ar . er ,
oa
b th k d I h
e an h m f h im w A d f ll w h v c m i t
e ,
e ar n o ar o no . n o a o e er a e n o
my h d f anh y h lp m G d l h d vor e re s
y f th m , y as e e o ,
e se a ne er an o e an
t ip t k giv th m m ch h d
,

fi ll i p i th f ’
s r e o r s ro e en e so u as a n e o re ea .
,
 M OR E S C R UE L T Y A G A I N S T I I E R E T I C S
’
.

m a n i a c a cc o r d i n g
,
to th e re c e iv e d no ti o n of th e tim e s , as a

-
cu re for his
But th
cc o u n t give n o f his o w n p ro c e e di n gs e v e n by s u ch
e a ,

a m a n a s S i r Th o m a s M o r e m u st n o t b e a cc e pte d a s p e r fe ctly ,

c o n clusiv e Th e re a re it h a s n o w b e e n m a d e a pp a r e n t
.
, ,

o missi o n s which r e qui r e to b e suppli e d N o t o n ly d o e s J o y e .

c a ll M o re a b o ut th e child a l o w d e l y e r 1 but it is ma n i fe st ,
’

fr o m a uth e n tic d o cu m e n ts th a t Ch e ls e a M an o r w as b o th a c o u r t
fo r th e t r i a l a n d c o n d e m n a ti o n o f h e r e tics a n d a p a i n ful p ris on ,

h o us e wh e re s o me o f th e w r e tch e d victim s to m e r cile ss

, ,

o r th o d o xy w e re b o u n d with i ro n s so th a t th e y c o uld n o t ge t
th e i r livin g a fte r I n his d e fe n c e o f his d o i n gs M o r e fe l t .
’

c o n st ra i n e d to m a k e th e su r e ke ep i n g o fh e r e tics a n e xc e pti o n
to his w on t e d phil a n th ro py T h e e u ph e m is m e v e n l o o ks li k e .

a n a tt e m pt to slu r o v e r th e s o m e w h a t a w k w a r d t re a t m e n t o f

culp r its such a s th e a uth o r o f th e Ut o pi a m ight w e ll blush

,
’

to o w n B e sid e s m a i m i n g s o m e o f th e i n c arc e ra t e d i n his

.

d u n ge o n s fo r th e r e m a i n d e r o f th e i r liv e s by th e s e v e rity o f
th e su re k e e pin g
“

M o r e it m ust in h o n e sty b e a dd e d m a d e
-
,
”r
, ,

d ilige n t s e a rch fo r th e susp e ct e d by h is e m iss a r i e s i n te r r o ,

ga t e d th e m with g re a t a sp e r ity a n d e ve n wh e n h e c e a s e d ,

to b e l o r d ch an c e ll o r h e did n o t c e a s e to b e a n a ctiv e ,

p e rs e cu t o r— h e s o h a t e d a s h e a v o w e d th a t fo lk Gre e n ,
’

,
‘
.
’

th e hist o r i a n o f th e E n glish P e o pl e is o f o pi n i o n th a t M o r e s
‘ ’ ’

s e v e r i ty h a s p ro b a bly b e e n e x a gge ra te d O n th e c o n tra ry its .

,

vi r ul e n c e h a s b e e n u n d e r r a te d G re e n s i n v e stiga ti o n s so v a lu .
’

a bl e i n th e g e n e ra l vi e ws se t f o r t h t ra v e r s e d to o wid e a fi e ld ,

to a ll o w o f th e e x a mi n a ti o n o f d e t a ils wi th cl o s e e x a ctn e ss .

S till M ore c o mp a re s m o st fa v o u ra bly with s o m e o f th e

,

gr i m p r e l a t e s a n d big o t e d l a y me n o f his tim e S t o k e sl e y .

d e a lt a culp r it wh o m h e w a s e x a m in i n g fo r h e r e sy a bl o w, ,

pb ll L d C h c ll
C am ii pp 38 39
e
’
s or an e o r s,
’
.
, .
,
.

1 J y Th F d i fM
‘

See o F l e sF
’
d i e o un a c on o o re s
’
a se ou n ac on .
’

J h F i ld c o h w p i t t c lty
n e M
’
p t ( B vi
s a se s o s e rs s e n r ue on
’
or e s ar . .
,

Al G g C t ti c (B
so 5 74 d A pp dix
e or e o n s an ne s
’
a se . v .
, ,
an en

J h T wk b y w c d m d i Si T M h D c mb 16 ’
o n e es ur as on e ne n r . o re s o u se e e er ,

1 53 1 d b d t S mi th fi l d S t T h m E D c mb 20 ( B ’
an ur n e a e . o as s ve e e er . v .
,
,

S m ch f th m p ty v
o t f E u m t h t w hil M w or e e au n o ras us , a e o re as

ch c ll an w e
p t
ort d t h f‘
th
no p til t d g
one m —S as u o ea or e se es en o as .
’
~
ee

B 1 1 76
. v .
,
B id h tic J h M t G til m i c mmi tt d
.

‘ ’
es es e re w s, o n o re on , en an , n sa n e ,
as o e
J y i h p i M c dy —
R ym
(
’
2 3
a n u ar w t h i t ,
t s o ss e ss o n s, o ore s us o . er .
1 38 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R /UA TI O N .

w ith his c ro zi e r which m a d e h i m s w o o n Wr i o th e sl e y hi ms e l f

.
,

w i th f i e r c e vi o l e n c e r a ck e d a n d d isl o c a te d th e d e lic a t e li mbs

,

o f An n e A scu e. N o such p e r s o n a l r o ugh h a n d e d c r u e lty

-

sullie s th e ge n tl e r m e mo ry o f S ir Th o ma s M o r e H a rsh o n .

hi ms e lf i n s e lf discipli n e a fte r th e e x a mpl e o f Pic o o f

-
,

Mi r an d o l a his m o d e l pu n ishi n g his o w n b o dy wi th str o k e s

, ,

a n d h a r d fa r e
‘
li k e a n a ss l e st p r o v e n d e r m ight p r id e i t h e
, ,
’

s p a re d th e b a cks o f his p r is o n e r s A n d to th is m ust b e a d d e d

.

w it h e m p h a tic cl e a r n e ss th a t i n s e e ki n g o u t i m p r is o n i n g co n
, , ,

d e mn in g a n d bu rn i n g h e r e tics h e fe lt p e r su a d e d a s S a ul
, ,

o f T a r su s o f o l d ,
th a t h e w a s d o in g G o d s e r vic e Thus .
,

wh e n th e bish o ps p re ss e d o n his a cc e pt a n c e a h a n ds o me gift

o f m o n e y i n t o k e n o f his e m i n e n t d e s e r ts in th e i r c a us e h e ,

d e cli n e d to a cc e pt it qui e tly r e m a rki n g to h is i n ti m a t e

,

fri e n ds I l o o k fo r m y th an k o f G o d whic h is th e i r b e tt e r
, ,
.
’
 X .
—T H E C O N T R O V E R S Y .

IT w as i n Ju n e ly e ight m o n t h s a fte r th e publi

, 1529 ,
on

c a ti o n o f th e Ob e di e n c e th a t M o r e issu e d his re ply a

‘
,
’

the o l o gic a l t re a tis e i n fo u r b o o ks b e a r i n g th e titl e o f a ,

Dia l o gu e I n d ipl o m a tic fa shi o n h e supp o s e s a fr i e n d

‘ ’
.
,

h a ra ss e d wit h r e ligi o us d o ubts to s e n d a t rusty s e c r e t ,

‘

m e ss e n g e r to h im w ith a l e tt e r o f c r e d e n c e
’ ‘
A d i a l og ue .
’

thus e n su e s b e t w e e n th e m e ss e n g e r a n d S ir T h o m a s w h o h a s ,

n o w b e e n e l e v a t e d by Tu n st a l to th e ch a i r o f th e o l o gic a l
u m pi re a n d this di a l o gu e to b e p e r ma n e n tly a n d w id e ly
, ,

us e ful is m a d e i n t o a b o o k Li ttl e h o w e ve r p ro c e e ds fro m

, .
, ,

th e lips o f th e n e w th e o l o gic a l a r bit e r b e y o n d th e s te re o typ e d

a r gu me n t o f e ccl e si a stic a l a uth o r ity T h e Chu r ch c a n n o t ‘
.

e rr ,
such w a s th e w e a r is o me r e tra i n th ro ugh o ut a t a ti me
’
,

w h e n it w a s p a t e n t to r e a s o n a n d c o mm o n s e n s e a n d to th e -
,

stud e n t o f Sc riptu r e th a t th e visibl e b o d y which M o r e t e r me d

,

th e Chu r ch h a d e rr e d a n d e rr e d g r i e v o usly ,
.

T h e Chu r ch h e d e fi n e s to b e th e w h o l e c o m m o n c o n g re ‘

a tion o f Ch r isti a n p e o pl e g o o d a n d h a d n o t s e p a r a ti n g th e m
g , ,

s e lv e s fr o m fr o w a r d n e ss n o r be i n g pu t o u t fo r the i r o w n fa ults
,
.

H e c o n d e mn s T y n d a l e s v e r si o n o f th e N e w T e st a m e n t b u t
’
,

a ll o w s th e m e ss e n g e r to b e a r t e sti m o n y to T y n d a l e s high
’

ch a ra ct e r w ith m a n y an d th e g o o d r e pute wi th m a n y o f his

,

v e r si o n H e h a s n o t fo u n d th r e e th o us a n d e rr o rs in it lik e
. ,

his fr i e n d Tu n st a l b u t h e h a s fo u n d o n e th o u s a n d a n d h e
, ,

str o n gly r e p ro b a t e s th e disus e o f th e e ccl e sia stic a l t e rm s p r i e s t ,

ch u r ch , ch a r i ty g
,
r a ce , co n e ssi o n ,
j p e n a n ce , co n tr i ti o n * .

Th e m o st t
n o e w ort hy p a ss a ge of th e t re a tis e is p e rh a ps th e

T h e m e ss e n g ’
e r s w or d t iki g
s ar e s r n hy
A n d t e th i n k e t a fo r h t non e

oth c er a u se w a s a s o l b u rn e d tP l C
a ou e s
’
t t
ro s se th e me w e e s a m e n a e tl t t ra n s

l t di
a e n E n gl y sh e b y M i t W illi m
a s er a Bu n, ochi th i
e r w se a e M c ll d i t a s er
1 40 T H E D A l VN /
OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

fo ll o wi n g sugge sti o n o f a tr an sl a ti on o f Sc riptu re i n t o E n glish

u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n di ti o n s :
N o w if it b e so th a t it w o uld h a ply b e th o ught n o t a
‘

, ,

thi n g to b e m e e tly a dv e n tu re d to se t a l l o n a flush a t o n c e ,

an d d a sh r a shly o u t Sc r iptu r e i n e v e ry r ud e fe ll o w s t e e th ;
’

y e t thi n k e th m e th e re m ight such a m o d e ra ti o n b e t ak e n

, ,

th e re i n a s n e i th e r g o o dly vi r tu o us fo lk sh o uld l a ck i t n o r r ud e ,

a n d r a sh b r a i n s a bus e it F o r it m ight b e with dilig e n c e w e ll .

a n d t r uly t ra n sl a t e d by s o m e g o o d C a th o lic a n d w e ll l e a rn e d -

m a n o r by di ve r s dividi n g th e l a b o u r a m o n g th e m a n d a ft e r
,
,

c o n fe rr i n g th e i r s e v e ra l p a r ts t o g e th e r e a ch w ith e a c h A n d .

a ft e r th a t m ight th e w o r k b e a ll o w e d a n d a pp r o v e d by th e

o r di n a r i e s a n d by th e i r a u th o r iti e s s o put i n t o p r i n t a s th a t
,

a l l th e c o pi e s sh o uld c o m e wh o l e i n t o th e bish o ps h an d s ’

which th e y m a y a fte r th e i r d isc re ti o n a n d wisd o m disp e r s e

, ,

to such a s th e y p e r c e iv e h o n e st s a d a n d vi r tu o us An d , .

p r o vidi n g a s m u ch a s m a y b e th a t th e b o o k b e a fte r th e ,

d e c e a s e o f th e p a r ty b r o ught a ga i n a n d r e v e re n tly re st or e d ,

u n t o th e o rdi n a ry ” .
6

Ev e n th e su gge sti o n o f this c are fully r e gul a t e d supply o f -

th e w a t e r o f life th e k e y to th e p a dl o ck o f th e s a c re d w e ll ,

to b e h e ld by th e fa st h a n d o f a s e lfish hi e r a r chy— to wh o m
th e s a l v a ti o n o f s o u l s w a s n o thi n g a n d th e i r o w n p o siti o n a n d ,

e m o lu m e n ts e v e rythi n g— m ust b e a cc e pt e d a s e vid e n c e o f

th e ra pid p r o g re ss m a d e t o w a r ds p o pul a r e n light e n m e n t ,

w ithi n th e littl e m o r e th a n th r e e ye a r s si n c e T yn d a l e s ’

v e r si o n fi r st r e a ch e d L o n d o n T h e Di a l o g ue w a s p a t ro n iz e d .
,

T i d ll w h w ( m
n a ,
y ) w ll k w o h t v
as th as f e n sa e e no e n or e w en o er e se a
,
or

a m f igh t g d l y i g t d i
an o r d ! l d i S c ip
o: d i v n ,
s u o us an w e e rne n r tu r e ,
an n
d iv pl c i E gl ad
e rs y w l lik d d did g t g d w i th
a es n n w as ve r e e ,
an re a oo

p hi g
re c A d m nm tt . m g th m l f th t th b k w
n en t u er a on e se e ,
a e o e as n o
on ly f tl b t l v y w l t l t d d
au e s, du
y d t b ba so d er e ran s a e ,
an w as ev se o e urne ,

bc e m a u seh ld t b bl t p v th t ch f t ( w
en s ou t no e a e o ro e a su au e s as e re a
P l d cl d t h v b e fo d i i t) w v fe d th i
’
ou e sC r o ss e ar e o a e n n e re ne er n e e re n

d d b t t ly mi d A d y t ch
e e ,
u un r u th y w ( m m su r se . n e su e as e e re so e en
sa y ) w e f t t l l i f th y b d d
e re n o be t l t d i d d
au e s b t a a , e a e so re n s a e n ee e ,
u

bl m l i d d f t f d w ith th i g
a e a e th i g f t w
an th y
au e ly o un n es no n e au e or e ,
one
t d f c th t h ly w
o e a k t th
e d th t th y m igh t e m t h v
a o or e ,
o e en e a e s e o a e
so m j t c e t h m itus e A d th t f a u se th t t b t f
o o e . n a or n one o er en en ,
u or
t k p t f th p pl h ad l l k l dg f C h i ty g p l l d ’ ’
o e e ou o e eo e s es a now e es o r s s os e an
f G dd Th W k f Si Th m K y gh t t
’ ’

o l w
o t e s a ,
M e c . e or es o r o as ore , n ,
e c
i th E
n ly h T e g ( b l ck l tt ) L d 1 5 5 7
ng s e on e
’
a e er . on o n, .

M W k b k iii c 1 6 p 24 5
o re s
’
or es oo .
,
.
, . .
 T YN D A L E S A N S
’
WE R . 14 1

of c o u rs e by th e p r e l a t e s ; an d n e xt y e a r ( 1 5 30 ) a s e c o n d
,

e diti o n a pp e a r e d .

Ty n d a l e w a ite d u n til Ju n e 1 5 3 1 b e fo r e h e publish e d his , ,

‘
A n s w e r to M o re w h o m h e d e sign a t e d th e c o mm o n j e ste r
’
,
‘

a n d sc o f fe r a s l a te r o n in a si m il a r v e i n h e styl e d h i m
’

, , ,

‘
M a st e r M o ck e M o tiv e s o f e xp e di e n cy w e re th e c a us e o f
.

th e d e l a y e sp e c i a l ly th e si n c e r e w ish to a v o id givi n g fur th e r

‘

u m b r a ge to th e w h o h a d b e e n g re a tly i n c e n s e d by

T y n d a l e s P ra ctic e o f P r e l a t e s It w a s publish e d j ust a fte r

’ ‘ ’
.

th e u n succ e ssful n e g o ti a ti o n s c o n du cte d by V a ugh a n fo r th e , ,

t ran sl a to r s r e tu rn to E n gl a n d a n d w a s p r i n t e d a t A ms te rd a m
’

u n d e r th e sup e r visi o n o f F ry th w h o w as th e n livi n g in ,

H o ll an d a n d m a r ri e d Li k e th e D i a l o gu e T y n d a l e s .
‘
,
’ ’

A n s w e r a ls o w as i n fo u r b o o ks His tr e a tis e is c o mm e n d e d .

by V a ugh a n fo r m o d e ra ti o n ; but i ts t o n e a n d a rgu m e n ts a re

by n o m e a n s w an ti n g i n ch a ra cte r istic vigo u r a n d sh a r p n e ss .

T h e Chu r ch Ty n d a l e d e cl a r e s m a y m e a n th e pl a c e
‘ ’ ‘
, ,

wh e re n o w w e h e a r but v o ic e s with o u t s ign ifica tio n s a n d ,

b uzzi n gs h o w li n gs a n d c ryi n gs a s it w e re th e h a l l o o i n gs o f
, ,

fo x e s o r b a iti n gs o f b e ar s ; a n d w o n d e r a t disg uisi n gs a n d

t oys wh e r e o f w e k n o w n o m e a n i n g
, .
’

T h e Chu r ch i n a n o th e r sig n ific a ti o n is a bus e d a n d m is

,
‘
,

t a k e n fo r a m ultitud e o f sh a v e n sh o rn a n d o il e d which w e , ,

n o w c a ll th e spi r itu a lty a n d cl e rgy

’
.

O r th e Chu r ch h as a thi r d sign i fic a ti on th a t o f a co n

‘ ’
,

g re g a ti o n th e p ro p e r r e n d e r i n g o f th e G re e k t e r m
,
’
th e
wh o l e m ultitud e o f th e m th a t b e li e v e in Ch r i st in an y pl a c e ,
’

a r ish t o w n city p ro vi n c e l a n d o r th ro ugh o u t a ll th e w o rl d

‘

p , , , , , ,

a n d n o t th e spi r itu a lty o n ly

’
.

But o fs o me o f th o s e th a t e mb ra c e th e n a m e o f Ch r ist th e ,
’

fa ith m ay b e n a ught o r th e y m ay h a v e n o fa ith a t a l l

‘
,
’
-
‘
.
’

Thus s o m e ti me s th e C h u r ch is t a k e n s pe ci a lly fo r th e e l e ct ‘

o n ly ; i n wh o s e h e a r ts G o d h a th w r itt e n His l a w with His

V a u gh a w a s f v o re d w ith a c o py —w hich h e e w o te f r th e ki g
n a u r -
r o n
—p re vi o u s to i ts
p blic ti d d C m w ll M c h 2 5 1 5 3 1 H
u a o n, an a ss u r e ru e ar e
—
, , ,

( T y d l ) h n v w
a e i tt y thi g w i th
as n e g tl tyl
er B r e n an n so e n e a s e .
’
. v .
,

A li ttl l t V gh e w t t H a er y ( A p il 1 53 1 ) H ( T y d l )
au an ro e o e nr r ,
e n a e

t ld m h h d fi i h d k g i th l d ch c ll b k d ’
o e w e a n s e a or a a n st e or an e or s oo ,
an

w ou ld t p t i t i p i t ill y h d
no u it b c fy
n di pl r n t ou a se e n ,
e a u se o our s e a s u re

f orh ty p tti g f th h i th w k T h P c tic f P l t

as u n or s o er or e ra e o re a e s

B 20 1 . v ,
. .
 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R MA TI O A

H o ly S pi r it a n d giv e n th e m a fe e li n g fa ith o f th e m e rcy th a t

,

is in Ch r ist J e su o u r L o rd .
’

This e l e ct Chu r ch h e d e fi n e s to b e th e wh o l e multitud e

‘ ‘

o f re p e n ti n g si n n e r s th a t b e li e v e in Ch r ist a n d put th e i r t r ust ,

a n d c o n fid e n c e i n th e m e r cy o f G o d ; fe e li n g i n th e i r h e a r ts

th a t G o d fo r Chr ist s s a k e l o v e th th e m a n d w ill b e o r r a th e r

’

, ,

is m e r ciful u n t o th e m ; a n d fo rgiv e th th e m th e i r si n s o f
,

w hich th e y r e p e n t ; a n d th a t H e fo r giv e th th e m a ls o a l l th e

m o tiv e s u n t o sin o fwhich th e y fe a r l e st th e y sh o uld b e d ra w n

,

i n t o sin a g a i n A n d this fa ith th e y h a v e with o u t re sp e ct o f

.

th e i r o w n d e s e rvi n gs y e a a n d fo r n on e o th e r c a us e th a n th a t ,

th e m e r ciful t r uth o f G o d th e F a th e r which c a n n o t l ie h a th , ,

so p r o m is e d an d so s w o rn ,
A n d this fa ith a n d k n o w l e dg e is .

e v e rl a sti n g life a n d by this w e b e b o rn a n e w a n d m a d e th e s o n s ,

o f G o d a n d o bt a i n fo rgiv e n e ss o f si n s a n d a r e t ra n sl a t e d fr o m
, ,

d e a th to life a n d fro m th e w ra th o f G o d to His l o v e a n d fa v o u r

,

H e re o n th e qu e sti o n Wh a t is th e Chu r ch ? th e d iv e rg
, ,

e n cy b e tw e e n th e c o n t r o v e r si a lists w a s fu n d a m e n t a l Wit h .

M o r e th e Chu r ch a n d h e r o r di n a n c e s n o w a ssu me d th e
,

p r i n cip a l p o siti o n A n d such h a s a l w ays b e e n h e r pl a c e

.

i n th e p a p a l syste m With M o r e th e Chu r ch w a s m a rk e d o ff

.

by th e ci rcu msc r ibi n g lim it o f c re e d a n d o rdin a n c e s W ith .

Ty n d a l e o n th e c o n tra r y n o e c cl e si a stic a l o r g a n iz a tio n n o

, , ,

o r di n a n c e no sa c r a me n t w a s a ll o w e d to o bscu r e th e g re a t
, ,

c e n t re o f th e wh o l e th e livi n g p e r s o n o f th e L o r d J e sus Chr ist

,

H i m s e l f T h e r e l a ti o n o f His mystic a l b o dy th e Chu r ch to

.
, ,

H im its h e a d a n d s o ul w a s a lw ays k e pt i n chi e f a n d e s s e n ti a l

, ,

p ro m i n e n c e T o H im Divi n e a n d hu m a n p r i e st a n d ki n g a l l
.
, , ,

m e m b e r s o f His spi r itu a l b o dy w e re li n k e d by re a l vit a l fa ith .

H im fi r st H im l a st H im m idst a n d with o ut
‘
, , ,

But b e sid e s this e ss e n ti a l disc re p a n cy th e r e w e re m i n o r ,

p o i n ts o f dis a gr e e m e n t His u se o f t e rm s o bj e ct e d to by .
,

M or e Ty n d a l e ge n e r a lly m a i n t a i n s As r e ga rds s e n i or h e
, .
‘ ’

s ays I s pie d my fa ult si n c e l o n g e re M M o r e t o ld it me an d

‘
, .
,

h a v e m e n d e d it in a l l th e w o rks which I si n c e m a d e a n d ,

c a ll it a n
hi li M il t
In t d p t d L th
s w d : I my h
ne on a o e u
’
er s or s
‘
n e art hi
t s
articl ig l
e d h ll
re ig — f i th i my d L d C h i
ns a on e , an s a re n a n e ar or r s t, who
i sf l l m y pi it l th
o a gh t d y d igh t th b gi i g
s r ua ou s, a an n e e nn n a n d th e
m iddl
, ,
d the d
,
an e e n .
’
 O UR R E CE N T R E VI S E D VE R S I O IV . 1 43

L o ve h e p re fe r s to ch a r ity Wh e n w e sa y Giv e y o u r .
’

a lms i n w o r ship o f G o d a n d sw e e t St Ch a r i ty a n d w h e n ,
.

th e fa th e r t e a ch e th his so n to s a y Bl e ssi n g F a th e r fo r St “
, , , .

C h a r ity wh a t me a n th e y ? I n g o o d fa ith th e y w o t n o t
,
”
, .
’

F a v o u r h e p re fe rs to g ra c e I n s o me g r a c e th e r e is
‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘
.

littl e g o o d n e ss ; a n d wh e n w e s ay h e st a n d e th w e ll in m y ,
“

l a dy s g ra c e w e u n d e rst a n d n o gr e a t g o dly fa v o u r
’

,
”
.
’

‘
K n o w l e dge h e p re fe r s to c o n fe ssi on a n d r e p e n t a n c e ,
’ ‘ ’

pe nan ce T h e sic k n e ss th a t m a k e th th e m s o i m p a ti e n t
’
to .

is th a t th e y h a v e l o st th e ir ju ggl i n g te r m s C o n fe ssi o n i n .
,
’

th e s e n s e o f sh r ift i n th e e a r h e d e cl a r e s to b e cl e a n a g a i n s t
‘ ’ ‘
,

th e Sc r iptu r e a s th e y u se a n d p re a ch it an d u n to G o d a n ‘
,

a b o m i n a ti on a n d a fo ul sti n k i n g s a c r i fic e u n t o th e filthy id o l
, ,

Pr i a pus As fo r th e i r p e n a n c e th e Sc r iptu r e k n o we th n o t
.
’ “
,

o f it
’
.

L a te r o n in th e t re a tis e h e disti n guish e s b e tw e e n a n

h i s tor i ca l a n d a fe e l i n g fa ith a n d b e tw e e n w o r sh ipp i n g a n d
h o n ou r i n g— i n qui r i n g a s h e p r o c e e ds wh e th e r th e w o r ship , ,

d o n e to his l o r d th e c a r di n a l s h a t which a t W e st m i n st e r h a d
’

b e e n s e t o n a cu pb o a rd a n d ta p e r s a n d th e g re a t e st ,

du k e i n th e l a n d c o mp e ll e d to m a k e c o u r t e sy th e re t o w e re ‘

,
’

a cc o r di n g to th e subtl e disti n cti o n s o f R o m e cl o n l i a h yp e r , ,

d ou l i a , or i d o l a tr i a .

If to th e
d e p a r te d in Chr ist k n o w l e d ge b e v o u chs a fe d o f
e v e n ts p a ssi n g on e a r th wh a t r e j o ici n g th a n kful n e ss m ust ,

h a v e b e e n a w a k e n e d in Ty n d a l e by subs e qu e n t tra n sl a ti on s o f
S c r i ptu re a n d n o t l e a st by th e r e c e n t r e visi on o f o u r o w n
,

Auth o r iz e d V e r si o n I This re visi o n wh a te v e r its i mp e r fe cti on s , ,

ce r t a i n ly m a r ks a h a ppy a dv a n c e i n th e o l o gic a l b r e a dth As .

r e g a r ds Ty n d a l e hi m s e lf : a ft e r a l a ps e o f th re e hu n d r e d a n d

fifty y e a r s gifts a n d a cqui re m e n ts which Tu n st a l Fish e r a n d

, , ,

M o re w e re to o bl e a r e y e d to disc e rn h a v e m e t with full r e c o g

-

n i tio n ; a n d th e p r e fa c e to th e r e visi o n t e stifi e s wi th st r a ight

fo r w a r d c a n d o u r : T h e fo u n d a ti o n w a s l a id by Willi a m ‘

Ty n d a l e ; h is t ra n sl a ti o n o f th e N e w T e sta m e n t w a s th e t ru e
p r i m a ry v e rsi o n Illusi o n s o f a d e ge n e r a t e a ge a n d a
.
’

co rr upt Chu r ch to dissip a t e which Ty n d a l e in a f,

e w i n st a n c e s

c ic f P l t T y d l
‘
Pr a t e o re a e s,
’
n a e s
’
Wo rk s ,
P S
. .
,
ii p.
,
. 3 39 . S i g n er s
’

Ca v di h W l y ii pp 3 0 1 304
en s
’
s
‘
o se ,
’
.
, .
-
.
 1 44 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M / 1 TI ON .

a d o pte d e xp re ssio n s st ra n ge p e r h a ps e v e n to his o w n g e n e ra

ti o n h a v e in o ur cl e are r spir itu a l a tm o sph e re v a n ish e d ; a n d
,

th e re visi o n whil e s a n cti o n i n g s o m e t e r ms o f th e Auth o riz e d

,

V e r si o n n o t str ictly c o rr e ct y e t n o w but littl e misu n d e rst o o d , ,

a n d thus but littl e a bus e d a n d m a d e fa m ili a r by ti me h a s in , ,

s e v e ra l p o i n ts r e tu rn e d to th e phr a s e o l o gy o f th e p r i ma ry
tra n sl a t o r a n d n o t a bly h a s r e st o r e d l o v e to its o w n r ightful
,
‘ ’

pl a c e "
M o re w a s L o r d Ch a n c e l lo r w h e n h e r e pli e d to th e A n s w e r
i n his C o n fu ta ti on fi l
‘
Th re e b o o ks h e w r o te whilst still in
his h igh o ffic e a n d a ft e r w a r ds a dd e d six T h e n i n th — A
,
.
‘

R e c a pitul a tio n a n d S u mmary —is l e ft u n fi n ish e d T h e fi r st .

b o o k a fte r r e vilin g Ty n d a l e F ry th H y tto n a n d B ay fie l d

, , , , ,

p a ss e s o n to m a tr i mo n y a n d re vil e s Luth e r fo r vi o l a ti n g ,

his m o n a stic v o w a n d w e ddi n g a n u n ; th e e ighth is a n

i rr e l e v a n t digre ssi o n to B a rn e s ; th e wh o l e is v e rb o s e a n d
t e dio us M o r e c o uld n o t w e a v e a n a r gu me n t so full a n d co n
.

e lusiv e a s to s a tisfy his o w n l o gic a l a cu me n a n d g o o d s e n s e ,

but w e n t o n a r gui n g a n d ra ili n g with v e ry littl e sti n t o r ’

s e lf c o n t ro l It is n o w o n ly th e l a b o ri o us stud e n t w h o h a s
-
.
,

s o m e v e x e d o r cu r i o us p o i n t to a sc e r t a i n w h o disin t e r s th e ,

p r o lix v o lu m e s fro m th e i r t o mb a m id dust a n d c o bw e bs .

I t h a s b e e n th e custo m to a ssign th e p a l m in e l o qu e n c e
to M o r e in a r g um e n t to Ty n d a l e
,
But it is o n ly th e e l o qu e n c e .

o f t r uth w hich is r e a lly w o r thy o f th e n a m e M a cki n t o sh .

,

whils t l a me n tin g th e d e vi a ti o n s o f M o r e a l a rm e d b y th e e x ,

c e ss e s o fLuth e r s fo ll o w e r s fro m his fa i r visi o n s i n th e Ut o pi a

’ ’ ’

, ,

e t p ro n o u n c e s h im a s a m a n u n su r p a ss e d si n c e B oe thius
‘

y ,

th e l a st s a g e o f th e a n ci e n t w o rl d a n d ch a ra ct e r iz e s him a s
’

th e fi r s t E n glish m an w h o sign a liz e d hi m s e lf a s a n o ra t o r a n d ,

th e fi r st w r it e r o f a p r o s e which is still in te l l igi b l e i M o re s ’ ’

‘
Add vi r tu e ,
p ti c
te m e ra n ea ad d en e, p c l v
o e ,

By n a m e to o e ca l l d c m
h a r t , th e so u
’
c iy l
O f a l l th e r e st — M to n il
’
. .

t T h e C ofu ta ci o n
’
w as
‘
Pr e n ty d at L o n d on by W il l . R a s te ll ,
i n fo o li
p bli h d c ll c tiv ly i 1 55 7 d d dic t d t
.

M o r e s W o rk e s w e r e u
’
s e o e e n an e a e o
,

y
Q ue e n M a r di illi m R t l l g t t l w th e
T h e e to r w a s W . a as e ,
se r ean -
a -
a ,
so n ,
p b bly
ro a ,
o f th e N by w h m th C f t ti
Vil l R a ste l l h d b . o e
‘
on u a on
’
a een
p i t d igi lly
r n e or na .

1 M cki
“

t h E gl daii pp 1 7 0
n os1 79
’
s
‘
n an ,
’
.
,
.
-
.
 M OR E S G R E A T AI E R I T S , A N D T YN D A L E S
’ ’
. 145

s tyl e is in t r uth st a te ly b e sp e a kin g a ch an c e ll o r y e t s o m e wh a t

, ,

v e r b o s e a n d t e di o us W o ls e y a n d H e n ry hims e lf b o th wro te
.

the i r n a tiv e la n gu a g e with fo rc e a n d cl e a rn e ss a s th e i r c o rre ,

s o n d e n ce sh o w s C e r t a i n ly n o t re a tis e i n E n glish h a s c o m e
p .

d o w n to us fr o m th e p e n o fe ithe r But Tyn d a l e w a s a n a uth or .

like M or e H e wr o t e i n d e e d fo r a diffe re n t cl a ss o fr e a d e r s but

.
, ,

his dicti o n is a lw a ys in t e lligibl e a n d e v e n p e r spicu o us T o , .

Tyn d a le m or e o ve r b e l o n gs th e y e t high e r h on o u r o f h a vi n g
, ,

fix e d by his tr a n sl a ti o n th e sta n d a r d o fth e En glish t o n gu e T h e .

v ig o r o us S a x o n o f his Biblic a l v e r si o n s m a
y b e sup e r i o r to th e
l a n gu a ge o f his t re a tis e s fo r i n t ra n sl a ti n g Sc riptu r e h e w a s
,

r a is e d a b o v e hims e lf by th e e n n o bli n g c o n sci o us n e ss o f th e

s u re m e dign ity o f th e t a sk But th e cl e a r pithy styl e e v e n o f

p .

his tr e a tis e s m ay c o m pa re with th e S a x o n h o m e spu n o f D e fo e

o r Bu n y an Un h a ppily fro m th e r e p r o a ch o f c o a rs e vitup e r a
.

ti o n n e ithe r o f th e tw o an t a g o n ists with a n y b a sis o f t r u th

, , ,

c a n pl e a d e x e mpti o n I n this o l d fa shi o n e d d e p a r t me n t o f

.
-

lit e r a tu re wh e th e r o f th e tw o o utdid -th e o th e r is a lo n e o p e n

,

to qu e st i o n .

Of M o r e s c o a r s e vitup e ra ti on l e t a fe w sp e cim e n s suffic e

’
.
"

co rr u te d th e h o ly t e xt
H e st a t e s th a t Wycliffe r ose l
i
’
u
p p y p .

H e c a lls L u th e r a fo n d fr i a r a n a p o st a t e a n o p e n i n c e stu o us , ,

l e ch o u r a p l a i n li mb o f th e d e vil a m a n ife st m e ss e n ge r o f
, ,

h e ll A m o n gst o th e r ch a r ge s h e jb l a m e s him fo r t e a chin g th a t

.
’

m e n sh o uld go to M a ss a s w e ll a fte r supp e r a s b e fo r e b r e a k

fa st Tyn d a l e h e v il ifie s a s w o r s e in s o me p ar ts th an his M a iste r
.
’ ‘

Lut h e r is hims e lf— d ra ff fo r th e h o gs o f h e ll I m a r v e l

’ ‘
.
’ ‘
,
’

w ro t e M o re why Ty n d a l e fe a r s o littl e th e fir e o f pu r ga t o ry
, ,

but if ( u n le ss) h e b e a t pl a in p o in t with hi ms e lf to go st ra ight

to h e ll T y n d al e s t r a n sl a ti on w a s like a fa ls e c o p pe r g r oa t
’ ’ ‘
.

silv e re d o v e r to l o o k lik e a t r u e silv e r g ro a t T o bu rn h e r e tics .

’

h e p r on o u n c e d l a w ful n e c e ss ary a n d w e ll d o n e it w a s
‘
,

d e st r oyi n g th e r a v e n o us w o lve s th a t d e v o u r th e
Si m il ar a m e n iti e s o f Tyn d a le wil l a pp e a r h e re a fte r .

It is im p o ssibl e to e n te r th e o l d chu r ch a t Che lse a h a u n t e d ,

a s it is by m a n y m e m o r i e s with o ut vividly re c a lli n g with ,

e sp e ci a l i n t e r e st th e p e r s on a l a n d d o m e stic a s w e ll a s th e ,

ublic hi st o ry o f th e g re a t L or d Ch an c e ll or w h o a cc e pt e d th a t
p ,

S e e M o re ’
s W e rk e s pp . 2 20 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 3 , 2 4 7, 2 7 4 , ( te .

1a
1 46 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

high o ffic e on th e roy a l a ssu ran c e t h a t in disch a rgin g its ,

fu n cti o n s h e w a s fi rst to l o o k up o n G o d an d a fte r G o d up o n

, ,

th e ki n g N o w o r ldly busi n e ss w a s e v e r a ll o w e d to i n t e r fe re
’
.

with th e r e gul a r a tte n d a n c e o f hi m se lf a n d his h o us e h o ld in

its h a ll o we d c o u r ts H e hims e lf b ore in c o nj u n cti o n with h is
.
,

i n ti ma t e fr i e n d D r L arke th e p ar s o n w h o su ffe r e d quickly

, .
, ,
‘

a ft e r h im i n th e m a tt e r o f th e sup re m a cy a p ro m i n e n t p a r t in
’

th e r e ligi o us s e r vic e s w a lki n g i n p r o c e ssi o n s a t th e h e a d o f th e

,

chu r ch ch o i r a n d b e ar i n g a c ro ss ,
It is r e l a t e d th a t o n c e .

M o re s fr i e n d th e Duk e o fN o r fo l k c o mi n g to Ch e ls e a to di n e
’

, ,

with h im fo r tu n e d to fin d h im a t th e chu r ch in th e ch o ir
, , ,

with a su r plic e on his b a ck si n gi n g ; to wh o m a fte r s e r vic e , , ,

a s th e y w e n t h o m e w a r d t o g e th e r arm i n ar m th e duk e s a i d ,
- -
, ,

G o d sb o d y G o d sb o d y m y L o r d Ch an c e ll or a p a r ish cl e rk !
a p a r ish cl e r k Y o u r gra c e may n o t thi n k r e pli e d M o r e ,
’
,

th a t I dish o n o u r my p r in c e in my dutiful n e ss to h i s L o r d
a n d ou r s T h e s o uth ch a n c e l o f th e chu r ch w as e r e ct e d
’
.

by M o re w h o r e m o vin g thith e r bu ri e d b e n e a th its p a v e m e n t

, , ,

th e b on e s o f his fi r st a n d pl a c e d i n its w a ll w hil e h e ,

y e t liv e d a m e m or i a l to hims e lf su r m o u n t e d by his c r e st a

, , ,

M o or s h e a d T h e i n te r e s t o f th e pilgr im visit o r will b e a ll

’
.
-

th e cl e a re r a n d fr e sh e r b e c a us e h a ppily th e v an d a l h an d o f , ,

s o c a ll e d r e st or a ti o n h as hith e r t o sp ar e d th e
-
s a c r e d st ru e
tu r e .

O n th e m e m o r i a l st o n e sl a b th e r e is a L a tin in sc r ipti o n
his o w n c o mp o siti o n in 1 5 3 2 — which tran s m its to p o s te r ity
wh a t h e m ust h a v e d e e m e d n o t r ivi a l e n c o mium th a t h e w as ,

a t r o ubl e (m o l esta s) to thi e v e s mu r d e r e r s a n d h e r e tic s ?

"
In , ,

r e cutti n g this in sc r ipti o n th e l a st w o r d — l a st a n d w o r st in th e ,

—
sc a l e o f i n fa my h a s b e e n l e ft bl a n k so a s to b e a l m o s t
i l l e gibl e M a n y o f his a d mire r s w o uld ign o re his c o n sci e n ti o us
.

p e r sist e n c e in p e rs e cutin g i n t o l e ra n c e Bu t n o disp ara ge me n t .

ic l i c ip ti w hich h w t f h i w m m t
I n th e m e tr a ns r on e ro e or s o n onu en

th e re l b d c mm d ti
i s a a o u re f A l ic w hich i t d i to en a on o e, n en e rn e ss s ou
w igh d by
e e w d ppli d t J on e or a e o a ne

Ch Th m j t hic J l M i
ara o a; a oe o a n n a u x o r cu a or
—C m pb ll C h c ll
.

ii p 14 t a e
’
s an e o rs ,
’
.
,
.
,
no e

m : I h v p p ly t t d i my pi t ph ‘
T M w t t E
o re ro e o r as us a e ur o se s a e n e a

th t I m l t d h
a tic f I d
o es e h t th t f lk th t l th ye re s, or o so a e a o ,
a ,
u n e ss e

r p
e t I wen ld th i c th i i m i ty mi chi v
,
ou ra th y ter n ur e r an os ,
so s e o u s ar e e o

th w el d —B vi 3 03
or .
’
. .
,
.
 T YN D A L E 5 R E A L M ON UM EN T
’
. 1 47

to his m e r its h a s this s o l e sta i n o n a n illustr io us c are e r pro v e tf ‘

in th e j udgm e n t o f th a t Ap o st a t e Chu r ch which sp e a ks o f

’
p e rs e cuti on with b a te d b re a th in this m ore e n lighte n e d a ge , ,

o nl y b e c a us e h e r a r m is p a lsi e d ; f o r s h e b o a sts to b e u n ch an g e d

a n d u n ch a n g e a bl e a n d h a s r e c e n tly b e a tifie d him— a p re lud e

, ,

it m a y b e to c a n o n iz a ti o n — t o ge th e r with his fri e n d Fish e r

, .

Stra n ge ly e n o ugh a mu ra l t a ble t to a Tyn da l e l o o ks d o wn

,

fro m a c orn e r a b o v e up on M o re s m e m or i a l '

A sign ifi c an t ’
.
‘

a ll e go r ic a l r e c or d this r e m a r k s D e m a n s o f th e re sult o f th e
, ,

co n t r o v e r sy . Al a s ! hist o ry p re s e n ts fe w m o re m e l a n ch o ly
sc e n e s th an th e e m bitte re d w ra n gli n gs an d c oa rs e vitup e ra ti o n s
o f m e n go o d a n d t r u e u n a bl e to disc o v e r an e xc e ll e n c e i
, y n

a n o th e r fro m wh o m th e re is th e fu n d a m e n t a l e st ran ge m e n t
,

o f r e ligi o us d i f fe re n c e C e r t a i n ly h e r e is a t l e a st a n u n
.
, ,

d e n i a bl e tr ibu t e to th e sup re ma cy o f th e r e ligi o us p ri n cipl e .

I n this c a s e th e a n t a g on ists b o th o f m o r a l pu rity u n sul l i e d, ,

by th e slight e st t a in t b o th fi n a lly m a r tyr s to c on victi o n s he ld

, , ,

d e a r e r th a n life b o th n o w d e s e r v e dly high o n th e i r c o u n t ry s

’

sc ro ll o f fa m e h a v e l o n g sin c e m e t—h o w e v e r fo ully th e y

,

vilifi e d o n e an o the r o n e a r th — ih th e p r e se n c e o f H im in
wh o m a l l div e rge n c e s o f e a rn e st fa ith fin d th e ir r e c on cilia ti on
for e v e r . The y a r e n o w b e y o n d th e mist an d cl o uds which
b e wild e r a n d m isle a d e v e n th e m o st cl e ar sigh te d o f fa l libl e -

m o r t a ls
.

T h e re fuge e t ra n sl a t o r in his e ar thly l o t h a d i n d e e d fa ll n

’

on e vi l d a ys a n d e vil t on gu e s Th e re h as b e e n a g r e a t
.
’

a w a k e n i n g — du r i n g littl e m o r e h o w e v e r th an th e l a st h a lf
, ,

c e n tu ry— to a m or e j ust s e n s e o f his tr u e m e rits M o n u m e n ts .

h a v e b e e n r a is e d to his s a c re d m e mo ry n e ar th e sp o t o f his
bir th a n d in th e M e tr o p o lis wh e re a n d whe n c e his N e w
, ,

T e st a m e n t ci r cul a t e d Ye t h o w e v e r r ight th e spi r it dicta tin g

.
,

a t l a st such r e c o g n iti o n his r e a l m o n um e n t — m o r e l a stin g th a n

,

th e t o w e r on Nibl e y K n o ll an d m o r e e xp r e ssiv e th an th e ,

b ro n z e st a tu e o n th e Vic to r i a E mb an km e n t wh e r e in u p , ,

r ight figu re i n th e s a m e g a r d e n e n cl o su r e a s th e chiv a lr o us

,

Outra m a n d th e a bl e S ir B ar tl e F r e r e o n th e i r r ight h an d a s , ,

th o ugh h e w e re the ir le a d e r (a s i n d e e d h e w a s) h e st a n ds
in l e a rn e d go wn fa cin g th e r iv e r u p which Fl e mish v e ss e ls
w a ft e d th e v o lu me o f life his h ar d b o ught gift to his c o u n try
,
-

1 0— 2
1
.

48 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R ZII A TI ON .

m e n in the ir o w n t o n gu e —will e v e r b e th e m o n um e n t which

*

h e h as hi m s e lf r e a re d to th e h on o u r o f h is M a st e r :his pl a i n
a n d m an ly v e r si o n o f th e in spi r e d b o o k th e c o mm o n h e r it a ge ,

o f o u r E n glish s pe a ki n g r a c e an d p a r t i n v e ry t r uth o f o u r
-
,

spi ritu a l life bl o o d b o th in th e m o th e r c o u n try a n d in wh a t

-
,

e v e r r e m o t e st c orn e r o f th e e ar th B r itish e n e r gy m a f u n d
y o a

h o me .

i c ip ti
T h e ns r on on h is s ta tu e — a fter te x t ci t d f
s e ro m v i
e r s on
b ear s th e foll w i g
o n

The l a st w o r d s of W illi a m
y dl w T n a e e re

L or d Op th K i g f E gl d y
en e n o n an
’
s e es .

W ithi y n a ft w d e ar a er ar s

A Bibl w pl c d i v y
e as a e n e er

Pa r i h C h ch by th Ki g c mm d
s ur e n
’
s o an .
’
 TABLE OF DATES .

1 5 2 7 H e nr y ow e d by l y c h bi i g i h
W o se fo r o a t n w t A r t u r s w o w , h id ’

l yg c y li J ly
.

17 M ay W o se
. o e s to F r a n e a s H e n r s e u te n a n t, u
’
.

c g d
1 5 2 8 W o l se y s o ffe n e a s r e a r s th e A
’
bb il
e ss o f W to n di l
Car na .

ll g l ll g dy ickly i il c
.

Co e e S a t-fi sh C e a r tr a e
. A s t me . P e st e n e .

i n L a u tre c s a r m yb’
e fo r e N apl es p ggi
C am e ch
o re a
. d
e s L on o n
,

c b
O to e r .

l
1 5 2 9 C e me n t ill . p d d d J
R e o r te ea , y
a n u ar y i
H e n r s w r t fo r th e
’
.

lg c c p d
.

e a te s to tr y th e a u se , 3 0 M a y The o urt o e n e
.
,
18
J
u ne . bl c
M e mo r a e s e n e , 2 1 J un e The c p g d
o ur t r o ro u e
.
,

23 uJ ly y
T h e T re a t o f C a m r a
. b y l y d
W o se s u r r e n e r s th e
.

l
se a , 1 7 O to e r c b li v b
Par a me n t m e e ts, 3 N o e m e r
. .

l hi b y
1 5 30 W i ts r e s e m a ss to C a r e s V
’
h l h l c
C ar e s r o w n e
. d by l C e me n t
B l g b y p pl bi y
.

at o o n a , 2 4 F e ru a r T h e fi r st
. a a r e f to H e n r
,

7 M ar ch F re n .ch p i c lib
r n es d J ly
e r a te , u dic
Ve r t o f Un i .

v iy
e rs t i
o f Pa r s fo r H e n r y l y di
W o se . v b
e s, 2 9 N o e m e r .

1 5 3 1 T h e se o n
.
c d ppl bia a y J
r e f to H e n r , 5 y
a n u ar y l h d
H e n r ,so e ea .

o f th e h ch
C u r , a fte r G o d , F e r u a r
‘ ’
b y Bil y b ne d
ur n e
,
19 .

A u u st g .

i
1 53 2 A ct i n r e str a n t o f a n n ate s, 1 9 M a r ch b i i
S u m ss o n o f e r ,
. cl gy ’

ig l y ci
.

1 6 M ay S i r T M o r e r e s n s th e s e a
. . H e n r m e e ts F r a n s .

l i c b
a t C a a s , O to e r The t r
. hi d p p l b ia a r e f to y
H e nr , 1 5
N o e m erv b .

y i
1 533 H e n r m a r r e s A n n e , 2 5 J an uar y pi
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. ch .

p c ig ih v lid
.

C r a n me r r o n o u n e s th e marr a e w t A n n e a ,
M ay .

A nne c
ro w n e , 1d J un e ( W hi dy
t S un a ) F r y thb d
u rn e at .

S m i th fi e l d , 4 J ly
u l
C e me n t e
. xc o mmu n ic y
a te s H e n r co n
d i ti o n a l l y , 1 1 J y liz b h
ul E a et . q b
( th e fu tur e u e e n ) or n 7
p b
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C e m e n t a n d F r a n s m e e t a t M a r se e s,
. ill
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l d cl g ih
1 534 C e me n t e a r e s th e m a rri a e w t K a t a r n e
. h i v lid a ,
a n d e x co m

y
m u n i ca te s H e n r , 2 3 M a r ch cc i
T h e A ct o f S u e ss o n
. Pa r .

l i a me n t p g d
ro r o u e l c iv ig
T h e S e tt e m e n t r e e e s s n a tu r e
. .

El a e tiz b h B a r to n su ffe r s , 20 A r p il T h e A ct o f R o a y l
.

p cy
S u r e ma , 3 N o e m e r v b .
 BOO K I V .

S EPA R A T I O N FR O M ROM E .

I — EN G L A N D S F O R E I G N R E L A T I O N S
.
’
.

WHEN T y n d a l e s v e r sio n o f th e N e w T e st am e n t w as o n
’

E n glish s o il a n d b e c o m in g d o m icil e d in E n glish h o me s a n d

,

h e a rts th e fi r st sta g e in th e p ro g re ss o f th e R e fo r ma ti o n w a s
,

a p ro a chi n g c o m pl e t e n e ss T h e n e xt st a g e w a s th e d e liv e r
p .

a n c e o f o u r Chu r ch a n d n a ti on fr o m th e ty r an n ic a l a n d
a r ro g a n t y o k e o f a fo re ig n spir itu a l p o w e r I n e ffe cti n g this .

e m a n cip a ti o n th e p r i n cip a l i n st r u m e n t o f P r o vid e n c e w a s

,

th e ki n g hims e lf ; w h o a lth o ugh h e n e v e r dis e n t a n gl e d

,

his fe e t fr o m th e mi re o f R o m ish d o g ma y e t a t l a st with , , ,

p e re m pt o ry r e s o luti o n sh o o k fo r e v e r fro m his c ro w n a n d

,
.

r e a lm th e i n s o l e n t t h ra ld o m o f R o m a n sup r e m a cy Thro ugh .

wh a t c a us e s h e w a s a t l e n gth c o mp e ll e d c o n t r a ry to th e fo r c e ,

o f l o n g ch e r ish e d h a bit a n d r o o t e d p re j udic e to c a r ry to th e

-
,

e n d this n a ti on a l d e liv e ra n c e is a n i n te re sti n g a n d i n str uctiv e

,

c h a pt e r i n th e r e c o rds o f G o d s d e a li n gs with E n gl a n d B u t
’
.

b e fo re e n te r i n g up o n this subj e ct it will b e n e c e ss a ry to give ,

s o me b r i e f a tt e n ti on to public e v e n ts big with m o m e n t o us

c o n s e qu e n c e s an d to th e v a ryi n g r e l a ti on s o f o u r c o u n try a t
,

this e p o ch to fo re ign P o w e r s .

A r thu r o f Wi n ch e st e r e ld e st son o f H e n ry VII h a d b e e n

,
.
,

m a r ri e d wh e n o n ly sixte e n y e a r s a n d tw o m o n ths o l d to
, ,

K a th a ri n e (C a t a li n a ) fo u r th d a ught e r o f F e r di n a n d o f A r a go n
,

a n d Is a b e l l a o f C a stil e T h e m a rr i a ge c e r e m o n y t o o k pl a c e
. .

in St P a ul s Su n d a y N o v e m b e r 1 4 1 5 0 1 a m id th e r ej o ici n gs
’
.
, , , ,

a n ci e n t o u t o f mi n d
’
o f th e n a ti o n T h e a lli a n c e with Sp a i n
.
, ,
1 52 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

w as p o pul ar ; a n d K a th ar in e a lth o ugh a cc o r di n g to th e , ,

r e p o r t s e n t to o f l o w st a tu re a n d r a th e r st o ut
’

ye t ,

h a d a p re p o ss e ssi n g m o d e st c o u n te n a n c e a n d w a s r e pl e te ‘
,
’ ‘

with go o d n e ss a n d r e ligi o n a n d by h e r fa ir h a ir an d blu e ,

’

e y e s r e mi n d e d h e r n e w c o u n t ry m e n th a t th e bl o o d o f th e

H o us e o f L an c a ste r ran in h e r v e in s Ar thu r s e ttl e d o n .

his wife a thi r d o f his go o ds a n d re n ts ; a n d wh e n th e r o ya l

p a i r w e re b e li e v e d to b e c a n o n ic a lly m a n an d wife th e h a l f ,

o f K a th a r i n e s d o w e r scudi in a l l ) w a s p a id d o w n
’

T o w a r ds th e cl o s e o f D e c e mb e r th e n e wly w e dd e d p a i r -

m o v e d n o r th w e stw ar ds to Ludl o w C a stl e on th e b o rd e rs o f

-
,

W a l e s ; fo r A r thu r it w a s fo n dly ho p e d w o uld r e viv e th e , ,

gl o r i e s o f th e B r itish p r in c e wh o m h e r e se mbl e d in n a m e a n d
ra c e l e ge n ds re sp e cti n g wh o m h a d r e c e n tly b e e n giv e n to th e
,

w o r ld b y C a xt o n H e r e with his b r id e A r thu r k e pt his c o u r t

. .

But Ap r il h a d o n ly j ust d a w n e d wh e n th e sh a d o wy k n igh t o f ‘

C a m e l o t w a stin g i n r a pid d e cli n e fro m a chill c a ught in a

,
’

d r ippi n g wi n te r p a ss e d h e n c e to th e w o rld o f r e a liti e s H e

,
.

h a d n o t b e e n a husb a n d quit e fiv e m o n ths .

B e fo r e K a th ar i n e s fi rst m a rr i a ge th e fe a r s o f F e rdi n a n d ’

a n d Is a b e ll a i n r e g a r d to th e i r d a ught e r s succ e ssi on h a d b e e n

’

qu i e t e d by th e e x e cuti o n with Sp an ish r uthle ss n e ss o f th e , ,

’

p o o r imb e cil e War wick ( N o v e mb e r 2 8 th e l a st m a l e ,

Pl an t a ge n e t th e s o n o f Cl are n c e o n th e fli m sy p re te n c e
, ,

th a t h e h a d b e e n c o n c e rn e d in a c o n spira cy in c o nj u n cti o n
with P e rki n Wa rbe ck his c o m p a n i o n in th e cl o si n g m o n th s ,

o f his fift e e n y e a rs c a ptivity i n th e T o we r A n d n o w o n ’

.
,

A r thu r s d e mis e th e a n xi e ty o f h e r p a r e n ts re tu rn e d in full

’

fo r c e th a t th e i r d a ught e r sh o uld y e t b e Qu e e n o f En gl a n d l
,
.
‘ '

Th e a lli a n c e to o o f E n gl a n d th e y j udg e d to b e o f v a lu e in
, ,

th e i m p e n di n g c o n t e st with F r a n c e fo r th e p o ss e ssi on o f
S o uth e rn It a ly to which F e r di n an d l a id cl a im a s Ki n g o f
,

Ara gon Th e y h a d o bt a i n e d a h o ld o n H e n ry by h a vi n g in
.

iv 6 9 4
Ve n , . . .

1
“

Bi h p f W i ch t x mi d A p il 1 52 7 w h
F ox , s o v ty o n e s e r, e a ne r , ,
en se en
i y
n ne l d i th C tl
e ars o fW l y i W i ch t
,
t t dnI t e as e o o v e sa ,
n n e s e r, s a e
‘
s no

c t i w h th H y V I I p p d th c d m i g T hi k i t w
er a n e er e nr . ro o se e se on arr a e . n s as

d by D P h b l (P bl th S p i h mb d ) B li v th t
one r . eo e a ue a, e an s a a ssa or . e e es a
i B ll w
var o u s b t i d tw f w hich m i i E gl d d
u s e re o a ne ,
o o re a n n n an ,
an one

tw i S p i m t —B i p t iii 5 7 9 1 ’
or o l l f th
n a n
,
a o e sa e e n or . . v ,
. ar .
,
.
 PR I N CE H E N R Y . 1 53

the i r p o w e r Ed m u n d d e l a P o l e a so n o f J o h n d e l a P o l e , ,

Duk e o f Su ffo lk by Eliz a b e th sist e r o f Ed w a r d IV Ed m un d

, , .
,

o n Wa r w ick s e x e cuti o n h a d fl e d to Fl a n d e r s
’

, H e n ry o n h is .
,

p a r t b e sid e s th e d e sir e to p e r p e tu a t e his dyn a sty w a s l o th t o

, ,
’
r e sig n K a th a r i n e s d o w e r a n d h e r j o i n tu r e a s A r th u r s w id o w
’

a n d w a s m o r e o v e r c a uti o us o f a li e n a ti n g Sp a i n
, , .

T h e r e ign i n g p o n ti f
f a t this ti m e w a s Julius II w h o fe l t .
,

re lu ct an t to s a n cti on th e w e dl o ck o f K a th a rin e a n d y o u n g
H e n ry i n a s m uch a s the y w e re r e l a t e d in th e fi rst d e g re e
, .

But h e re to o Is a b e ll a h a d r e a dy to h e r u se a c o n cl u siv e
, ,

a rgu m e n t ; f o r sh e h e ld i n c a ptivity C ae s a r B o r gi a th e i n ,

fa m o us s o n o f th e i n fam o us p re d e c e ss o r o f Julius a n d o f a l l ,

m e n th e m o st d re a d e d by h i m T h e vict o r i e s to o o f Sp a i n .
, ,

i n S o u th e r n It a ly a dd e d w e ight to th e Sp a n ish d e m an d .

It is re l a t e d th a t Is a b e ll a wh o s e h e a lth w a s fa st fa i l i n g
, ,

e v e n fro m h e r ch a m b e r o f sickn e ss by e a rn e st e n t r e a ti e s a n d ,

s o le m n p ro m is e s o f str ict s e c re cy c on t r iv e d n o t o n ly to o bt a i n ,

th e c o n s e n t o f Julius to th e s e c o n d w e dl o ck but e v e n suc ,

ce e d e d i n h a vi n g th e disp e n s a ti o n c o mm itt e d to h e r o w n
e a ge r h a n ds Pr o m is e s w e r e th e n sc a tte r e d to th e wi n ds
. .

T h e p a p a l d o cu m e n t w as displ a y e d to h e r c o u n cil a n d to th e ,

chi e fs o f a ll th e o rd e rs o f h e r k i n gd o m A n d th e o bj e c t .

d e si re d by th e C a th o lic s o ve re ig n s w a s s o fa r a chie v e d th a t
H e n ry Pr i n c e o f W a l e s w h e n a b o ut t w e lve ye a r s o f a ge w a s
, , ,

b e t ro th e d to his b ro th e r s wid o w r a th e r m o r e th a n fiv e y e a rs
’

his s e n i o r Aft e r n o l o n g i n te r v a l Is a b e ll a he rse lf h a d go n e

.

N o v e m b e r 2 5 1 5 0 4 ) to h e r a cc o u n t
( ,
.

Eliz a b e th th e G o o d h a d p re c e de d h e r to th e t o m b h a vin g ,

di e d in childb e d (F e b ru a ry 1 1 1 5 0 3) o n th e ve r y d ay th a t ,

sh e c o m pl e t e d h e r thi r ty s e v e n th y e a r T h e ill n e ss o f h e r
-
.

wid o we d c o n s o r t which fo ll o w e d i n c r e a s e d th e a pp r e h e n si o n
, ,

th a t th e a n ge r o f H e a v e n h a d b e e n p r o v o k e d Thus H e n ry .

VII a lik e sup e rstiti o us a n d p o litic s w a ye d by v ar i o u s

.
, ,

m o tiv e s h a vin g s e cu r e d p o sse ssi o n o f K a th ar i n e a n d h e r

,

v a lu a bl e s a n d m a in t a i n e d p e a c e b o th with Sp a i n a n d w ith
,

F ra n c e di re ct e d his so n a n d h e ir o n a tt a i n i n g fo u r te e n y e a r s
,
.

o f a e to m a k e a fo r m a l p r o t e st a g a i n st b e i n g b o u n d by h is
g ,

m a r r i a ge
S e e th e Pr o te s t ( B . iv p
.
,
ar t iii .
,
5 79 1 ) i n H e r b t
er .
 1 54 T H E D A l VN O F T H E EN G L I S H R E F O R /lI A TI O N .

H e n ry tre a t e d his d a ughte r in l a w with r igo u r ; a n d if h e - -

a ctu a lly p r o hibit e d his so n fr o m h o ldi n g i n t e r c o u r s e with h e r ,

such re str icti o n w o uld b e lik e ly to re n d e r a y o u n g p r i n c e a s s e lf

w ill e d a s H e n ry a ft e r w a r ds sh o w e d hi m s e lf to b e b e tte r disp o s e d ,

to th e m a tch K a th ar in e o n h e r p ar t th o ught th a t th e r e w a s
.
, ,

n o t such a p a ra g o n in th e w o r ld a s th e P r i n c e o f W a l e s Sh e .

l o v e d th e blu e e y e d cl e ar ski n n e d r u d dy st a lw a r t b oy h a n d
-
,
-
, , ,

s o m e a m o n g th e h a n d s o m e st o r ra th e r a s th e Ve n e ti a n a m , , ,

b a s s a d o r r e p o r te d an ge lic a l m uch r e s e mbli n g i n p e r s o n his

’

, ,

g r a n dfa th e r Edw a r d I V an d t o we r i n g lik e a n o th e r S a ul

,
.
, , ,

a b o v e his n o bility His b e a uty a t this p e r i o d w a s u n i mp a i re d

.

by th e p re m a tu r e b a ld n e ss which sh o w e d its e lf a fe w y e a r s
l a t e r H e p o s se sse d mo re i m p o r t a n t a dv an t a ge s th a n g o o d l o o ks
.

a n d t a ll st a tu r e H e w a s th e fi r st E n glish s o v e r e ig n si n c e
.
,

R ich a r d IL w h o h a d m o u n t e d th e th ro n e with a n u n dispu t e d

,

titl e His m a n n e r s if b r usqu e w e r e h e a r ty ; a n d with his

.
, ,

c o u r ti e r s h e w a s m o r e o f a c o m p a n i o n th a n a kin g I n mi n d .
,

h e h as b e e n d e sc r ib e d by E ra s m us a s a u n iv e r s a l ge n iu s no

m e a n p ro fici e n t i n m usic a n d m a th e m a tics ; cl e v e r in dis

put a ti o n with r a th e r m o r e th a n a s m a tt e r i n g o f sch o l a stic
,

t h e o l o gy .

Sc a r c e ly h a d th e fa th e r s r e ma i n s b e e n l a id to r e st by th e ’

si d e o f th e g o o d qu e e n in th e n o bl e ch a p e l a dd e d by h im in
, ,

c o m pli a n c e with his n a tiv e a r tistic t a st e to th e gre a t a bb e y , ,

th a n th e n upti a ls o f th e r o y a l c o uple w e re a l re a dy e n ga gi n g
a tt e n ti o n H e n ry i n qui r e d o f his c o u n cil wh e th e r it w a s l a w
.

ful for h im to w e d his b r o the r s w id o w But h i s o w n m i n d w a s ’

.

a l r e a dy m a d e up an d e a r ly i n Ju n e 1 5 09 a f,
e w d a ys b e fo r e , ,

his e ighte e n th bi r thd a y— w hich fe ll o n th e 2 8 th d a y o f th e

s a m e m o n th — h e w a s p r iv a t e ly u n it e d in m a t r i m o n y to K a th a
.

r i n e a t G r e e n wich in th e qu e e n s cl o s e t
’
.
,

I n d u e ti m e child r e n w e r e b o r n to th e m Fi r st a still b o rn .
-

d a u ght e r ; th e n o n N e w Y e a r s D a y 1 5 1 1 to th e l o ud joy o f
’

, , ,

th e n a ti on a p r i n c e w h o d e c e a s e d h o w e v e r a ft e r th e b r i e f
, , , ,

s p an o f a f e w w e e ks ; th e n a n o th e r p r i n c e w h o o u tliv e d his ,

bi r th but a fe w d ays th e n in 1 5 1 4 a p r i n c e b o r n p re ma tu re ly , , .

At l e n gth a fte r u pw ar d s o f six w e dd e d y e a r s a d a ught e r

, ,

M ary—gl a dd e n e d ( Fe b r u a ry 1 6 1 5 1 6 ) th e h e a r ts a n d h o p e s ,

o f th e r o y a l p a i r A girl fo ll o we d tw o y e a r s a n d a h a lf l a te r
.
,
 H E N R Y S M I L I T A R Y T A S TE S
’
. 1 55

w did n o t su r vive h e r bi r th M a ry a l on e r e m a i n e d th e
ho .
,
‘

fa st g re e n b ra n ch o f a with e re d t r e e A w e st r uck a t th e ’
.

a pp a r e n t displ e a su re o f H e a v e n K a th a r i n e l a m e n t e d th a t h e r
,

fi r st w e dl o c k h a d b e e n m a de in bl o o d ‘
.
’

M e a n whil e th e r e l a ti o n s o f E n gl a n d to fo r e ign P o w e r s h a d
,

u n d e r g o n e a ch a n g e .

T h e id e a o f a c r us a d e fo r th e r e c o v e ry o f th e H o ly S e pulch r e ,

fo r p e a c e in Chr ist e n d o m a n d th e d is co mfitu re o f th e Tu rk

, ,

— wh o s e e n c r o a ch m e n ts w e r e th e n ight m a r e o f Eu ro p e — h a d
e a rly fa sci n a t e d th e im a gi n a ti o n o f y o u n g H e n ry T h e e n te r .

p r is e b e fitte d his ch a r a ct e r a s a s o ldi e r a n d a tr u e so n o f th e

C h u r ch a n d h a d b e e n p re ss e d up on h im by his fa the r s
,
’

dyi n g w o r ds But e r e such a d ifli cu l t sch e m e c o uld b e u n d e r

.

t a ke n th e w a r a ga in st F ra n c e m ust b e c on clude d This its e lf

.
.

m ight b e r e ga r d e d a s a h o ly w a r i n a s m uch a s F r a n c e h a d ,

c on spir e d a g a i n st V e n ic e th e bul w a rk o f Ch r ist e n d o m a n d

, , ,

u n d e r th e p o p ul a r C a r di n a l d A m b o ise h a d b e tra ye d te n ’

d e n cie s which s e e me d to p o i n t to a r e fo r m a ti o n o f r e ligi o n .

T h e r a pid gr o wth o f F r a n c e to o w a s a u n iv e r s a l m e n a c e
, , .

(
G ui e nn e h a d fa ll e n to Ch a r l e s V II P r o v e n c e R o ussill on .
, ,

B urg un dy h a d a ugm e n te d th e d o m i n i o n s o f L o uis XI .

B r it a n y h a d b e e n a n n e x e d to th e r e a l m o f C h a rl e s VIII b y .

m a rr i a ge ; a n d this v a lu a bl e a dditi o n to his t e rr it o r i e s L o uis

XII h a d b e e n a bl e to r e t a i n by th e p o n tifica l s an cti o n o f a
.

div o r c e a n d m a rr i a g e fo r p o litic a l e n ds Eu ro p e h a d t re m bl e d .

wh e n Ch a r l e s VI I I c ro ss e d th e Alps ; a n d his succ e ss o r

.
,

L o uis XII still r e t a i n e d Mil a n an d e nj o ye d e xte n siv e in

.
, ,

fl u e n ce in N o r th e rn It a ly It w a s littl e su r p r isi n g th e n th a t
.
, ,

H e n ry w a s willi n g to s e c o n d his fa th e r in l a w s o pp o siti o n to - -

’

F r e n ch a sc e n d a n cy a lth o ugh th e fa v o u re r s o f th e N e w
,

L a r n i n g r a is e d high th e ir v o ic e in d e n u n ci a ti o n o f w a r co n
e
,

d e m n in g e sp e ci a lly its r e t a r di n g i n flu e n c e o n s o ci a l p r o gr e ss
a n d C o l e t d e cl a im e d th a t an u nj ust p e a c e is p re fe r a bl e to a

j ust w ar .

I n this w ar a ga i n st F ra n c e E n gl a n d h a d a s a lli e s Ve n ic e
,
,

S p a i n a n d Aust r i a with th e p o n tiff hi m s e lf a t th e h e a d o f th e

,

L e a g u e thus n a m e d H o ly At fi r st H e n ry s e xp e c ta ti o n s w e re
,
.
’

d is a p po i n t e d by th e muti n o us withd r a w a l o f E n glis h t r o o ps

’

fro m G a sc on y But fo r tu n e s mil e d o n his n e x t e ss a ys T h e

. .
1 56 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI O IV .

b a ttl e o f G u in e ga te o r th e Spu r s (Au gust ,

fl a tt e r e d
‘ ’

his y o uthful v a n ity a n d his ye a rn i n g fo r m ilit a ry r e n o w n It .

gra tifi e d his p r id e th a t M a xi mili a n sub m itte d to s e rv e u n d e r

his st a n d a r d fo r o n e hu n d r e d c r o w n s a d ay a n d th a t B ay ar d , ,

fa me d e v e rywhe r e a s th e k n ight w ith o ut fe a r a n d with o u t ‘

.

r e p ro a ch w a s a m o n g his p r is o n e r s
’
.
,

But wh e n h e a t l e n gth disc e r n e d th a t h is wily fa th e r in l a w - -

w a s pu r sui n g sch e m e s o f s e lfish a m biti o n u n d e r th e o st e n t a

ti o us guis e o f pi e ty w a s r e t a i n in g N a v arre — th ro ugh whic h

,

a l o n e F ra n c e c o uld i n v a d e Sp a in — in his t r e a ch e r o u s gr a sp ,

an d a lt o ge th e r w a s m e r e ly pl a yi n g with his so n i n l a w s fili a l

’
- -

r e v e re n c e an d si m pl e e a rn e st n e ss his i n dign a ti on b r o k e ,

th ro ugh a l l r e stra i n t T h e w a y w a s thus p a v e d fo r p e a c e.

with F r a n c e T h e diss o luti o n o f th e H o ly L e a gu e l e ft H e n ry

.

to his o w n pl an s Sh o r tly a fte r w ar ds it b e c a m e a pp are n t th a t

.

Fe r din a n d a n d M a x mil ian a fte r fifte e n ye a r s o f bl o o dy w a r fa re , ,

w e re v e e r i n g r o u n d t o w a r ds a re c o n cili a ti on with L o uis a n d ,

w e re list e n i n g to p r o p o s a ls fo r a m a r ri a ge b e tw e e n th e i r gra n d
so n th e A r chduk e Ch ar l e s w h o h a d b e e n pl e d g e d to H e n ry s
’

, ,

sist e r a n d a d a ught e r o f L o uis H e n ry n o w th e r e fo re hi m s e l f

,
.

m a d e p e a c e with F r a n c e a n d a cc o rdi n g to cust o m th e p e a c e , ,

w a s to b e c e m e n t e d by a m a r r i a ge T h e m a r r i a g e c o n tra ct .
,

th e r e fo r e e n t e r e d i n to ( 1 5 0 7) b e tw e e n th e A r chduk e a n d M a r y
,

Tud o r w a s a n n ull e d a n d M a ry in th e bl o o m o f gi r lish b e a uty , ,

w a s e sc o r t e d by N o r fo l k i n t o F r an c e a n d m a rr i e d to L o uis

XII fifty th re e y e ar s o l d a n d o ld e r y e t in physic a l co n s titu

.
,
-
,

ti o n .

Littl e s a tisfi e d w a s M a ry w ith N o r fo lk ; sh e w o uld h a v e

p re fe rre d W o ls e y a s h e r e sc o r t a n d s o s h e w ro te to h e r
b ro th e r This Fr e n ch m a rr i a g e w a s i m p o r t a n t fo r E n gl a n d
.
,

w hich h a d b e e n but a s e c o n d ra t e P o w e r u n d e r th e dict a ti o n -

,

o f F e r di n a n d But o n N e w Ye a r s D a y 1 5 1 5 L o uis th e fa th e r ’
.
, , ,

o f his p e o pl e d e p a r te d this life his i n firmi tie s h a vi n g b e e n

, ,

a gg r av a t e d it w a s s a id by th e dissip a t e d life i n t r o duc e d by

, ,

his y o uthful qu e e n fi T h e D uk e o f An g o ul em e his c o usin ‘

, ,

‘
O u il a v ai t c me d e
o u tu di h ne r a u 1 te h e u r e s, co n v e n o i t q il di at u
’
n

a m1 d 1 on 11 a v c
a i t o u tu m e d e c ch se ou e r a si x h e u re s da i v t
s o r , so u en se
co u ch 0 1 t a m1 n u1 t .
’
— Q u o te d by D y ur u ,
H i st . d e F ran c i p 63 7 I
e ,
’
.
,
. . n
 TH E M A N Y CR O WN S O F CH A R L E S . 1 57

ucc e e d e d h im o n th e th ro n e a s F r a n cis I wh e n h e w a s o n ly
s

t w e n ty y e a r s o f a ge .

A y e a r l a t e r th e h an d o f d e a th (J a n u ary 2 3 1 5 1 6 ) r e ,

m o v e d F e r di n a n d fro m h is s e lfish a n d c ra fty p r oj e cts An d .

t hus his g ra n ds o n by th e d e c e a s e o f his fa th e r Philip th e

, ,

H a n ds o m e h e i r o f th e N e th e r l a n ds a n d F ra n ch e C o m t e — th e
,

d o w e r o f M a ry o f Bu r gu n dy his g ra n dm o the r— a n d a l re a dy ,

Ki n g o f C a stil e i n c o nj u n cti o n w ith his m o th e r Ju a n a b e c a m e ,

n o w a t s i xt e e n y e a r s o f a e ki n g o f a ll th e Sp a i n s i n clusiv e
,
g , ,

-o f N a pl e s a n d v a st d o m i n i o n s a c ro ss th e Atl a n tic Thr e e .

y e a r s l a t e r th e d e a th o f M a ximili an (J a n u a ry 1 2 his ,

p a t e rn a l g ran dfa th e r t ran s m itt e d to Ch a rl e s his h e r it a ge in

,

Austr i a S w a bi a a n d o n th e D a n ub e A n d sh o rtly a fte r w a r ds

, ,
.

th e r e w a s a fre sh a cc e ssi o n to his r o ll c a ll o f c r o w n s : fo r h e -

w a s e l e ct e d E m p e r o r o f G e r m a n y (Ju n e 28 over ,

c o mi n g th e c o mp e titi o n o fF ra n cis a s b e i n g n o t o n ly suffici e n tly ,

p o w e r ful to d e liv e r Eu ro p e fr o m th e Tu rkish i n ro a ds but a ls o ,

hi ms e lf by d e sc e n t a Ge r ma n T o his Sp a n ish subj e cts it w a s .

a m o r tifyi n g a n n o y a n c e th a t Ch a rl e s a cce pt e d th e i m p e r i a l
d ia de m H e n o w a ssu m e d th e n e w styl e o f m aj e sty in
‘ ’
.
,

a d o pti n g which h e w as quickly i m it a t e d by fe e bl e r s o v e r e ign s .

N e v e r b e fo re fo r m a n y c e n tu r i e s a t l e a st h a d sc e ptr e s s o
, ,

n um e ro us a n d so spl e n did m e t i n o n e h a n d H e h e ld th e .

civiliz e d w o rld it w a s s a id by its fo u r c o r n e r s

, , .
’

O f c o u r s e th e in t e r e sts o f p e a ce w e r e in dire j e o p a rd y .

T his w a s but to o o bvi o us F r a n cis c o uld ill b ro o k th e pre .

fe r e n c e e vin c e d by th e G e r m a n e l e ct o r s for his fo r m i d a bl e

r iv a l H e h a d w o n high m ilit a r y r e put e by his vict o ry i n th e
.

b a ttl e o f gi a n ts a t M a r ign a n o ( S e pt e m b e r
‘
’
whe r e
t h e F r e n ch h a d d e fe a t e d i n th e s e c o n d d a y s c o m b a t th e S w iss
’

b e fo r e th o ught i n vi n cibl e thro ugh th e o pp o r tu n e a rr iv a l o f ,

th e V e n e ti a n s This succ e ss thus e a r ly in his r e ign ga v e th e

.
, ,

Mil a n e se to F r a n cis an d r e viv e d th e d re a d b e fo re i n spi r e d

,

th ro ugh o ut Eu r o p e by F r e n ch a m biti o n T h e d o mi n i o n s o f .

Fr an cis a lth o ugh le ss e xt e n si v e th an th o s e o f Ch a rl e s w e r e

, ,

t h a t a ge th e ly m l w t m d di
e ar ea th l t pp as er e n n e r,
’
e a er
‘
su er .
’
T h us

C o me an d di ne W h th y h d di d — th m l b i g i
’
en e a ne e ea e n n th e v y er

i g—J h xxi 1 2 1 5 A th iz d V w j
,

e ar ly m orn n o n .
, ,
u or e e rs n
 1 58 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R TII A TI O N .

fa r m o re c o n c e n t r a te d a n d r ich by th e b o u n ty o f n a tu r e
Al a rm i n g sy m pt o m s m a n ife ste d th e ms e lv e s th a t th e c o n flict , ,

which th re a t e n e d to b e a s t re me n d o us a s it w a s i n e vit a bl e ,

c o uld n o t b e p o stp o n e d to a n y v e ry dist a n t d a t e F o r F ran cis .

,

in his ch a g ri n a t b e i n g r e j e ct e d by th e G e r m an e l e ct o r s h a d ,

a l r e a dy fo r g o tt e n th e T r e a ty o f N o y o n — sig n e d o n ly 1 5 1 6 ,

wh e n Ch ar l e s i n h e r it e d th e thr on e o f Sp a in — a n d h a d
d e m a n d e d b a c k N a pl e s a n d r e quir e d h o m a ge a s fe ud a l
,
.

sup e r i o r fo r Fl a n d e r s Ch a rl e s o n th e o th e r h a n d l a id cl a im
.
, ,

to Bu r gu n dy a s w e ll a s th e Mil a n e s e It w a s a m a tte r o f busy

.

sp e cul a ti o n to which sid e th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d w o uld a tt a ch

him s e lf i n th e i m p e n di n g str uggl e for b e t w e e n th e a n gry an d
p o we r ful r iv a ls his fa v o u r s e e m e d lik e ly to d e t e r m in e th e
a l m o st e qu a l sc a l e s .

W o ls e y h a d n o w succ e e d e d his p a tro n F o x in dire cti n g

E n glish p o licy His pl a n s fo r th e m o st p ar t c o n siste n tly
.

a im e d to uph o ld th e Eu r o p e a n b a l a n c e But b e sid e s a n tip a thy.

to th e d an g e r o u s a gg ra n diz e m e n t o f th e vict o r o f M a r ign a n o ,

h e hi m s e lf a spi re d to St P e t e r s ch a i r a n d to s e cu r e this his

’
.
,

fo n d e st h o p e h e h a d r e c e iv e d th e p ro m is e o f th e e mp e ro r s a id
,
’

F r a n cis a w a r m p a t ro n o f th e fi n e ar ts a n d th e a cc o m plish e d
, ,

H e n ry h a d m a n y pu r suits a n d t a st e s in c o m m o n O n th e fi e ld .

o f th e cl o th o f g o ld ,
a t G u is n e s (Ju n e 7
’
wh e re Wo l s e y s ,
’

g e n ius a s skilful to pl a n a c e re m o n i a l a s to r ule a kin gd o m

, ,

sh on e in e v e ry v a r i e ty o f b o u n dl e ss dis pl a y th e y c o n t e n d e d ,

t o ge th e r i n p a cific r iv a l ry— in fe a sts p a ge a n ts a n d a thl e tic , ,

c on t e sts But th e go o d fe ll o wship p r o mo te d by such c o stly

.
-

m e rr im e n t w a s quickly c o u n t e r v a il e d in a p r iv a t e in te r vi e w
which fo ll o w e d b e tw e e n th e u n cl e a n d n e p h e w a t G ra v e li n e s .

H e r e th e y o u thful but a r tful e m p e ro r c o n tr iv e d to d ra w o v e r

to his o w n sid e th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d s d e cid e d p re fe r e n c e
’
.

Ch a r l e s h a d b e fo r e p e n e t ra t e d his u n cl e s p o litic a l a i m s a n d ’

r e g r e ts wh e n h e visit e d h im in E n gl a n d ; h e s a w th a t ,

lik e his gra n dfa th e r Ed w a r d I V h e w a s n u r si n g th e o l d

,
.
,

gr udg e a g a i n st th e Fr e n ch m on a r ch w a s ch a fi n g a t th e l o ss ,

o f N or m a n dy a n d Gui e n n e a n d w a s y e a r n in g to r e g a i n th e
,

p r o vi n c e s in F ra n c e which h a d fo r m e r ly giv e n its chie f lustr e

to th e E n glish c r o w n H e us e d this k n o wl e d g e a s a r e a dy
.

k e y to his u n cl e s c o n fid e n c e A t th e s a me ti me h e h e ld th e
’
.
 WI N S W OL
'

CH AR L E S O VE R S E Y A N D H EN R Y .

aspi r i n g W o ls e y in l e a din g st r i n gs by
-
th e lu re o f St Pe te r s
.
’

ch a i r .

Th e y o uth b o rn j ust a s th e c e n tu ry c o m m e n c e d a n d fre shly

, ,

e m a n cip a t e d fro m th e tut e l a ge o f Chi ev re s a n d th e l e ss o n s o f

Ad r i a n e a rly e xhibit e d c o n vi n ci n g sign s o f his p re c o ci o us

,

g e n ius fo r dipl o m a cy a n d p o litics H e n ry might j e st a t his .

n e ph e w s ign o ra n c e o f L a ti n a n d l a ck o f l i te r a r v cultu re It
’

w a s to th e a dv a n t a g e o f th e sl e n d e rly t a ught y o uth in th e -

,

c o n fe re n c e s b e t w e e n th e m th a t his u n cl e w a s u n c o n sci o us o f ,

his o w n i n fe ri o r ity in th e a r ts o f st a te s man ship T h e Ki n g o f .

E n gl a n d s v a u n t o f l e a rn i n g a n d cl a i m to th e o l o gic a l a cu m e n
’

Ch arl e s w a s w illi n g to a ll o w with o ut th e fa i n t e st t e mpta ti o n .

to e n vy .

H e re H e n ry di ffe re d fro m th e tw o o th e r disti n guishe d

c o n t e mp o ra ry s o v e r e ign s I t h a d an i m p or t a n t b e a r i n g up o n .

his futu r e c a r e e r a n d his a chi e v e m e n t for his c o u n try o f a

, .

m o me n t o us n a ti o n a l bl e ssin g an d w a s fully in h a rm o n y with ,

th e spi r it o f th e ti m e i n which th e N e w L e a rn in g b o th ,

fl o u r ish e d a n d w a s im p re ssi n g its st a mp th a t H e n ry co n ,

ce iv e d hi m s e lf to b e e n d o w e d with e m i n e n t s k ill f o r th e o

l o gic a l disquisiti on It w a s a u n iqu e disti n cti o n to i n te r t w in e

.

th e c r o w n w ith th e ivy w re a th T h e c o n t ro v e r sy which u n d e r .

Lu th e r s te a chi n g w a s e mb ro ili n g Ch rist e n d o m w a s o ccupyin g

’

, ,

fr o m v ar i o us p o in ts o f i n te re st th e th o ughts o f a l l cl a ss e s , ,

l e a r n e d a n d u n l e arn e d ; a n d H e n ry st o o d fo r th b e fo re h is
subj e cts a n d a ll Eu ro p e a s th e u n c o m p ro m isi n g ch a mpi o n o f
th e a ss a il e d p a p a cy H e g a v e to th e w o r ld a b o o k which w a s
. .

m ”
e n titl e d a n h
Ass e r ti on o f t e S e v e S c
n a r a e n ts t i n c o n t r a ,

v e n ti o n o f Luth e r s t e n e ts p r o p o u n d e d i n his B a byl o n i a n

’ ‘

C a ptivity T o his d o ctr i n e o n th e s a c ra m e n ts H e n ry co n

’
.

s is te n tl h e ld fa st fo r th e re st o f his life but fro m a ssig n i n g

y
u n iv e r s a l pr e e m in e n c e to th e p on tiff h e subs e q u e n tly r e ce d e d
-

c o n spicu o usly Th a t th e Kin g o f E n gl a n d sh o uld uph o ld th e

.

e xt re m e re te n si o n s o f Ch r ist s vic a r e licit e d a p r iv a t e r e m on

’

p
stra n c e a t this d a t e fro m S ir Th o ma s M o r e a s h e hims e lf a fte r ,

A sse r ti o vii
S a cra m e n to r u m, a
. e r s u s M a r ti n u m L u th e ru m E ta dv . di
a b i n v i cti s si m o A n gli
ae e t F r a n ci ae R e e , e t D o m n o H y b e r n i ae , H e n r o g i ic
e ju s n o m n s i i
o ta o c v
I n ZEib u s Py n so n i a n i s , a u
. i n cl y ta m u r b e m p d .

di i
L on n um
. 1 60 T H E D A IVN O F TH E E N GL I S H R EF OR M A TI ON .

w ar ds st a t e d * H e n ry r e pli e d th a t h e h a d go o d r e a s on s for
.

d o in g a s h e h ad don e P e r h a ps h e an ticip a t e d th a t o bj e cti o n s

.

m ight b e ra is e d b y an d b y to th e P r i n c e ss M a ry s l e giti m a cy in
’
- -
,

w hich c a s e th e p o n tifica l g o o dwill might b e o f gr e a t s e r vic e .

‘
Fr o m th a t se e o bs e r v e d th e kin g w e r e c e iv e d o u r c ro w n
,
’

,
‘

i mp e r i a l which re ma rk e d M o re in d e t a ilin g th e c o n v e r s a ti o n
,
”

I n e v e r h e ar d o f b e fo r e till his gr a c e t o ld it m e with his o w n ,

m o u th fr
Th e t re a tis e h a d wh a t s o m e w o uld c a ll th e m e r it o f ch a n gi n g
S ir Th o m a s M o re s o pi n i o n in r e g a r d to th e p o p e s p r i m a cy ;
’ ’

a n d g a v e a ls o a n e w t o n e to th e a e a n d a sh a r p e r e dg e to
‘

g ,
’
e ccl e si a stic a l discipli n e Bu t a s a th e o l o gic a l w o rk a lth o ugh
.
,

n o t d e stitu t e o f p o l e m ic a l i n g e n uity i n ar u m e n t it m iss e d

g ,

th e m a i n p o i n t It w a s h a il e d a s a p r o digy T o th e G e rm an s
. .

e sp e ci a lly it a pp e a r e d m a r v e ll o us th a t a c ro wn e d h e a d sh o uld

c on t a i n so much l e arn in g It w a s p re se n t e d to L e o in full .

c on sist o ry an d w a s r a n k e d by him w ith th e w r iti n gs o f

,

J e r om e a n d Augustin e a n d e v e n d e cl ar e d to b e dict a te d by ,

i m m e di a t e i n spi ra ti o n Acc or din g to R o m e s fa shi o n th e titl e

.
’

o f D ef e n d e r of th e F a i th r e w a r d e d th e r o y a l c o n t ro v e r si a list ;

w h o a ft e r a ll w a s r a th e r e d it o r th an a uth o r f o r o n M o re s
’

, , ,

e v i d e n c e Fish e r a n d L e e w e r e th e m a k e r s o f th e s a m e a n d
’

, ,

M o re h im se lf a s o r t er o u t a n d pl a ce r o f th e p ri n cip a l
T h e Bull c o n fe r r i n g th e n e w titl e (d a t e d Oct o b e r 1 1 1 5 2 1 ) w a s ,

c on v e ye d to H e n r y by W o lse y with a l l th e fuls o m e p a ra d e

'

a n d p om p wh e r e w ith F r a n cis w o uld w e lc o m e to o n e o f his

§
C h at e a ux a p a i n ti n g by R a ff a e ll o .

Al re a dy h a d th e fu r i o us st ruggl e o f th e r oya l r iv als co m

m e n ce d — to p r e v e n t w hich o st e n sibly a t l e a st W o ls e y pr o , ,

ce e d e d to C a l a is a n d e n g a g e d i n c o n fe r e n c e s (August 1 5 2 1 ) ,

a s m e di a t o r ; s e c r e tly h o w e v e r u sin g th e o cc a si o n to fo r m
, ,

a n o th e r a n d fi r m e r l e a gu e b e tw e e n his m a st e r a n d Ch a rl e s .

’
l
S e e M o re s e tte r to C r u m w e l — B ,
2 89 l . vii . .

f
"
S n e r
’
i g
s R o
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er s
‘
M ore , p
’
66 p . .

1 ‘ Y
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e t E r a sm u s e e e , or a f b li v d
fe te t o e e e , t at H e nr c d
m se f b li v h y hi l
w as p
are n t a n d a ut o r
’ ‘
h .
‘
h
H i s fa t e r , h e w r o te , w a s a m a n o f th e
’

nic e stj dg u me n t ; h is m o t e r o sse ss e h p

th e s o u n e st n te e t, e tc d d i ll c
h ki g h child dy
.

W e n th e n w a s n o m o r e t a n a h e w a s se t to s tu H e h ad
vivid c iv —B i d iv p iii
.

e m n 5 41 2
’
a an d a t ,
ar t . . . .
, .

S e e T y n d a l e s a o u n t : W o r s, P S ,
’
cc ,
3 3 8 , 3 39 k
H o ns e , ii pp . . . . . li h d
iv p
.
,
83 7 . .
 W OL S E Y D E C EI VE D B Y CH A R L E S . 16 1

A s th e c o n flict p r o gre ss e d th e p ro b a bil i ty w a s m o re a n d

,

m o re p a ssi n g i n t o c e r t a in ty th a t th e e mp e ro r w o uld c o me
,

of f th e sup e r i o r T h e F r e n ch w e re l o si n g h o ld o n I t a ly
. .

L a utr e c (Od e t d e F o ix b ro th e r o f th e C o u n te ss d e Cha t e a u

,

b r i a n t a fa v o u r it e m ist re ss o f F r a n cis) w a s yie ldi n g gro u n d

,

to P e s c a ra B u t m e an w hil e W o ls e y w a s a cqui r i n g th r o ugh

.
,

th e sa d t e a chi n g o f dis a pp o i n tm e n t a t r u e l e ss on o f th e s m a ll ,

v a lu e to b e s e t up on th e i m p e r i a l w o r d L e o h a d r e ce iv e d .
,

a b o u t th e cl o s e o f N o v e m b e r th e w e lc o m e i n t e llig e n c e th a t
,

th e I mp e r i a lists h a d e n t e re d Mil a n R o me w a s ga y e r th a n .

h e r w o n t with fe stiv e r ej o ici n gs a m id which str uck d o w n , ,

D e c e m b e r 2 1 5 2 1 d e spit e th e p ro piti o us p ro gre ss o f his

, ,

p litic a l pl a n s with sudd e n sick n e ss fa din g s a ys R a n k e

o , ,
’

‘
lik e th e p o ppy — L e o e xpi re d Ye t th e v a c a n t ti a ra w a s n o t .

s e t o n Wo l se s h e a d but o n th e u n willi n g h e a d o f Ad r i a n o f
’

y ,

Utre cht w h o h a d b e e n th e e mp e ro r s tut o r Ad r i a n w a s

,
’
.

s ixty th r e e y e ar s o f a e a n d w a s a t th e ti me o f his e l e cti o n

g
-
,

r e ge n t f o r Ch a rl e s i n Sp a i n i n which p o st h e h a d e xhibit e d
,

m uch vi r tu e but h a d o n ly sh o w n s a ga city i n givi n g w a y to

,

t h e l e a d o f th e m o r e gifte d Xi m e n e s Ad r i an did no t liv e .

t o b e a r th e u n e qu a l bu rd e n o f his u n c o n g e n i a l dig n ity tw o

full y e a r s B u t a g a i n W o ls e y w a s p a ss e d o v e r a n d Giuli o
.
,

d e Me dici a n a tu ra l s o n o f Giuli a n o b r o th e r o f th e m a gn ifi
’

, ,

c e n t L o re n z o w a s ( N o v e mb e r 1 5 2 3 ) e l e ct e d p o n tiff
, ,
.

Ye t W o ls e y c o n ti n u e d a pp a r e n tly h e a r ty i n hu m o u ri n g
H e n ry s d ay d r e a m o f disp o ss e ssi n g F r an cis a n d hi m s e lf
’
-
,

m o u n ti n g th e F re n ch th r o n e An d th e c r i sis fo r F r a n c e
.

a n d F ra n cis w a s n o d o u bt p e r il o us s o m e wh a t r e s e m bli n g ,

t h e c r isis which fifty y e a r s b e fo r e h a d c a ll e d i n t o full e x e r cis e

a l l th e r e s o u r c e s o f c a lcu l a ti o n a n d c on t r iv a n c e o f th e subtl e

L o uis XL u n d e r th e c o alitio n o f Ed w a r d I V o f E n gl a n d a n d
,
.

C h a rl e s o f Bu rgu n dy T h e C o n st a bl e B o u r b o n a fe ud a l
. ,

p ri n c e — o f v a s t p o ss e ssi o n s a n d m u ch such a s th e Duk e o f

,

B r ita n y o r th e Duk e o f Bu rgu n dy i n fo rm e r y e ar s — h a d b e e n

e n r a ge d a t b e i n g d e fe a te d i n a n i m p o r t a n t l a w suit by th e -

u nj ust v e r dict o f A n t o i n e d u P ra t th e ch a n c e ll o r a t th e , ,

i n stiga tio n o f L o uis e th e ki n g s m o th e r L o uis e fro m b e i n g

,
’
.
,

e n a m o u re d o f th e c o n st a b l e o n h i s r e p e lli n g h e r a n d a ddi n g
, ,

.to h is r e puls e p e r s o n a l r e m a r ks m ore t r u e th a n fl a t te r i n g h a d ,

11
 WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI ON
'

1 62 TH E D A .

b e c o m e his d e a dli e st fo e I n this p o stu re o f a ffa i rs B o u rb o n

.

fo rme d th e r e s o luti o n ( 1 5 2 8 ) to r e v o lt fro m F ra n cis a n d h a d ,

e v e n re c e iv e d fro m Ch a rl e s th e p r o m is e o fD a u ph i n y P ro v e n c e ,

an d th e L y o n n e s e to b e c o n stitut e d a s e p a r a t e ki n gd o m a s
, ,

th e p r ic e o f t re a ch e ry A sch e m e o f p a r titi o n w a s fra me d

.

Bu r gu n dy w a s a ll o tte d to Ch a r l e s th e w e st e rn p r o vin c e s to ,

H e n ry I t w a s susp e cte d h o w e v e r t h a t th e e m p e r o r r e a lly

.
, ,

c o v e te d far m o re th a n th e p o r ti o n a ssign e d to h im A t re a ty .

fo r th e i n v a si o n o f F r an c e up on su ch a p a r titi o n c o m p a ct w a s
sign e d M ay 2 4 1 5 2 4 by Ch a rl e s a n d H e n ry
, , .

B o u rb o n to o w a s re g ard e d a s a p r i n cip a l c o n t r a ct o r H e
, ,
.

w as to i n v a d e P r o v e n c e a n d t h e n c e to e xt e n d th e t e rro r o f
,

his a r ms a s fa r as Pa r is its e lf Bu t h e w as r e qui re d to t a k e .

th e o a th o ffi d e lity to H e n ry a s Ki n g o f F r an c e This h e w a s .

r e luct a n t to d o but a lth o ugh u n willi n g to h o ld th e p ro m is e d

p r o vi n c e s o f H e n r y a s fe ud a l sup e r i o r h e p ro fe ss e d hi m s e lf ,

quite r e a dy to h o ld his fu tu re ki n gd o m o f Ch a rl e s * H e .

a ss e r t e d h o w e v e r th a t h e e n t e r t a i n e d n o q u e sti o n w h a t e v e r
, ,

o f th e Ki n g o f E n gl an d s succ e ss If th e E n glish m o n a r ch
’
.

w o uld with o ut d e l a y e n t e r F r a n c e i n pe r s on h e w o uld give ,

h i m l e a v e to pluck o u t his e y e s if h e w e r e n o t l o r d o f P a r i s
by Allh a ll o w D a y a n d th e n a ll th e r e a l m w o uld b e his
,
Bu t .
’

r iv a l r i e s b e t w e e n th e ge n e r a ls p e r s o n a l a n d n a ti o n a l — B o u rb o n
,

F r e n ch L a n n o y Fl e mish P e sc a ra It a li an — a s w e ll a s j e a l o usi e s
, ,

b e t w e e n th e c ro w n e d h e a ds th e m s e lv e s i n t e r p o s e d i n sup e ra bl e ,

o bst a cl e s to e f fe ctiv e co o p e ra ti o n Ch a rl e s a n d H e n ry a li k e
-
.

fa il e d to e x e cute th e ta sks to w hich th e y w e re b o u n d by

t re a ty .

B o u r b o n o n his p a r t w a s n o t w a n ti n g in p ro m p t e n e rgy
, . .

H e a dv a n c e d th ro ugh P r o v e n c e a n d r e c e iv e d th e su rre n d e r ,

o f t o w n a ft e r t o w n a s h e a pp e ar e d b e fo r e th e w a lls At l a s t .

th e i m p e r i a l fo r c e s by th e di r e cti o n o f Ch a r l e s hi m s e lf— w h o
, ,

w ith s e l fi sh p o licy d e si r e d to li n k his ki n gd o m o f Sp a i n w ith

,

h is It a li a n p o ss e ssi o n s —l a id si e g e to M a r s e ill e s Stu bb o rn .

difficulti e s h o w e ve r w e re e xp e r i e n c e d c h i e fly th ro u gh th e
, , ,

p a y o f th e t r o o ps b e i n g v e r y m u ch i n a rr e a r Applic a ti o n .

w a s m a d e to E n gl a n d fo r p e cu n i a ry a ssist a n c e A n d it w a s .

a t th i s j u n ctu r e th a t W o l se y d e lib e r a t e ly th r e w o f f th e m a sk ,

B iv
. .
,
p ar t 3 7 9 , 4 2 1 42 6 ,
-
 TH E D A R I N G O F F R A N CI S . 1 6J
°

a n d re plie d blu n tly th a t th e ki n g h a d o the r thi n gs to d o with!

his m o n e y tha n to sp e n d it fo r th e pl e a su re o f fo u r such? ‘

p e r s on s a s th e r ib a ld M a rga re t th e child F e rdi n a n d th e li a r , ,

' ’

Ch a rle s a n d th e t ra it o r B o u r b o n
,
Mutin o us fo r p a y th e .
’

i m p e ri a l s o ldi e r s b ro k e u p th e i r c a mp (S e pte mb e r 2 7 1 5 2 4 ) ,

a n d w ithd re w to Nic e F ra n cis o n his side n o w s e t a l l

.
, ,

c a lcul a ti o n a t d e fi an c e by a n e xpl o it o f u n usu a l d a r i n g o r , ,

ra th e r a s it s e e m e d o f wild t e m e r ity
, , I n th e e xt re m e p e ril .

o f his r e a l m h e h a d a ss e m bl e d c o n sid e r a bl e fo r c e s a t Ly o n s
;
a n d n o w with th e s e n o t s a tisfi e d wit h th e r e t r e a t o fB o u r b on s
’
,

s o ldi e r s fr o m F r e n ch t e rr ito ry a n d u n m o v e d by th e re m o n
,

s tr a n ce s o f L o uis e h e c ro ss e d M o n t C e n is in th e a utu m n
, ,

m a d e a sudd e n d e sc e n t i n t o th e pl a i n s o f L o m b a r dy a n d ,

e a sily c a ptu re d Mil a n T h e Imp e r i a lists h a d r e tir e d to L o di

.

o n th e Add a ; but i n st e a d o f pu rsui n g th e m F r a n cis by th e , ,

w e a k c o u n s e l o f B o n n iv e t w h o p ro v e d his e vil g e n ius l a i d

, ,

si e ge to P a via But P a vi a w a s stro n gly fo r tifie d ; his i n t e n ti on

.

o f div e r ti n g th e Tici n o w a s fr ust ra t e d b y t o rr e n ts o f r a i n ; a n d

i n succ e ssiv e a ss a ults h e s a c r ific e d th e fl o w e r o f his a r my .

Ye t F r an cis still p e r sist e d in th e si e g e h e h a d v o w e d to t a k e

Pa vi a a n d w ith r o m a n tic p e rsist e n c e w a s re s o lv e d to k e e p h is
,

vow . Un d a u n te d by re puls e s h e d e sp a tch e d a c o n side ra ble

,

fo r c e e v e n u n d e r his p re s e n t dis a pp o i n ti n g cir cu m sta n c e s

, ,

with th e Duke o f Al b a n y a s th e ir l e a d e r to a tt a ck N a ple s , .

M e a n ti m e W o ls e y h a d b e e n c a rryi n g o n s e c re t n e g o t ia ti o n s
with L o uis e ; bu t w ith a ll his c ra ft h e h a d n o t b e e n a bl e
to v e il his p r o c e e di n gs e n ti r e ly fro m th e o ut e r w o rld .

B o u rb o n a ck n o w l e dge d his o w n p r o fo u n d a st o n ishm e n t wh e n ,

h e r e c e iv e d i n fo r m a ti o n th a t a fr i a r h a d b e e n s e n t in t o
E n gl a n d by L o uis e th e b e tt e r to m a in t a in cl o s e c o mmu n i
c a ti o n w ith th e c a r di n a l A n d a l re a dy th e d e e p l a id sc h e m e s
.
-

o f L o uis e w h o h a d b e e n a pp o i n t e d r e ge n t by h e r s o n in h is
,

a bs e n c e a n d th e E n glish m i n ist e r w e r e fa st m a tu r i n g wh e n
, ,

th e tid e o f fo r tu n e w a s tu rn i n g m o re d e cid e dly th a n e v e r i n

fa v o u r o f th e e m p e r o r Eve n a s e a rly a s Ju n e 1 5 2 4 J o h n
.
, ,

J o a chi m P a ss an o (d e Va ux ) a G e n o e se i n th e e mplo y o f ,

F ra n c e h a d b e e n hidd e n i n th e h o us e o f D r La r k e a pre
,
.
,

b e n d a ry o f St Ste ph e n s r e sidi n g a t B a tt e rs e a th e b e tt e r
.
’

, ,

to c a rry o n c on fid e n ti a l n e g o ti a ti o n s with th e c ar di n a l A .

1 1 —2
1 64 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N GL I S H R EF OR M A TI O N .

l ittl e late r
th e r F r e n ch dipl o m a tist B r i n o n Pr e sid e n t o f
an o , ,

B o u e n w a s s e n t to E n gl a n d to c o n t r ibut e his a dvic e J o a chi m

,
.

h a s b e e n d e sc r ib e d a s th e c ra fti e st fe ll o w o n ly s o me wh a t
‘ ’
,

‘
to o c o ld a n o is e l e ss e n v o y ,
’
but his m o v e me n ts did n o t ’

e lud e th e n o tic e o f D e P ra e t th e i m p e r i a l a m b a ss a d or w h o
'

, ,

c o u l d sh r e wdly gu e ss th e d r ift o f th e myst e r i o us i n t e r vi e w s .

A n d Cha r l e s hi ms e lf c o mm e n t e d i n his d e sp a tch e s o n th e

e xt r a or di n a r y cir cumst an c e o f J o a ch im s p r e s e n c e a t th e ’

c o u r t o f a s o ve re ign o st e n si b ly in a lli a n c e with him I n r e ply .

i t w a s a ll e ge d th a t p r e li m i n a ry a rra n g e m e n ts fo r a u n iv e r s a l
e a c e fo r m e d th e m o me n t o us t o pic o f discussi o n
p .

A n d s o o n tidi n gs o f a n u n l o o k e d fo r e v e n t o f e xt re me -

c o n s e qu e n c e st a r tl e d a l l Eu ro p e B e fo re th e w a lls o f P a vi a .
,

1 5 2 5 on F e b r u a ry 2 4 St M a tthi a s D ay m e mo r a bl e a ls o a s
’
.
, , ,

th e bi r thd a y o f Ch a rl e s i n a m id n i ght c on flict th e a r my o f , ,

F r a n cis h e m m e d in b e twe e n th e ga rr is o n u n de r A n t o n i o d e
,

L e yv a in th e city a n d th e fo r c e s u n de r P e sc a ra a n d L a n n o y
, ,

t o wh o m B o u r b o n h a d n o w j o i n e d hi ms e lf with
G e r man s o utsid e sust a i n e d a t o t a l d e fe a t thro ugh th e a b a n
, ,

d o n m e n t o f th e i r p o st by th e S w is s ? F r a n cis hi ms e lf a ft e r ,

a v a li an t fight w o u n d e d in th e h a n d a n d fa c e his h o r s e
, ,

kill e d u n d e r h im w a s t a k e n p ris o n e r T o B o u rb o n h e r e fus e d

,
.

to su rre n d e r his sw o r d but su r re n d e re d it to L a n n o y In , .

th e a ge o f B a ya r d th e spi r it o f chiv a l ry y e t su r viv e d i n th e

vigo u r o f a gre e n o l d a ge a n d th e r oy a l p ris o n e r i n his ,

hu m ili a ti o n w a s t re a t e d with e ve ry m a r k o f th e high e st

h o n o u r C o n v e y e d w ith a ll c o u r t e sy a n d re sp e ct i n t o th e
.

city which h e h a d l o n g b e l e a gu e r e d a n d s e a te d a t t a bl e , ,

F ran cis w a s w a it e d up o n a s a ki n g by Ch a rle s d e L a n n o y

a n d th e Duk e o f B o u r b o n T h e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry s e e m e d i n .

to uch with th e fo u r t e e n th th e duk e a n d vic e ro y e mul a ti n g ,

th e Bl a ck P r i n c e w h o h a d sto o d b e hi n d th e ch a i r o f Ki n g
,

J o h n a t th e supp e r o n th e fi e ld o f Po iti e r s .

T h e t r iu m ph o f th e i mp e r i a l a r m s n o w s e e m e d c o m pl e t e
thu s e a rl y in 1 5 2 5 a n d H e n ry hi m s e lf a s th e a lly o f Ch a rl e s ,

B iv p t i . 6 8 4 7 52 7 6 0 84 1 1 1 6 0
,
ar .
, , , , , .

T B iv p t i 1 1 23 1 1 2 4 1 1 5 8 1 1 6 4 1 1 75 P c tt b
.

ar .
, , , , ,
re s o a nd Ro ert
.
,
.

Ch l i p 3 70 t Ty d l t t th t th F ch w
.

’ ‘
s on s ar e s .
,
.
,
e c . n a e s a es a e re n e re
glig t d w t th m igh t m mmi g th t B b
ne en ,
an en e sa e n a u n a our on se t p u on
th m — W k ; P S ii p 3 1 8
’
e . or s . .
, .
,
. .
 CH A R L E S I N H I S S UC CE S S .
1 65

— t r ick e d as h e h a d b e e n y e t still s a n gui n e — w a r m e d with

,

th e p r o sp e ct o f re g a i n i n g s o m e a t l e a st o f th e a n ci e n t F r e n ch
, ,

d o m i n i o n s o f his A n g e vin p r e d e c e ss o r s H e s e n t Tu n sta l to .

Ch a rl e s th e c a r di n a l hi m s e lf b e in g gro w n n o w to g re a t a ge
,
‘

— h e w a s fifty fo u r y e a r s o l d — a n d u rge d t h a t F r a n cis a n d

-

his succ e ssi o n sh o uld b e u tt e rly a b o lish e d W o uld th e ‘

.
’

e m p e r o r m a k e a n i n v a si o n o f F ra n c e i n p e rs o n a n d m e e t ,

H e n ry a t P a r is W o ls e y h o w e v e r w h o h a d o th e r r e a s o n s , ,

b e sid e s his e xt r e me a ge fo r st a yi n g a t h o me w a s guid e d b y ,

a m o r e c o r r e ct i m p r e ssi o n o f th e e m p e r o r s r e a l pu rp o s e s
’

Ch a r le s fa il e d to r e c o ll e ct his t re a ty e n ga ge m e n ts w he n th e
h o u r h a d a r r iv e d fo r th e i r fulfil m e n t ; a n d n o mo re i n t e n d e d
to r a is e H e n ry to th e F r e n ch th r o n e o r to h e lp h i m to a ,

si n gl e Fr e n ch p ro vi n c e th a n h e h a d b e fo re i n t e n d e d to m a k e ,

th e C a r di n a l o f Yo r k p o n tiff .

It w a s j ust b e fo re th e sudd e n c a t a stro ph e a t Pa vi a— in

o r d e r to c o v e r his qu e sti o n a bl e n e go ti a tio n s with J o a chi m ,

a n d to tu r n th e t a bl e s o n D e Pra e t a n d p ro b a bly to g ra tify ,

his ill wil l by flin gin g c o n t e m pt a t th e t rickst e r Ch a rl e s

-

th a t th e c ar din a l o rd e re d th e a b r upt s e izu r e o f th e i m p e r i a l

d e sp a tch e s T h e p r ivy w a tch r idi n g to B r e n tfor d a ft e r mid
.

n ight F e b r u a r y 1 1
,
1 5 2 5 i n t e r c e pt e d th e m e ss e n ge r with a
, ,

p a ck e t o f l e tt e r s w r itt e n in F re n ch cl o s e d a n d s e a l e d T h e , .
’

p a ck e t w a s o p e n e d a s v e ry suspici o us a n d th e n w a s t a k e n by ,

th e c o n st a bl e s to a m a n o f l a w s cl e r k fro m w h o m it fo u n d its
’
.

w a y to th e k i n g s s olicit o r a n d w a s by h i m pl a c e d i n th e
’
,

h a n d o f S ir Th o ma s M o re T h e n e xt m o rn in g it w a s d e .

l i v e r e d by M o r e a l l o p e n e d to W o ls e y hi m s e lf i n th e
, ,

C h a n ce ry rl '

T h e c ar di n a l i mm e di a t e l y su mm on e d D e Pr a e t b e for e th e
c o u n cil t a x e d h im with u n t ruthful n e ss a n d dir e ct e d h im to
, ,

k e e p his h o us e u n til th e a pp o i n t me n t o f his succ e ss o r I n .

his r e ply D e Pr a et m a d e a l l usi o n to J o a chim s c o n tin u e d

,
’

B iv p .
,
ar t i 1 2 12, 1 301
d
h l cc d H y f te t i i g J chi m f
. .

T A fte r w a r s C ar e s a u se e nr o en r a n n oa or a

y d
e ar, anf p i g h i mb do l tt W l y ll g d i
o en n lf s a a ssa or s
’
e e rs . o se a e e n se

e xc lp ti : I t h b
u a onf q tly p t d th t D P é t m d
‘
as e en re ue n re or e a e ra
'

a e

i it
s n s er p t t —B iv p t i 2 5 6 2 9 7 3 04 330 33 1 1 083 1 1 5 4
re o r s,
’
e c . . .
,
ar .
, , , , , , , ,

1213 p t ii 3844ar
—
.
,

T h p ivy w tch w c i p t i ii 5 7 5 0
.

e r W l y w -
t B a as o se
’
s o n re a on . 1v .
,
ar .
1 66 T H E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R JI A TI O IV .

p r e s e n c e a n d m e n ti o n e d o th e r gr i e v a n c e s T h e d e sp a tch e s
, .
,

a cc o r di n g to W o l se s r e r e s e n t a ti o n s h a d b e e n o p e n e d by a
’

y p , .

‘
fo rtu n a te e rror This w a s a n i n sulti n g a p o l o gy which
.
’

D e P ra e t t r e a t e d w ith disd a i n Th e i r c o n t e n ts b re a th e d little .

l o v e fo r E n gl an d a n d a ke e n ly vi n dictiv e spi rit t o w a rd s

,

W o ls e y hims e l f I h o p e o n e d ay w r o t e D e P ra e t to se e
.
‘
,
’

,
‘

o u r m a st e r a v e n ge d ; f or W o ls e y i s th e m a i n c a us e o f a l l his

misfo r tu n e s Such s e n ti me n ts c o l o u re d th e a mb a ss a d o r s
.
’ ’

c o rr e sp on de n c e Pe rh a ps th e st r a n ge st p a r t o f th e w h o l e
.

i n cid e n t is th a t this u n p r e c e d e n t e d b re a ch o f th e l a w o f
,

n a ti on s w as st o utly d e fe n d e d by H e n r y h ims e lf .

M a d rid w a s i n a sto r m o f i n dign a ti o n ; th e e m p e ro r a l o n e

r e t a i n e d his h a b itu a l s e lf c o n t ro l H e w a rn e d D e Pr a e t to -
.

c o n c e a l his disple a su re ; h e w o uld hi ms e lf c o m pl a in to th e ‘

kin g ; h e wish e d s o m e g o o d m e a n s m ight b e fo u n d to pu n i s h

th e His r e a l se n s e o f th e i n sult h e m o re cl e ar ly
sign ifi e d a ft e r w ards wh e n h e a p po i n t e d D e P ra e t his a m b a s
,

s a d or a t R o me a n d th e n in F r an c e with str o n g e xp re ssi o n s

, ,

o f h is e n ti r e c o n fid e n c e i n h im But w ith E n gl a n d Ch a rl e s .

c o uld n o t a fford to qu a rre l a t th e p re s e n t j u n ctu re T h e pay .

o f his t r 0 0 ps w as m a n y m o n ths i n a rr e a r i n d e e d fro m w o r ds ,

l e t d ro p by H e n r y in a c o n v e r s a ti o n w ith C h a pu y s it a pp e ar s ,

th a t th e e mp e ro r in th e e m b a r ra ss e d st a te o f h is fi n an c e s
, ,

w a s u n a bl e to b o rr o w m o n e y o f th e b an k e r s a t a l o w e r
i n te re st th a n 30 pe r ce n trl His v ict o ry a t P a vi a h a d sp re a d ‘

c o n ste rn a ti o n th r o ugh o ut Eu ro p e a n d h a d r o use d th e m in o r ,

st a t e s o f It a ly to b a n d t o ge th e r in th e c o m m o n p e r il which
m e n a c e d th e m :s o th a t fo r a ti m e a t l e a st th e m a ste r o f , ,

n u m e ro us l e gi o n s a n d l o r d o f b o u n dl e ss t e rr it o r i e s fo u n d

hi m s e lf c r ipple d a n d his e ffo r ts b ro ught to a st a n dstill .

W o lse y h a d n o t misc a lcul a t e d T h e o v e r w h e l m in g p re po n .

d e ra n c e o f th e e mp e r o r w o uld h a v e b e e n a s ore o ffe n c e to

him a n d in his j udgm e n t a s e r i o us p o litic a l m ischi e f A n d
, , , .
,

shre wd c a lcul a tor a s h e w a s h e w a s fa r fro m b e i n g m e re ly ,

a c a lcul a t o r Ch ar le s a ccu s e d him o f b e i n g go a de d by th e

.

spu r o f dis a pp o i n tm e n t B e c a us e s a id th e e m p e ro r I did .

, ,

n o t e m pl o y a n It a li a n a r my a n d m a k e him p o p e by fo r c e , ,

b e h a s sw o rn th a t I sh a ll r e p e n t i t i A n d th e r e can b e n o .

B . iv p.
,
ar ti 12 1 3 .
‘

l
‘

Sp .
,
iv . 2 49 .
i B . iv p t ii
.
,
ar .
, 3844 .
 M A G N I F I CE N T PR O S PE C T S O F CH A R L E S . 1 67

d o ubt th a t a stro n g u n d e r c urr e n t o f p e rs o n a l fe e li n g s o me -

ti me s m ar k e d wit h p e r c e ptibl e r ipple th e c o u rs e o f th e

c a r di n a l s p o licy F a r fro m b e in g c o ld a n d bl o o dl e ss h e h a d
’
.
,

a w a rm h e a r t a s w e l l a s fe r til e b ra i n s A n d n o w th e n c e .

fo r w a r d th ro ug h o ut Eu r o pe a s th o ug h it w e r e a v a st ch e ss ,

b o a rd th e tw o m a ste rly pl a y e rs w e re disp o si n g th e ir pi e c e s

, ,

a n d r e s o r ti n g to e v e ry m e a n s o f st ra t a g e m a n d chic a n e ry to

o u twit a n d c he ck m a t e th e o n e th e o th e r .

O n this o cc a si o n th e c a r di n a l did n o t fa il to p r o fe ss his

l iv e ly i n t e r e st in th e e m p e ro r s u n e x a mpl e d g o o d fo r tu n e
’

He .

d il a t e d o n th e gl o wi n g p r o sp e cts p r e s e n t e d by a n o pp o r tu n ity
uit u n iqu e Ch l s might n o w to his o w n a dv a n t a g e k e e p
q e a r e .

his w o r d H e m ight r e qu it e th e s e r vic e s o fh is a lly o f E n gl an d

.
,

to wh o m his p e cu n i a r y o b lig a ti o n s w e re c o n sid e ra ble I n co n .

j u n cti o n with H e n r y h e might in v a d e F r an c e a n d pl a c e his ,

a lly a s e c o n d H e n ry V
, on th e F r e n ch th ro n e H e m ight .
,
.

th e n hi ms e l f in d u e ti me w e d th e Pr i n c e ss M a ry a t p re se n t a
, , ,

fl a x e n h a i r e d p r e c o ci o us child n i n e y e a r s o f a ge — w h o i n d e e d
-
, , ,

a t this v e r y ti m e s e n t Ch a r l e s a n e m e ra ld r i n g w hich h e wit h , ,

s m ili n g g a ll a n t ry put up o n his littl e fi n e r m

*
g H
,
e ight thus .

hims e lf e v e n tu a lly b e c o m e th e l o r d a n d o w n e r o f a ll Ch r ist e n

d om T o subdu e th e d re a d e d Tu r k a n d h a v e th e di a d e m o f
.
’
,

u n iv e r s a l e m pi re pl a c e d o n his b ro ws i n C o n st a n tin o pl e itse lf ,

might b e th e c ro w n i n g c o n su m m a ti o n o f a d e sti n y t ra n sc e n d
e n tly gl o r i o us .

M e a n whil e W o ls e y w a s n o t i n clin e d to l e t slip a n o cc a si on

fo r e xt o r ti n g m on e y fo r his m a st e r fr o m his l o y a l su b j e cts It .

w a s a n o l d fe ud a l cust o m th a t p e cu n i a ry a i d sh o uld b e a cc or d e d
b y spi r itu a lty a n d l a ity wh e n th e m o n a r ch in p e r s o n h e a d e d
a n i n v a si o n i n t o a n e n e m y s t e rr it o r i e s T h e i n v a si o n o f F r a n c e
’
.

by H e n ry hims e lf w a s n o w m a tte r o f discussi o n an d it w as ,

p ro p o s e d to re s o r t to th e a n ci e n t fi n a n ci a l p r e c e d e n t to o bt a i n
th e n e c e ss a ry fu n ds T h e n e w n a m e o fa n a mic a bl e l o a n w a s
.

h ll y W l y di c t d T t l H G c h th d vi d
Yo u s a sa
’
o se re e uns a ,
“
er ra e a e se

thi t k b t t k w l dg t b h d w h G d h ll d th m
,

s f o en or a e er no e e o e a ,
en o s a se n e

g c t b t g th
ra e o w h th eh i M j ty d k p hi m l f
o e c ti t
e r, e er s a es o ee se as on ne n

d ch t w i th G d g c h w ll ; w h by y m y y h i ’ ”
an as e , as o s ra e s e o e re e a sa ,
s

M j ty m y
a es th t h ad l v t w d th m h th l dy
se e a er a ssu r e o e o ar s e sa e a a re a

su c h p ti i h th t it i l c fi m d by j l y b i g
o e ra on n e r, f a s a so on r e e a o us ,
e n o ne o

th eg t t ig d t k
re a e s f h sty l v d c di l
ns an ff c ti o e ns o e ar o e an or a a e on .
’

A p il 3 1 5 2 5 ( B iv p t i
r
, . .
,
ar .
,
1 68 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /lI A T I O N .

giv e n c on tr ibuti o n s to b e l e vi e d fo r th e e m e rge n cy

to th e .

T h e a tt e m pt fa il e d Fi r st th e m on a st e r ie s a n d spi r itu a lty a n d

.
,

th e n a ft e r th e i r e x a m pl e th e l a ity r e sist e d th e d e m a n d It
, , , .

illustra t e s a ch a ra cte r istic p o in t o f di ffe re n c e b e t w e e n th e

st a te s ma n ship o f W o ls e y w h o n e v e r m uch c are d to b e in ,

t o uch with th e p e o pl e a n d th e m o re s a g a ci o us p o licy i n thi s

,

re sp e ct o f H e n ry hi m s e lf i n wh o s e n a tu r e th e r e w a s a p o pul a r
,

fib re th a t th e kin g e xp re ssly e nj o in e d th e c o mmissi o n e rs to

,
’

p r o c e e d d o u l ce ly r a th e r th a n by Bu t th e e x pe ri
e n c e o f m o n a stic i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d stubb orn n e ss d e r iv e d fr o m

this a b or tive a tt e mpt w a s by n o m e a n s l o st u p o n H e n ry ,

a lth o ugh b e a b a n d o n e d his d e sign I t is to W o l se y s c r e di t .

’

th a t h e w a s will i n g hi m s e lf to b e a r th e wh o l e b ru n t o f th e
wid e sp re a d diss a tisfa cti o n a n d to l e a v e to th e ki n g a l o n e th e
,

p o pul a r ity o f withd ra wi n g a n o b n o xi o us cl a i m .

It a m u s e d Ch ar l e s to d a lly fo r a w hil e w ith W o l se y s s u gge s ’

ti o n s ; but h e w as in fa ct a s littl e in e arn e st a s th e c a r din a l

, , .

I n a n sw e r to th e m a tr im o n i a l p ro p o s a ls h e r e qu e st e d th a t th e ,

p r i n c e ss sh o uld b e s e n t i n to Sp a in to b e the r e e duc a t e d ; an d ,

wh e re a s h e o w e d H e n ry c row n s h e stipul a t e d th a t ,

duc a ts sh o uld b e a dv a n c e d in a d d iti o n Wh e n such .

c o n diti o n s w e re d e clin e d Ch a rl e s a n n o u n c e d his i n te n ti o n o f

,

m a rryi n g i n c o m pli an c e with th e wish o f his C o r t e s Is a b e ll a

, ,

o f P o r tug a l wh o s e d o w r y w a s
,
c ro w n s This m a tch .

ga v e n o littl e u m b r a g e to H e n ry But Is a b e ll a l o v e ly in .
,

p e r s o n p r o v e d n o l e ss a m i a bl e th a n sh e w a s b e a utiful S h e
, .

w a s d a ught e r o f Em an u e l Ki n g o f P o r tug a l by th e s e c o n d o f
, ,

tw o sist e r s m a rr i e d i n su cc e ssi o n a n d si t e r o f th e r e ig n i n g
, ,
s

J o h n III .

W o ls e y d r e w n e ar e r d ay by d ay to Fran c e fr ustra ti n g th e ,

i m p e ri a l sch e m e s which a im e d a t k e e pi n g E n gl an d a n d F r a n c e
,

a pa rt R o m e w a s th e c e n tr e o f dipl o m a cy i n th a t a ge a n d
.
,

th e p o p e w h o h a d a t fi r st supp o r t e d th e e m p e r o r w a s n o w
, ,

ch a n gi n g sid e s a n d in t e rro r o f imp e ri a l d o m i n a ti o n m a n a ge d

, , ,

to k e e p W o ls e y w e ll i n fo rm e d o f th e c o u r s e o f th e F r e n ch
n e g o ti a ti o n s Thus L o uis e w a s succ e ssful i n h e r c ra fty bu t
.

p a tri o tic e n d e a v o u r s T h e e stra n ge m e n t b e tw e e n H e n ry a n d

.

Ch arl e s w as p a lp a bly wid e n in g I n v a i n did th e L a dy .

S e e H e nr y l ’

s e tte r , d a te dM ay 8 , 1 52 5 .
—B . iv p.
,
ar t i .
,
1318 .
 T H E I T A L I A N L E A G UE . 1 69

M a rg a r e t str iv e to p re s e r v e i n t a ct th e for me r c o r di a l a m ity .

I n h e r s o lit a ry st e a dfa st n e ss to th e a n ci e n t a lli an c e s h e co m

p a re d h e rs e l f to th e o n e c a n d le wh o s e light s till lin ge r s o n
a l o n e a t te n e b r e s * .

Afte r a c a pti v ity o f a y e a r a n d t w e n ty tw o d a ys F ra n cis -

,

r e g a i n e d his p e r s o n a l lib e r ty b th T r e a ty o f M a d r id ( sig n e d

y e

J an u a ry 1 4 His tw o s o n s w e r e c o mm i tt e d to th e
,

e m p e r o r s cust o dy i n th e i r fa th e r s pl a c e a s h o st a g e s fo r th e
’ ’

c e ssi o n o f Bu rgu n dy ; a n d Fr a n cis hi m s e lf e n g a ge d to ma r ry

L e on o ra d o w a ge r o f P or tuga l th e siste r o f Ch a rle s B e fo re
, ,
.

th e c a ptiv e m on a rch w a s s e t a t lib e r ty this m a rr i a g e w a s

s o le mn iz e d .

F r an cis h o w e v e r h a d n o sin c e re i n te n ti o n o f c arryi n g i n t o

, ,

e x e cuti o n a ll th e t e rm s o f th e T r e a ty o f M a d r id to th e fu l fil ,

m e n t o fs o m e o f w hich his subj e cts e sp e ci ally th e Bu rgu n di a n s , ,

w e re i r r e c o n cil a bly o pp o s e d I n c o n s e n ti n g to th e stipul a .

ti o n s whic h h e h a d a t l a st v e ry re luct a n tly sig n e d th e

, ,

r e l e a s e d ki n g h a d c o u n te d wit h c o n fid e n c e up o n th e i r d e te r

m i n e d r e sist a n c e to th e su rre n d e r o f Bu rgu n dy to C h a rl e s .

T h e p o n tiff an d th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d h a d b o th e x e r t e d th e i r
b e st i n te re st a n d m a d e e ar n e st a pplic a ti o n to p r o cu re th e
r e l e a s e o f F ra n cis fro m c a ptivity a n d n o w o n his d e liv e r a n c e , , ,

o n e o fhis e a r li e st a cts w a s to e n t e r i n t o a n a lli a n c e with th e m ,

i n c o nj u n cti o n w ith th e V e n e ti a n s a n d with Sfo r z a th e u n fo r ,

tu n a te Duk e o f Mil a n w h o a t this v e r y ti m e w a s s h ut U p in

,

his c a stl e b e si e ge d by th e Imp e r i a lists T h e o bj e cts o f th e

, .

c o mp a ct w e r e d e cl a re d to b e th e r e c o v e ry o f th e F r e n ch
p rin c e s a n d th e r e i n st a te me n t o f Sfo r z a w h o h a d m u ch e n ,

d e a re d hi ms e lf to th e Mil an e s e in th e qui e t p o s s e ssio n o f his ,

c a pit a l a n d o f his t e rr it o r i e s This a lli an c e w a s c o n clud e d o n .

M a y 2 8 1 5 2 6 a t C o gn a c a n d w a s t e r m e d H o ly i n a s m uch a s
’

, , , ,

it w a s fo rm e d u n de r th e s a n cti o n o f his h o li n e ss by w h o m ,

H e n ry w a s n o mi n a te d ( August 1 5 ) Pr o t e ct o r o f th e Ita li a n ‘

L e a gu e ? It is c o m m o n ly st a te d by hist o r i a n s th a t Cl e m e n t
“
,

usi n g th e spi ritu a l r e s o u r c e s a t his c o mm an d a bs o lv e d F r a n cis ,

fro m th e o a th which h e h a d t a ke n ; this h o w e v e r w a s a fte r , ,

L ‘
ch d ll d
a t b an i d m l l m i — B iv
e ne re s , u e e ur e se u en u er e ’
q e e e .
. .
,

p t i 1 0 79
ar .

l B ll i d y c I t lici
.
,

1 C
"
m t e m t en H
’
P t
s t Fu
o d m no na e e nr
‘
ro e or e e s a
’

‘
d ci m ct v K l S p t mb i —R y m vi p 7 6 ; B
e o o a o a .
p t ii 23 98
e e r s .
’
e r, .
,
. . 1v .
,
ar .
,
.
‘
1 70 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

w a rds wh e n th e Un iv e r s a l P e a c e w a s sup e r s e din g th e t re a ty

, ,

s w o rn to a t M a d r id .

Al r e a dy b e fo re th e H o ly L e a gu e h a d b e e n fo r me d a n d
, ,

b e fo re Fr a n cis h a d o bt a i n e d his libe r ty p e a c e h a d b e e n sig n e d ,

( August 3 0 1 5 2 5 ) b e t w e e n F ran c e an d E n gl a n d
,
H e n ry .

a ss e r t e d th a t i n this p e a c e h e h a d p ro vid e d fo r th e e m p e r o r s ‘ ’

i n t e r e sts a n d th a t h e i n t e n d e d to k e e p his g o o d u n d e rst a n din g

,
’

w ith h im i n vi o l a bl e But a t th e s am e ti m e h e p ro t e st e d
‘ ’
.

a g a i n st th e m a rr i a ge o f Ch a r l e s with P o r tug a l a s c o n tra ry to

c on v e n ti o n s a n d c o n sid e re d th a t this w e dl o ck u n e xp e ct e d ly
’

, ,

c o n t ra ct e d h a d e n ti r e ly cut a w a y th e m a i n g ro u n d o f th e
,

fo r m e r a lli a n c e * T h e a gr e e m e n t b e t w e e n F ra n cis a n d H e n ry
.

w a s sign e d a t H a m pt o n C o u r t by J o h n J o a chi m o n August 8 ,

a n d by F r a n cis hi m s e lf tw e lv e d a ys l a t e r .

Wh e n F r a n cis w a s n o w a ga i n a t l ar g e a n d in his ki n gd o m ,

Eu r o p e w a s in vit e d to s e e a n d a d mi r e th e i n tim a t e p e r s o n a l
fri e n dship which h a d sp r u n g u p with a g ro w th si n gul arly
,

ra pid b e tw e e n th e r e c e n t r o y a l a dv e r s a r i e s
,
T h e o n e b e c a me .

t o th e o th e r lik e a v e ry n a tu r a l l o vi n g b r o th e r N o t s o lon g
‘ ’
.

b e fo re H e n ry h a d d e n o u n c e d F r an cis to Ch a r l e s a s a tyra n t
w h o h a d usu r p e d th e p a t r im on y o f o th e r s such a s th e Ki n g ,
’

o f E n gl a n d s i n h e r it a n c e i n F r an c e his cl a im to which h e
“ ’

, ,

ipr o te s te d w a s a s cl e a r a n d g o o d a s th e cl a i m o f Ch a r l e s to
,

B u r gu n dy Bu t n o w a l l w a s ch a n ge d a s in a m o m e n t O n
. .

‘
b o th sid e s s e lf i n t e re st o f c o u r s e w a s th e chi e f fa ct o r in
-
, ,

fa st e n i n g cl o s e th e b o n ds o f b r o the r ly a ffe cti o n T o F r a n cis .

th e E n glish c o n n e cti o n w a s n e c e ss a r y a n d th e succ o u r which ,

in his p e r pl e xi n g difficulti e s h e t r ust e d to d e r iv e fr o m E n glish

go ld b e v a lu e d a t th e high w o r th it d e s e r v e d .

T h e p o r tr a it o f F ra n cis a s p a in t e d g e n e r a l ly by hist o r ic a l
Wr it e r s a n d e v e n by o u r o w n R o b e r ts o n is to o fl a tt e r i n g
, ,
.

T h e k i n g o f th e g e n tl e m e n a s fa shi o n a ble P a r is styl e d h im

’

, ,

y di i c i
H enr s ih ’
p pp
ssa t sfa t o n w t c
th e e m e r o r a e ar s i n a d o u m e n t o f
ne arly d
th e sa mept ba te
( Se e m e r .

‘
p b d J gl d
1 T h e e m e r o r w a s o u n , u n e 2 0, 1 5 2 2 , to p a y E n a n
.

y
c r o w n s o f th e S u n h v l p d hi g b p i
T w o e a r s a e e a se , a n d n o t n h a s e e n a d
. .

‘
b d y ly
2 H e w a s o u n to p a y e a r
. i d iy c fo r th e n e m n t ro w n s .

h y h v lp d hi g b p id
T r e e e a r s a e e a s e , a n d n o t n h as e e n a .

‘
ch p i c
3 Ea
. b d i vd
r n e w as c
oun y hi y
to n a e th e o mmo n e n e m t s e ar i n
M ay , 1 5 2 5 ki g d
The . np p y c
h a s o n e h i s a r t b u t th e e m e ro r sa s h e a n n o t
af d
fo r , e tc
’
iv p B .
,
ar t i , 1 6 2 8 , 1 6 2 9
. . . .
 T H E TR UE P OR T R A I T O F F R A N CI S . 1 71

oss e ss e d chi va l ro u s c o u r a ge a n d fa sci n a ti n g m a n n e r s ; but

p
h e w a s i n t e n s e l y s e lfish a n d th o ro ugh ly u n p r i n ci pl e d his
, ,

m o n e y g ra spi n g a vidity a s u n c o n t r o ll a b le a s his u n a b a sh e d

-

lic e n ti o usn e ss H e w a s g e n e ro us o n i mpuls e d e c e itful o n

.
,

c a lcul a ti o n H o ll o w a n d p r e t e n ti o u s th e c o d e o f h o n o u r pro
.
,

fe s s e d l y his r ul e y e t to o o fte n o n ly p ro fe ss e dly h e fe ll a s a

, , ,

k n ight a s fa r b e l o w a r e a l k n ight such a s B a ya r d a s in

, , ,

r e ligi o n a hyp o c r it e fa lls b e l o w a s a i n t Ye t with a l l h i s .

,

s e lfish n e ss a n d gro ss d e p ra vity F r a n cis c o ul d n e v e r h a v e

,

t r e a t e d Ch a r l e s with th e c o ld a n d st r ict r ig o u r wh e r e with

C h a rl e s tr e a t e d h im h a d th e i r fo r tu n e s b e e n r e v e r s e d a n d th e
,

e m p e r o r b e e n th e c a ptiv e a n d th e F r e n ch ki n g th e g a o l e r It .

str e n gth e n e d th e h o ld o f F r an cis up o n his sub je cts th a t his

n a tu r e a lik e in its g o o d a n d b a d p o i n ts w a s F r e n ch to th e
, ,

b a ckb on e .

H e n ry o n his sid e h o p e d to a tta in th e i n dulge n c e o f a n

a bs o r bi n g p a ssi o n thro ugh th e supp o r t a n d i n fl u e n c e o f a
,

b r o th e r m o n a r ch with wh o m h e thus fo u n d it e xp e di e n t to
,

s ta n d o n t e rm s o f th e cl o s e st c o n fid e n c e T h e fra t e rn a l .

a tt a ch m e n t it w a s p r o p o s e d to i n t e n sify by th e li n k o f a ffi n ity .

”
T h e th o ught o f u n iti n g th e P r i n c e ss M a ry to h e r c o usi n ,

J a m e s V o f Sc o tl a n d w a s r e li n quis h e d ; a n d it w a s p r o p o s e d
.
,

t o u n it e F ra n cis hi m s e lf— fo r his m a rr i a g e with L e o n o r a h a d

D O L b e e n c o n su mm a t e d
I a n d L o uis e s m il e d a t th e disp ar ity
,

o f y e ar s s ayi n g th a t s h e h e r s e lf h a d b e e n m ar r i e d a t e l e v e n
o
,

e a r s o f a e —o r if m o re d e si r a bl e o n e o f his s o n s by th e tie o f
y g , , ,

m a t r i m o n y to th e p e a r l o f E n gl an d
,
.
’

I n c o n t r a cti n g this n e w a lli a n c e with F r a n c e W o ls e y w a s ,

n o t a t a l l i n sy m p a thy with th e n a ti o n a l t e m p e r I n e ar li e r .

e a r s a F r e n ch a lli a n c e h a d b e e n u n p o pul ar wh e n i n v o k e d to
y ,

a i d t h e a m biti o us pl a n s o f W a r wick th e k i n g m a k e r a lth o ugh -

, ,

it w a s b ro ught a ft e r w ar ds to p a ss by Edw a r d I V o n his o w n .

b e h a lf
. Rich a r d III h a d e v e n m e dit a t e d a w a r with F ra n c e
. ,

i n or d e r to i n gr a ti a t e hi m s e lf wit h his ill a f fe cte d p e o pl e T h e -

.

n a t io n a l spi r it w a s still th e s a me a s e v e r N o t o n ly w a s Ty n d a l e .

s t ro n gly I m p e r i a list bu t so a ls o w e r e th e K e n tish cl o thie r s

,
,

th e m e r ch a n ts c on n e ct e d with th e H a n s e t o w n s th e t r a di n g ,

c o mmu n ity g e n e ra lly an d th e p r i n cip a l m e m b e r s o f th e

,

a r ist o c r a cy W o ls e y w r o te D u B e ll a y is I b e l i e v e th e o n ly
.
, , , ,
1 72 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R ZLI A T I O N .

E n glish m an w h o w ish e s a w ar with Fl a n d e r s I n fa ct in th e .

’

i n te re sts o f c o mme r c e it w a s fo u n d n e c e ss a ry s o o n a fte r w a r d s

,

to a rra n g e a t ruc e b e t w e e n th e a lli e d s o v e r e ig n s a n d th e L a d y

M a r ga r e t * P e a c e b e t w e e n E n gl a n d a n d Bu r gu n dy by ti me
.

a n d s e ttl e d u s a g e h a d a cqui re d a l m o s t th e fo r c e o f a n a ck n o w

l e dg e d st a t e p r in cipl e T r a d e h a d b e e n w e ll n igh re st rict e d to

-
.
-

Fl a n d e r s a n d Sp a i n Sp a n ish o i l w a s n e c e ss a ry fo r th e m a n u
.

fa ctu re o f E n glish cl o th B ut th e stirri n gs o f disc o n t e n t

.

a m o n g th e p e o pl e n o thi n g d a u n t e d th e h a ughty c a r di n a l He .

e v e n ch e r ish e d th e d e sig n o f div e r ti n g c o m m e r c e fro m Fl e m ish

to E n glish p o r ts a n d o f dis pl a ci n g A n tw e r p by th e E n glish

,

m a r t o f C a l a is But h e r e his p o licy h o w e v e r d e lib e ra t e a n d

.
,

fir m w a s c o n t e n di n g a ga i n st a m ighti e r t h a n Ch a r l e s o r th a n
,

n a ti o n a l a n tip a thy a n d o v e rl o o k e d th e
,
lim its a ssig n e d by
Pr o vid e n c e to th e b e st pl a n n e d e ffo r ts o f hu m a n ge n iu s a n d
-

p o we r .

A n d s o o n a t e r r ibl e e v e n t a s u n l o o k e d fo r a n d m o r e e x , ,

tr a o r d in a ry th a n e v e n th e m i d n ight c a ptu r e o f F r a n cis a t

P a vi a tw o ye a r s a n d a qu a r te r b e fo re a sto u n d e d Ch r iste n d o m
, ,

a s with a n e a r thqu a ke sh o ck th e v ib ra ti o n s o f w hich w e r e ,

fe lt e v e ry w h e r e I n It a ly th e st a r o f Ch a r l e s still m a in t a i n e d
.

its a sc e n d a n cy But his t ro o ps w e re o f m ix e d n a ti o n a lity

.
,

o f l o w liv e d i n g r e di e n ts a n d
-
thus v e ry difficult to b e k e pt
,

u n d e r c o n t ro l Th e i r u n discipli n e d c o n diti on w a s a ggr a v a t e d

.

by th e i r p a y b e i n g g r e a tly in a rr e a r T h e c o u n t ry a r o u n d .
,

l a id w a st e a n d r ui n e d c o uld n o t supply p r o visi o n s fo r th e m in

,

qu a n tity a t a l l a d e qu a te to th e i r n e e ds L e a vi n g th e Mil a n e s e .
,

the re fo r e th e G o v e rn m e n t o f Mil a n h a vi n g b e e n c o m m itte d to

,

L e yv a th e hu n gry s o ldie r s tu rn e d th e i r st e ps wh e r e th e y
,

m ight h o p e to fin d subsist e n c e T h e V e n e ti a n s with w a r y .

,

fo re th o ught h a d s a fe gu a r d e d th e i r o w n t e rr it o r i e s ; th e
,
-

D uk e d U r bi n o a n d th e fo r ce s o f th e C o n fe d e r a t e s p r o t e ct e d
’

Fl o re n c e T h e r o a d to R o m e l a y o p e n Thith e r th e re fo re
. .
, ,

th e i m p e r i a l t r o o ps b e n t up o n plu n d e r hu rr i e d a l o n g u n d e r
, , ,

th e guid a n c e r a th e r th a n th e c o mm a n d o f B o u r b o n Pe sc a ra .

— a fte r r e v o lvi n g a m biti o us d e sig n s sugge st e d by th e a r tfu l

M o r o n e a n d v a cill a ti n g b e tw e e n l o y a lty to th e e mp e ro r a n d
,

sch e m e s fo r s e lf e l e v a ti o n — w a s n o w i n his gr a v e L a n n o y h a d
-
.

B iv p
. .
,
a rt ii .
,
3 93 0, 43 10
 TH E S A CK O F R O M E . 1 73

e v e n a g re e d to t e r m s w ith Cle m e n t fo r a susp e n si o n o f

h o stiliti e s th e p o n ti ff e n ga gi n g to a dv a n c e sixty th o us an d
,

c ro w n s f o r th e p a y m e n t o f th e t r o o ps By this c o m p a ct th e .

p o n tiff s fe a r s h a d b e e n in s o m e m e a su re lull e d to r e st But

’
.

it o n ly i rrit a te d B o u r b o n to r e c e iv e by a c o u r ie r a n i n ti ma ti o n
o fthis a g re e me n t a n d h is m o v e m e n ts w e r e e v e n h a ste n e d by

t h e u n w o r thy m o tiv e o f thw a r ti n g a r iv a l T h e e m p e ro r a t .

t his c r isis w as b e li e v e d to b e quit e e str a n g e d fro m th e p on tiff

by r e a s o n o f Cl e m e n t s p r o v e d duplici ty a n d e n mity L o n g
’
.

a rr e a r s o f p a y c o uld o n ly b e c o m p e n s a t e d by l a r g e lic e n s e o f

s p o il. T o w a r ds R o m e the re fo r e th e i mp e ri a l s oldi e r s a n d

, ,

B o u r b o n — w h o to r e t a in s o m e v e stige o f a uth or ity h a d m a d e

hi mse lf o n e w ith his m e n in p r iv a ti o n s a n d m o d e o f life
hu r r ie d o n with imp a ti e n t a l a c rity .

Va r i o us m o tiv e s s w ay e d th e diffe r e n t e le me n ts o f th e tu mul

t u o n s h o st ; but th e di f fe r e n t m o tiv e s a l l i m p e ll e d to o n e
a n d th e s a m e h a sty a chi e v e m e n t T re a ch e r o us Sp a n i a r d s .
,

r e c r u it e d fr o m th e re n e g a d e M o o r s w e re stimul a t e d to fe r o city ,

by th e l o n gi n g for r a pin e a n d th e d e e p d e t e st a ti o n o f th e
,

p o p e which fill e d th e b re a sts o f l a n c e k n ights sh o e l e ss a n d

,
-
,

p e n n il e ss d ra w n fr o m th e ro bb e r fa st n e s s e s o f G e r m a n y
, .

The s e G e rm a n tr o o ps w e r e u n d e r th e l e a d e r ship o f Ge o rge

F r e n d sb e r g hims e lf as L u th e r a n a s ma b — w h o h ad ’

, y e

b o rn e p a r t in th e victo ry o f Pa v i a h a d e v e n m o r tga ge d his ,

o w n c a stl e s a n d t o w n s f o r th e e quip m e n t an d m a i n t e n a n c e o f

his s o ldi e r s a n d b e li e vi n g th e p a p a cy to b e a t th e r o o t o f th e
,

w o rld wid e m is e ry o f th e ti me s c a rr i e d with h im a r o p e

-
, ,

sh o u tin g e xulti n gly W e will h a n g th e p o p e ! T h e c ra vin g

,
‘ ’

o f th e hu n g e r bitt e n f or fo o d th e g re e d o f th e l e ss s o r e ly t r i e d
-
,

f r b o o ty th e fu ry o f z e a l o ts fo r v e n g e a n c e on th e p o n ti f
o ,
f ,

w e re th e p a ssi o n s w hich i n fl a m e d th e dis org a n iz e d m a ss o

.

r a th e r th a n thi r st f o r bl o od As th e d iso r d e rl y r a n k s p re ss e d
.

o n t h ro ugh t o w n s a n d vill a ge s th e y s w e pt a l o n g w ith th e m , ,

a s by a n a tu r a l a tt ra cti o n n u m e r o us r a p a ci o us a n d d iss o lut e

,

It a li a n s .

S o o n th e hu rr i e d a rr a y di v id e d a cc o r di n g to its thre e p r i n
,

c i a l n a ti o n a liti e s st o o d b e fore R o m e its e lf which w a s littl e

p , ,

p r e p ar e d for th e i r a tt a ck O n th e m o rn i n g o f M o n d a y M a y 6
. , ,

1 5 2 7 u n d e r c o v e r o f a d e n s e m ist th e a ss a ul t with sc a r c e l y
, , ,
1 74 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

any d e l a y w a s m a d e o n th e p a p a l city T h e Imp e r i a lists w e re

, .

with o ut m a g a zi n e s a n d a r till e ry so th a t th e y t ruste d fo r ,

su cc e ss to th e r a pid e ffe ct o f a fi e r c e i m p e tu o us on s e t .

B o u rb o n th e re fo re p e r c e i v i n g th e m o m e n t to b e c r itic a l
, , ,

l e a p e d fro m his h o r s e a n d c o n spicu o us by a whit e v e st d ra w n

,

o v e r his a r mo u r s e izi n g a sc a li n g l a dd e r with his l e ft h a n d

,
-
,

with his r ight b e ck o n e d his s o ldi e r s to fo ll o w h im At this .

i n st a n t h e w a s str uck d o w n by a sh o t fro m a h a r qu e bus e a n d ,

fe ll m o r ta lly w o u n d e d His d e a th i n st e a d o f dish e a r t e n in g

.
, ,

a n i m a t e d an d r e d o ubl e d th e c o u r a g e a n d fu ry o f his t r0 0 ps ,

w h o quickly e ffe ct e d b r e a ch e s i n th e w a lls th ro u gh which ,

th e y p o u r e d i n t o th e subu rbs At fi r st th e p o p e s gu a r d .
’

S w iss me r c e n a ri e s— fo ught b r a v e ly Bu t th e a ss a il a n ts w e re .

n o t to b e d a u n t e d o r ch e ck e d ; fr e sh c o mb a t an ts j o i n e d th e

a tt a c k ; th e r e sist a n c e g r e w fe e bl e r an d b e fo r e l o n g c e a s e d ,

e n ti r e ly .

F r e n d sb e rg h a d b e e n l e ft b e hi n d sick Ve x e d to th e s o ul .

th a t his G e r ma n s a ccust o me d to sh o w h im dutiful o b e di e n c e

, ,

sh o uld u n d e r th e sudd e n stra i n o f ci rcu m st a n c e s h a v e tu rn e d

, ,

i n sub o r di n a t e h e h a d b e e n p r o st r a t e d b y a stro k e o f a p o pl e xy
, .

B o u r b on h a d fa ll e n Thus th e t ro o ps w e r e th e i r o w n m a ste rs
. .

Th e i r e xtra o rdin a ry succ e ss h a d m a dd e n e d th e m B e fo re .

su n s e t R o m e w a s a t th e i r m e r cy ; a n d b e fo r e th e m o r ro w s ’

su n s e t th e w h o l e city w a s in th e i r h a n ds Sc e n e s o f a v ar ic e .
,

c a rn a ge b rut a lity e n su e d u n e x a mpl e d a n d i n d e sc r ib a bl e

, ,
-

o f w hich th e c a ptu re o f th e s a m e city a y e a r b e fo r e by P o m p e o

C o l o n n a th e r iv a l o f Cl e m e n t — w h o h a d o n ly v e n t e d his
,

w r a th a n d m a lic e o n th e p o p e hi m s e lf a n d his m i n ist e rs — h a d

n o t a ff o r d e d th e fa i n t e st fo r e c a st N o Hu n s V a n d a ls o r .
, ,

G o ths in th e str u ggl e s o f th e fifth a n d sixth c e n tu r i e s h a d

, .

b e e n st a i n e d by fo ul e r c r i m e s th a n th ose n o w p e r p e tra t e d by
th e i mp e r i a l s o l d i e r y N o Tu rks c o uld h a v e b e e n guilty o f
.

b a s e r i n fa my It w a s th e l e a st p a r t o f th e a b o m i n a ti o n s th a t
.

chu r ch e s w e r e u s e d a s st a bl e s a n d cr u cifix e s a n d i m a ge s w e r e
,

s e t up to b e m a r ks f
q
o r sh o ts fr o m h a r u e bus e s Pill a g ed .
,

p ar tly d e v a st a t e d d e s e c ra t e d th e city it w a s s a id w a s n o
, , , ,
‘

l o n ge r R o m e but R o m e s a sh e s (n o n u r bs se d b u s tu m
,
’

At th e b e gin n i n g o f th e fight Cl e me n t a t th e high a lt a r o f , ,

-

St Pe t e r s w a s o ffe r i n g u p supplic a ti o n s to h e a v e n fo r vict o ry

.
’

, .
 ’
CL E M E N T S F L I G LI T . 1 7-5 .

But wh e n his v e te ra n s a n d Swiss gu ar d g a v e w a y h e fl e d with , ,

thi r t e e n c a r d i n a ls th e fo r e ign a m b a ss a d o r s a n d o th e r p e r s o n s
, ,

o fd isti n cti o n to th e sh e lt e r o f th e C a st l e o f St A n e l o H e re
, g . .

th e fugitiv e s r e s o lv e d to fa c e a ll e xtr e m iti e s r a th e r th a n sub mit

to th e vict o r s Th e i r t r ust w a s th a t th e F re n ch a r my o f th e
.
,

L e a gu e w o uld e v e n y e t a dv a n c e to th e i r re li e f A n d D Urb in o .
’

d i d a pp r o a ch th e c a ptu r e d city ; but o n ly to r e t r e a t a ga i n ,

thus t a n t a lizi n g th e i m p r is on e d p o n ti ff w ith h o p e s dis a pp o in te d

a l m o st a s s o o n a s r a is e d His a r m y w a s su ffi ci e n tly n u m e r o u s
.
;

a n d w e ll a pp o i n t e d to a cc o m plish Cl e m e n t s d e li v e r a n c e bu t ’

; ,

h a ti n g th e M e d ici h e p r e fe rr e d to gr a tify p r iv a t e piqu e r a th e r

,

th an to fulfil th e o bvi o us duti e s o f his p o st T h e cup o f .

‘

Cl e m e n t s s o r ro w s e e m e d full to th e b r i m a n d o v e r fl o w i n g
’

, ,

wh e n th e c o u n t e r p a r ty a m o n g th e Fl or e n ti n e s gr a spin g th e
-
,
.

O pp o r tu n ity b a n ish e d th e M e dici fro m th e i r city

,
T his w a s a .

c r ushi n g bl o w to fa m ily a m biti o n which Cl e m e n t fe lt m o r e ,

.

a cut e ly th a n e v e n th e s a ck o f R o m e .

All Eu ro p e w a s a gh a st a t th e a pp a lli n g i n t e l l ige n c e which ,

.

sp r e a d r a pidl y t h r o ugh e v e ry city a n d v i l l a ge fr o m th e ,

m e tro p o lis o f Ch r ist e n d o m Ch arl e s hi ms e lf a lth o u gh b e .

,

r e g a r d e d th e s a ck o f R o m e a n d th e c a ptivity o f Cl e m e n t a s
w e ll d e s e r v e d H e a v e n s e n t j u d gm e n ts a n d r e j o ic e d in h is
-
,
-
,
.

h e a r t y e t diss e m bl e d h is s a tisfa cti o n W ith h is h a n ds u p o n

,
.

his b r e a st h e a ss e v e r a t e d th a t w h a t h a d h a pp e n e d h a d b e e n .

d o n e w ith o u t his c o mm issi o n a g a i n s t h is w ill a n d to h is , ,

gr ie v o us displ e a su r e H e c o u n t e r m a n d e d th e fe stiviti e s pr e
.

p a re d to c e l e b ra t e th e bi r th o f h i s so n th e futu re n o t o r io u s ,

Philip I I a r e c e n t j o y o us e ve n t a n d p r o cl a i m e d th a t pu b lic
.
, ,

i n te rc e ssi o n s sh o uld b e o ffe r e d fo r th e p o n ti ffs s a fe ty a n d "

d e liv e ra n c e .

T o H e n ry a n d F r an cis th e c a pt u r e a n d pl u n d e r o f R o m e .

a n d th e i m p r is o n m e n t o f Cl e m e n t su ppli e d a c o n v e n i e n t pr e

t e xt e a ge rly a cc e pt e d fo r s e n d i n g a d e fi an c e to Ch a rl e s (J a n u
, ,

Bu g s d f m lly d cl i g w * u n le ss
ar
y 2 2 ,
at r o a n o r a e a r n a r
, ,

th e e m p e r o r sh o u l d b e willi n g to d e li v e r up his h o li n e ss a mt

C l
ci x t W l y — O J
ar e n y 2 2 ( 1 528) G y
eu o o se n a n u ar u e nn e a nd jl
m d d cl
a e ti f w g i t th m p
e a ra h w on o i tti g i ar a a ns e e e ror, as e as s n n a g r e at

h ll i th i g y l cc m p i d w ith ll th
a ,
n e s e bl e d g ro a ,
a o an e a e no e s an l
e n t e m e n,

fhi c t — B iv p t ii 3 8 2 7 39 40
’
o s o ur .
~
. .
,
ar .
, , .
 1 76 THE DA WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R EF O R M A TI OIV .

th e F re n ch p ri n c e s fo r a re a s on a bl e ra n s o m a n d c on s e n t to
,

p ya his h e a vy d e bts to E n gl a n d T h
. e d e st r uctiv e w ars

kin dl e d by Cha rl e s th e p e r il o us p ro g re ss o f th e Tu rk w h o h a d
, ,

t ak e n Rh o d e s a n d B e lg ra d e t o ge th e r w ith th e mischi e fs
,

th re a te n e d by n e w re ligi o us s e cts w e re o st e n t a ti o usly h o w

, ,

e v e r i n c o n sist e n tly th r o w n in th e i r i m p e r i a l r i va l s t e e th by
’

th e tw o c o n fe d e r a t e d m o n a r chs .

T h e r u m o u r quickly g a i n e d g ro u n d th a t th e h e ra lds h a d
b e e n put in p r is o n by th e e mp e r o r in his w ra th a n d W o ls e y
an d th e F re n ch a mb a ss a d o r w e r e a ccus e d o f d e lib e ra t e ly
ci r cul a ti n g this idl e t a l e i n o r d e r to fo m e n t p o pul a r i n dign a
,

ti o n B ut Cl are n ci e ux a pp e ar e d b e fo r e H e n ry a n d i n form e d
.

him t h a t h e an d th e a m b a ss a d or o f F r a n cis h a d n e v e r b e e n
‘

se qu e st e re d fro m lib e r ty but g e n tly e n t e r ta i n e d a n d h e

,

e x h i b it e d a ch a i n to th e v a lu e o f s e v e n hu n d re d duc a ts p re
‘ ’
,

s e n t e d to him a s a gift by Ch arl e s _ T h e ch ro n icl e r H a ll w a s

.

e vid e n tly much pl e a s e d to re c o r d his ki n g s wis e s a yi n g i n

’ ’
,

re ply ,
O L or d J e s u h e th a t I tr ust e d m o st t o ld m e a l l th e s e
,

thi n gs c o n tra ry . N o w I s e e p e rfe ctly th a t I a m m a d e to

b e li e v e th e thi n g th a t w a s n e ve r d on e .
’
 1 1 —T H E
, K I N G S C O N S C I EN C E
’
.

TH E p o n tiff by a c o mm issi o n sign e d Ju n e 1 8 1 5 2 7 h a d

, , , ,

a pp o i n t e d W o ls e y his lie ut e n an t a n d pl e n ip o te n ti a ry in
‘

Fra n c e c o n s e qu e n t o n th e c a ptivity o f Cl e m e n t V II A
, .
’

u n iv e r s a l p e a c e w as to b e s e cu r e d a n d m e a n whil e a p e rp e tu a l
,

p e a c e w a s to b e arra n ge d b e tw e e n th e r oy a l b ro th e r s H e n ry ,

and F ra n cis T h e P r i n c e ss M a ry it w a s n o w p ro p o s e d
.
, ,

sh o uld b e m a rr i e d n o t to F ran cis hims e lf but in d u e s e a s o n

, ,

to H e n ry D uk e o f O r l e a n s his s e c on d so n a child six y e ar s

, , ,

o l d M a r y b e i n g e l e ve n y e a r s o f a ge
,
T h e duk e w a s a t p re s e n t
.

a p r is o n e r i n Sp a i n T h e a lli e d m o n ar chs e n g a ge d to e x e r t
.

j o in t e ffo r ts fo r th e re c o v e ry o f th e p rin c e s a n d in th e e v e n t ,

o f fa ilu r e to m a k e w a r t o g e th e r up o n th e e m p e r o r H e n ry .
,

o n his p a r t re li n quish e d his cl a i m to th e F r e n ch th r o n e a n d

, ,

F ran cis p r o mis e d to m a k e a n a n n u a l p ay m e n t o f fifty th o us a n d

c ro w n s t o ge th e r with a tr ibut e o f s a lt a n d by c o n v e n i e n t
, ,

i n st a l me n ts to p ay tw o m illi o n s o f go ld c r o wn s b e side s By .

suc h e xp e di e n ts W o ls e y in th e g re a t difficulty o f o bt a i n in g
,

subsidie s o r l o an s — a t a ti me wh e n m o n e y w a s d e clin in g in
v a lu e a n d th e e xp e n s e s o fth e c o u r t a n d th e go v e rn m e n t w e re
,
.

ste a dily o n th e i n c re a s e — s o u ght to r e pl e n ish th e ki n g s im ’

o v e ris h e d c o ff rs C o s tly fe s tiviti e s sig n a liz e d th e e st a blish

p e .

m e n t o f a mity b e tw e e n th e tw o n a tio n sfi a n d a spl e n did ‘

p a ge an t m a rk e d th e c on clusi on o fth e n e g o ti a ti o n s .

A n d in July Wo ls e y c ro ss e d th e Ch a n n e l with a m a gn ific e n t .

A t H a m to n C o u r t, p b c d c
e fo r e th e se o n
‘
l d c di l
o u r s e , my or ar na

ca me i n a m o n st t e m a l l
,
g h b d
o o te p d dd ly bd
a n d s u r r e , a ll s u
,
en ,
and a e

h
t e m p r efa ce l d k b l
M y o r to o a o w o f go , w
. . ld hich d w a s e s te e m e of

th e a u e o f 5 00 m a r s
vl k fi ll d i h hyp c
e w t h
o ra s , wh pl y
e r e o f t e re w a s ent ,
,

and p i g
u tt n of id di k
f h i s ca p , s a , “ I r n to th e ki g v ig l d
n , m
y so e r e n o r a n d
m a ste r , a n d to th e n , ki g y
o u r maste r , e tc —i g v di h
S ce S n e r 8 C a e n s , 1
.
’

pp 1 3.2 -
1 35 .
1 78 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

re ti n u e a s H e n ry s re p re s e n t a tiv e H e w a s to s e ttl e al l th e
,
’
.

p ar ticul a r s o f th e p e r pe tu a l a lli a n c e ; a n d in pl e d ge o f its ,

l oy a l fulfil me n t by E n gl a n d to t a ke th e m o st s o l e mn o f a ll ,

o a ths th e s a c ra me n t a l w a fe r which w a s to b e divid e d b e t w e e n

, ,

him a n d F ra n cis H e w a s to c on c e r t m e a su re s for th e s a fe ty

.

a n d r e l e a s e o f Cl e me n t a n d f o r th e r e gul a ti o n o f th e Chu r ch
,

p e n d i n g his c a ptivity L a st but n o t l e a st h e w a s w ar ily to

.
, ,
’

a pp r o a c h a n d s o u n d F r a n cis up o n a d e lic a t e p roj e ct which ,

h a d fo r s o m e t i me o ccupi e d H e n ry s a tt e n ti o n i n b r i n gi n g
’
,

which to th e d e si re d c o n clusi o n b e truste d to b e a id e d by th e

s y m p a thy a n d supp o r t o fhis a lly a n d b r o th e r .

This e mb a ssy w a s th e ze n ith o f Wo l se y s g re a tn e ss b o th a s ’

a st a t e s ma n an d a s a n e ccl e si a s tic N o t on ly w as fuls o m e .

a dul a ti o n l a vi s h e d up o n h i m by L o uis e F ra n cis a n d th e i r , ,

c o u r t but h e w a s n o mi n a t e d by Cle me n t his vic a r du r i n g his

,

c a ptivity The re can b e n o b e tte r p ro o f o f Wo l se y s sign a l

.
’

s u cc e ss i n this e m b a ssy th an th e a lt e re d a ttitud e a ssu m e d

,

t o w a r d s h i m by Ch a rl e s T h e e mp e ro r w a s i n duc e d in th e
.

a utu m n to m a ke o v e r tu re s to him f o r a r e st o r a ti o n o f th e i r

fo r me r g o o d w ill M e n d o z a th e i mp e ri a l a m b a ss a d o r a t
.
,

L o n d o n w a s di re cte d in a d e sp a tch d a t e d S e pt e mb e r 30 1 5 2 7
, ,

Yo u m ust d o e v e ry thi n g i n y o u r p o w e r to b ri n g th e c a r di n a l
to o u r s e r vic e Yo u will th e r e fo re m a k e h im in o u r n a m e
.

th e fo ll o w i n g o f fe r s Fi r stly th e p ay m e n t o f a l l arre ar s o n his

,

s e v e ra l p e n si o n s a m o u n ti n g to n i n e th o us a n d d uc a ts y e arly
, .

S e c o n dly six th o us a n d m o r e duc a ts u n til such ti me a s a

,

bish o p r ic o r o the r e ccl e si a stic a l e n d o w me n t o f th e s a m e

re ve n u e b e c o me s v a c a n t i n o u r kin g d o m Thi rdly in .
,

a dditi o n to th e a b o v e p a y m e n ts a m o u n ti n g to a c on sid e r a bl e ,

sum o fm o n e y fo r w e c a lcul a t e th a t his p e n si o n h as n o t b e e n

,

p a id fo r fi r e w h o l e y e a r s w e sh a ll o rd e r th e duk e w h o is to
,

h a v e Mil a n to giv e h im a m a r quis a te in t h a t du chy Th e .

wh o l e w hich w e p ro mis e to th e s a id c a rdin a l if h e will on ly ,

a ct a s h e h a s d o n e o n p re vi o us o cc a si o n s to th e a dv a n t a g e a n d ,

p r o fit o f th e ki n g h is m a ste r a n d o ur
Wo ls e y p a ss e d fr o m W e st m in ste r thro ugh L o n d o n a n d o v e r
L o n d o n B r idge We d n e sd ay July 3 wit h 9 00 a tt e n d an ts , , ,

B iv p t ii
. .
,
ar ,
3 46 4 , 3 783 , 3 83 9 S o rt . h ly ft w d W l y a er ar s o se w as
ne g ti ti g w i th F
o a n ran ci l
s a n d C e m e n t fo r th e d p i ti f C h l
e os on o ar e s .
 WO L S E Y S B R I L L I A N T T R A I IV
’
. 1 79

‘
thr e e in a ran k —
C a v e n dish h as e x a gge ra te d th e n u mb e r
to —a l l in bl a ck v e lv e t liv e ry c o a ts a n d m o st o f th e m -
,

d e c k e d with ch a in s o f go ld T h e c a rdi n a l w a s p re c e d e d by .

tw o g r e a t c r o ss e s o f silv e r tw o g re a t pill a r s o f silv e r th e

‘
, ,

gre a t s e a l o fEn gl a n d fi a n d his c a rdi n a l s h a t H e r o d e up o n ‘ ’

.
’

a m ul e tr a pp e d with c r i m s o n v e lv e t up o n v e lv e t his stirr ups

‘

o f c o pp e r a n d gilt a sp a r e mul e fo ll o wi n g him with like

’ ‘
,

a pp a r e l G re a t m e n w e r e p ro ud to b e in his suit e ; a m o n gst

.
’

the s e a pp e a re d M o r e Tu n st a l a n d G a r din e r , .

T h e c ar di n a l s a d m o n iti o n to th e g e n tl e m e n o f his t ra i n
’

is ch ara cte r istic : L e t a ll y o u r e n t e rta i n me n t an d b e h a vi o u r

‘

b e a cc o r din g to a ll g e n tl e n e ss a n d hu man ity th a t it m a y ,

b e re p o r te d a fte r y o u r d e p a r tu r e fro m th e n c e th a t y e b e
, ,

ge n tl e m e n o f r ight go o d b e h a vi o u r a n d o f m uch ge n tl e n e ss ,

a n d th a t e b e me n th a t k n o w y o u r duty to y o u r s o v e r e ign
y
l o r d a n d to y o u r m a st e r a llo w i n g much y o u r g re a t re v e re n c e
, . .
’

T h e F r e n ch m e n s disp o siti on h e s a id pl e a s a n tly is such

‘ ’ ’ ‘
, ,

th a t th e y w il l b e a t th e fi r st m e e ti n g a s fa m ili a r with y o u a s
th o ugh th e y h a d b e e n a cqu a i n t e d with y o u l o n g b e fo re a n d ,

c o mm u n e w ith y o u i n th e F r e n ch t o n gu e a s th o ugh y e u n d e r

s t oo d e v e ry w o r d th e y S p a k e th e r e fo r e in lik e m a n n e r b e y e as , ,

fa m ili a r with th e m a g a in a s th e y with y o u Tu rn in g to G r i ffi th .

’

yc N o r fo l k s b r o th e r in l a w — g ra n ds o n o f th e W e lsh
’
a
p R e ,
- -

c hi e fta i n w h o h a d a id e d H e n ry V I I w h o w a s a t th a t ti me .
,

i n fa v o u r a t c o u r t but w a s a fte r w a r ds b e h e a d e d ( D e c e mb e r 4
, ,

1 531) qu o t h h e sp e a k th o u W e lsh to h im ( th e ,
“

F r e n ch man ) a n d I a m w e ll a ssu r e d th a t thy We lsh sh a ll b e

,

m o re diffus e (o bscu r e ) to h i m th a n his F r e n ch sh a ll b e to

th e e .

Ye t w a s it a p e r io d o f n o littl e a n xi o us p e rpl e xity to th e

p e a c e m a ki n g c ar di n a l l e c a rdi n a l pa ci fiqu e a s W o ls e y w a s
-

n o w c a ll e d Wi th o ut givi n g c re de n c e to C a v e n dish s stra n ge ’

.

id e a th a t A n n e B o l e y n an d h e r p ar ty h a d d e vis e d this
,

e m b a ssy f o r a p e r so n a l e n e m y wh o m th e y d r e a d e d i n o r d e r ,

T he g
l ft i C l i it c ld t b t k
r e a t se a t f lw as e n a a s, a s ou no e a en ou o

th l m —S i g
e re a C v di h i p 9 3 n er s
’ ‘
a en s ,
’
.
, . .

gP lg v b q t ch g cc : W h d £ 1 00 d y
.

Am on a s ra e s
’
su se ue n ar es o ur s
‘
e a a a

all w d f
o edi t d th h d w w i th
or o ur ll th l f th
e lm ,
an e n a e us a e se a s o e re a ,

so th t a tc ld cc di gly p f m th ki g till w c m h m
n o ne ac ou a or n a ss ro e n ,
e a e o e

ag i — B iv p t iii 5 75 0
a n .
’
. .
,
ar .
,
.

1 2— 2 .
1 80 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I O N .

to re m o v e fo r whil e his i n flu e n c e a n d to u n d e rmi n e i t in

a ,

his a bs e n c e th e r e can b e n o d o ubt th a t H e n ry s u n c e r t a in

,
’

t e mp e r a n d th e w a yw a rd n e ss o f his a m o r o us fa n cy m ust h a v e ,

c a us e d qu e sti o n i n g a n d tr e pid a ti o n to his th o ughtful m i n ist e r .

As th e c a r din a l in his l e ga tin e o rn a me n ts k n e lt a t a fo r m

‘

c o v e re d with c arp e ts an d cushi on s a t th e ch o i r d o o r o f Ch r ist

Chu r ch i n C a n t e rbu ry whil e th e m o n ks a n d a ll th e ch o i r
, ,

st a n di n g in th e b o dy o f th e chu r ch w e r e by his dir e cti o n ,

’

, ,

ch an ti n g th e Lit an y fo r th e c a ptiv e p o n tiff S an ct a M ar i a ,

‘
,

r o p a p a n o st ra Cl e m e n t e his g n tl e m a n u sh e r o bs e r v e d
’
ora
p e ,

him to w e e p v e ry t e n d e rly T h e d e s o l a ti o n o f R o m e th e
‘ ’
.
,

hu m ili a ti o n o f th e p a p a l c o u rt d o ubtl e ss s a dd e n e d W o l se y s ,
’

s o ul ; y e t w e re th e r e d a n ge rs still n e a r e r a n d m or e p e r s on al
, ,

a l r e a dy a dv a n ci n g th e i r th r e a t e n i n g sh a d o ws to cl o ud his

t ra n si e n t gl o r y .

As e a r ly p r o b a bly a s 1 5 2 4 c o n sci e n ti o us sc r upl e s in re fe r

e n c e to his m a rr i a g e with K a th ar i n e h a d a l re a dy b e gu n to

h a r a ss th e ki n g s m i n d T h e p r e m a tu re d e c e a s e o fm a l e chil d r e n
’
.

i n r a pid succ e ssi o n h a d e v e n a r o us e d K a th a r in e s r e ligi o us

’

a l a r m a n d h a d d r a w n fr o m h e r th e bitt e r l a m e n t a ti o n th a t h e r
,
.

fi r st n u pti a ls h a d b e e n m a d e in bl o o d H e n ry w a s m uch dis .

’

qui e t e d by th e m or tifyi n g i n qui ry w h o w a s to b e his succ e ss o r ,

His o n ly m a l e issu e w a s H arry F itz roy b o rn 1 5 1 9 th a n wh o m ,

n o man his tu tor t a v e rr e d h a d e v e r b e tt e r wit But h e w a s

’
é
.
, ,

ill e gitim a t e H e w a s c re a t e d with gr e a t c e re m o n y (Ju n e 1 8

.
,

1 5 2 5 ) E ar l o f N o tti n gh a m a n d Duk e o f Richm o n d th e l a tt e r ,

his g ra n dfa th e r s titl e with pre e mi n e n c e o v e r a l l o th e r p e e r s

’

,
-
,

a n d e v e n o v e r th e P r i n c e ss M ary N o c a re o r c o st did th e .

r oy a l fa th e r d e e m e xc e ssiv e to d e m o n st r a t e his e t e rn a l a f
fe c
ti o n fo r this o ffsp r i n g o f a n illicit a m o u r with B e ssi e Bl o u n t ,

o n e o f K a th a r i n e s w a i ti n g g e n tl e w o m e n T h e e vils o f a dis
’
.

J o h P a l sg a v e p r e b e d a y o f S t Pa u l s a th o r o f th e fir st F r e n ch
n r ,
n r .
’
,
u

G ra m mar L e z l e C l a r i ssi m a u n t d e l a a n e u l g
s e in p bli h d
gl d by
En an ( J
Py n s o n , a n u a r , y
w a s h i s tu to r c
H e r e o u n ts The .

ki g g c
n
’
s r a e sa id
u n to me , i n th e p c
r e s e n e o f M a s te r Pa rr e a n d M a s te r

d liv q h
u n to y o u t re e m y w o r ldly j l e w e —y ou
”
u od h e ,
“
Pa a ge , “
I e e r,
h v
tw a i n to a e th e u g idi g
n o f h is o ,
b dy h lg v
a n d t o u , P a s r a e , to bi g r n h im
u p in vi r tu e a n d l i g
e arn n
”
t c li pi g
H i s tu o r h a d to u r e h i m o f s n a n d o f
.

i
a b ad L at n p
ro n un ci i
at on , au c gh
t o f th e pi
r e st w h o
‘
gh
ta u t h im h is ,

ti
ma n s ’
y iz yb
H a r r F t ro e a me th e c b
o s o m fr e n i d d
of L or y
S ur r e and

2 2 , 1 5 3 6 —B
. ,

id i
ma rr e h i s s ste r , b u t di
e u d J ly iv p
,
p iii
a r t i , 39 ar t , . . . .

5 7 5 0, 5 807 .
 WO L S E Y ’
S CR A F T Y S OL I CI TA T I ON S . 1 81

u te d succ e ssi on w e r e w r itt e n in l e tt e rs o f bl o o d a n d h a v o c in

p
th e p a st hist o ry o f E n gl a n d As th e ki n g p on d e re d th e .

p ro sp e cts o f his thro n e with o n ly o n e l e giti ma t e cl a i man t

,

fro m his o w n l o i n s a n d th a t o n e a d a ughte r th e t e xt o f

, ,

L e viticus Th e y sh a ll b e
,
‘
th e D ivi n e cu r s e o n th e
i n c e stu o us fr o w n e d its w a rn i n g t e rr o r s up on h im fro m G o d s
,
’

B o o k As y e t the re h a d b e e n n o i n st an c e o fa fe ma l e r e ign i n g
.

in E n gl a n d in h e r o w n r ight ; a n d a g a i n st th e succ e ssi o n o f a

Sc o tch p r i n c e M a rg ar e t s so n th e v e ry st o n e s in L o n d on
,
’

,
‘

st re e ts it w a s s a id w o uld b e c o n str a i n e d to cry o u t

,
’
,
.
‘
.
’

H e n r y m us e d o v e r th e m a tte r d ay by d ay a n d c o n sulte d ,

his fa v o u r ite sch o o l divin e Th o m a s Aqui n a s Acc o r di n g to , .

th e gr e a t D o m i n ic a n th e l a ws o f L e viticus w e r e m o r a l a n d
,

e t e rn a l such a s n o P o p e c o uld a b r o g a t e
,
G ra du a lly a s th e .
,

s e c re t m a tt e r — a s th e c a us e w a s myst e ri o usly d e sig n a t e d

a ssu m e d to his d e lib e r a ti o n s o v e r w h e l m i n g i m p o r t an c e th e ,

qu e sti o n w a s c o m mu n ic a t e d to o th e r s A n d a t fi r st a l l th a t .
, ,

a pp e ar e d to b e s o u ght w as th e qui e ti n g th e r u f fl e d c o n scie n c e

o f th e ki n g w h o a ff ,
e ct e d to n e e d n o m o r e th a n suffici e n t p ro o f

th a t his u n i o n with K a th a r in e w a s Sc riptu ra l a n d v a lid so ,

th a t n o o bst a cl e m ight m a r th e Pr in c e ss M a ry s u n i m p e a ch a bl e ’

titl e t o th e th r o n e
'

It w a s u n de r this fo r m th a t W o ls e y in p a ssi n g th ro ugh ,

K e n t o n his w a y to D o v e r th e r e to e m b a r k for C a l a is , ,

b r o a ch e d th e t o pic to Fishe r a t R o ch e st e r a n d th e n to ,

Wa r h a m . Fish e r with u n usu a l c a uti o n r e s e r ve d his j udg

, ,

me n t . But Wa r h a m w a s u n suspici o us a n d n o m a tch fo r ,

th e subtl e c a r din a l .

’
T h e p r e t e n c e o f e n d e a v o u r i n g to s a tisfy H e n ry s co n
s ci e n ti o u s sc rupl e s a n d e st a blish his d a ughte r s l e giti ma cy
,
’

w a s a n e a sy m o d e o f i n t ro d uci n g a d e lic a t e qu e sti o n b ut w a s

in r e a lity h o ll o w n e ss its e lf Al r e a dy H e n ry h a d b e e n cite d
.

p r iva t e ly (M a y 1 7 1 5 2 7) to a pp e ar b e fo r e W o ls e y a s l e ga t e
, ,

a n d h e a d o f th e e ccl e si a stic a l c o u r ts to a n sw e r f o r his o ffe n ce

,

i n c o h a biti n g with his b ro th e r s wid o w a s i n a n o r di n ary

’

div o r c e c a us e Ye t u n a b a sh e d th e sp e ci o us c a r di n a l a t th e
.
, , ,

s a m e ti me th a t h e w a s c o n fi d e n ti a lly sig n ifyi n g to H e n ry his

h o p e s th a t his vi r tu o us d e si r e s w o uld b e gr a tifi e d w ro t e
‘ ’
,

L ev . xx . 21 . See a sol L ev . xviii . 16 .

 T H E E N GL I S H R EF OR M A T I ON
'
1 82 T H E D A PVN OF .

c a re ful i n st ru cti o n s to G h in u cci a n d L e e w h o w e re th e n ,

b usily e n g a ge d i n n e go ti a ti o n s with th e e m p e r o r a t V a ll a d o li d ,

to m a i n t a i n th e st r ict e st s e c r e cy so th a t Ch a rl e s m ight n o t ,

in a n y w a y o bt a i n th e fa i n t e st id e a o f th e p r o c e e di n g which
th e c o llusiv e a cti on fo r e sh a d o w e d Th e r e w a s n o fo u n d a ti o n .

w h a t e v e r h e a ss e r t e d fo r th e p o pul ar su r m is e s A r u m o ur ’

, , .
,

h e a ck n o w l e d g e d with much re gr e t s o me h o w o r a n o th e r h a s , ,

sp r u n g u p in E n gl an d th a t p ro c e e di n gs a re b e i n g t a k e n fo r
a div or c e b e tw e e n th e ki n g a n d qu e e n ; but th e r u m o u r he
’

c on ti n u e d is e n ti re ly with o ut fo u n d a tio n
,
‘
a lth o ugh he ,

a dd e d ,
n o t a lt o g e th e r c a us e l e ss
‘
for th e r e h a s b e e n s o m e ,

discussi o n a b o ut th e p a p a l disp e n s a ti o n n o t with an y vi e w ,

to a div o r c e but to s a tisfy th e F re n ch w h o h a v e r a is e d th e

, ,

qu e sti o n o f ill e gitim a cy in p r o p o si n g a m arr i a g e b e twe e n th e

Pr i n c e ss M a ry a n d th e i r s o ve re ig n K a th ar i n e h e r s e lf h o w .
’

e v e r w a s fully a w a r e o f th e a ctu a l st a te o f thi n gs ; an d with

,

r e a dy h e re dit a ry a r t c on t r iv e d th a t F r a n cis Phi l ip a m uch ,

t r ust e d s e w e r e ludi n g th e a n xi o us w a tch k e pt by Wo ls e y

‘
,
’

sh o uld m a k e his w a y to th e e m p e ro r a n d d e live r to h i m a

le tte r fro m his a u n t Ch a rl e s r e pli e d with th e a mpl e st
.

p ro mis e s o f p ro t e cti on a n d a ssist an c e .

T h e T r e a ty o f A m i e n s— th e e n d e a v o u r s o f W o ls e y b e i n g me t
by th e z e a l a bility a n d t a ct o f L o uis e n o twithst a n di n g th a t
, , ,

sh e w a s a t th e ti m f
e suf e i g s e v e
r n r e l y fr o m —
g ut to th e i r
o

m utu a l s a tisfa cti o n pl a c e d H e n ry a n d F r a n cis in th e cl o s e

,

r e l a ti on o f p e r p e tu a l a l li e s S o fa r e v e rythi n g h a d succ e e d e d
’
.

to th e c a r di n a l s utm o st wish Ye t h e h a d n o t a s y e t b r e a th e d
’
.

th e ki n g s s e c r e t m a tt e r i n t o th e c o n fid e n ti a l e a r o f F r a n cis
’ ’
.

‘
N o thi n g n o w r e ma in s h e w r o te to H e n ry e xc e pt to discl o s e
,
’

yo u r p r iv a t e m a tt e r which I p ro p o s e to d o i n s o cl o udy a n d
,
’ ‘

d a rk a s or t th a t h e sh a ll n o t k n o w y o u r u tte r d e t e rmi n a ti o n .
’

Sh or tly a ft e rw a r ds th e myst e r i o us s e c re t t ra n spir e d ge n e rally ,

a n d b e fore l o n g th e v a l idity o f th e p a p a l disp e n s a ti on w a s a

qu e sti o n sub m itt e d to th e e x a min a ti o n o f c an o n ists Th e i r .

d e t e r m in a ti o n w as th a t m a rr i a ge with a d e c e a s e d b ro th e r s
'

wid o w w a s c o n tra ry to Sc r iptu r e a n d th a t n o p o p e w a s co m ,

p e te n t to c o n t r a v e n e Sc r iptu re Such w a s th e j udgm e n t o f .

Rich ar d Wa k fe l d e th e Oxfo r d H e b r a ist o n r e c e ivi n g p r o o f o f

, ,

th e c o n summ a ti o n o fth e m ar r i a ge with A r thu r H e h a d pr e .

 T H E KI N G S S CR UPL E S
’
T H E OR I GI N OF . 1 83

v i o u sl y h e ld th e o pp o site j udg me n t
o pin i o n . Such w as th e
a ls o o f S ta f fi l é o D e an o f th e R o ta a n d o f o th e r s o f high n o t e
, , .

T h e bish o ps w e r e c o n sult e d u n d e r a lic e n s e fro m W a rh a m , .

Th e y a ll with th e s o l e e xc e pti o n o f Fish e r— wi th wh o m th e

,

fis h e r ma n s s e a l w as fi n a l a n d w h o h a d su ffici e n t c o u ra g e to
’

st a n d a l o n e — e n t e re d a v e r dict a dv e r s e to Ka th a r i n e .

It h a s b e e n supp o s e d th a t L o n gl a n d o f Li n c o l n b y W o l se y s ’
'

, ,

p a tro n a ge H e n ry s fa th e r c o n fe ss o r fi r st i n sin u a te d th e to r
’
-
,

me n tin g sc rupl e s i n t o th e ki n g s m i n d a n d th a t h e w a s th e
’

c a rdi n a l s t oo l i n so d o i n g
’
Of wh a ts o e v e r th e k i n g sh ro v e
.
‘

hi m s e lf thi n k y e n o t w r o te Tyn d a l e th a t h e sp a k e so l o ud
, ,
’

th a t th e c a r din a l h e ar d it But Ty n d al e d r e w up o n c o mm o n
r u m o u r e sp e ci a lly th e r um o u r cu rr e n t with his o w n r e ligi o u s
,

s e ctio n an d h a d n o a ccu ra t e kn o wl e d ge o f t ra n s a cti o n s p a ssin g

,

in E n gl a n d H e h a t e d W o ls e y a s did a l l th e G o sp e ll e r s a n d
.
, ,

w a s p r o n e to c o u n t e n a n c e r e p or ts t e n di n g to his disp a r a g e m e n t .

It is p ro b a bl e th a t H e n ry hi m s e lf w a s th e fo u n t a in s o u rc e o f -

th e sc rupl e s a n d th a t h e w o n o v e r L on gl a n d a n d th e n W o ls e y
, , ,

to sh a r e a t l e a st p ro fe ss e dly his p r iv a te d o ubts a n d qu e st i o n

, ,

i n gs Of c o u r s e th e c a r din a l w a s n o w a y r e luct a n t to d e a l a
.
,

n e w bl o w a t Ch a rl e s th ro ugh his a u n t a n d to h a v e a fre sh ,

o pp o r tu n ity o f bi n di n g E n gla n d a n d F ra n c e e t m o r e c o r di a lly

y
to o n e a n o th e r Th a t th e qu e sti o n o f th e Pr in c e ss M ary s
.
’

ill e giti m a cy h a d b e e n fi r st m o o t e d by G a b r i e l G ra mm o n t ,

Bish o p o f T a r b e s th e F r e n ch A mb a ss a d o r w as th e p re t e xt
, ,

a ssig n e d b o th to fo r e ig n e r s a n d to th e E n glish public to th e ,

L o r d M a y o r a n d C o u n cil o f L o n d o n a n d th e Pr ivy C o u n cil fil ,

‘

But this w as r e a lly a n a fte r th o ught a p olitic d e vic e to fu rn ish -

,

s o me a pp a r e n tly s o lid r e a s o n fo r v e n til a ti n g a qu e sti on in

h e r e n tl y r e pulsiv e a n d su r ro u n d e d wi th difficulti e s .

T w o ci r cumst a n c e s c on t r ibut e d to i n fl a m e th e t o r tu ri n g
’
a sp e r ity o f th e r o y a l sc r upl e s O n e o f th e s e w a s K a th a ri n e s .

d e te r i o ra ti n g h e a lth Th e re w e re in W o l se y s w o r ds to
.
,
’

G ra mmo n t a t a l a t e r p e r i o d s e c r e t re a s o n s which c a n n o t b e , ,

c o mmitte d to w r iti n g c e r ta i n dise a se s in th e qu e e n d e fyi n g

a l l r e m e dy f or which a s w e ll a s f
,
o r o th e r c a us e s th e ki n g wil l
, ,

"
n e v e r a g a i n liv e with h e r a s his wife !

I n a dditi o n to su ch a n i n c e n tiv e to e st ra n ge m e n t H e n ry s
’
,

B . iv .
, p art ii .
,
4 9 42 .
1
“

B . iv p .
,
ar t ii .
,
3 6 44 .
 1 84 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R /l I A TI O N .

e y e s h a d b e e n bli n dly fa sci n a t e d by a n o th e r w a iti n g ge n tl e

w o ma n o f K a th a r i n e a piqu an t c o n t ra st b o th to h e r mist re ss
,

a n d to B e ssi e Bl o u n t This w a s A n n e th e se c o n d d a u ght e r o f

.
,

S ir Th o m a s B o l e y n w h o e re l o n g b e c a m e th e piv o t o n which
,

e v e n ts tu rn e d o f th e d e e p e st m o m e n t to E n gl a n d an d th e

w o r ld .

H o lb e i n s p o r tra it o f A n n e r e p re s e n ts h e r with a l on g n o s e
’

slightly a qu ili n e a n d a p a l e o v a l fa c e But a s re ga r ds h e r

, ,
.

b e a uty diffe r e n t a cc o u n ts r e m a in t o us fr o m h e r c o n t e mp o
,
'

r a ri e s .T h e V e n e ti a n a m b a ss a d o r d e sc r ib e d h e r a s o fm iddlin g
st a tu re sw a r thy c o m pl e xi o n l on g n e ck wid e m o uth b o s o m
, , , ,

n o t m uch It is cl e a r th a t h e r chi e f b o dily a tt ra cti on s

w e re b r illi a n t e y e s a n d h a ir b e a utiful a n d luxu r i a n t a s
B e r e n ic e s B r e w e r h a s c o m p are d h e r to T e n n ys o n s I rish
’
.
’

Is o lt t ra ci n g b a ck to h e r C e ltic bl o o d th r o ugh th e O r mon ds

, , ,

The bl ck bl
a -
ue Ir ihh i
s a r and Ir ih y
s e es .
’

A n n e s fl o wi n g l o cks h o w e v e r — wh a t e v e r B re w e r o n th e
’
, ,

a u th o r ity o f S a n d e r s m ay say to th e c o n t ra ry — w e re re a lly

,

a ubu r n th e ti n ctu r e o f h e r S a x o n p e digr e e th r o ugh th e

,

H o w a rds F ro ud e n o te s h e r h e a vy lips a n d m a ssiv e chi n

. .
’

T h e littl e fi n g e r o fh e r l e ft h a n d w a s disfigu r e d by a b o ss a n d
s e c o n d n a il a slight d e fo r m ity d e xt e ro usly hidd e n by h a n gi n g
’

sl e e v e s T h e tu rn o f h e r gl o ssy th r o a t w a s e xquisit e but h e r

.
,

l on g n e ck w a s m ar k e d by a l a rge m o l e u n d e r h e r high r u ff .

Acc o r d i n g to Wy a t h e r b e a u ty n o t s o white ly a s cl e ar a n d
, ,
‘

fre sh a b o v e a l l w e m ay e st e e m o utsh o n e such i n sig n ific a n t

, ,
’

bl o ts Sp r ightly a n d cl e v e r quick a t r e p a r t e e vigo r o us by

.
, ,

t e mp e r a m e n t sh e w a s mistr e ss o f m a n y a cc o m pli sh m e n ts
,

s an g w e ll pl a y e d with skill o n flut e a n d re b e c e xc e ll e d in

, ,

d an ci n g a n d i n th e ga me s in fa shi o n a t Co u r t .

T h e B o l e y n s w e r e o f N o r m an e xtr a cti o n a nd in l e ss r e m o t e ,

tim e s h a d b e e n e n ga ge d in tra d e A n n e s fa th e r h a d m a rr i e d .
’

a s his fi r st wife th e L a dy Eliz a b e th H o w a r d N o r fo l k s sist e r

’

, ,

A n n e s m o th e r H e r e t a i n e d in m iddl e a ge a fte r th e cl o uds

’
.
,

h a d d ro pp e d pl e n ty th e h a bits o f p a r si m o n y c o n t r a ct e d in his
,

e a r li e r st ra i ts An n e h a d e nj o y e d th e a dv a n t a g e o f fr i e n dly
.

a ss o ci a ti o n with p e r s o n s disti n guish e d by m e n t a l gifts L ord .

Ve n .
,
iv .
, 82 4 .
 A N N E B OL E YN
’
S A N TE CE D E N T S . 1 85

Su rre y (H e n ry H o w a r d ) th e p oe t w a s h e r c o usi n ge rm a n , ,
-
.

Th o m a s S a ckvill e w a s th e so n o f a c o usi n H e r o w n b ro th e r .

Ge o rg e th e p e t o f th e fa m ily a spire d to p o e tic a l fa m e *

, , .

G e o rge Wy a t h a s r e c o u n t e d h o w a n o th e r p oe t S ir Th o ma s ,

( W i a te ) his g r a n dfa th e r
,
a d m i r e d h e r g ra c e a n d b e a uty I n , .

th a t a ge s o me ch o s e n l a dy w a s c o m m o n ly th e sugge stiv e b a sis

o f th e p e r fe ct id e a l which s e r v e d to ki n dl e th e p o e tic a l fl a m e .

A m o n g gre a te r p o e ts su ch L a u ra h a d b e e n to Pe tra r ch a n d , ,

B e a t r ic e to D a n t e A n d su ch w a s An n e to S ir Th o m a s Wy a t
.
,

hi m s e lf to o lik e th e o th e r m e n o f t a l e n t o f th e p e r i o d a
, ,

fa v o u r e r o fth e N e w L e a r n i n g .

S h e w a s b o r n i n 1 5 0 7 l a n d wh e n v e r y y o u n g w a s s e n t i n t o ,
-

F ra n ce j d m d o n e o f Qu e e n Cl a ud e s w o m e n I n 1 522
’
a n a e
;
.
,

sh e r e tu rn e d h o m e a n d o bt a i n e d a p o st i n th e w ar d ro b e
,
At .

this ti me F r an c e a n d E n gl a n d w e r e a t v ar i a n c e but it w a s a
fu r the r r e a s o n fo r h e r r e tu rn th a t W o ls e y w a s d e si r o us o f
w e ddi n g h e r to h e r c o usi n J a m e s Butl e r so n o f O r m o n d i n , ,

o r d e r to st r e n gth e n th e l o y a l p a r ty i n th e I r ish p a l e a n d to ,

r e c o n cil e th e E n glish a n d I r ish b ra n ch e s o f th e fa m ily ,

b e tw e e n wh o m th e r e w a s a bitt e r dispute fr o m r iv a l cl a i m s to
’

th e i n h e r it a n c e o f th e l a st E a rl o f Wiltshi r e A n n e s g ra n d ,

fa th e r O r m o n d hi m s e lf a pp r o v e d th e m a tch ; a n d to a e c o m
.

o r th u m b e rl an d s
’

l ish it W o ls e y c o m p e ll e d H e n r y P e r cy N
p , ,

son w h o h a d b e e n b r o ught up i n th e C a r di n a l s h o us e a n d
’

, ,

h a d e n t e re d i n t o s o m e ki n d o f m a t r i m o n i a l u n d e r st an di n g
with A n n e to c e a s e fro m t o yi n g wit h h e r a n d to w e d Shr e ws
, ,

b u ry s d a ught e r th e L a dy M a ry T a lb o t to wh o m h e h a d
’

, ,

b e e n a ffia n ce d fro m b oy h o o d Wh e n Wo ls e y fo u n d his .

a d mo n iti o n to P e r c y to fo r b e a r e n t a n gli n g hi m s e lf with a ‘

fo o lish gir l y o n d e r in th e c o u r t but littl e h e e d e d h e s e n t fo r ’

,

W ya t s i i g v di h ii p ’

See G
’
M e mo in S n r er s
’
Ca en s ,
’
.
,
. 1 82 T o tte l s

i c ll y H i g y d g
.

‘
M s e an a rr nN tt S ’
to n s ‘
Nu ae A n ti q u ae o
’
s u rr e an

W y tt a
’

l T h
‘ '
d t giv i C
e m d a e E liz b t h p
en 2 t n H p w tha en s
’ ‘
a e ,
’
.
,
no e . e or

D ix y th t A
on w sa b s 1 5 0 1 ; b t thi d t w
a nne ld m k h as orn u s a e ou a e er

C m
ra n p pil t tw ty igh t y
er s
’
u f g a Tw Q en iii p 38 9
-
e e ars o a e . o u e e n s,
’
.
,
.
,

t
no e s
i h y d i ickl d y ld
.

I N t w t M T
o M S t ar I t w u h or , a s ss r an sa s . as er e er

an d l m c li i t M B l y w h cc m p i d th F ch Q—
e ss as u ne s s er, o e n , o a o an e e re n ue e n

c d ft w d w g t f S v y
.

t F o ra n fi l l
e , and h m a t M er ar s S as e
’
or e ur o ar ar e o a o . ee

B i P f c p lxv
. .
,
re a e, . .
1 86 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

N o r th u mb e rl a n d w h o r a t e d his s o n with mu ch s e v e r ity a n d

, ,

e v e n th r e a t e n e d to disi n h e r it him .

But b e fo re this H e n ry m ust h a v e o bs e r ve d A n n e in th e

m a squ e s a n d re v e ls c o mm o n in th e m e rry E n gl a n d o f th a t
a e
g e sp e ci a lly a t C o u r t
, T h e wi fe o f S u f fo lk th e F r e n ch
.
,

qu e e n o r Qu e e n Bl an ch e a s sh e w as n o w c a ll e d a dmitte d
, , ,

A n n e to th e v e ry s e l e ct ci rcl e o f l a di e s with w h o m sh e w a s ,

w o n t to c o n v e r s e fr e e ly an d fa m ili a rly i n F r e n ch T h e ki n g s .
’

fan cy fo r An n e w a s p r o b a bly h e ighte n e d th ro ugh Pe rcy s ’

a tt e n ti o n s u n d e r th e g o a d o f j e a l o usy to k e e n e r p a ssi o n
, At .
,

l e n gth a s C a ve n dish n a rra te s H e n ry c o uld hid e n o l on ge r

, ,
‘

his s e c re t a ffe cti on but re v e a le d h is s e c r e t i n te n d me n t u n t o

,

my l o r d c a r di n a l in th a t b e h a l f .
’

C on v e rs a ti o n s with A n n e sti rre d th e ki n g s to r me n ti n g ’

scr uple s to y e t k e e n e r a ctivity Al re a dy in 1 5 2 5 his a m o ro u s .

p a ssi o n must h a v e ga i n e d th e a sc e n d an t ; fo r n o t o n ly w a s
H a rry Fitz r o y th a t ye a r c r e a t e d D uk e o f Richm o n d a n d
S o m e r s e t ; bu t o n th e v e ry s a m e d ay (Ju n e S ir Th o m a s
B o le yn a ls o w a s c re a t e d V isc o u n t R o chfo r d— th e for me r th e
fi st
r th ,e l tt e r th e l a st o f s e v e n c re a ti o n s l T h e c o n n e ctin g
a - ”

li n k b e tw e e n th e tw o in th e r oy a l min d m ust h a v e b e e n th e
a n xi o us r e s o lv e to e st a blish th e su cc e ssi on T o th e s a m e .

p e r i o d must b e re fe rre d H e n ry s w a lk a n d t a lk i n th e m o st ’

fr i e n dly guis e wit h S ir Th o ma s M o r e in th e ga rd e n o f Che ls e a

M a n o r T h e ki n g w o uld fa i n h a v e e n liste d o n his sid e i n his
.

c o n te mpla t e d le ga l suit th e m o st e sti m a bl e o fm e n a s w e ll a s ,

th e a bl e st l a wy e r o f his ti m e M ore with e min e n t s a ga city .

,

a n d p e n e t r a ti on e lud e d th e s n ar e .

It w a s with littl e a l arm a t fi rst th a t th e c a rdi n a l n o tic e d h is

s o v e re ig n s i n fa tu a te d p a r ti a lity fo r An n e T h e a ffa i r will
’
.

e n d th o ught h e
, a s th e p r e vi o us a m o r o us fa n cy f
,
o r B e ssi e

Bl o u n t e n d e d A n n e h o w e v e r w a s o f a diffe re n t m o uld
.
, ,
.

Th e r e is a l e tte r o f H e n ry to h e r with o ut d a te li k e th e r e s t , ,

o f his l o v e l e tt e r s but which must h a v e b e e n w r itt e n e a r ly i n

-
,

th e c o u r tship wh e r e i n h e p ro t e sts : If it pl e a s e y o u to d o th e
,

o ffic e o f a t r u e l o y a l mist r e ss a n d giv e y o u r s e lf b o dy a n d ,

ll y (p 703 ) th t th c ti w m d S d i 1 8 J
Ha sa s a e se re a o ns e re a e on a e ,
une .
’

B iv p t iii 6083 6085 V i c t R ch f d w c t d E l

.

ar s ou n o or as re a e ar of
.
,
. .
, ,
.

W il t hi i E gl d d E l f O m d i I l d D c mb
s re n n 152 9an an ar o r on n re a n ,
e e e r, .
 H E N R Y ’ S L O VE L E T T E R S . 1 87

h e a rt to m e w h o h a v e b e e n an d m e a n to b e yo u r l oy a l s e r v a n t
, ,

I p ro mis e y o u n o t o n ly th e n a me but th a t I sh a ll m a k e y o u ,

my s o le m ist re ss r e mo ve a l l o th e r s fr o m my a ffe cti on a n d

,

s e r ve y o u o n ly This a m o r o us c o rr e sp o n d e n ce th ro ws m u ch
.
’

light o n i n dividu a l ch a ra cte r a s w e ll a s o n a c o u r tship fra u g h t ,

with vit a l c o n s e qu e n c e s to th e E n glish p e o ple A n n e s l e tte r s .

’

a re missi n g ; H e n ry s w e re t a k e n fro m A n n e s c a bi n e t whilst

’ ’

th e m a tr i m on i a l suit w a s i n p ro c e ss a n d c o n v e y e d to R o m e ,

by R id o l ph o C a m pe ggio s s e c o n d so n b o rn by a m a rr i a ge
,
’

c o n tr a ct e d b e fo re th e c a r di n a l t o o k h o ly
It w a s p a r t o f Wo l se y s d e lib e ra te p o licy th a t his s o v e re ign
’

sh o uld ch o o s e a wife fro m th e F r e n ch roya l fa m ily H e w o uld .

h a ve h a d him m arry M a rgu e r it e th e siste r o f F ran cis wid o w , ,

o f th e Duk e o f Al e n o n w h o h a d di e d 1 5 2 5 i n P a ssi o n W e e k
’

c ,
.

O n h e r m a rr i a g e J a n u a ry 1 5 2 6 to th e Ki n g o f N a v a rr e h e
, , , ,

w o uld h a v e a pp r o v e d his m a st e r s u n i o n with Re n é e sist e r o f ’

Cl a ud e a n d d a ught e r o f L o uis XII n o t a h a n d s o me w o ma n

,
.
, ,

but cle v e r a n d sp r ightly Wh e n h e o bs e r v e d to h o w s e r i o us .

a p o i n t A n n e s p o we r ful fa sci n a ti o n w a s t e n di n g h e th r e w
’

h im s e lf a t his m a st e r s fe e t a n d p e r sist e d fo r a l on g tim e in

’

e n t r e a ti n g h i m to re li n q u is h h i s fo n d i n t e n ti o n o fm a rryi n g h e r .

Bu t to i mpl o re a na tu r e su ch a s H e n ry s h o u r a ft e r h o u r ’

w a s fr uitl e ss l a b o ur T h e ki n g w a s bli n d e d by a n a bs o r bi n g
.

p a ssi o n . T h e a bl e m i n iste r h o w e v e r m ust b e c o n cili a t e d , , ,

a n d b e re n d e r e d h e lpful to th e r o y a l pu r p o s e : A n n e a cc o r d

in gly b e n t a l l h e r skill to w i n o v e r th e c a r di n a l ; a n d i n a s
m uch a s H e n ry s r e s o luti o n w a s u n a lt e r a bly fix e d h e r
’

s o licito u s e ffor ts a pp e a re d to a tt a i n g ra du a lly succ e s s F o r , , .

Wo l se y s a tt a ch me n t to his m a ste r k n e w n o b o u n ds O n e o f
’
.

his d e sp a tch e s j ust b e fo re h e qu itt e d F ra n c e t e stifi e d with

, ,

si n c e r e fe rv o u r Yo u will a l w a ys fin d m e a t r u e a n d o b e di e n t
s e r v a n t d e lightin g i n n o e a r thly thin g s o m u ch a s to a e c o m
,

li s h a l l y o u r c o m m a n dm e n ts I p o p o s e to l e a v e h a dd e d
’

p r e .
, ,

o n M o n d a y o r T u e sd a y j o u r n e yi n g with such dilig e n c e a s m y

,

o l d a n d c r a ck e d b o dy m ay e n d ur c l Wh e n a t l a sr th e .
’-
.

s a g a ci o us m i n iste r s e n d e a v o u r s s e e m e d to b e s e c o n di n g th e
’

s o v e re ign s v e h e m e n t c a p ric e A n n e w ro te to th e c ardin a l

’

, ,

H e nr s o y l v l tt
’
e - e e rs w ill b e fo u n d B iv p art ii 32 1 8 , e tc
—B
. .
,
. .
,

1
“

Da e C omtd pi eg ne , Se p t mb e e r 13 . iv .
,
p a rt ii .
,
3 42 3 .
1 88 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

u rg e d th e re t o by h e r ro y a l l o v e r w h o h i m s e lf a dd e d a p o st
,

sc r ipt : T h e gr e a t p a i n s y o u t a k e fo r m e b o th d a y a n d n ight
a r e n e v e r lik e ly to b e r e c o m p e n s e d bu t a l on e ly i n l o vi n g y o u ,

n e xt u n t o th e ki n g s g r a c e a b o v e a l l c r e a tu r e s livi n g a s m
’

, y ,

d e e ds sh a ll m an ife st .
’

M e an whil e Cl e me n t w a s l a n guishin g in th e sh e lt e ri n g re
tr e a t o f S t A n ge l o H e re — e xp e ctin g a t o n e ti me to b e
. .

a tt a ck e d by th e pl a gu e which w a s r a gi n g a r o u n d h im so th a t
, ,

h e m a d e p r o visi on fo r th e e l e cti on o f his succ e ss o r t r e mblin g ,

u n d e r th e st r ict wa tch o f imp e r i a l s e n tin e ls gu ar de d to o , , ,

fro m e sc a p e o r re l e a s e by h o stil e l a n c e k n ights c om p e ll e d to -

,

sust a i n an e n fe e bl e d e xiste n c e o n a ss e s fl e sh ,i n d e bt e d for his ’

d a ily s a l a d to th e c o m p a ssi o n o f a n a ge d b e ggar w o m an — th e -

fugitiv e p o n ti ff r e m a i n e d i n c a ptivity fo r n o l e ss a t e rm t h a n
s e v e n m o n ths .

D u ri n g this p e r i o d H e n ry s d e m a n d fo r a div o r c e w as co m
’

m u n ica te d to h im Cl e m e n t e xp re ss e d al l willin gn e ss to
.

c o m ply with th e Ki n g o f En gl an d s re qu e st N or w a s th e
-
’
.

d e m a n d u n e x a m pl e d N o t on ly i n th e tw e lfth c e n tu ry h a d
.

L o uis VII ( th e Yo u n g) o f F r an c e by th e a dvic e o f S t Be r

.
,
.

n ard ,
a n d o n th e a uth o r ity o f a c o u n cil div o r c e d (on th e ,

gro u n d o f c o n s an gui n ity ) his wife Ele a n o r w h o th e n w e dd e d ,

H e n ry o f N o r ma n dy a ft e r w a r ds H e n ry II o f E n gl a n d but
, .
, ,

withi n quit e r e c e n t m e m o ry L o uis XII h a d b e e n p e rm itt e d by

,
.

’
Ch rist s vic a r to pu t a w a y his wife d a ught e r to L o u is XI to ,
.
,

wh o m h e h a d b e e n u n ite d twe n ty tw o ye a r s si mply fo r th e -

,

s a k e o f m a rryin g his p r e d e c e ss o r s wid o w fo r th e p o litic ’

pu r p o s e o f r e ta i n i n g B rit a n y a s a n a pp an a ge o f th e F re n ch
c ro w n T h e c a s e o f H e n ry VIII o f E n gl an d w a s fa r str o n ge r
. . .

H e m a i n t a i n e d th a t his w e dl o ck with K a th a r i n e — o n th e
gr o u n d o f re l a ti o n ship in th e fi r st de gre e a n d pl a in Scr iptu ra l ,

p ro hibiti o n such a s n o hu ma n a u th o r ity c o uld c o u n t e rv a il

,

h a d n e v e r b e e n r e a lly v a lid an d h e h a d th e fu r th e r supp or t

o f a st a t e re a s o n o f p r i m e fo r c e th e n a ti o n a l re qui r e m e n t o f
,

a l e giti m a t e m a l e succ e ss o r to th e th r o n e .

T h e o n ly p e culi a r iti e s o f th e E n glish c a s e w e r e th e d is pe n

s a ti o n o f Julius a n d th e m o r e stubb o rn fa ct th a t th e w o m a n
,

to b e div o r c e d w a s a u n t to th e e m p e ro r T h e p o n ti ff w a s th e .

p r is o n e r o f Ch a rl e s a n d it s o o n a pp e a re d th a t th e e m p e r o r
,
 C L E M E N T E S C A PE S F R OM C US T OD Y . 1 89

was d e te rmi n e d to m a k e th e m o st o fhis c o mm an din g p o sitio n .

B e fo re th e p o n ti ff the r e fo r e w as a ll o w e d to quit his a sylu m , ,

a n d p r is o n h o us e h e re c e iv e d a visit fr o m a Sp an ish e m iss a r y

-
,

o f Ch a rl e s F r a n cis Qui no n e s g e n e ra l o f th e C o r d e li e r s wh o m
, , , ,

to g ra tify th e e m p e r o r Cl e m e n t n a m e d C a r di n a l S a n t a C ro c e , ,

a n d w h o w a s subs e qu e n tly g e n e ra lly k n o w n a n d e st e e m e d a s

C ar din a l A n ge l Pre li m in a ry to lib e ra ti o n stipul a ti on s w e r e

.
,

r e quisit e ; an d a m on gst th e s e a s o l e mn p r o m is e w a s e x a ct e d to

th e e m p e r o r th a t n o thi n g p re j udici a l to his a u n t sh o uld e v e r

b e s a n cti o n e d by his p on tifica l w arra n t .

Th e n b e fo r e th e a r r a n ge d ti me h a d quite a rr iv e d i n th e
, ,

dus k o f e v e n in g o n De c e mb e r 9 th a t a ll m a n a pp ar e n tly a, , ,

m e r ch a n t d re ss e d i n a bl o us e with a l o n g h e a rd a sl o uch e d
, , ,

a n d t a tt e r e d h a t d ra w n d o wn o v e r his e y e s a b a s k e t o n his ,

l e ft a rm an e m pty s a ck a t his b a ck c ro ss e d th e g a r d e n o f S t
, , .

Pe te r s p a ss e d th ro ugh a p r iva te ga t e o fwhich th e k e y h a d b e e n

’
, ,

s e c re tly p ro cu r e d an d m o u n te d a ch a is e which w a s in w a itin g,

o utsid e With o n ly a p e a sa n t a s guid e th e disguise d fugitiv e

.
,

th e n str u ck th ro ugh th e fore st in th e mid n ight a n d pu r sui n g , ,

th e m o u n t a i n tra ck r e a ch e d th e dil a pid a t e d t o w n o f O rb ie to ,

by th e m o rn in g light H e re l o dge d in th e c o mfo r tl e ss ill .

, ,

fu rn ish e d bish o p s p al a c e his h o li n e ss a fe w d ays l a te r w a s ’

, , ,

w a it e d up o n by Kn ight H e n ry s c o n fid e n ti a l e n v o y ,
’
.

H e n ry w a s n o w st r ivi n g to o utwit th e c a rdi n a l w h o a t this ,

tim e w a s a bs e n t o n his F r e n ch e m b a ssy T h e st ra t a ge m n o .

,

d o ubt h a d A n n e s full a pp ro v a l He n ry di re cte d K n ight w h o

’
.
, ,

w a s a n i n fi r m g e n i a l o l d m an to o bt a i n tw o Bulls o n e fo r
, , ,

Wol s e y s e y e i n t e r m s d e vis e d by him ; th e o th e r to b e ke pt

’

s e c re t fo r th e e y e o f th e ki n g a l on e By th e s e c r e t disp e n s a
,
.

ti o n H e n ry w a s to b e e mp o w e re d to p r o c e e d to s e c o n d n upti a ls
a t on ce b e fo re his fi rst m a rr i a ge h a d b e e n
,
Th e
Ki n g o f E n gl a n d h a d s e n t to Cl e m e n t in his dist re ss a gift o f
igh t t H y V I I I C mpi eg S p t m b 1 3 ( 1 5 2 7 ) H v
Kn o e nr .
,
o ne , e e er
‘
a e

rec iv d y l tt by C h i t M
e e c c i g y
o ur e c t ff i
er r s . o re on e rn n our se re a a r,

w hich i t m l c mmi tt d
s I f th
o di p ti m y b h
e a one o e . e s e n sa on a e o

t i d
a ne t t m t im i f w hich I d
co ns a n e b t I h ll b t i i t if
a r o n o, o ou ,
s a so o n o a n

on l y l t m t im i l dilig c w ill b q i d
so u e a r on o, e ss en e e re u re .
’

K igh t w t c mpl t f il A p il 2 1 1 5 2 8 I t pi c th m ‘
n ft ro e , a er o e e a ur e , r ,
er e v

t m ch th t
s o a y ch g c m m i tt d t ma h ldan t b p f m d ar e o e o e s ou no e e r or e

acc di g t y
or y l pl
n
,

h p p d t my l t v y g t
o o ur ro a e a s ure , a s a ene a as o a e ,
’
e c
.

B iv p t ii 3 42 2 4 1 8 5
. .
,
S
ar 3 74 9 3 7 5 1 lik w i
.
, ,
. ee ,
e se .
 1 90 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R EF O R JI A T I ON .

t w e n ty five th o us an d duc a ts a n d n o w h o p e d fo r a w e lc o m e
-
,

t o k e n o f c o r dia l g ra titud e But th e ki n g s re qu e st by his .

’

co n fid e n ti a l e n v o y c e r t a i n ly d o e s n o t e xhibit his sc r upul o us

c o n scie n tio us n e ss to much a d va n t a ge It is p ro b a bl e h o w .

,

e v e r th a t th e sch e m e o f th e s e c re t disp e n s a ti o n w a s a b a n d o n e d
,

"
p r om ptly wh e n disc o u n t e n a n c e d by th e po n tifl T h e d isp e n .

s a ti o n a n d c o mm issi o n w hich Cl e m e n t s e e m e d d isp o s e d to

,

a pp r o v e g e n e ra lly w e re c o mm itt e d by him to L o r e n z o P u cci

,

C a rdi n a l St Qu a tu o r ( S a n ti Qu a ttro ) to b e r e fo rm e d
.
,
‘
.

K n ight o ffe re d th e c a r di n a l tw o th o us an d c ro w n s which h o w , ,

e v e r h e c o uld n o t p re v a il up o n h im to a cc e pt f
, o r his v a l ua bl e ,

s e rvic e s El a te with fan ci e d su cc e ss K n ight the n sp e d th e

.
,
‘ ’

a m e n d e d d o cu m e n ts to H e n r y hi m s e lf by G a mb ar a But o n , .
,

e x a m i n a ti o n it w a s fo u n d th a t St Qu a tu o r s re visi on h a d b e e n
'

.
,

o n ly to o e ff e ctu a l T h e d o cu m e n ts w e re o f n o u s e fo r th e
.

d e si re d pu r p o s e .

O n his r e tu rn fro m F r a n c e Wo l s e y re sum e d th e m a n a g e ,

m e n t o f th e i n t r ic a te n e go ti a ti o n s T h e c a r di n a l e m pl o y e d a s .

his cust o m a ry dipl o m a tic t o o ls b e sid e s sp e ci a l e n v o ys G r e g o ry , ,

C a s a l e a l a w y e r o f Fl o re n c e but a Ve n e ti a n by bi r th o n e
, , , ,

o f s e v e r a l b ro th e r s th re e o f who m w e re i n H e n ry s p ay ;
,
’

G h in u cci Bish o p o f W o r c e st e r i mp e ri a l a mb a ss a d o r ; a n d th e
, ,

p ro th on o ta ry G a mb a r a ,
.

T h e ki n g s c a s e a s sta t e d by Wo ls e y in a d e sp a tch d a t e d
’

D e c e mb e r 5 1 5 2 7 w a s a s fo ll o ws : T h e kin g w ro te th e ca r
, ,
‘
,
’

d i n a l to C a s a l e h a s m a d e dilige n t i n qui ry wh e th e r th e dis

,
‘

e n sa tio n g r an t e d by P o p e Julius to hi m s e lf a n d th e qu e e n a s
p
h is b ro th e r s wife is v a lid a n d suffici e n t ; a n d h e is t o ld it is
’

n ot . T h e Bull o f disp e n s a ti o n is fo u n d e d o n c e r t a i n fa ls e
s ugg e sti o n s ; a s th a t his M aj e sty d e si r e d th e m a rr i a g e f o r th e

s a k e o f a g o o d u n d e rst a n di n g b e tw e e n H e n r y V II an d F e r .

d in a n d a n d Is a b e ll a ; wh e r e a s th e re w a s n o suspici on o f a n y
misu n d e r st a n di n g b e t w e e n th e m A n d s e c o n d ly h e n e v e r .
, ,

a ss e n t e d o r k n e w a n ythi n g o f this Bull n o r wish e d f o r th e

m a rr i a g e O n th e s e gr o u n ds it is judge d i n e f
. fi ca cio us Th e n .
,

wh e n th e kin g r e a che d th e a ge o f fo u r t e e n th e c o n t ra ct w a s ,

r e v o k e d a n d H e n ry VII
,
o bj e ct e d to th e m a r r i a g e .T o this .

th e ki n g a tt r ibut e s th e d e a th o f a l l his m a l e child re n a n d ,

d re a ds th e h e a vy w ra th o f G o d if h e p e rsists N o tw i th s tan d .
 T H E C OM M I S S I ON . 19 1

in g h is scr upl e s o f c o n sci e n c e h e h a s re s o lve d to w a it fo r th e

,

j u d g me n t o f th e H o ly S e e tr usti n g th a t o u t o f c o n sid e r a ti o n
, ,

to his s e r vic e s o n b e h a lf o f th e Chu r ch th e P o p e will n o t d e ,

cli n e to r e m o v e th e se sc r u pl e s a n d disc o v e r a m e th o d wh e re by
,

th e ki n g m a y t a k e a n o th e r wife a n d G o d willi n g h a v e m a l e , , ,

C a s al e w as i n str ucte d to ch an ge his dr e ss a n d a s th o ugh h e ,

w e r e a cti n g i n s o me o th e r p e rs on s c a us e to o bt a i n a s e c re t ’

i n te rvie w with Cle m e n t H e w a s th e n to u r g e th e p o p e

.

w ith o ut d e l a y a n d with o ut discl o si n g his p u r p o s e to a n y o n e

, ,

to issu e a sp e ci a l c om m issi o n di re ct e d to W o ls e y g ran ti n g h i m ,

a fa culty to su mm on wh o m b e pl e a s e d i n o r d e r to i n qui r e

i n t o th e v a li d ity o f th e disp e n s a ti on A c o mmissi o n so .

,

a r r a n g e d a s n o t to r e qui re t r a n sc r ipti o n or o cc a si o n a n y d e l a y

if th e p o p e s o ffici a ls m ust t a k e a c o py o f it w a s e n cl o s e d fo r
’

th e p a p a l sig n a tu r e a n d s e a l .

This c o mm issi o n slightly a b r i d ge d fro m th e L a tin r a n a s

, ,

fo ll o ws : Wh e re a s e ighte e n y e a r s a go o u r d e a re st so n in
‘
, ,

Ch r ist H e n ry VIII Ki n g o f E n gl a n d e tc w a s i n duc e d by

,
.
, ,
.
, ,

th e p e r su a si on o f th o s e a b o ut him a n d a p r e t e n d e d a p o st o lic
disp e n s a ti o n to c on tra ct m a rri a ge w ith K a th ar i n e his
, ,

b ro th e r s wid o w ; a n d wh e r e a s it h a s b e e n fo u n d up o n
’

fu r the r e x a m i n a ti o n th a t th e s a id disp e n s a ti o n w a s gra n t e d

,

up on fa ls e p re te n c e s a n d is fa ulty a n d su rr e ptiti o us— th a t

,

th e r e by th e kin g s c o n sci e n c e is tro ubl e d ; a n d th a t i n full

’

c o n fid e n c e o f o ur pl e n a ry p o w e r a s sup r e m e r ul e r h e r e o n ,

e a r th h e h a s r e qui r e d e tc
, , .

I n c o n sid e ra ti on o f th e p r e mis e s w e a pp o i n t y o u o u r d e a r , ,

s o n th e C a r di n a l o f Y o r k — o f wh o s e vi r tu e s
,
l o v e o f j ustic e ,

a n d e quity w e a r e w e ll a ssu re d — to e x e r cis e o u r a uth o r ity in

y o u r o w n p e r s on fo r th e tr i a l o f this c a us e We a ls o a pp o i n t .

ou a s a ss e ss or ; e n a cti n g th a t th e d e cisi on o f e ith e r

y
of
y o u sh a ll b e v a lid i n th e a bs e n c e o f th e o th e r Y o u a re .

to p ro c e e d su mm a r ily a n d d c p l e n o with o u t th e publicity o r ,

fo r ma lity o f j udici a l p ro c e e din gs a n d i n qui re i n t o th e v a lidity ,

o f th e s a id disp e n s a ti o n A n d if y o u j o i n tly o r s e v e ra lly a r e

.

s a tisfi e d o f its i n v a lidity y o u sh a ll p r o n o u n c e th e m a r r ia ge

,

b e tw e e n H e n ry a n d K a th a r i n e to b e n ull a n d v o id a llo wi n g ,

See B iv p
. .
,
ar t ii .
,
3 64 1 , 42 5 1 .
 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

th e p ar ti e s to s e p a ra t e a n d c o n tra ct m arr i a ge d e n o vo a l l , ,

a pp e a l o r ch a ll e n g e s e t a sid e Als o by this o u r a uth or ity w e .

, ,

e m p o w e r y o u to o v e rr ul e a l l c a n o n ic a l d e fe cts o r o bj e cti on s ,

a n d d e cl a r e th e issu e o f th e fi r st a s w e ll a s o f th e s e c o n d ,

m a rr i a g e to b e l e giti m a t e if y o u thi n k fit
, A n d wh a t e v e r is .

d on e by y o u in this c a us e j udici a lly o r e xtr a judici a lly w e ,

-
,

r a tify a n d c o n fi r m in th e full e st m a n n e r with o ut

A cl a us e w a s u n o bt rusiv e ly slipp e d i n : I s e n d y o u a dis ‘

p e n sa tion a ls o d r a w n o u t i n d u e fo r m o f a b r i e f to b e
, ,

e xp e dit e d by his h o li n e ss a f fixi n g his sign a tu r e a n d s e a l ’

.

T h e disp e n s a ti on w a s to this e f fe ct
‘
As th e st e w a r d an d disp e n s e r o f th e L o r d s h o us e h o ld is ’

b o u n d to liste n to th e p ra y e r s o fth e fa ithful e sp e ci a lly to on e ,

w h o lik e H e n ry V I II h a s disti n guish e d hi m s e lf i n d e fe n c e

,
.
,

o f th e Chu r ch a n d by his a cc e ssi o n to th e c ro w n o f E n gl a n d

,

h a s r e c o n cil e d th e c o n flicti n g cl a i m s o f Y o rkist an d L a n

cas tr ia n e tc ,
We in o r d e r to t a k e a w a y a ll o cc a sio n fro m
.
,

e vil d o e r s
-
d o h e r e by i n th e ple n itud e o f o u r p o w e r a n d
, , ,

e x e r cisi n g sup r e m e a n d a bs o lut e a uth o r ity susp e n d h a c v i ce , ,

al l c an on s fo rbiddi n g m arr i a ge i n th e fo u r th d e gre e ; a ls o

a l l c an o n s d e i mp e d i m e n to p u b l i caa h o n e sta ti s p re v e n ti n g ,

m arr i a ge in c on s e qu e n c e o fe sp o us a ls cl an d e sti n e ly c o n t ra ct e d ,

a n d viti a ti n g such c o n t ra ct F u r th e r w e susp e n d h e r e by a l l .

c an o n s r e l a tin g to a n y p re c on tra cts cl an de sti n e ly m a d e but ,

n o t c o n su mm a t e d but t e n di n g to p r e v e n t o r i n v a lid a t e a sub

,

s e qu e n t m a r r i a ge a ls o a l l c an on s t o uchi n g a n y imp e dime n t

,

c a us e d b y afiin t ty a r i sm g fr om an y t l l i Ct t con n e ctw n , i n

‘
,
’

a n y d egr e e w h a tso e ve r e ve n an th e fi r s t so f a r a s th e m a rri a g e

.

to b e c o n tr a ct e d by y o u th e p e titi o n e r can b e o bj e ct e d to or , , ,

a n ywis e b e i m pugn e d by th e s a m e
’
e tc ,

F r o m such t e rm s it is pl a in b e y o n d c o n t ro v e r sy th a t th e , ,

c o n te m pl a t e d r oy a l w e dl o ck with A n n e w a s disti n ctly b e fo re

th e c a r di n a l s m i n d T h e c o mm issi on w a s for th e diss o luti o n
’
.

o f th e m a rr i a ge with K a th a r i n e ; th e disp e n s a ti on w a s to
sw e e p a w a y wh a t e v e r imp e dim e n ts might e xist to th e m a rr i a g e
with A n n e ; a n d to r e m o v e a t th e s a m e ti me e v e ry p o ssibl e

B iv p . .
,
art ii .
,
3 6 41 , 3 6 43, 3 6 9 4 B iv . .
,
I n tro d c ti u on, pp cccxxiv
. .
,

cccxxv .

T B iv p . .
,
ar t ii .
,
3 68 6 ; B iv . .
,
I n tro d pp
.
,
. cccx x w r - cccx mx
0

.
 CL E M E N T S PE R PL E ’
XE D C ON D I T I ON . I 93

o bj e cti o n to th e p e r fe ct l e gitim a cy o f a n y child th a t might b e

b o rn fr o m such n e w m a rr i a ge A ro u n d its c a uti o u s s a fe gu a r ds .

a m yst e r y c e r t a i n ly s e e me d to h a n g i n m u r k y gli m m e r which

, ,

if r ightly i n t e r p r e t e d by H e n ry s o w n s e e mi n g t a cit a d missi o n ’

i n a p r iv a t e co n v e r s a tion fi m ust e ffe ctu a lly disc r e dit th e r o y a l

<

p r e te n si o n s to e xt re m e s e n sitiv e n e ss o f c o n sci e n c e — th e ra ck ‘

a n d t o r m e n ts u n d e r which H e n ry p ro fe ss e d to h a v e s m a r t e d
’

so m a n y y e a r s Th a t in his c o n fe ssi o n s to L on gl an d th e kin g

.

sp a k e so l o ud th a t th e c a rdi n a l o v e rh e a r d h im a s Ty n d a l e
’

d e cl a re d m ay a fte r a ll h a v e b e e n i n s o m e s o r t tr u e
, .

It w a s th e l a st d ay i n D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 7 wh e n th e p o p e , ,

sign e d th e d o cu m e n ts which S t Qu a tu o r h a d r e fo r m e d a n d .
‘
,
’

which K n ight t ra n s mitt e d to E n gl a n d with a bs o lut e ly a b o r tiv e

r e sult a s h a s b e e n a l r e a dy m e n ti o n e d
,
As Cl e m e n t d e live r e d .

th e d o cu m e n ts to H e n r y s e n v o y h e b ro k e o u t i n t o fe r vid
’
,

p r o te st a ti on s th a t h e w a s n o w in th e p o w e r o f th e d o gs
, .
’

Sighs a n d t e ar s a l m o s t ch o k e d his u tt e ra n c e A n d n o d o ubt

‘

his p o siti o n w a s h a z ar d o us a n d p e r pl e xi n g in th e e xtr e m e .

F o r a lth o ugh h e w a s a t th e e m p e ro r s m e r cy a n d in a b j e ct
’

t e rr o r o fhis will h e w a s n e v e r th e l e ss u n willi n g to o ffe n d i rr e

,

tr i e v a b l y tw o such p o w e r ful s o v e r e ig n s a s H e n r y a n d F ra n cis ,

w h o h a d n o w a ss e m bl e d a l a r g e a r my i n It a ly u n d e r L a ut r e c ,

a n d w e r e j ust o n th e p o i n t o f d e cl a r i n g w ar c o nj o i n tly a g a i n s t

Cha r l e s .

Applic a ti o n w as m a d e by C a s a l e to Cl e m e n t J an u ary 1 2 , ,

g
S ir G e or e T h r o gmo r te n to H e n r y l VI I I The e tte r i s i n t h e .

c d
R e or O f fi e c h i gl y id
S ir T o m a s D n e sa
. p c iv g c
I e r e e h i s r a e s co n ’

ci c
s e n e i s tr o u bl h t h th
e d , fo r t a he a id b h i
m a rr e h i s r o t e r s w fe , a n d h e
’

hi k
t n e th G o d i s n o t pl d h e a se ih
t e re w t ”
id h
A n d I sa ld
to h i m t a t I to .

y g c
o ur d
r a e I fe a r e did
if y e y y c ci c l
marr Q u e e n A n n e , o u r o ns e n e w o u d
bl d l gh h h gh
b e m o r e tr o u e a t th e e n t , fo r t a t i t i s t o u h v ddlt ye a e me ed
w t i h b th
o h i
th e mo t e r a n d th e s ste r g c id v it
A n d h i s r a e sa , “ N e e r w h
.

h
th e m o t e r
”
. l d p ivy l t di g
A n d my o r r id
se a , s a n n i
b y , sa , “
N o r w th
i ih ”
th e s ste r e t e r , e tc ’
.

B b v h
r e w e r o se r e s t a t T h r o gmo r te n by w as ly p
n o m e a n s th e o n e r so n

b t
a ou c b li v d
th e o u r t w h o e e e p hich
a r e o r t, w hi di p
th e te r ms o f t s s e n sa

i t gly c
t o n se e m so s r o n to o n fi r m .
’

T h r o gmo r te n ,h v p i
o w e e r, w a s a i
a r t s a n o f R o me ; gi a w tn e ss a a n s t

i
L a t m e r , e tc g d
H e si n e h i s n a me
. g ‘
r vi
G e o e T h r o lcma r tun ’ —
B ,
1 2 55 . . . .

’
c i g vi
A t A n n e s o r o n a t o n S i r G e o F r ogme r ton i s a m o n th e se r to r s fr o m
‘

— vi
.

th e d
r e sse r s
’
B
.
,
5 62 . h ld hig
H e w as n o t e
. . in igh
h e ste e m fo r s tr a t
fo r w a r n e ss — B
d vi.
,
12 8 . . .

T h e s us pici hic
on s w fl li l c di
h w e re a o a t d o tt e B ly
re t to th e o e n s an d
,
le ss to H e n r y . l ’
ch c i ic
T h r o gm or te n s e tte r i s a r a te r s t o f th e a ge .

13
1 94 TH E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

1 5 2 8 , to s e n d a l e ga t e i n t o E n gl a n d to try th e c a us e I n .

c o n sid e ra ti o n o f K a th a ri n e s n o t u n re a s o n a bl e a n tip a thy to

’

Wo ls e y a s ju d g e it w a s sugge st e d [th a t C a m p e ggi o T ra n i o r

, , ,

F a r n e s e sh o uld b e c o mm issi o n e d to d e t e rmi n e th e suit .

Wo l s e y hi m s e lf w a s r e luct a n t to b e ar to o bu r d e n s o m e a w e ight
o f r e sp o n sibili ty Cl e me n t d e m u r re d a t fi r st T h e p on tiff
. .

w o uld h a v e ch o s e n a d i ffe r e n t c o u r s e H e w o uld h a v e p re .

fe rre d th a t W o ls e y a l o n e sh o uld b e e n tr ust e d with th e

d e cisi o n th a t th e ki n g— th an wh o m h e s a id n o d o ct o r c o uld , ,

b e tt e r r e s o lv e th e qu e sti o n — sh o uld with o ut m o r e a d o m arry , ,

a g a i n ; sh o uld th e n m a i n t a i n his n e w m a rr i a g e by l e g a l t r i a l ;

a n d in th e e v e n t o f difficulti e s a r isi n g sh o uld o n ly i n th e l a st , ,

r e s o r t a pply to Ch r ist s vic a r f o r a le g a t e By su ch a c o u r s e

’
.
,

Cl e m e n t th o ught th a t r e sp o n sibility w o uld b e shifte d fr o m

th e p o n tifica l sh o uld e r s a n d th a t th e d re a d e d r ugg e d n e ss o f
,

i mp e r i a l displ e a su re w o uld b e a t l e a st s o m e wh a t s mo o th e d .

But th e pl a n fa ile d to c o n t e n t H e n ry w h o i n sist e d u p on th e ,

n e c e ssity o f a s e cu r e fo u n d a ti o n i n a c a s e i n v o lvi n g th e su c

c e ssi o n to th e th r o n e .

T o b r i n g th e t ro ubl e s o m e n e g o ti a ti o n s a t l a st to a c o n clu
si o n th e c a rdi n a l s e n t to R o m e F e b r u ar y 1 5 2 8 his o w n
, , , ,

s e c re t ary Ste ph e n G ar di n e r c o m m e n de d by E ra sm us fo r his

, ,

skill in m a ki n g a s a l a d but p o ss e ss e d a ls o o f o th e r m o re
,

v a lu a bl e a cc o m plish m e n ts W o ls e y d e sign a t e d h im th e h a lf
.

o f m ys e lf m i Ed ard F o x j o i n e d to
( e w w as

G ar din e r in th e e m b a ssy ; but to W o l s e y s a bl e s e c re t a ry w a s ’

e n t r uste d th e l e a di n g p a r t i n th e c o n fe r e n c e s I n a v e ry .

e a rn e st l e tt e r H e n ry hi m s e lf i mpl or e d Cl e m e n t to v o uchs a fe

h i m a fa v o u r o n w hich d e p e n d e d th e c on ti n u a ti o n o f his
,
‘

li n e th e p e a c e o f his ki n gd o m a n d th e s a fe ty o f h is s o ul
,
’

,
.

W o ls e y a ls o in o rd e r to disp o ss e ss th e p o n tiff o f th e n o ti on
,

which h a d g a i n e d ci r cul a ti o n th a t th e ki n g s p r o c e e di n gs w e r e
,
’

p r o m pte d by v a i n a ffe cti o n t o o k o cc a si o n i n a r e m ar k a bl e

‘

,
’
,

l e tt e r to e xp a ti a t e up o n A n n e s sin gul a r m e r its

,
’
Th e .
‘

a pp ro v e d e xc e ll e n t vi r tu o us qu a liti e s o f th e s a id g e n tl e w o m a n ,

th e pu r ity o f h e r life h e r c o n st a n t vi rgi n ity h e r m a id e n ly

, ,

a n d w o m an ly pudicity h e r s o b e rn e ss ch a st e n e ss m e e k n e ss
, , , ,

humility wisd o m d e sc e n t r ight n o bl e a n d high th ro ugh r e ga l

, , ,

bl o o d e duc a ti on in a l l g o o d a n d l a ud a bl e qu a liti e s a n d
,
 CL E ME N T A rVD GA R D I N E R . 19 5

m an n e r s a pp a re n t a pt n e ss to p r o c r e a ti on o f child re n with
, ,

h e r o th e r i n fi n it e g o o d qu a liti e s m o re I to b e r e ga r d e d a n d ,

e st e e m e d th an th e o n ly p r o g e n y b e th e g r o u n ds o n which ,

th e ki n g s d e si r e is fo u n d e d which Wo ls e y r e g a r ds a s h on e st
’

an d

F ox an d Ga r di n e r r e a ch e d O rb ie to S a tu r d a y M a r ch 2 0 , ,

a ft e r e n c o u n t e r i n g v e r y fo ul w e a th e r Th e y h a d to fo r d th e i r .

w a y o n h o r s e b a ck th ro ugh a r iv e r th e w a t e r c o m i n g up ,

a l m o st to th e i r gi r dl e s Cle me n t th e y fo u n d bu t p o o rly l o dg e d
.
,
‘
hu n ge r sc a r city a n d ill a ir k e e pin g h im a l m o st a s m uch a
, ,
’

p r is on e r a s h e h a d b e e n in C a ste l A n ge l A b r i e f d e l a y w a s .
’

u n a v o id a bl e whilst n e w g ar m e n ts w e r e a t th e m a ki n g But
, .
’

th e y w e r e fre shly e quipp e d an d a n a udi e n c e M o n d a y , , ,

M a r ch 2 2 w a s gra n t e d to th e m by th e p o n ti ff in his b e d
,

ch a m b e r G a r di n e r p o in t e d o u t th e d e fe cts in th e d o cu m e n ts
.

r e fo r m e d by St Qu a tu o r which in th e i r p re s e n t sh a p e
‘ ’
.
,

W o ls e y c o n sid e r e d a s go o d a s n o n e a t a l l Ye t Cl e m e n t h e .
’

s a id m ust h a v e gr a n t e d th e m supp o sin g th e m to b e suffici e n t

, , .

T h e p o p e w a s th e r e fo r e r e qu e st e d to p a ss th e c o mm issi o n a n d
d isp e n s a ti o n which th e e n v o ys h a d b r o ught with th e m ,

a cc o r di n g to th e fo r m s which h a v e b e e n a l r e a dy giv e n i n th e

a b o v e p a g e s i n th e i r m a i n subst a n c e .

Cl e m e n t an sw e re d th a t It a ly w a s n o t a s y e t p a cifi e d ; a n d
u n til th a t d e si ra bl e e v e n t it w a s i n disp e n s a bl e th a t h e sh o uld
,

disse m bl e T h e n e xt d ay th e e n v o ys p r e s e n t e d th e ki ng s
.
’

b o o k up o n his gr e a t c a us e
‘
Cl e m e n t st o o d u p a n d b e ga n
.
’

r e a di n g it a n d e xp r e ss e d a l o ud his high e ul o giu m

, M a ny .

c o n fe r e n c e s fo ll o w e d ; fo r n in e d a ys G a r di n e r a n d F o x w e re
cl o s e t e d with his h o li n e ss th re e o r fo u r h o u r s e v e ry d a y At
,
.

th e e n d o f this ti m e L or d R o chfo r d s p r i e st — p r o b a bly J o h n

’

B a r l o w— w a s s e n t h o m e with th e w e lc o m e tidin gs o f th e g o o d
will e n t e r t a i n e d by th e p o n ti ff T h e discussi o n s c o n ti n u e d . .

With fo r cibl e pl a i n n e ss G a r di n e r did n o t h e sit a t e to w a rn th e

p o p e th a t i n th e e v e n t o f his stubb o r n o bdu ra cy th e a li e n a
ti o n o f E n gl a n d fr o m th e h o ly s e e m ust b e d e e m e d i n e vit a bl e .

Cl e me n t c o uld o n ly sigh ; w ip e his e y e s ; th ro w a b o ut his

a rm s ; wi n d a n d u n wi n d his h a n dk e r chi e f ; o r to c o o l his ,

r isi n g p e tul a n c e v e n t a witticis m a s wh e n h e c o m pl a in e d

, ,

B iv p ar t ii 39 13
1 3— 2
.
,
. .
.
,
 ’
196 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R EF O R I II A TI O N .

th a t d e cl a r e d th a t th e p o n ti ff h a s al l t r uth l o ck e d u p
th e l a w
i n th e c a bi n e t o f his b r e a st ; bu t fo r his o w n p a r t h e m ust , ,

c o n fe ss th a t th e Al mighty h a d n e v e r giv e n to h i m th e k e y to
o p e n it T h e c o m m issi o n d e c re t a l n o e l o qu e n c e o f G ar di n e r
.
,

n o e pist o l a ry a r gum e n t a ti o n o n W o l s e y s p a r t c o uld p r e v a il

’
,

up o n Cl e m e n t to sig n T h e p o p e w o uld o n ly c o n s e n t to p a ss
.

a
‘
g e n e ra l c o mm issi o n wh e re by th e d e cisi o n o f l e ga te s re ,
’

quir e d to b e r a tifi e d in o r d e r to t a k e e ffe ct by p a p a l co n fir

, ,

m a ti o n It w a s to n o pu r p o s e th a t W o ls e y r e p e a t e d a ga i n a n d
.

a g a i n th e a ss u r a n c e th a t th e d e c r e t a l sh o uld r e m a i n a p r o fo u n d

s e c r e t a n d b e sh o w n to n o o n e ; a n d th a t th e c a r di n a l o n ly
,

u r ge d th e c o n c e ssi o n s o st ro n gly in o r d e r to i n c re a s e his

i n flu e n c e with th e kin g a n d th a t fo r th e s a k e o f th e st a bility ,

o f th e h o ly s e e T h e disp e n s a ti o n Cl e m e n t p a ss e d t o ge th e r
.
,

with th e ge n e r a l c o mm issi o n with o ut th e a lt e ra ti o n o f a ,

‘

The t e di o us n e g o ti a ti o n s a t l a st c on clud e d F o x r e tu rn e d to ,

L o n d o n ; G a r di n e r r e m a i n e d to c o n duct i n t o E n gl a n d C a m
p e ggi o p r o n o u n c e d by h im th e o n ly c a r di n a l h e r e fi t fo r
,
‘

this l e ga ti o n a n d wh o m Cl e m e n t h a d a t l e n gth c o n s e n t e d
,
’

h o w e v e r s o r e ly a ga i n st th e g ra i n to n o m i n a t e a s W o l se y s ,
’

c o ll e a gu e in th e fo r thc o m i n g t r i a l By his d e xt e r ity a n d .

a dd r e ss G a r di n e r h a d w o n u n u su a l c r e dit ; a n d by th e ki n g i n ,

th e e xub e ra n c e o fjo y h e w a s styl e d th e t r e a su r e a n d p e a r l o f

‘
,

th e re a l m A n d thus o n his r e tu r n h e w a s p r o m o t e d to th e
’
.

p o st o f th e ki n g s chi e f s e c r e t a ry
-
’
Cl e m e n t fo r his dil a t o ry .
’

p r o p e n siti e s G a rdi n e r d e sign a t e d Cu n ct a t o r M a ximus ; but

,
‘ ’

with r e sults h e a dd e d th e v e ry o pp o sit e to th e succ e ss o f

, ,

F a bius M a xi mus Ye t o u t a r gu e d by th e E n glish e n v oy s

’
‘ ’
-
.
,

a cut e n e ss a n d r e a dy w i t n e v e r f o r a m o m e n t h a d Cl e m e n t, ,

h o w e v e r h a r d p r e ss e d utt e r e d a n i n disc r e e t syll a bl e o r fa il e d

, ,

to k e e p his t e m pe r in d u e subj e cti o n D is co m fi te d i n a r gu .

m e n t h e r e m a i n e d a ft e r a l l m a st e r o f th e situ a ti o n
, ,
Wh a t , .

th e e v e n tu a l o utc o m e o f th e p a p a l e m b arra ssm e n ts w o uld b e

G ar di n e r fo re t o ld c o rr e ctly H e fo r e s a w cl e a r ly th a t Cl e m e n t .
,

i n dign an t with th e Ve n e ti a n s w h o h a d o ccupi e d C e r vi a a n d ,

R a v e n n a in o r d e r to p r e v e n t th e I m p e r i a lists fr o m s e izin g
,

As a ut or h i ti e s, se eB iv p t ii , 4 2 4 6 4 24 9 4 2 5 1 4 2 9 0 m
. .
, ar .
, , , , or e
es p ci lly
e a and fo r p tic l
ar m i tt d f b vi ty
u ars o k 4 1 1 9 4 1 67 e ,
or re
’
s sa e, ,
.
 H E N R Y S E PA R A TE S F R OM K A TH A R I N E . 197

th e m but d e l ay e d to r e st o re th e m to th e R o m a n se e — dis
,

i r i te d m o r e o v e r by t h li g r i n g m o v e m e n ts o f L a ut r e c
p ,
e , n e

w o uld r e c e d e e re l o n g a lt o ge th e r fr o m th e It a li a n L e a gu e a n d ,

pl a c e hi m s e l f e n ti re ly u n d e r th e dict a ti on o f th e e m p e r o r .

M e a n whil e H e n ry s r e l a ti o n ship to A n n e h a d b e e n g ro wi n g
’

m o re a n d m o re fa m ili a r a n d i n ti m a t e I n th e e a rli e r st a g e s .

o f th e c o u r tship h e h a d visit e d h e r a t H e v e r C a stl e h e r ,

fa th e r s s e a t i n K e n t L o c a l tr a diti o n re l a te s th a t o n th e
’
.

b r o w o f th e hill o v e rl o o ki n g th e c a stl e th e k i n g w o uld w i n d

his h o r n a n d th e n w a tch fo r th e sign o fw e lc o me which An n e
,

w a s w on t to displ a y to h e r r o y a l a d m i r e r fr o m th e t o w e r
But in D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 8 a n a bs o lute s e p a r a ti o n w a s a e c o m
, ,

l i sh e d by h im fro m K a th ar i n e — a m e n sa e t th e r e Th en
p .

An n e w a s p r o vid e d w ith a p a r tm e n ts fu rn ish e d w ith r e ckl e ss ,

e xp e n ditu r e in a wi n g o f th e p a l a c e a t G r e e n wich
,
He re .

m a rk e d d e fe re n c e a n d c o u r t w e r e p a id to h e r a s th o ugh sh e ,

w e re a l re a dy K a th a r i n e pi n e d d e s e r te d in th e o th e r ,

wi n g o f th e s a me buildi n g It w a s si m il a r e vid e n c e o f th e
.

e n g ro ssi n g e a g e rn e ss wh e r e with H e n ry s h e ar t w a s s e t up o n
’

th e h o p e o f m a l e succ e ssi o n th a t H arry Fitz r o y w a s su r ,

r o u n d e d by th e i n fa tu a t e d fa th e r with a b r illi an t r e ti n u e a n d ,

a ll o w e d a spl e n did a n n u a l i n c o m e whilst th e P r i n c e ss M a ry

liv e d i n c o m p ar a tiv e o bscu r ity a n d p o v e r ty with but littl e o f ,

th e c o u r tly o bs e r va n c e b e fitti n g h e r r a n k .

Wh a t A n n e s r e a l ch a r a cte r w a s h a s a l w ays b e e n a p o in t o n
’

which th e j udgme n t o f hist o ry h a s b e e n divid e d Ch a r a ct e r .

iz e d by a fo r e ig n a m b a ss a d o r t o g e th e r with h e r fa th e r a s , ,

m o re Luth e ra n th a n Luth e r sh e d r e w a r o u n d h e r whilst sh e

’

liv e d th e g o o d o pi n i o n a n d k i n d wish e s o f th e Pr o te st a n ts a n d ,

w a s dislik e d with e qu a l fe r v o u r by th e p a r tis a n s o f R o m e .

C ran me r with a l l si n c e r ity c o uld w r ite o f h e r I n e v e r h a d ,

‘

b e tt e r o pi n i o n in w o m an th a n I h a d in h e r T o C h a puy s o n .
’
,

th e w e n ch ( ma n ce b a ) th e c o n cubi n e w a s th e
’

th e o th e r h a n d , , ,

i n c a rn a ti o n o f a l l th a t is vil e ; fo r b o ld n e ss a li o n e ss y e t a ,

ste a lthy p o is o n e r w h o c o uld a tt e mpt Fish e r s life a n d w o uld

,
’

m a k e a w a y if sh e c o uld w ith K a th a r i n e a n d th e p r i n c e ss
, ,
.

H e r m e mo ry h a s b e e n pu r su e d to o u r o w n ti m e s with si m il a r
bl a m e a n d c o m m e n d a ti o n .

B . iv p
.
,
ar t ii .
,
5 0 1 6 , 5 06 3 .
 198 T H E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

It m a y b e c o n c e d e d to h e r O pp on e n ts th a t sh e w a s s e lf
i n dulg e n t a n e picu re d e lightin g i n fish c a r ps shri mps o r
, , , ,

o th e r fr o m Wo l se y s fish e ri e s a t N o rh a m o r a m o r s e l o f
,
’ ’

,
‘

tu n n y fr o m th e ki n g s t a bl e
’
Si mil ar O bl o quy tra c k s th e ’

m e m o ry o f Ch a rl e s V ; n o r is th e bl a m e p e culia r to A n n e .

a m o n g h e r o w n s e x o r d e cisiv e a s to h e r g e n e ra l m e r its
,
A .

l e tt e r fro m th e b e a re r on o n e o cc a si on o f a d e lic a t e dish fro m

th e ki n g s t a bl e h a s c o m e d o w n to u s fi It m ust a ls o b e
’
‘

c o n c e d e d th a t sh e s o m e ti me s t o l e r a t e d in h e r p re s e n c e co n
v e rs a ti on n o t s o u n e xc e pti o n a bly d e c e n t a s it sh o uld h a ve
b e e n a n d th a t b e y o n d this s h e s o me ti m e s d e m e a n e d h e r s e lf
, ,

so f a r a s to t a k e p a r t i n it But h e r e s o m e a ll o w an c e m ust .

b e g ra n t e d to h e r e quiv o c a l p o siti on which m us t h a v e ,

d ra gg e d h e r d o w n in h e r o w n e sti ma ti o n a s w e ll a s in th e
e sti m a ti o n o f th o s e a b o ut h e r H e r o w n e duc a ti o n lik e wis e .
,

a n d th e u n re fi n e d n o ti o n s O f th e a e m ust n o t b e e xclud e d
g ,

fro m th e a cc o u n t Th e r e can b e n o d o ubt th a t h e r s oj o u rn

.

i n F r a n c e wh e r e F r a n cis a n d M a r gu e r it e w e r e th e chi e f
,

fa v o u r e r s o f th e R e fo r ma ti o n —a s sh e h e r s e lf a ft e r w ar ds w a s
in E n gl a n d — h a d n o t fr a m e d h e r m a n n e r s to s e v e r e d e c o r u m .

Ev e n M a rgu e r it e p ra ise d a s sh e w a s by Ty n d a l e fo r h e r
,

‘
kn o wl e dge o f Chr ist n e v e r th e l e ss a ffe ct e d i n h e r w r itin gs
,
’

a n i mit a ti o n o f th e i n d e c e n ci e s o f B o cc a cci o a s w e ll as o f ,

his b e tt e r qu a liti e s A n d a s M a rgu e r it e w ro t e so A n n e

.
,

b e h a v e d — a ft e r a fa shi o n a cc e pt e d i n a v e ry c o a r s e a ge ,

wh e n a cc o r di n g to M rs A m a d a s th e r e w e re o n ly th re e go o d
, .
,
‘

m a rr i e d w om e n in E n gl a n d : Qu e e n K a th a r i n e th e D uch e ss
’
,

o f N o r fo lk a n d h e r s e l f T I n E n gl a n d littl e r e str a i n t co n -

t r o ll e d in th a t a ge th e i n te r c o u r s e o f th e s e x e s m e m o r i e s o f ,

a n tiqu e chiv a l ry a n d A r thu r i a n r o m an c e li n g e r i n g o n i n th e

upp e r r a n ks .

T O such c on sid e ra ti o n s to which th e i r fa i r w e ight must b e ,

b
S h e in h
th e vi t d
e a re r , T
e h h ld fi t
o m a s H e n n e ge , o f th e o u se o ,
rs Of
l y h ki g b h chd c
W o se , t e n o f th e n , r o t e r o f A r h e a o n H e n n e ge , to s a r e h e r
g d ch
oo iv p t ii
ee r —B
,
. ar ,
4 005
. . . .

B vi
T ,
.9 3
2 d . p i h l dy . wp ph i d
M rs A m a a s a s a S a n s . a S h e ro es e
‘
th e .

l h ll c q d by
re a m s a c t
b e o n ue r e c y g d
th e S o s a n d my o u n tr m e n th e oo

p ill d liv
e m e r or w g d iv
e er h
al l coo w es w en h e o me s,
’
e tc S h e w as .

p b bly
ro a i b t d ci i z
th e w fe o f R o e r A m a a s, d g ld i ht e n o f L o n o n , a n d o sm t ,
t ki g j l h
a n d m a s e r o f th e n lth
s e we o u se a t E
’
am .

B iv p .
,
. v
a r t i , 1 90 7 . 1 79 9 . .
 T H E CH A R A C T E R OF A N N E I
.
99

a ll o w e d it m ust b e a dd e d in si m pl e j ustic e th a t A n n e w a s
,

o n ly j ust e m e r gi n g fr o m gi rl h o o d i n t o w o m a n h o o d wh e n th e

r o y a l fa n cy w a s fi r st s m itt e n with h e r lust ro us e y e s a n d g r a c e

ful m a n n e r s H e r to o cl o s e fa mili a r ity with a l o v e r w h o w a s

.

a t th e v e ry ti m e a m a rr i e d m a n h a s subj e ct e d h e r to w e ll

d e s e r v e d r e p re h e n si o n B u t e ve n h e r e it m ust b e b o r n e in
.

m i n d th a t s h e h a d h e a r d a g a i n a n d a g a i n fro m th o s e wh o m
s h e w a s m o st b o u n d to h o ld i n high r e sp e ct th a t th e m a r r i a g e

o f H e n ry a n d K a th a r i n e h a d n e v e r b e e n a r e a l m a rr i a g e a t

all . H e r i n ti ma t e c o m p a n i o n ship with th e ki n g n o tw i th ,

sta n di n g g e n e ra l c e n su r e s e e m e d so littl e bl a m a ble to h e r

,

pi o us tut o r C ran m e r th a t o n o n e o cc a si o n h e hi m s e lf co m
,

m u n i ca te d th e i n t e llige n c e to h e r fa th e r : T h e ki n g a n d m y
L a dy An n e r o d e ye st e r d a y to Win ds o r a n d this n ight th e y ,

b e l o o k e d fo r a g a i n a t H a m pt o n C o u r t G o d b e th e i r guid e 1 .
’

T h e i n dig n a ti o n o f l o c ke r s Ou m a y b e b e tt e r c o n c e iv e d th a n
-

d e scr i b e d wh e n o n o n e o cc a si o n — a s a t l e a st th e im p e r i a l
, , ,

a m b a ss a d o r i n fo r m e d Ch ar l e s — H e n ry r o d e o u t o f Wi n ds or

wit h A n n e o n a pilli on b e hi n d h im .

Tha t s h e w a s a m biti o us a n d i mp e r i o u s a dmits o f littl e

qu e sti o n It a pp e a r s th a t sh e w a s r e a l a n d g e n ui n e in h e r
.

p ro fe ssi on s vigo r o usly o utsp o k e n in w o r d a n d e pistl e * lib e r a l

, ,

to p r ofu si o n i n h e r ch a r iti e s — a p r o fu si o n s ti m ul a t e d d o ubtl e ss

by p a r ty a n d p e rs o n a l m o tiv e s — w a r m in h e r sy m p a thi e s ,

st ro n g a n d bitt e r in h e r r e s e n tm e n ts A ch a r a ct e r so m ix e d .

h as b e e n fo ully bl a ck e n e d by th e hid e o us ch ar ge sT— th e u n

u tt e ra bl e tu r pitud e s — w hich fi n a lly b a re d h e r n e ck to th e
’

n i m bl e s w o r d s w o o o f th e m uff l e d St O m e r h e a ds m a n But
p . .

h e re wh a t e v e r Li n ga r d o r F r o ud e o r B re w e r o r o th e r s m ay
, , , ,

O pi n e th e mi n d r e ve r ts with f
,
a r full e r s a tisfa cti o n to th e s o u n d

j udgm e n t a n d i m p a r ti a l a cu me n O f M a ck in to sh i It is in
c o n t e st a ble th a t th e ch a rge s b ro ught a ga in st h e r w e re u n
subst a n ti a t e d by l e g a l p ro o f ; whil e a t th e s a m e tim e th e , ,

m o tiv e s w h ich a ctu a t e d H e n ry a n d th o s e w h o h a d a h a n d ,

a nd i n t e re st in h e r d e str ucti on a n xi e ty fo r m a l e issu e ,

S ee B v
12 . .

T T e se a h e pp b ldly
a r a a nd r o ss ,
a o r n to g th ly cc di g
e r u m ou r s c u r re n t

i p i li
w th th e I m e r a sts, i n th e S p a n i s h C h r o n i cl e , e d M ar t n A . by i . S h p ar

H ume , pp
54 7 1 .
-
.

1 M a n to cki h
s
’
s H s i y
to r o f E n an ,
’
,
1 9 4 -
205 gl d ii pp . . .
200 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O N .

p e r s o n a l a n d p a r ty a mbiti o n a n d lust— a re o n th e v e ry su r fa ce
a n d o n ly to o p a lp a bl e P a ul F r i e d ma n n i n his c ar e ful b io
.
,

g ra phy a cquits h e r o f th e a ccus a ti o n s which c o st h e r life a t

, ,

th e s a me ti m e th a t h e e xp r e ss e s a m e a n o pi n i o n o f h e r
ch a ra ct e r A n d it m ust b e a ll o w e d th a t fo r th e c a lu mn i e s
.

h e a p e d a ga i n st h e r A n n e s o w n d e m e a n o u r ,
to o O ft e n
’

fr iv o l o us a n d light— th e i n d e c o ro us l a ught e r a n d u n w o m a n ly
j e sts which a ft e r w a r ds m a rk e d a n d m a r r e d th e b e h a vi o u r
o f h e r d a ught e r Eliz a b e th — p r e p are d i n p r e judic e d qu ar t e r s

a to o fa cil e c r e d e n c e .

But wh a t is to b e th o ught o f H e n ry him s e lf I n his c a s e

th e v o ic e o f c a l m r e fl e cti o n o ught to b e a s cl e a r a n d d e cid e d
a s th e fa cts a r e i n disput a b l e F a ithl e ss a n d c r u e l t o wa r ds .

K a th a r i n e it o ught n o t to b e p a ss e d o v e r i n sil e n ce th a t h e
,

w a s sc a r c e ly l e ss c r u e l t o w a r ds A n n e Twic e a s O ld a s sh e .

w a s a t th e ti m e o f th e i r fi r st m e e ti n g gift e d by n a tu r e with ,

sup e r i o r m e n t a l e n d o w m e n ts which c ult ur e h a d str e n gth e n e d , ,

b e a bus e d his i n fl u e n ce — i t m a y a lm o st b e s a id his a u th or i ty

to h e r w o r ldly a dv a n c e m e n t but h e r r e a l d e gra d a ti o n ,

Tr e a di n g i n th e ste ps o f his gr a n dfa th e r Edw ar d I V h e h a d ,

.
,

s o c o m pl e t e ly e st a blish e d th e n e w d e sp o tis m th a t M o r e i n his , ,

Ut o pi a d e e m e d it r ight to e n t e r a disti n ct p ro t e st a g a in st
,
’

th e n o ti on th a t th e ki n g ca n d o n o w r o n g h o w e v e r m uch h e ,

m a y w ish to d o it ; th a t n o t o n ly th e p r o p e r ty but th e p e r s o n s ,

O f his sub e cts a r e his o w n

j
’
.

Wh a t is p e culi a rly ch a r a cte r istic o f H e n r y is th e if p o ssibl e , ,

m o r e th a n i n fa tu a ti o n o f his s e lf d e c e pti o n H e ch o s e a s his -

.

e sp e ci a l i n ti m a t e s th e w or st ro fl i a te s o f his c o u r t r e p r o b a t e s
p g ,

such a s C o m pt o n a n d B ry a n ; h e e n ga g e d with the m in

p a sti me s by d a y a n d a t th e g a m i n g t a bl e by n ight * A n d -
.

e t h e h e a r d M a ss th r e e o r if it w e r e n o t th e hu n ti n g s e a s o n
y
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fi v e ti m e s a d a y H e w o uld h e a r M a ss with s o l e mn c e re m o n y
.

o n Su n d a y a n d th e n sit u th e Su n d a y n ight u n til th r e e o r

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fo u r O cl o ck o n th e M o n d a y m o rn i n g pl a yi n g a t c a r ds Ye t
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,

n o n e th e l e ss with fl a g ra n t i n c o n sist e n cy h e c o u ld l a m e n t to
, ,

p ivy p
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.

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 T H E CH A R A C T E R O F H EN R Y . 20 1

E ra s mus th e p r o stra ti on O f g o o d m a n n e r s th a t a ll thin gs

‘
,
’ ‘

a r e d e ge n e r a te a n d c o uld d e cl a r e a s a n O bj e ct v e ry n e a r to
’

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his h e a r t th a t h e h a d fe lt fo r s o m e y e a r s th e d e si re to r e st ore
,
‘

th e fa ith a n d r e ligi o n o f B e c o m i n g m ore a n d m o re

fa ls e a s h e thr e a d e d his t o r tu o us w a y th r o ugh th e m a z e O f his
div o r c e c a us e h e h a d n e v e r th e l e ss r e buk e s o f s e e m i n g m or a l
,

gran d e u r fo r fa r l e ss gro ss d e li n qu e n t s th a n hi m s e lf It is .

re m a rk a bl e t h a t pi e ty w a s e v e n a n e ss e n ti a l o f his m a n ly a n d

ki n gly id e a l 0 m o st pi o us ki n g 1 such w a s th e styl e o f

‘ ’
.

Wo l s e y s add r e ss wh e n h e w o uld fa in c o n cili a te his a li e n a t e d

’
,

s o ve re ign H e n ry a ssu me d th e a i r s n o t o n ly o f a p ro fo u n d
.
,

the o l o gi an but o f e x e m pl a ry p e r s o n a l pi e ty ; a n d this to o

, , ,

a ft e r h e h a d b e c o me th e u n r e sisti n g sl a v e o f th e vil e st p a ssi o n s

th a t t ra n sfo r m a m a n i n t o a m o n st e r .

T h e O bj e ctiv e syst e m o f th e p a p a l Chu r ch t e n d e d to r e n d e r

s e lf d e c e pti o n so a st o u n din g n o t i mp o ssibl e
-
H e n ry w a s , .

e ss e n ti a lly a R o m a n ist a n d a l w a ys r e m a i n e d such a s f ar a s

,

w a s c o m p a tibl e with th a t i n m o st n a tiv e d e sp o tis m which o u t

w a r d ci r cumst an c e s p a m p e r e d a n d g ra du a lly d r e w fo r th i n t o ,

th o ro ugh d e v e l o pm e n t I n c o n t r a st to his u n r e stra i n e d s e lf .

i n dulge n c e h o w cl e a r a n d k e e n his m o r a l s e n s e in r e g a r d to
,

th e duti e s i n cu m b e n t o n o th e r s ! T h e m a gn ific e n c e a n d i n ‘

o rdi n a t e a m biti o n h e d e cl a r e d O f th e p o p e a n d c a r di n a ls
’ ‘
, ,

h a v e b e e n th e c a us e o f w a r s disc or ds a n d h e r e si e s H ad , , .
’ ‘

Luth e r h e a ss e rt e d o n ly i n v e igh e d a ga i n st th e vic e s a buse s

,
’
, , ,

a n d sc a n d a l o us liv e s o f th e cl e rgy i n st e a d o f a tt a cki n g th e ,

s a c r a m e n ts o f th e Chu r ch an d o th e r Divi n e i n stituti o n s I ,

sh o uld mys e lf h a v e t a k e n pe n in h a n d to w r it e n o t a ga i n st ,

him but in his d e fe n ce T Th a t H e n ry w a s c r a dl e d in R o m ish

,
.
’

s up e r stiti o n a n d g r e w o l d a n d u n wi e ldy i n th e e x e r cis e o f an

,

i r on d e sp o tis m ma y b e pl e a d e d a t l e a st a s s o m e e xpl a n a ti o n
, , , ,

a n d e v e n e xt e n u a ti o n o f th a t m ar v e ll o us s e lf d e lusi o n w hich
,
-

diffe re n ti a t e s h im a m o n g b a d m e n .

B. iv p .
,
art ii .
,
3 4 38 .
T Sp .
,
iv .
,
224 .
 I II .
-
PR EPA R A T I O N S F O R T H E T RIAL .

TH E fi r st o v e r t diffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e ki n g an d IVol s e y w a s
m a n ife st e d wh e n th e c ar di n a l fill e d up th e v a c a n t p o st o f
Abb e ss o f th e C o n v e n t o f Wilto n Th e r e w e r e tw o c o m p e ti .

t o r s : El e a n or sist e r o f Willi a m C a r e y th e husb an d o f M a ry ,

B ol e yn An n e s sist e r ; a n d Is a b e ll a J o rd a n sist e r o f th e Abb e ss

, ,

o f Sy o n T h e sy m p a thi e s o f th e c o u r t w e r e w a rm on th e sid e
.

o f El e a n o r w h o h o w e v e r o n cl o s e sc r uti n y c o n fe ss e d to h a vi n g
, , , ,

giv e n bi r th to tw o child re n b y tw o s e v e ra l p r ie sts a n d to ‘

,
’

h a vi n g b e e n subs e qu e n tly k e pt n o t l on g a go by a s e r v a n t ,
‘
,
’

o f L or d B r o k e Is a b e ll a o n th e o th e r h a n d w a s a n ci e n t ‘
,
.
, ,

wis e an d disc re e t a lth o ugh i n a ch a pt e r o f e ar li e r life p a ge s

, ,
’

, ,

o f i m pu r e r e c o r d w e r e u n r o ll e d in h e r c a s e a ls o It w a s .

H e n ry s c o n victi o n e xp r e ss e d in a l e t t e r to A n n e th a t u n d e r
’

, , ,

such cir cu m st a n c e s it w o uld b e b e tt e r th a t b o th c a n did a t e s

,

sh o uld b e se t a sid e a n d s o m e o th e r g o o d an d w e ll disp o s e d

,
-

w o m a n b e a pp o i n t e d wh e r e by s a id h e th e h o us e sh a ll b e , ,
’

th e b e tt e r r e fo r m e d wh e r e o f I e n su r e y o u it h a th m uch , , ,

"
n e e df

W o ls e y h o w e v e r n o mi n a t e d Is a b e ll a to th e p o st o f a bb e ss
, , .

T h e ki n g w a s much i r r it a t e d a n d i n fo r me d th e c a r di n a l o f ,

his g ra v e displ e a su re in th e pl a i n st r a ightfo r w ar d l a n gu a ge ,

h a bitu a l with h im Wo l s e y s re ply w a s in a str a i n o f hu m bl e

.
’

sub m issiv e n e ss H e a ll e g e d his ign o ra n c e o f th e r o y a l wi ll

.
,

th e sick n e ss o f his s e r va n ts his o w n fe a r o f th e swe a t which , ,

h a d b e e n r a gin g a ro un d a n d o bs e r v e d fu r th e r th a t his , , ,

a pp o i n t m e n t
’
h a d b e e n m e r e ly T h e ki n g s
Biv p t ii 4 1 9 7
. .
, ar .
, ,
4 4 7 7 ,
4 5 07 -
9 , 4 52 8 9 , 4 950 -
. The p c di g re e n

abb di d A p il 2 4 1 5 2 8
e ss e r ,
. b ll
I sa e a s e e t o n w a s o n
’
lci c fi r me d N v mb o e er

13 tw d y l t o h w a s a er s e a s i n s ta e ll d .
 WO L S E Y S F OR EB OD I N G S
’
. 20 3

w ra th w a s m ol lifie d but b e cl o se d th e c o rr e sp o n d e n c e with

,

a highly ch a r a cte r istic e pistl e wh e re i n h e m a d e a llusi o n to,

a n o th e r t o pic o f c o m pl a i n t a ga i n st th e c a r di n a l th e m an y ,

i n d e c o ro us a r tifice s r e s o r t e d to by h im to e xt or t fu n ds fo r
fo u n din g C ar di n a l C o lle g e Th e y s ay w r o t e H e n ry th a t
.
‘
,
’

th e c o ll e g e is a cl o a k for a l l m ischi e f I p e r c e iv e by y o u r .

l e tt e r th a t y o u h a v e r e c e iv e d m o n e y o f th e e x e m pts fo r
h a vi n g th e i r o l d visit o r s If y o u r l e ga t e ship is a cl o a k a p u d
.

h o m i n e s it is n o t a p u d D am n I d o ubt n o t th e re fo r e th a t .
, ,

y o u will d e sist ; a n d i n s o d o i n g w e w ill si n g T e l a u d cm t ,

A n ge l i a tqu e A r ch a n ge li te l a u d a t o mn i s sp i r i tu s
, ,
Thus I .

e n d this r ud e e t l o vi n g l e tt e r a ssu r in g o u th a t a t this h o u r

y y ,

th e re r e m a i n s n o sp a r k o f displ e a su r e t o w a r ds y o u i n my
he art .
’

W o ls e y w a s t h us u n d e r a p a r ti a l cl o ud a t th e v e ry ti me th a t , ,

n o t with o ut s o m e s e r i o us p ro g n o stics o f e vil h e w a s a w a iti n g ,

th e a rr iv a l o f his c o ll e a g ue i n th e div o rc e t r i a l ; to wh o m by ,

o n ti fica l a r r a n g e m e n t h e w a s hi m s e lf to b e r e a lly littl e m o re

p ,

th a n a ss e ss o r As tho ugh t ro ubl e s w e re a pp r o a chi n g h e

.
,

u n b o s o m e d his a n xi e ti e s in s o me m e a su r e to th e F re n ch
a m b a ss a d o r a n d d e cl ar e d th a t if h e c o uld o n ly s e e a fi r m
,

a m ity e st a blish e d b e t w e e n th e n a ti o n s a r e fo rm o f th e l a w s
‘
,

a n d cust o m s o f th e c o u n t ry th e ki n g m a r r i e d a n d bl e ss e d
’
, ,

with a m a l e h e i r h e sh o uld b e gl a d to 1 e tire r e li n quish

, ,

p o litics a n d s e r v e G o d to th e e n d o f his d a ys
,
‘
O n th e l ss u e .
’

o f th e t r i a l h e W e ll k n e w th a t his o w n fo r tu n e s i n th e futu r e

must d e p e n d Wh a t e v e r m ight li n ge r o f th e fro wn o n th e

.

r o y a l b r o w w o uld quit e v a n ish a n d th e bl a n d e st s m il e s w o uld ,

su cc e e d if o n ly H e n ry s m a t r im o n i a l c a p r ic e sh o uld n o w b e
,
’

c o n fi rme d by po n ti fical w a rra n t .

L o re n z o (L a wr e n c e ) C a mp e ggi o w a s in high fa v o u r with

Cl e m e n t wh o m h e h a d r e p re s e n t e d i n th e N u r e mb e r g Di e t
, ,

a n d wh o s e l e g a t e i n his c a ptivity h e h a d b e e n with sig n a l

a pp ro v a l a t R o m e H e w a s i n n o l e ss fa v o u r with H e n ry
. ,

wh o s e i n t e r e sts h e h a d u n d e r t a k e n to uph o ld a t th e V a tic a n ,

a n d to wh o m h e o w e d m uch — his h o us e a t R o m e l o an s o f ,

m o n e y th e bish o p r ic o f S a lisbu ry ; fro m w h o m to o by ti me ly

, , ,

subs e r vi e n cy h e m ight e xp e ct th e w e althi e r se e o f D u i h a m

,
.

C a mp e ggi o w as to b e hi m s e lf th e b e a r e r o f th e Com mi ssi o n

20 4 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

D e cr e ml fl ‘
stly p e titi o n e d for a n d n o w a t l a st
lon g an d e arn e ,

c on fi d e d to th e l e g a te s t r usty h a n ds with th e e xp re ss co m’

ma n d h o w e v e r th a t it sh o uld n o t fo r a m o m e n t b e suffe re d
, ,

to p a ss i n to a n y o th e r h a n ds o n a n y p r e t e n c e w h a t e v e r Bu t .

C a m pe ggio s j o u r n e y w a s still d e l a y e d a n d W o ls e y susp e ct e d

’

th a t Cl e me n t w a s pu r p o se ly d e t a i n i n g th e l e g a t e u n til th e
futu r e o f It a ly h a d m o r e u n m ist a k a bly r e v e a l e d its e lf a n d ,

th e a n sw e r to th e qu e sti o n which o f th e r oy a l an t a g o n ists

w o uld c o m e o ff vict o r i o us h a d b e e n r e duc e d to a m o r a l
c e r t a in ty .

T h e su mm e r o f 1 5 2 8 w a s u n h e a lthy o n th e C o n ti n e n t ; in
E n gl a n d th e sickn e ss w a s a l mo st u n p re c e d e n t e d A mo n g th e .

a nn u a l m o r t a lity th e d e a ths o f S ir Will i a m C o m pt o n a n d o f

, ,

Willi a m C a re y th e husb a n d o f M a ry B o l e yn w e r e re c or d e d
, ,
.

T h e sc o u r g e o f s m a ll p o x i n th e sp r i n g w a s fo ll o w e d by th e
-

sw e a tin g sick n e ss in th e su m m e r Ev e n th e a d m in istra ti o n .

j W r s o f th e qu e e n s m a id e n s
’
o f ustic e w a s d e fe rr e d h e n div e .

w e re a tt a ck e d with s m all po x A n n e w a s r e m o v e d by h e r st e p -
,

m o th e r to th e g a ll e r y in th e tilt y a r d But in th e m iddl e o f -

.
’

July A n n e w a s t ak e n with th e sw e a t H e n ry s e n t to h e r
‘
.
’

Butts his s e c on d physici a n — his fi r st physici a n Ch a m b e r s

, , ,

b e i n g a bs e n t— an d u n d e r j udici o us tr e a tm e n t h e r h e a lth w a s
, ,

r a pidly r e st o r e d T h e F re n ch a m b a ss a d o r c o m mu n ic a t e d to
.

his c o u r t th e tidi n gs (July M a d e m o is e ll e d e B o ul a n a n d

h e r fa th e r h a v e sw e a t e d an d h a v e go t o v e r it T h e ki n g w a s
’
.
,

i n t re pid a ti on fo r hi m s e lf ; m a d e his will lik e te n s o f th o u ,

s a n ds o f his subj e cts ; r e c e iv e d his M a k e r ; se t him s e lf ‘

’

r ight a n e n st G o d a n d c o n fe ss e d hi m s e lf e v e ry d a y ; a n d a t
‘ ’

th e s a m e ti m e a d o pt e d th e p r e c a uti o n o f m o vi n g fr o m sp o t to
sp o t to a v o id i n fe cti o n h a v i n g fi r e s light e d wh e r e v e r h e
, ,

sta y e d to pu r ify th e a tm o sph e r e H e w a s a n xi o us a ls o o n

, .

Wo l s e y s a cc o u n t a n d a dvis e d his m i n ist e r by l e tte r to k e e p

’

,
‘

s m a ll supp e r s d r in k but
’

a s m a ll a n d cl e a n c o m p a n y
’ ‘
to u s e , ,

littl e wi n e a n d to t a ke o n c e a w e e k th e p ills o f R a sis

’
‘
.
,

Wo lse y e sc a p e d th e m a l a dy T h e Pr in c e ss M a ry c a ught th e .

i n fe cti o n but w a s s o o n c o n v a l e sc e n t a ga i n E a rly in th e

,
.

W o l se y
to S ir G C a s a e , O to e r 4 , 1 5 2 8 l c b
I fin d i t a b l t ly m c
so u e e es

y h c l B ll hich p ggi b i g i h h m h ld b
.
.

sa r t a t th e D e r e ta u w C a m e o r n s w t 1
,
s ou e

c ly h c — B 1v ,
ki g c cil p t ii 4 8 1 3
,

s o w n to s o m e o f th e t
’ ’
se r e t n s oun ,
e . . . ar .
, .
 CA M PE G GI O PR O CR A S T TN A TE S . 20 5

a utu m n H e n ry h a d o utliv e d his t e rr o r s a n d w a s in go o d spi r its ,

a t th e r e c o v e r y o f his d a u ght e r a n d o f his mist r e ss .

C a m p e ggi o c o n tin u e d his p r o c ra stin a ti o n s but a t l e n gth ,

( Ju n e 1 1 ) G a r di n e r d e sp a tch e d th e i n t e llige n c e th a t th e l e ga t e
w a s o n th e p o i n t o f s e tti n g fo r w a r d A n d in fa ct C a m p e ggi o .
, ,

e m b ar k e d July 2 5 a t C o rn e t o f or M a r s e ill e s Ye t it w a s l a t e .

in August e re h e r e a ch e d Ly o n s a n d th e n c e fo r w a r d his p ro
gre ss w a s still v e ry sl o w a tt a c k s o f th e g o u t in quick ,

succ e ssi on a ctu a l o r dipl o m a tic fu rn ishi n g a n e xcus e fo r e x

, ,

t re m e dil a t o r i n e ss C o n d uct e d th ro ugh F r a n c e in a litt e r with

.
,

Cl e rk Bish o p o f B a th in cl o s e a tt e n d an c e — fo r G ar din e r h a d
, ,

n o w b e e n s e n t o n to V e n i c e
l
to a r ra n g e th e m a tt e r s i n d i s
ae
,

put e w ith th e sign o ry to Cl e m e n t s s a tisfa cti o n — i t w a s n o t ’

u n til M o n d a y S e pt e m b e r 1 4 th a t C a m p e ggi o w a s r e c e iv e d a t
, ,

P a r is l a t e in th e e v e n i n g by a c o n c o u r s e o f fifte e n o r sixte e n
, ,

bish o ps F r o m C an t e rbu ry (Oct o b e r 1 ) C a m p e ggio s e n t l e tte r s

.

to H e n r y a n d W o ls e y wh e r e i n h e c o m pl a i n e d m uch o f his
,

suffe r i n gs fro m th e go ut H e d id n o t a rr iv e i n L o n d on u n til .

th e e n d o f th e fi r st w e e k o f O ct o b e r D u B e l l a y fo r w ard e d .

th e n e ws to th e F r e n ch c o u r t Oct o b e r 6 : C a m p e ggi o will

‘
,

a rr iv e to m o rr o w - th e l e g a t e will go to m e e t h im a s fa r a s th e
h o use o f th e D uk e o f Su ffo lk H e re a v o idi n g th e displ ay .
’

an d p a ra d e which W o ls e y w o uld h a v e lik e d — such a s h a d

w e lc o me d th e sh r e wd B o l o g n e s e p r e l a t e te n y e ar s b e fo re to , ,

th e E n glish m e t r o p o lis o n his fo r m e r visit h e st ay e d o n e d a y

o n ly an d the n p a ss e d s e c re tly by w a te r i n th e e ve n i n g
‘
, , ,

with o ut n o is e o r p o m p to B a th Pl a c e with o ut T e mpl e Ba r , , .

T h is m a n si on n a me d fr o m th e s e e to which it b e l o n ge d h a d
, ,

b e e n p re p a r e d fo r his r e c e pti o n T h e g o uty l e ga te a t o n c e .

b e t o o k hi m s e lf to h is b e d .

T h e d e l a ys skilfully justifi e d by a v a r i e ty o f p r e t e n c e s h a d
, ,

e x a ctly a n sw e re d th e p o p e s i n t e n ti on E a rly in 1 5 2 8 a s h a s’
.
,

b e e n n a r ra t e d th e h e ra lds o f F ra n c e a n d E n gl a n d h a d d e cl a re d
,

w ar a g a i n st th e e m p e r o r with a ll d u e fo r m a n d s o l e m n ity To .

H e n ry Ch a rl e s r e pli e d w i th r e sp e ctful d e c e n cy but th e Fre n ch ,

m o n ar ch h e vili fi e d a s a tra it o r to his p r o m is e s a n d a st ra n ge r ,

v i g
L a st e en n an a m b d
a ssa or i g
fr o m th e K n o fE n a n , n a m e gl d d D ct o or

S t ph
e eniv d ar r e a tV ic
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n c
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ca D d l t th P
an o o a e on t d ll
e e a Pa gli i h
a , w t th e o t e r E n s ham gli h b d a ssa or,
P th t y C l S a mu to D a r e s , i i J
u n e 2 4, 1 5 2 8 Ve n , iv 3 1 0
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ro o n o ar a sa . . . .
, .
 20 6 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /II A T I O ZV .

to th a t s e n s e o f h o n o u r which d isti n guish e s th e g e n tl e m a n .

Fr a n cis r e ta li a t e d w ith th e e qu a lly o ffe n sive r e t o r t th a t Ch arl e s

l y e d fa ls e ly i n his th r o a t H e ch a ll e n g e d th e e mp e r o r to
‘ ’
.

d e cid e th e c on t ro v e r sy by sin gl e c o mb a t with o ut fu r th e r ,

i m p e r illi n g th e liv e s o f th e i r sub je cts A n d a lth o ugh th e .

ch a ll e n ge a n d its p ro m pt a cc e pt a n c e n e v e r r e sulte d in th e p r o
p o s e d p e r s o n a l e n c o u n t e r o f th e tw o m o st p o w e rful s o ve r e ign s
o f th e i r a ge * th e i r r e cip r o c a l a n i m o sity b e c a m e o n ly th e m o r e
,

e m bitt e r e d .

At fi r st th e F r e n ch a r m s s e e me d lik e ly to w in th e m a st e r y .

A n a v a l vict o ry o ff N a pl e s a n d th e su rre n d e r o f s o me s m a ll ,

t o wn s to L a ut re c r a is e d h i gh th e e xp e ct a ti o n s o f F r a n cis a n d
,

H e n ry But in th e m iddl e o f August L a utre c hi m s e lf a n d

.

n e a rly tw o thi r ds o f his fo r c e o n th e pl a i n s a r o u n d N a pl e s

-

p e r ish e d u n d e r th e str o k e o f p e sti l e n c e T h e su r vivi n g .

r e m n a n t m o v e d th r e e m il e s o f f a n d u n d e r th e i r n e w ge n e ra l , ,

th e M a r q u is o f S a luzz o f l a tte r e d the m s e lv e s with th e to o ,

s a n guin e h o p e o f y e t r e t r i e vi n g th e i r fo r tu n e s T h e issu e o f .

th e st r uggl e p r o v e d dis a str o us to F r an c e Els e w h e r e a s w e ll .

,

a s b e fo re N a pl e s succ e ss a tt e n d e d th e i mp e r i a l a r m s A n d
,
.

n o w Cl e m e n t s a ttitud e t o w a r d s th e div o r c e q u e sti o n b e c a m e

’

r e a lly f i n a lly d e t e r m i n e d Th e n c e fo r w a r d to c o m ply with .

H e n ry s d e ma n d m ight w e ll a s G a rdi n e r s a id b e in th e p o p e s
’
, ,
’

‘
p a t e rn o st e r but it w a s n o thi n g in his c re e d
,
’
N o thi n g is .
’

m o re c e r t a i n N o r fo lk fl a tly r e m a r ke d to C h a puy s a littl e

’

l a t e r th a n th a t th e p o p e in this a n d e v e ry o th e r c a s e will
,
‘
, ,

d o th e e m p e r o r s biddi n g e v e n if h e w e r e a sk e d to d a n c e i n
’

th e publi c st r e e ts i n a j e st e r s j a ck e t
’ ’
.

This th o ro ugh fa ilu r e o f th e i r e xp e ct a ti o n s mis e ra bly dis

a pp o i n t e d th e a lli e d m o n a r chs a n d c a us e d \Vo l se y a s a d b o ut ,

o f ill n e ss a n d d e p r e ssi o n It p ro v e d h o w e v e r u n d e r a m e r ci .
, ,

ful p r o vid e n c e th e m e an s o f re scui n g E n gl a n d fr o m p a p a l

,

th ra l d o m x f Ch a rl e s hi m s e lf with his ch a ra ct e r istic p r ud e n c e

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, ,

iv p t ii 4 1 1 1 4 9 9 1 V
B . .
,
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H y (N v mb 1 5 2 8 ) th t F ci f d t cc p t h i l tt
e nr o e e r, a ran s re u se o a e s e e r s,

wh i b i dic t d
e re n f e d zv f th d d
n a e a sa e re n e ous or e ee .
’

1 S g t C m p ggi S p t m b 1 6 1 5 2 8 I f th p p w ld i c ‘
an a o a e o, e e er ,
e o e ou n ur

m ly p
e re l d g h i l v d blig ti t th ki g
e r so n a an g t e r, s o e an o a o ns o e n a r e so re a

th t h
a ld c t t h i m h i t ti gly b t thi i v lv th c t i
e w ou on en un es a n u as s n o es e er a n

i f th A p t lic S
ru n o d th
e C h ch i gt
os o t t th p p ee an e ur ow n o r e ce n e ve n s , e o e
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,

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 CL E M E N T S P OL I C Y D E TE R M I N E D
’
. 20 7

h e ld o u t th e o liv e b ran ch a t this j u n ctu re to Cl e me n t ; a n d

-

b e sid e s t a kin g i n h a n d to r e i n sta t e th e M e dici in th e go v e rn

m e n t o f Fl o re n c e m a d e th e p on tiff o th e r s e ductiv e p ro m is e s
,

o f full supp o r t But b e y o n d such i n duc e m e n ts th e d re a d

.
, ,

th a t Ch a rl e s w o uld sh o r tly d e sc e n d in p e r s on i n t o Ita ly o f ,

which h e w as n ow m a st e r i m p e ll e d Cl e m e n t by fe a r a s w e ll
, ,

a s h O pe to d r a w n e a r e r a n d n e a r e r to th e i m p e r i a l p a r ty
, On .

th e o th e r h a n d th e fo r tu n e s o f F ra n c e w e r e c on ti n u o usly o n
,

th e w a n e At th e v e ry m o m e n t th a t C a m p e ggi o w a s r e a chin g
.

L o n d o n L e e w r o t e to H e n ry : It is r e p o r t e d th a t th e F r e n ch
h o st a t N a pl e s is wh o lly v a n quish e d th a t th e F r e n ch h a v e l o st ,

G e n o a e tc T h us it w a s to n o pu r p o s e th a t H e n ry a n d
,
’
.

F r a n cis d e vis e d th e pl a n o f p ro vidin g Cl e m e n t with a co n ‘

v e n i e n t p r e sidy o r b o dy gu a r d o f fift e e n hu n d re d o r tw o
’
-
,

th o us an d pick e d me n o r th a t th e y sugge ste d th e m ig ra ti o n

,

o f his h o li n e ss fro m R o m e to Nic e o r Avig n on n o r d e r to ,

i

a ssu r e his st r ict i m p a r ti a lity All th a t th e y c o uld o ffe r w a s

.

o utst r ipp e d by th e m a n ife st a dv a n t a g e s o f fr i e n dly u n d e r

st an din g with th e victo r i o us Ch a r l e s A n d thus th e p o n ti ffs .
’

ch o ic e o f sid e s w a s d e lib e r a t e ly s e ttl e d e r e C a m p e ggi o s e t

fo o t up o n E n glish s o il T o a m us e H e n r y fo r a whil e w ith
.

th e s e m bl an c e o f j udici a l r e ctitud e an d to a v o id givi n g ,

n e e dl e ss o ffe n ce to p e r s o n a l o r n a ti o n a l s u sc e ptibiliti e s ,

h a d b e c o me th e p r i n cip a l p a r t o f th e It a li a n l e ga t e s r e a l
’

busi n e ss .

C a m pe ggi o c o m m e n c e d p r o c e e di n gs by s o u n din g th e m in d
o f his fe ll o w l e g a t e ; a n d W o ls e y did n o t fa il to re it e ra t e th e
-

w a r n i n g th a t u n l e ss th e s e n t e n c e o f div o r c e w e r e p r o n o u n c e d
E n gl a n d w o uld i n fa llibly fo ll o w th e h e re tic a l l e a d o f G e r m a n y .

R e me di e s h o stil e to th e p a p a cy h e s a id w e r e fre qu e n tly i n , ,

stille d i n t o th e r o y a l e a r C a m pe ggi o w as n e xt fa v o u re d by
.

th e ki n g with s e v e r a l succ e ssiv e a udi e n c e s A n d H e n r y p a id .

th e R o m an l e g a t e a p e rs o n a l visit i n r e tu r n ( F r id a y O ct o b e r ,

a n d c o n v e r s e d with h i m f o r fo u r h o u r s t o g e th e r At t h is .

i n t e r vi e w th e d o gge d n e ss o f th e r o y a l t e mp e r w a s u n mis
ta k a b l y r e v e a l e d C a mp e ggi o e ss a ye d v a r i o us a rgu m e n ts to
.

p re v a il up o n H e n r y to a b a n d o n th e div o r c e but w a s fo il e d ,

a t e v e ry p o i n t T h e k i n g sh o w e d hi m s e lf a m a st e r o f th e
.

qu e sti o n i n a ll its b e ar i n gs H e w a s n o l o n ge r livin g h e .

,
 20 8 T H E D A TVN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R /lI A TI O N .

v e rr e d in m o r t a l s in ; h e h a d n o t fo r a l o n g tim e c o h a bit e d
a ,

with K a th a r i n e a n d h e n e v e r w o uld d o so a ga in , .

T h e n e x t d a y C a mp e ggi o w a s c on v e y e d by W o ls e y in a
b arge to visit th e qu e e n a fte r th a t h e h a d in a p re vi o us , ,

sh o r t p r iv a t e i n t e rvi e w r e a d a l o ud th e Com m i ss i on D e e r e ta l ,

to H e n r y r e t a i n i n g it a l l th e whil e p e r ti n a ci o usly in his o w n

,

h a n ds T o K a th a r in e th e l e ga te p r e s e n t e d a l e tt e r fr o m th e
.

p o n ti ff a n d p r o c e e d e d to c o u n s e l h e r n o t to p r e ss th e c a us e
,

to a l e g a l v e r dict but to a d o pt r a th e r s o m e o th e r c o u r s e with ,

b e c o m i n g g o o d s e n s e Wo uld s h e n o t a ft e r th e e x a m pl e s o f
'

.
,

Ju a n a o f C a stil e a n d o f J e a n n e o f F r a n c e e mb ra c e a ,

r e ligi o us life ? By such m e a n s h e sugge st e d sh e w o uld , ,

p r e s e r ve h e r d o w e r which o th e r wis e i f th e d e cisi o n w e n t , ,

a g a i n st h e r w o uld b e fo r fe it e d sh e w o uld e nj o y th e gu a r di a n
,

ship o f h e r d a ught e r a n d h e r o w n r a n k a s p ri n c e ss a n d sh e ,

w o uld o ffe n d n e ith e r G o d n o r h e r o w n c o n sci e n c e But .

K a th ar i n e p r o v e d quit e a s r e s o lut e a s H e n ry Alth o ugh as .

,

C a m p e ggi o d e sc r ib e d h e r v e ry r e ligi o us a n d e xtr e m e ly ,

‘

p a ti e n t sh e w a s i n tra ct a bl e o n th e o n e t o pic o f h e r m arr i a ge

,
’
.

A stra n ge r h e rs e lf i n E n gl a n d a n d with o ut fr i e n ds sh e m ust , ,

d e m a n d o f th e ki n g sh e s a id th e a ssist a n c e o f c o u n s e ll ors , , .

S h e fu r th e r b e gg e d o f H e n ry th e p e r m issi o n to c on fe ss h e r s e lf
to C a m p e ggi o C on fe ssi o n in th e R o ma n Chu r ch is re n d e r e d
.

m o r e s o l e m n by th e s a cr e d s e a l o f s e c r e cy But th e c o n fe ssi o n .

fo r which K a th a r i n e c r a v e d l e a v e w a s to b e p ro t e ct e d by n o
such myst e r i o us s e a l It w a s to b e m a d e u n d e r th e p e culia r .

in dulge n c e o f public a ti o n to th e p o n tiff a n d thu s to Chr iste n ,

d om T h e m o tiv e w a s o bvi o us
. K a th a r i n e h o p e d to i n flu e n c e .

th e p o n tiff a n d h e r j udg e s an d Ch r ist e n d o m i n h e r b e h a lf

, , .

H e r c on fe ssi o n ( n in e i n th e m o rn i n g Oct o b e r 2 6 ) a ssu re d ,

C a m p e ggi o th a t whe n sh e w e dd e d H e n ry sh e w a s a s u n ‘

t o u ch e d a s sh e c am e fr o m h e r m o th e r s w o mb ( in to cca ta ’ ’ ‘
,

c o m e v e n n e d al v e n t re di su a m a d re
B iv p t ii 4 8 75 M g t w i f f T h C l k h d h
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ar ,
.
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m t as e r ,Si G W ll t t H p thrp eo ft o e s on , a a or e ,
a a e ar a er r n e

A th d th i q i f S i D vy Phili p p th c th l tt id
.

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r ur s ea n u re o r a es e a u se e a e r sa
,

th t f h c ld p c iv i t w th ft cc m p yi g w i th th
“
a as ar as e ou er e e as e o a o an n e
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ti on o f th p ti l w c id bly t g th i
e nu l i th c a s f as o ns e ra s ro n er an s u su a n e a se o

a chi ldl m t — M cki t h E gl d ii p 1 5 6 S S p iv 302

e ss a ro n
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 T H E I N TE R P O S E D B R I E F . 20 9

A difficult p ro bl e m h a d b e e n fu r th e r e n t a n gl e d by a n e w
k n o t to u n r a v e l which w a s j udge d to b e a n e c e ss a ry p re
,

li mi n a ry to th e t r i a l A b r i e f h a d b e e n a dduc e d o f th e s a m e
.

d a te a s th e Bull ( D e c e m b e r 2 6 whi ch w a s fre e fr o m ,

th e o bj e cti o n s w hich a cc o r di n g to th e ki n g s a dv o c a t e s i n
’

, ,

v a lid a t e d th e Bull O f this b r i e f a c o py w a s s e n t by C a m p e ggi o

.

to K a th a r i n e But th e i n t e rp o s e d b r i e f whil e a ffo r din g l e g a l

.
,

supp o r t to h e r c a us e pl a c e d th e qu e e n in a n e xtr e m e ly ,

p a i n ful dil e mm a I n th e Bull it w a s st a t e d th a t th e m a r r i a ge

.

with A r thu r h a d p e rh a ps (for s a n ) b e e n c o n su mm a te d T h e .

br ie f a ffir m e d th e c o n su mm a ti o n with o ut a n y p e r h a p s a s a n , ,

u n d o u bte d fa ct Thus th e p o siti o n o f n o n c o n su m m a ti o n

.
-

whic h K a th a r i n e h a d o st e n t a ti o usly t a k e n up a n d o n w hic h ,

s h e r e li e d w a s b ro k e n d o w n by th e v e r y d o cu m e n t i n t r o duc e d
,

in supp o r t o f th e v a lidity o f h e r w e dl o ck At th e s a m e ti m e .
,

th e r e fo re th a t sh e p r o p o u n d e d th e b r i e f s h e fe lt it i n cu m b e n t
, ,

up o n h e r to m a k e a n o tifica ti on — which sh e did N o v e m b e r 7 ,

1 5 2 8 —th e A r chbish o p o f C a n t e r bu ry a n d th e Bi s h o ps o f
L on d o n B a th R o ch e st e r a n d St As a ph b e i n g witn e ss e s
, , .

th e re to — th a t sh e d i d n o t i n t e n d to a d m i t a n y p r e su m pti o n
( o f c o n su mm a ti o n ) d ra w n th e re fr o m
’
.

C o uld th e b r i e f b e ge n ui n e ? This qu e sti o n o fn e c e ssity fo r , ,

th e ti me e n g ro ss e d a tt e n ti o n a n d e n g a g e d H e n ry a n d his ,

e miss a r i e s fo r m an y m o n ths i n a n xi o us i n v e st i g a ti o n It thu s .

ef fe ctu a lly s e r v e d th e s e t tl e d pu r p o s e o f p ro c r a sti n a ti o n w hich ,

th e Imp e r i a lists still pu r su e d by e v e ry a v a il a bl e m e a n s .

F a ult w a s fo u n d with K a th a r i n e fo r n o t h a vi n g e a rli e r p ro

d u ce d th e b r i e f which sh e p r o fe ss e d to h a v e h a d in h e r k e e p
,

i n g fo r s o me ti me H e r g e n e r a l b e h a vi o u r to o w a s re m a r k e d
.
, ,

up on by th e p a r tis a n s o f th e ki n g m u ch to h e r disp a r a ge m e n t , .

H e n ry w a s i n g re a t p e n siv e n e ss K a th a r i n e e vi n c e d m an y
‘

‘
sign s a n d t o k e n s to th e c o n t ra ry ; sh e e xh o r te d th e l a di e s
a n d g e n tl e me n o f h e r c o u r t to d a n c e a t a ti m e wh e n s a id ’

s o m e o f th e a n ti p a p a l s e cti o n it w o uld b e m o re b e c o m i n g to
-
,

e xh o r t th e m to ra Th a t such w o r ds sh o uld h a v e fo u n d
p
v o ic e e v e n i n th e c o u n cil ro o m its e lf is e vid e n c e o f th e -

A pe n p dix
2 1 1 S n e r s Ca e n
,
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s
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p 75 7
. C h a p uy s r e a r e th e
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a n d h a d th e o n e st h
to say s o y .
2 10 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A TI ON .

in c re a s e o f th e Pr o t e st a n t p a r ty b o th in i n fl ue n c e a n d i n
n u m b e rs By th e a dh e re n ts o f this p ar ty K a th a r i n e w a s
.

C e n su r e d w ith a c r i m o n y fo r sh o wi n g h e r s e lf m uch to th e
‘

p e o pl e a n d rej o ici n g g re a tly in th e i r a ccl a ma ti o n s b e ck on

,
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i n g with th e h e a d a n d s m ili n g T h e o ut r a ge d qu e e n w a s a
’
.
,

fa v o u r it e with th e p o pul a c e o n th e o th e r h a n d th e i n dign a ,

ti on a ga in st A n n e w a s d e e p a n d l o ud e sp e ci a lly o n th e p ar t ,

o f th e w o m e n H e n ry hi ms e lf n o tic e d th e dir e cti o n o f p cpu

.

l a r sy m p a thy a n d fr e qu e n tly d e cl a r e d th a t sh o uld a n y m a n

, ,

sp e a k in o th e r t e r ms th a n h e o ught o f his p r in c e h e w o uld ,

l e t h im k n o w th a t h e w a s m a st e r the re w a s n o h e a d s o ‘

dig n ifi e d th a t h e w o uld n o t m a k e it fiy .

A m o n g th e upp e r r a n ks e sp e ci a lly th e b r i e f w a s m uch ,

c a n v a ss e d By H e n ry s p a r ty it w a s m a in t a i n e d th a t a s a
.
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Bull is o f m o r e p o w e r th an a b r i e f a n d n o t m uch m o r e ,

e xp e n siv e th e p r o b a bility w as th a t th e b r i e f h a d b e e n l a t e ly
’ ‘
,

c o n c o ct e d to e xclu d e th e o n ly e xc e pti on in th e Bull Th e .

’

b r i e f c o uld n o t b e fo u n d i n E n gl a n d T h e e m p e r o r h e ld th e .

b r i e f a n d w a s willi n g to fo r w a r d a t ra n su m p t to L o n d o n
,
‘ ’

bu t r e fus e d to s e n d th e o r igi n a l H e w a s willi n g to s e n d th e .

o r igi n a l to R o m e ; f o r it w a s th e r e h e a rgu e d th a t justic e , ,

r e qui r e d th a t th e suit sh o uld b e d e cid e d T h e s e n di n g it to .

R o m e h o w e v e r w a s still p o stp o n e d K a th a r i n e h e rs e lf w a s
, ,
.

e v e n c o m p e ll e d by H e n r y u n d e r o a th to w r it e to h e r n e ph e w
, ,

a n d r e qu e st h im to fo r w a r d th e o rigi n a l d o cu m e n t to th e
l e ga te s This r e qu e st h o w e v e r sh e v e ry cl e v e r ly c o n tr iv e d
.
, ,

by a s e c r e t m e ss e n g e r to c o u n t e r m a n d .

H e n ry s a mb a ss a d o r s Gh in u cci a n d L e e w e re a ll o w e d to
’

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e x a m i n e ( Ap r il 1 1 1 5 2 9 ) th e p r o fe ss e d o r igi n a l in Sp a i n
, .

T h e y r e p o r t e d fro m S a r a go ss a (Ap r il 2 0) th a t t h e b r i e f w a s
m o s t sus p ici o us th e s e a l b e i n g a pp a r e n tly o l d w a x o v e r n e w
,

C a r e ful s e a r ch w a s i n stitut e d a t R o me its e lf by C a s a l e a n d ,

n o e n t ry o f th e b r i e f c o uld b e disc o v e r e d i n th e r e gist e r s ,

a lth o ugh th e re w e re e n t r i e s o f th e s a m e d a y a s w e ll a s b o th ,

i m m e di a te ly b e for e a n d a ft e r it Th a t it w as a forge ry w a s .
,

m o r e o v e r a tte st e d it w a s c o n t e n d e d by its id e n tity o f d a t e

, , ,

with th e Bull fo r a Bull a n d a b r i e f b o r e d a t e fro m di ffe r e n t

c o mm e n c e me n ts o f ti me A b r i e f w a s d a t e d u n d e r th e
.
‘

fis h e r m a n s r i n g fr o m th e n a tivity o f Ch r ist a n d a cc or di n g
’
 R E A S ON S F O R B E L I E VI N G T H E B R I E F S P UR I O U S . 2 1 1

to such a c o mpu t a ti o n th e d a t e w o uld fa ll o n a d a y b e fo r e ,

Julius b e c a me p o p e T h e cust o ma ry cl a us e s to o w e re a bs e n t .
, ,
.

A n d th e sp e lli n g o f su n d ry w o r ds w a s i n c o rr e ct ; w h e r e a s n o
such e rr o r s c o uld b e d e t e ct e d in o th e r w r iti n gs o f Sigism u n d ,

th e p o n tifica l s e c r e t a r y a t th e ti m e Supp o si n g it h o w e v e r .
, ,

p o ssibl e th a t th e b r ie f m ight b e ge n ui n e by wh a t a r gu me n t ,
.

it w a s i n qui r e d c o uld a disp e n s a ti o n u n d e r w a x b e h e ld to

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sup e r s e d e a disp e n s a ti on u n d e r l e a d
O n th e o th e r h a n d th e I m p e r i a lists a ss e r t e d th a t th e b r i e f
,

h a d b e e n fo u n d with G o n s a l v o F e rn a n d e z ch a pl a i n to th e ,

e m p e ro r a n d n e ph e w to D r d e Pe o h e b l a ( P u e bl a )
,
o t h e r w is e .
,

c a ll e d M an cus wh o m Is a b e ll a h a d e m pl oy e d in n e go ti a t i n g
,

h e r d a ught e r s tw o m a rr i a ge s Is a b e ll a th e y st a t e d b e i n g ill
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.
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h a d d e si r e d to s e e th e disp e n s a ti o n b e fo r e s h e di e d ; a n d o n
this a cc o u n t it h a d b e e n s e n t i n t o Sp a in u n d e r str ict p ro mis e ,

th a t it sh o uld b e k e pt s e c re t ; a n d this m ight b e th e e xpl a n a

ti o n o f its r e m a i n in g u n re gist e re d o r o f th e r e giste r b e i n g ,
‘

hidd e n C o n sid e r i n g th e distr e ssi n g e v e n ts w hich h a d n o w

.
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co m e to p a ss th e y p r o fe ss e d th e i r b e li e f th a t i n His Divi n e
,

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fore sight th e H o ly G h o st h a d p r e s e r v e d i t f .
'

He n ry m a d e a pplic a ti o n to th e p o p e hi m s e lf to r e s o lv e th e
co n t e st e d qu e sti o n c o n c e rn i n g th e b r i e f T h e kin g h a v in g his .
,

mi n d fi x e d o n th e c e r t a i n ty o fe t e rn a l life h a th in this c a us e put ,

b e fo re his e y e n th e light an d shi n in g b rightn e ss o ft r uth

a n d th e r e fo r e r e cu r r e d to th e o n ly fo u n t a i n o f r e m e dy o n

e ar th th e p o p e hi m s e lf At a l a t e r p e r i o d H e n ry i mpu t e d ’
.
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th e fa s ci n a ti o n e x e r t e d o v e r h i m by A n n e to w itchc ra ft ; h e
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w a s lik e th e h e ro o f C e r v a n t e s th e victi m o f e n ch an t m e n t
’
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him if h e a ctu a lly i m a gi n e d th a t in th e m idst o f th e i mp e r i a l
,

tr iu m phs th e p o n tiff— a n d th a t p o n tiff Cl e m e n t V I I — w o uld

p ro n o u n c e a d o cu m e n t which Ch a r l e s gu a r d e d with j e a l o us
c a r e a t r u mp e ry fo rge ry ! Cl e m e n t m ight w hisp e r to his
s e c r e t ary o r e v e n c o m m u n ic a t e p r iv a t e ly to G a r di n e r his co n
, ,

v i cti o n th a t th e b r i e f w a s S pu r i o us h e m ight d e l e g a t e to

B iv p t ii 4 84 1 2 4 9 7 7 8 5 0 53 ; p t iii 5 1 5 4
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s e l e ct e d c a r di n a ls th e e x a m i n a ti o n o f th e k n o tty qu e sti o n ;
but o f c o u r s e in th e fa c e o f th e w o r ld h e a bs o lut e ly r e fus e d
, ,

to d e c r e e th e b r i e f fa ls e .

F ar fro m dimi n ishi n g Cl e m e n t s n e r v o us a p pr e h e n si o n s

’

w e re a ugm e n ti n g A n d thu s in mid w in t e r h e d e sp a tch e d his

.

C h a m b e r l a i n C a m p a n o to E n gl a n d wh e r e h e a rr iv e d D e c e m
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b er 28 T h e o bj e cts o f his m issi o n w e r e to r e n e w th e

.

a ssu ra n c e s o f p a p a l g o o d w ill to t r e a t o f th e i n dicti o n o f a ,

ge n e r a l c o un cil to c o n fi r m C a m p e ggi o in his p o licy o f d e l ay

,

a n d a m biguity a n d a b o v e a l l to bu r n th e t e rr ibl e C o m missi o n

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D e c r e t a l o r to a sc e r t a in fo r a c e r t a i n ty th a t it h a d b e e n
bu rn e d Wh e n this s a fe d e st r u cti o n h a d b e e n a c c o mplish e d
.

b e y o n d d o ubt Cle me n t w a s a bl e to b re a th e with m o re

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fre e d o m O n C a mpe ggio s succ e ssful dil a t o r in e ss h e b e st o w e d

.
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th e c o m m e n d a ti o n it w e ll d e s e r v e d a t his h a n ds a n d re it e ra t e d ,

his i nj u n cti o n th e p r o c e ss m ust b e sl o w a n d n o s e n t e n c e

,
‘
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must in a n y wis e b e p r o n o u n c e d :y o u h a v e sust a i n e d this

bu r d e n u n til n o w wit h g re a t d e xt e r ity a n d p a ti e n c e ; a n d
th e r e fo r e th e p o p e d o ubts n o t y o u will i n lik e m an n e r sust a i n
it u n til such ti me a s y o u r c o u n s e l to cite th e c a us e hithe r ca n
b e fo ll o w e d wi th l e ss o ffe n c e to th e ki n g s m i n d Th e
’ ’
.

a d m o n iti o n to for b e a r h a st e Cl e me n t hi m s e lf h a bitu a lly put

i n p r a ctic e Tidin gs c a m e fro m R o me : T h e C ar di n a l St
.
‘
.

Qu a tu o r is e v e ry o th e r d a y sickly usu a lly w h e n th e c a r di n a l ,

is wh o l e th e p o p e is sick I n E n gl an d ti m e w o re me rr ily o n
’
.

a m id b a n qu e ts a n d p a g e a n ts F et e s w e re giv e n by H e n ry .

a n d his m i n ist e r i n C a m e i o s hon our F a r c e s w e r e pl a y e d

’

p gg .

with m uch displ a y a t g r e a t c o st th e dia l o gu e a lw a ys in ,

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F re n ch a cc o r di n g to W o l se y s e xplicit di re cti o n
,
’ ’
.

Cl e m e n t s st a t e o f h e a lth h a d b e e n fo r s o m e ti m e v e r y
’

p r e c a r i o us I n fo r m a ti o n r e a ch e d W o ls e y in a l e tt e r fro m
.

Ve n ic e d a t e d J an u a ry 2 1 1 5 2 9 T h e p o p e is d e a d
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‘
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h e w a s t a k e n ill a t M a ss o n th e Epiph a n y I n F e b r u ar y
’
.

r u m o u r s o f Cl e m e n t s d e c e a s e w e r e in g e n e ra l cir cul a ti o n
’

t h r o ugh o ut th e C o n ti n e n t a n d i n E n gl an d th e r e p o r t o f th e ,

b ad j us t r e tu r n e d !
p t th t h i h li t ld h i m th t th bi fw
re or s a s o n e ss o a e r e as
s p i — B iv p t iii 5 73 3
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d f th w i th b d — B iv p t ii 5 0 3 8
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p o n tiff s d e a t h sti rr e d up H e n ry to s e iz e th e w e lc o m e o ppo r
tu n i ty At R o m e c a b a ls a n d i n tr igu e s w e r e fo r th w ith r ife
.
°

th e C o l o n n a a t o n c e b r a c e d th e m s e lv e s fo r a st r uggl e a g a i n st
F a rn e s e a n d th e C a r din a l o f M a n tu a * I n E n gl a n d H e n ry .

i m me di a t e ly a d o pt e d a ctiv e m e a su r e s to s e cu r e th e e l e cti on o f
W ols e y to th e v a c a n t th r o n e T h e C a r di n a l o f Y o r k th e ki n g
.
,

i n sist e d w a s th e m o st fittin g p e r s o n to c o n clud e a s m e di a t o r

, , ,

th e u n iv e r s a l p e a c e so a r d e n tly d e si r e d
, to r e st o re to th e h o ly
s e e h e r p o ss e ssi o n s a n d dign ity— f o r th e e m p e ro r still k e pt h i s

h a n ds o n Osti a a n d Civit a V e cchi a n o twithst a n di n g Cl e m e n t s '

,
’

r e tu r n to his c a pit a l a n d fi n a lly to s e ttl e with a bs o lut e i m

, ,

p a r ti a lity th e ro y a l m a t ri m o n i a l c a us e F r a n cis a ls o e x e r t e d his .

b e st e n d e a v o u r s i n Wo l s e y s i n t e re sts i n h e a r ty sy m p a thy with

’

his a lly a n d b r o th e r F o r this p u rp o s e h e c o mm issi o n e d to

.

R o m e D u B e ll a y his a mb a ss a d o r a t th e E n glish c o u r t Bish o p

, ,

of B ay on n e A n d in his r a pid j o u rn e y fr o m L o n d on D u
.
,

B e ll a y h a d p r e ss e d o n to Cl e r m o n t n e a r P a r is e re h e r e c e iv e d , ,

r e li a bl e i n t e llige n c e th a t public j udg m e n t h a d b e e n to o h a sty ,

fo r Cl e m e n t w a s n o t o n ly y e t a liv e b ut w a s lik e ly to r e c o v e r ; ,

a n d o n M a r ch 1 8 Cl e me n t hi ms e lf d e sp a tch e d a n o tific a ti o n

to W o l s e v o f his c o n v a l e sc e n c e .

Ye t e v e n a t this j u n ct u re wh e n H e n ry h a d j u st p e r m itt e d ,

W o ls e y to e n te r up on th e se e o f Wi n ch e st e r o n his r e sig n a ,

ti o n o f Du r h a m a n d w as e a r n e st i n his e ffo r ts to put th e

,

ti a r a its e lf up o n his h e a d th e slipp e ry c on di ti o n o f th e g r e a t

,

C a r di n a l o f En gl a n d s p o w e r a n d spl e n d o u r b e tra y e d its e lf to

’

th e e y e th a t sc r uti n iz e d b e hi n d th e sc e n e s An n e w a s o f al l .

th e n e a r e st to th e ki n g s p e r s o n a n d m o r e p o w e r ful th a n a n y
’

c ar d in a l o r duk e ; a n d sh e w a s diss a tisfi e d with W o ls e y a n d ,

h a d b e c o me i n h e ar t his m a lici o us e n e my S h e h ad n ot .

fo rg o tt e n th a t th e c a r di n a l h a d o n c e w a rn e d his s o v e r e ign to
’
shu n w e dl o ck with h e r a s h e w o uld shu n p r e s e n t d e a th ‘
.

S h e i m put e d to W o ls e y th e t e di o us p o stp o n e m e n t o f th e
m a t r i mo n i a l suit T h e c a r di n a l sh e p e r su a d e d h e r s e lf w a s
.
, ,

pl a cin g i m p e di me n ts in th e w a y o f h e r n upti a ls l e st h e r ,

p a ra m o u n t in flu e n c e if s h e b e c a m e qu e e n sh o uld e ffe ctu a lly

, ,

dw a r f a n d hu mbl e his o w n p o w e r N o r w a s A n n e a l on e in .

B iv p . .
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2 14 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /II A T I O N .

h er dislik e a n d suspici o n H e r fa th e r a n d th e tw o duke s .

, ,

j e a l o us o f th e c a r di n a l l e a n e d to h e r e stim a t e o f his duplicity

,

a n d s e c r e t o pp o siti o n Thus a c o n spi r a cy st ro n g a n d v igi

.
, ,

l a n t w a s a l re a dy o n fo o t to w o rk th e c a rdin a l s o v e r th r o w
,
’
.

A di r e st or m w a s b re win g which o n th e fi r st fa v o u r a bl e ,

m o me n t w a s su re to bu r st in sc a thi n g fu ry o n Wol se y s ’

d e v o te d h e a d .

T h e w e ar is o m e n e g o ti a ti o n s c o n ti n u e d r e sp e cti n g th e b r i e f ,

a n d v a r i o us o th e r di f ficulti e s c o n n e ct e d with th e div o r c e c a us e .

Stra n ge a s i t m ust a pp e a r e v e n a t this sta ge in th e t ra n s , .

a cti o n s a n e w c o mm issi o n w a s d e m a n d e d a n d t o g e th e r with

, ,

it a Po l l i e i ta ti o n which i n d e fa ult o f th e e xhibiti o n o f th e

, ,

C omm i ss i on D e cr e ta l m ight bi n d th e P r o t e u s p o n tiff n o t to

,

r e v o k e th e c a u s e but to a cc o r d full s a n cti o n to its fi n a l d e t e r

,

m i n a ti o n by th e l e ga t e s th e m s e lv e s .

H a d th e t r i a l o f th e suit b e e n d e fe rr e d u n til a l l th e co n
t e ste d p o i n ts h a d b e e n s a tisfa ct o rily a rra n g e d it w o uld h a v e ,

b e e n d e fe rr e d to th e G re e k K a l e n ds Cl e m e n t s a n xi e ti e s w e r e .
’

n o t lull e d to r e st ; h e w a s o n th e c o n t r a r y g ro w i n g l e ss a n d
, ,

l e ss t r a cta bl e Thus th e discussi o n s a b o ut th e b r i e f w e re

.
,

b ro k e n o ff a n d W o ls e y s e n t i n str ucti on s to th e E n glish e n v o y

,

a t R o m e to dissu a d e th e p o p e fr o m s e n di n g to Sp a i n f o r th e

o r igi n a l b r i e f A c o mm a n d m e n t w a s e v e n to b e o bt a i n e d
‘
.

fr o m Cl e m e n t th a t n o fu r th e r m e n ti o n b e m a d e o f it F o r
‘
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st a r tlin g i n fo r m a ti o n h a d b e e n c o mm u n ic a t e d on a uth e n tic ,

gr o u n ds to th e E n glish c o u r t F o rm a liti e s h a d a l re a dy b e e n
,
.

g o n e th r o ugh a t R o m e which th r e a t e n e d th e re v o c a ti o n o fth e

c a u s e H e n r y a n d his c o u r t sudd e n ly t o o k th e a l ar m a n d
.
,

w e re a ro us e d to p r o m pt a cti o n fo r th e d e t e r m i n a ti o n o f th e
m a i n qu e sti o n dis m issi n g a ll m in o r i n qui r i e s
, .

N o ti m e w a s to b e l o st T h e ki n g th e r e fo r e issu e d .
, , ,

M a y 30 1 5 2 9 his w r it fo r th e l e g a t e s to try th e c a us e
, ,
and

th e fo ll o wi n g d a y th e y o p e n e d th e i r c o u r t i n th e P a r li a m e n t
‘

ch a mb e r n e a r th e F r i a r s Pr e a ch e r s
,
Thus a fte r ,

v e x a ti o us d e l a ys a n d busy discussi o n s o f p r o bl e ms which

,

s e e m e d to d e fy s o luti on in th e e xcite d t e m p e r o f th e p a r tis a n

m i n d th e l e g a l p r o c e ss w as b e gu n with a sp e e d which w as
,

r e g a r d e d by th e o utsi d e w o r ld a s e v e n a b r upt .
 IV .
— T HE T RIA L .

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TH E c o u r t w a s pl a tt e d wr ite s R a ph ae l H o lin sh e d in t a ble s
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a n d b e n ch e s in m a n n e r o f a c o n sist o r y o n e s e a t r a is e d high e r ,

fo r th e j u d g e s to sit in Th e n a s it w e r e in th e m idst o f th e
.
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, ,

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, ,

s a t th e ki n g ; a n d b e sid e s h i m s o me dist a n c e fr o m h im s a t , ,

th e qu e e n a n d u n d e r th e j u d ge s fe e t sa t th e sc r i b e s an d o th e r
’

o ffic e r s : th e chi e f sc r ib e w a s D o ct o r St e v e n s
( G ar di n e r) a n d ,

th e c a ll e r o f th e c o u r t w a s o n e C o o k e o f Wi n ch e st e r
’
, .

T h e ki n g a n d q u e e n h a d b e e n cit e d fo r F r id a y Ju n e 1 8 , .

T h e ki n g a pp e a re d b y p r o xy ; K a th a r i n e in p e r s o n Sh e .

e n t e r e d h e r p r o t e st a g a i n st th e j u r isdicti o n o f th e l e ga t e s a n d ,

m a d e h e r a pp e a l to th e p o p e T h e l e ga t e s r e giste re d h e r p r o.

t e st a n d cit e d h e r to r e a pp e a r o n M o n d a y Ju n e 2 1 to h e a r
, , ,
‘

th e i r d e cisi o n a b o ut h e r p ro te st a ti o n O n M o n d a y Ju n e 2 1 .
’

, ,

b o th th e k i n g a n d th e qu e e n a pp e a r e d in p e r s o n * A n d th e n .

it w as th a t th a t m e m o ra bl e i n cid e n t o ccu rre d which d e , ,

i cte d by t h e g r e a t e st o f d r a m a tists i n c o l o u r s th a t will n o t

p
fa de h o w e v e r m uch qu e sti o n e d by s o m e hist o r i a n s a s
,

a p o c ryph a l a n d e v e n a lt o g e th e r r ej e ct e d by o th e r s h a s n o w
, ,

b e e n p ro v e d to r e st o n subst a n ti a l fa ct .

T h e ki n g sp o k e fi r st Tu rn i n g to th e tw o c ar di n a ls h e
.
,

d e cl a re d his r e s o luti o n n o l o n g e r to r e m a i n in m o r t a l s in a s ,

h e h a d d o n e for t w e n ty y e a r s N e xt W o ls e y a dd re ss e d th e .

c o u r t a n d d e fe n di n g his ch a ra ct e r fro m th e i m put a ti o n o f

, ,

p ar ti a lity a ss e r t e d his fix e d pu r p o s e to d o j ustic e Th e n

,
.

li h d iv pp 9 07 t B i p t iii 5 69 4 5 7 07 G di
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o e n n a s a e s a a rs s a n . . .
,
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 2 16 TH E D A l VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R EF O R JI A T I ON .

K a th ari n e a r o s e a n d m o vin g fro m th e l e ft w h e re h e r th r o n e

, ,

h a d b e e n se t o n a l o we r l e v e l th a n th e kin g s u n d e r a
‘ ’ ’

, ,

c a n o py o f cl o th o f go ld to th e r ight wh e r e H e n ry s a t sh e , , ,

k n e lt d o wn a t h e r husb a n d s fe e t a n d a dd re sse d h im in
‘

b r o ke n E n glish T h e kin g twic e e ss a y e d to r a is e h e r but

.
,

t w ic e sh e fe ll a ga i n up o n h e r k n e e s a n d i m pl o re d h i m to h a v e ,

pity up o n h e r a w o m an sh e s a id a stra n ge r b o rn o u t o f
,
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,
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, ,

his d o m i n i on s F o r tw e n ty y e ar s sh e h a d b e e n his fa ithful

.
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a n d o b e di e n t wife S h e e n t re a t e d h i m to c o n sid e r h e r h o n o u r
.
,

his d a ughte r s his o w n th e r e put a ti o n o f h e r n a ti o n a n d o f

’

, , ,

h e r re l a tiv e s With th e e m p e r o r sh e m ust i mpl or e fo r h e r s e lf

.

full p e rm issi o n to c o mmu n ic a t e by l e tte r a n d m e ss e n g e r .

F or a smu ch a s H e n ry h a d e xp re ss e d his d e si r e th a t th e i r u n i o n
sh o uld b e p r o n o u n c e d v a lid a n d h a d a ck n o w l e dge d his gre a t ,

l o v e fo r h e r sh e h a d a pp e a l e d to R om e Th e re th e c a us e
,
.

w o uld b e d e cid e d with o ut p a r tia lity o r suspici o n T o R o m e .

o n ly w o uld s h e m a k e h e r a n s w e r .

The n r isi n g up with a l o w c o u r t e sy to th e ki n g sh e with , ,

d r e w but n o t b a ck a ga i n to h e r fo r m e r s e a t
,
S h e p a ss e d .

s t ra ight o u t o f th e c o u r t l e a n in g o n th e a rm o f G riffi n ,

Rich a r de s * ( Sh a k sp e re s M a s te r G r iffith an a tt e n d a n t
’ ‘

w h o w a s h e r g e n e ra l r e c e iv e r T h e k i n g disc o n c e r t e d by h e r .
,

d e p ar tu re c o mm a n d e d h e r to b e su mm o n e d b a ck M a dam ’
.
, ,

s a id G r iffi n y e b e c a ll e d a g a i n
,
O n s ir r e pli e d K a th a r i n e .
’

, ,
’

with p e re mpt o ry fi rm n e ss it is n o i n diffe r e n t c o u r t fo r m e ; ,

‘

I will n o t t a rry Afte r h e r d e p a r tu r e th e k i n g in wh o m

.
’

, ,

th e r e still r e m a in e d s o m e r o o ts o f his b e tt e r n a tu re e n l a r ge d ,

i n t e r m s o f high e n c o m iu m up o n h e r m a n y vi r tu e s a n d n o bl e
qu a liti e s .

T h e c a r di n a l th e n hu m bly b e s o ught th e ki n g to b e a r wit

n e ss wh e th e r a cc o r di n g to th e m a lig n a n t a ccus a ti o n s o f
,

cu rre n t r u mo u r h e h a d b e e n th e chi e f m o v e r in this div o r c e

,

c a us e H e n ry in r e ply e x o n e r a t e d W o ls e y e n tir e ly T h e
.
, ,
.

c ardi n a l h e s a id h a d r a th e r b e e n a n o pp o n e n t ; his o w n
, ,

sc r upl e s h a d b e e n th e o r igi n th e p a i n ful m isgivi n gs o f his ,

c on sci e n c e which h a d b e e n a ro us e d by a d o ub t ca st by th e
,

F r e n ch a m b a ss a d o r up o n th e l e giti m a cy o f th e Pr i n c e ss M a ry .

K a th a r i n e w a s cit e d to a pp e ar a ga i n in C o u r t th e n e xt
L a te r on . i n s tr ucti o n s ar e a dd r e s se dt
L or M o u n tjo y e
o d an d G r yfi th .

M j
ount o e s
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’
R ep or t h a s th e n a m e o f R i ch a r d G r yfi g
/th — B
'

. . vi .
,
75 9 , 7 65 .
 A S CEN E , M UC H Q UE S TI ON E D ,
PR O VE D T R UE . 2 17

Frid a y ,
th r ic e su mm o n e d ; bu t sh e r e ma i n e d u n
and w as

sh a k e n i n h e r r e s o l u ti o n to a bst a i n fro m e n t e r i n g th e c o u r t
a ga i n .S h e w as a cc o r di n gly p ro n o u n c e d c o n tu m a ci o us It .

ma y b e a dd e d th a t a t b o th o f h e r tw o a pp e a ra n c e s b e fo r e th e
l e g a t e s a t h e r e n t ra n c e a n d d e p a r t u re fr o m th e c o u r t th e
, ,

w o me n a s e ve r o p e n ly a n d e n thusi a stic a lly d e m o n str a t e d

, ,

th e i r symp a thy with h e r c a us e e n c o u r a gi n g h e r to c o u ra ge o us ,

st e a dfa st n e ss in m a i n t a in i n g h e r m a t r i m o n i a l r ights by l o ud
a ccl a m a ti on s .

T h e t o u chi n g sc e n e b e tw e e n husb a n d a n d wife o f Ju n e 2 1 ,

b ri e fly d e sc r ib e d h a s b e e n o ft e n r e g ar d e d a s a n i m p re ssiv e
,

ficti o n This is th e m o re difficult to b e a cc o u n te d fo r b e c a us e

.

th e sp e e ch e s a re r e c o r d e d by C a v e n dish a t s o m e l e n gth p r o ,

b a bly fro m n o t e s t a k e n d o wn a t th e ti me by s o m e w h o w e re
p re s e n t Ed w a r d H a ll giv e s o n ly th e ki n g s sp e e ch a n d sta t e s
.
’

th a t K a th a ri n e d e liv e r e d h e r s i n F re n ch H o li n sh e d c o n fus e s .

th e d a ys but pl a c e s i n K a th a r i n e s m o uth w o r ds r e s e m bli n g

'

th o s e which sh e m ust h a v e r e a ll y utt e re d Bu rn e t is striki n gly .

i n c o n siste n t with hi m s e lf H e p r e fa c e s his n a rr a tiv e w ith th e .

w o r ds As fo r th e fo r ma l sp e e ch e s w hich th e k i n g a n d qu e e n
m a d e H a ll w h o n e ve r fa il e d i n trifl e s s e ts th e m d o w n w hich
, , , ,

I i n cli n e to b e l i e v e th e y re a lly sp o k e ; fo r w ith th e j o u rn a ls

o f t h e c o u r t I fin d th o s e sp e e c h e s w r itt e n d o w n th o ugh n o t ,

a s a p a r t o f th e j o u rn a l H e p r i n ts a ls o in his R e c o r ds a
’
.

l e tte r o f H e n ry w hich disti n guish e s th e tw o d a ys a n d d e cl a re s ,

e x r e ssl v th a t b o th h e h i m s e lf a n d K a th a r i ne o n Ju n e 2 1
p
a pp e a r e d i n p e r s o n Ye t i n his l a st v o lu me Bu rn e t c o n fo u n ds
.

th e p ro c e e di n gs o f Ju n e 1 8 w i th th o s e o f Ju n e 2 1 a n d pro ,

n o u n ce s th e sp e e ch e s a tt r ibut e d to H e n ry a n d K a th a r i n e to

b e pl a i n fa lsiti e s B e sid e s H e n ry s l e tte r to his a g e n ts a t

‘ ’ ’
.

R o me th e re is a ls o a l e tt e r o f D u B e ll a y to F ra n cis w hich
, ,

p re s e n ts a c o r re ct su mm a ry o f K a th a r i n e s sp e e ch bu t co n ’

fus e s th e p r o c e e di n gs o f th e tw o d ays o n which K a th a r i n e

m a d e h e r a pp e a r an c e in c o u r t A l e tt e r h o w e v e r o fL o d o vic o .
, ,

F a li e r th e V e n e tia n a mb a ss a d o r disti n guish e s th e d a ys a n d

, , ,

a ccu r a t e ly a ssig n s to Ju n e 2 1 K a th a r i n e s humbl e but dig n ifi e d

'
’

a d d r e ss to h e r husb a n d "

i g
S n C v di h i pp 1 4 6 54 ; H ll
er s
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2 18 T H E D A IVN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R zl/A T I O N .

Th e disti n cti o n b e tw e e n th e p r o c e e di n gs o f th e tw o d ays

h as n o w b e e n m a d e p a lp a bly cl e a r t o g e th e r w ith th e chi e f ,

p o i n ts o f K a th a r i n e s a dd r e ss o n th e s e c on d d a y A r e c e n tly
’

disc o v e r e d l e tt e r o f C a m p e ggi o hims e l f in cyph e r It a li a n a n d , ,

L a ti n i n t e r m ix e d h e re a n d the re with w o rds o f n o m e a n i n g ,

a dd re ss e d to J a c o b o S a lvi a ti Cl e m e n t s s e c r e t a ry is p e r fe ctly
’
, ,

c o n clusi v e T h e r e a l hist o ric a l b a sis o f th e i n t e re sti n g sc e n e

.
,

with th e sp e e ch a sc r ib e d to K a th a r i n e a s a l r e a dy qu o te d h a s , ,

thus b e e n e sta blish e d b e y o n d c o n tra dicti o n C a m pe ggio s l e tt e r .

’

c o pi e d by M r St e v e n s on fr o m th e o rigi n a l its e lf (which is

.

a m o n g th e s e c r e t a r chiv e s o f th e V a tic an h b p i t d
) a s e e n r n e ,

by B re w e r in th e App e n dix to h is In tr o ducti o n to v o l .

At th e fi fth s e ssi o n (Ju n e 2 8 ) Fish e r o fR o ch e st e r p r e se n t e d

his b o o k o n th e l e g a lity o fth e m a rr i a ge a n d a l re a dy a n i m a te d , ,

with th e i n t re p id spi ri t o f th e m a r ty r d e cl a re d th a t in a ,
‘

fo rm e r a udie n c e h e h a d h e a r d th e ki n g s m aj e sty discuss th e ’

c a us e a n d t e stify b e fo re a l l th a t his o n ly i n t e n ti o n w a s to ge t
,

j u stic e d o n e H e h a d th e re fo r e c o me fo r w a r d a ft e r th e
.
,

m o st dilig e n t stu dy o f th e m a tt e r fo r t w o y e a r s i n o r d e r to
’

a v e r t th e d a m n a ti o n o f his o w n s o ul a n d to b e fa ithful to his ,

ki n g T h e m a r r i a ge h e d e cl a re d ca n b e diss o lv e d by n o
.
, ,
‘

p o w e r hu m a n o r D ivi n e Subs e qu e n tly H e n ry hi ms e lf r e pli e d

,
.
’

to Fish e r o r r a th e r i n v e igh e d a g a i n st h im with a c r i m o n i o us

,

v ir ul e n c e N o r a lth o ugh th e m a r ty r d o m which th e bish o p

.
,

s e e m e d to c o u r t w a s p o stp on e d w a s his o u tsp o k e n o pp o s iti o n ,

e v e r fo r g o tt e n .

T h e l e g a t e s n o w p r o c e e d e d to th e e x a m i n a ti o n o f wit n e ss e s .

Th e i r a tt e n ti o n w as p ri n cip a lly di r e ct e d to th e qu e sti o n o f

c o n su m m a ti on a n d h e re Fishe r a n d W o ls e y c a me i n t o sh a r p
,

c o llisi o n .

M e a n w hil e a t Ro m e th e I m p e r i a lists p re ss e d m or e vigo ro usly

, ,

th a n e v e r fo r th e A d voca ti on T h e p ro sp e ct o f th e e m p e r o r s .
’

p ggi t J S lvi ti J
Cam e 2 1 1 52 9
o A lli d i d tt (
o . th a a , une ,
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ce o o on e

eight t h ) h i f 11 di d i l i t ti
een cc mp l R i
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b ggi
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p i m ibi c m t i b li g fl b ch i l R d v lt l ll v
,

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d im d l i
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o h p t tt i d l h
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a sa c d lib d i t d i c iv
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m d anm ari C t — B iv I t
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 CL E M E N T A N D CA M PE G G I O . 19

sp e e dy visit to It a ly a d d e d st re n gth to th e i r a r gu m e n ts O f .

s m a ll a v a il w a s it th a t th e E n glis h a m b a ss a d o r s d e sc a n t e d o n
H e n ry s sup e r l a tiv e me r its Wo l se y s i n e vit a bl e r ui n th e l o ss
’

,
’

o f F r a n c e a n d E n gl a n d to th e p a p a cy Cle me n t c o uld o n ly .

w e e p a n d m u r m u r th a t h e w as pl a c e d b e t w e e n th e h a mm e r
an d th e a n vil an d i n v o k e d e a th to r e li e v e h im o f his
’

t ro ubl e s .

E ar ly in July K a th a ri n e s Pr o cu r a ti o n to p r o cu re th e’ ‘
,

r e v o c a ti o n d ra w n up by Fl e m ish l a wy e r s r e a ch e d M a i— a
,
’
,

Sp a n ish g e n tl e ma n o f B a r c e l o n a w h o w a s th e n i m p e r i a l ,

a m b a ss a d o r a t R o m e — th ro ugh th e i n t e r v e n ti o n o f th e L a dy

M a rg a re t We S h a ll n o w sp e a k pl a i n ly w r o t e M a i to th e
.
,
’

e m p e ro r I n th e s a m e l e tt e r th e a m b a ss a d o r e xp re ss e d his
.

gra v e suspici o n o f C a mp e ggio H e h a s b e h a v e d s o b a dly

.
‘
,
’

w r o te M a i th a t n o thi n g c o uld b e w o r s e
,
‘
.
’

Cl e me n t s p re c a r i o u s h e a lth a n d th e i m p o r ta n c e o f W o l s e y s
’

,
’

p r e s e n c e o n th e C o n ti n e n t to b e a r p a r t in th e n e g o ti a ti o n s fo r
a u n iv e r s a l p e a c e w e r e u rg e d by H e n ry s p a r tis a n s a s r e a s o n s
’

fo r hu rr yi n g o n th e suit S o me e xp e ct s e n t e n c e w ro te
.
‘
,
’

C a m p e ggi o to R o m e (July with in te n d a ys a n d a l th o u gh

w e h a v e m a n y thi n gs to d o — w r iti n gs a ll e g a ti o n s a n d p ro , ,

c e ss e s to s e e a n d e x a m i n e — n o thi n g is suffici e n t to p ro cu r e
us a m o m e n t s b r e a thin g ti me ’
His r e p r e s e n t a ti o n s w e re n o
-
.
’

d o u bt i n t e n d e d to s e t Cl e m e n t s ti m idity o n th e fre t s o a s to
’

h a st e n th e Ad vo c a ti o n Thu s Cl e me n t to o w a s b e c o m i n g
.
, ,

m o r e a n d m o re i m p a ti e n t T h e c a us e is hu rr i e d o n b e co m
’

,
.

pl a i n e d ; a n d h e d e cl a re d th a t h e n e ith e r c o uld n o r w o uld

w a it a n y l o n ge r T h e R o m a n l e ga t e s t e m p e r w a s t r i e d by
‘ ’ ’
.

th e E n glish cli m a t e a s w e ll a s by th e d e m a n ds m a d e up o n his

e n e r gi e s to o bt a i n i n c re a s e d sp e e d i n th e l e g a l p r o c e ss In .

Ju n e th e It a li a n p r e l a t e shiv e re d i n his w a r m e st g a r me n ts ;
i n July th e w e a th e r h a d ch a n ge d a n d e xt re me h e a t h a d ,

se t in .

By th e ki n g s a dh e r e n ts W o ls e y w a s a s fi e r c e ly c a l u m n i a t e d
’

a s C a m p e ggi o by th e Imp e r i a lists His yi e ldi n g p re c e d e n c e .

to his R om an c o ll e a gu e i n th e m an a g e me n t o f th e suit w a s
a n i m a dv e r t e d up o n ; but his hu m ility h o w e v e r u n n a tu ra l is , ,

e xpl a i n e d b y his S pi r it o f p ro fe ss e d d e fe r e n c e to th e p o n tiffs

a uth o r ity a n d by his si n c e r e wish to b e sc re e n e d fr o m n e e dl e ss

,
2 20 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R III A TI O N .

re sp o n sibility T h e l a r ge c o r re sp o n d e n c e n o w m a d e public
.

a cquits h im i n its e v e ry lin e o f disl o y a lty to his m a st e r .

C a mp e ggi o w a s e v e n o f o pi n i o n th a t W o lse y l o v e d his ki n g

b e tt e r th a n h e l o v e d hims e lf V an n e s re p o r t e d th a t W o ls e y .

h a d th re a t e n e d Cl e m e n t a s h e h a d b e fo r e th r e a t e n e d Ch a rl e s
, ,

th a t u n l e ss h e c o m pli e d with th e ki n g s r e qu e st h e w o uld

,
’

fi n d s o m e m e a n s to m a k e his h o li n e ss His d e v o ti o n to
th e p a p a cy o fwhich h e w a s re g a r d e d a s a p r i n cip a l pill a r a n d
, ,

his d e v o ti o n to his s o v e re ign it m ight b e supp o s e d d re w his , ,

symp a thi e s i n c o u n t e r di r e cti o n s bu t it w a s n o t so in r e a lity .

H e w a s i m p e ll e d by b o th th e s e m o tiv e s to th e s a m e li n e o f
c o n duct T h e div o r c e h e j udge d n e c e ss a ry fo r s e cu r in g th e
.

r o y a l succ e ssi o n a n d th a t th e div o r c e sh o uld b e p ro n o u n c e d

by Cl e m e n t h e j udge d n e c e ss a ry fo r m a i n t a i n i n g e ccl e si a stic a l

a uth o r ity a n d th e c o n ti n u e d a dh e r e n c e o f E n gl a n d to th e
'

h o ly s e e A m o n g th e s e lf sa cr ificin g c a v a li e rs o f a ce n tu rv
.
-

a n d a qu a r t e r l a t e r n o t o n e c o uld b e p o i n t e d o u t wh o s e l o y a lty
,

to th e th r o n e w a s m o r e u n sulli e d o r m o r e fe r vid th a n Wo l s e y s
’
.

I n h i s c a s e p e r s o n a l a tt a ch m e n t to th e m o n a r ch w a s l a r ge ly
ble n d e d with th e m o st a bs o lut e a tt a chm e n t to th e m o n ar chic a l
p r i n cipl e its e lf .

T h e d e liv e r y o f th e s e n t e n c e h a d b e e n fix e d fo r W e d n e s d a y .

July 2 1 but o n th a t d a y th e c o u r t w a s p ro ro gu e d u n til th e

,

fo ll o wi n g F r id a y O n F r id a y July 2 3 C a m p e ggi o r o s e b e fo re
.
, ,

a n a ss e m bly o f bish o ps n o bl e s a n d g e n tl e m e n a ll o n th e tip , ,

to e o f e xp e ct a ti on th e ki n g hi m s e lf sitti n g w ithi n a g a ll e ry
,

n e a r th e d o o r o f th e c o u r t a n d p r o n o u n c e d in flu e n t L a ti n
’
, ,

o n th e w o r d o f a t r u e p r e l a t e th a t th e g e n e ra l h o lid a ys o f ,
’

th e h a r v e st a n d vi n t a g e b e i n g o b s e r v e d i n th e c o u r t o f R o m e
a t th a t s e a s o n e v e ry y e a r th e l e g a t e s a r e b o u n d to o b e y th e ,

styl e o f th e s a m e c o u r t ; a n d th e r e fo r e p r o c e e di n gs must b e , ,

p ro ro gu e d u n til Oct o b e r 1 n e xt e n su i n g f "

.
'

T h e s e n t e n c e o f p o stp o n e m e n t w a s r e c e iv e d w ith th e sil e n c e

o f c o n st e r n a ti o n The n a h u m o f diss a tisfa cti o n w a s r isin g
.
,

wh e n th e D uk e o f Su ffo l k givi n g a g r e a t sl a p o n th e t a bl e ,
‘
,
’

e xcl a i m e d By th e M a ss I n o w I s e e th a t th e o l d s a id s a w is
‘
,

B . iv p t iii 5 7 4 0
.
,
ar .
, .

T C am p ggi d m d h i p m i t C l m t : T h y h l l v
e o re ee e s ro se o e en
‘
e s a ne er

le arn m y pi i o til I m b t t giv j dg m t th t i t y i f th

n on un a a ou o e u en a s o sa e
h ld p c d f —B iv p t ii 4 73 6
,

c a u se s ou ro ee so ar .
’
. .
,
ar .
,
.
 T H E S E N TE N CE O F PR O R O GA T I ON . 22 1

t ru e th a t th e r e
,
v e r w a s l e g a t e n o r c a r di n a l th a t did g o o d
ne

in W o ls e y sh a r ply r e t o r t e d a cc o r di n g to C a v e n ,

dish S ir if I si m pl e c a r di n a l h a d n o t b e e n y o u sh o uld h a v e
, , , , ,

h a d a t this p r e s e n t n o h e a d o n y o u r sh o u ld e r s wh e re i n y o u ,

sh o uld h a v e a t o n gu e to m a k e a n y such re p o r t in d e spite o f

us T h e c a r di n a l s a p t r e m i n isc e n c e w a s n o t lik e ly to h e a l
’ ’
.

Suffo lk s fe st e r i n g m a lic e
’
T h e l o r ds d e p ar t e d i n st o r my .

i n dign a ti o n T h e l e ga t e s w e re le ft a l o n e l o o k in g o n e a n o th e r
.
,

i n th e fa c e ; an d v e x e d a n d bl a n k m u st W o l s e y s fa c e h a v e
’

b e e n H e w o uld hi m s e lf h a v e p r e fe rr e d to p r o c e e d with th e
.

div o r c e c a s e but h e w a s c o n st r a i n e d to succu m b to C a m

,

e ggi o sj r e s o luti o n a n d th e p o n tiffs will

' ’

p .

T o th e ki n g hi m s e lf this p o stp o n e m e n t o f his c a us e ca n

h a r dly h a v e o cc a si o n e d a n y gre a t su r p r is e H e n ry h a d b e e n .

w a r n e d fr o m v a r i o us qu a r te r s o f th e u n fa v o u ra bl e t e n d e n cy o f
th e p a p a l d e lib e r a ti o n s ; a n d th a t h e i n s o me m e a su r e a ppr e
cia te d th e i n t e llige n c e which r e a ch e d h i m a pp e a r s c e r t a i n He .

h a d d e sp a tch e d G a r di n e r to V e n ic e i n st r ucti n g h i m to p e r su a d e ,

th e sig n o ry to r e st o r e C e r vi a a n d R a v e n n a to th e R o m a n
se e .But a ft e r G a rdi n e r s r e tu rn t o w a r ds th e e n d o f Ju n e ’
.
,

t h e r o y a l z e a l in th e p o n ti fica l c a us e h a d p e r c e pti b ly c o o l e d .

T h e pl a in i n fe r e n c e is th a t w h a t w o uld b e th e o utc o me o f ,

Cle m e n t s c a l m r e fl e cti o n s n o twit h st a n di n g his a ctu a l p r o m is e

’

a t a n e a r ly p e r i o d n o t to r e v o k e th e c o m m issi o n w a s n o w n o t ,

dimly fo re s e e n .

I n th e m idst o f th e busy i n te r e st e xcit e d by th e m a tr i

m o n i a l suit S ir Th o m a s M o r e t o o k his d e p a r tu r e ( July 1 ) fo r
,

C a m b r a y to a ssist a s H e n ry s r e p r e s e n t a tiv e in c o n cludi n g th e

, ,
’

t e r m s o f a u n iv e r s a l p e a c e Tu n st a l Bish o p o f L o n d on .
,

d e sc r ib e d by Ty n d a l e a s a t a citu rn S a tu rn by M o r e a s an ‘
,
’

a g r e e a bl e c o m p a n i on —w a s his c o ll e a gu e in this e m b a ssy .

But l a wy e r wit a n d ma n o f l e tt e r s a s M o r e w a s h e c o uld

, , , ,

n o t b e r e ck o n e d a m a tch f o r Wo ls e y i n st a t e s m a n ship a n d

dipl o m a cy T h e c ar din a l s h e a r t w a s a t C a m b ra y a lth o ugh

.
’

th e u gly div o r c e busi n e ss a n d its c o n s e qu e n c e s d e t a i n e d h im a

p r is o n e r in E n gl an d His a bs e n c e w a s c e r t a i n ly n o m a tte r o f .

r e gr e t to th e L a dy M a r g a r e t .

‘
T h e se R om ihh t
s a s ne v er b rou gh t g d ioo n to En gl d an .
’
— L a ti me r s
’

S e r m o n s, ’
PS , . . p 1 19
. .
‘

f Ve n .
,
iv 4 9 2
. .
 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

The ‘
l a di e s o r r a th e r th e tw o sist e rs —
tw o ,
’

, fo r so th e y ,

ty l e d th e m s e lv e s — M a r g a r e t d o w a ge r o f S a v o y o n th e p a r t, ,

o f h e r n e ph e w a cc o m p a n i e d by th e C a r di n a l o f Li e g e ; a n d
‘

L o uis e Duc h e ss o f A n g o ul eme m o th e r o f Fr an cis a tt e n d e d

, , ,

by l a di e s in litte r s a n d o n h o rs e b a ck a n d a m o n gst th e s e by ,

h e r c e l e b ra t e d d a ught e r M a rgu e r ite m e t a t C a m b r a y e a rly in

July . T h e tw o a stut e pl e n ip o t e n t i a r i e s a rr a n ge d th e t e r m s
o fth e m uch d e si r e d p e a c e e r e m a n y d a ys o f c o n sult a ti o n h a d
-

p a ss e d T h e l a di e s w e r e l o d ge d in such cl o s e p ro xi m ity th a t
.

th e y c o uld a t a n y ti me e xch an ge c o mm u n ic a ti o n s th r o ugh a

g alle ry A p re vi o us c o rre sp on d e n c e by l e tt e r h a d p r e p a r e d
.

th e w a y fo r th e sp e e dy s e ttl e m e n t o f th e t e rm s o fp e a c e .

T h e T r e a ty o fM a d r id w a s th e b a sis o fth e T r e a ty o f C a m b ra y .

F ra n cis w a s willi n g to sub m it to c on c e ssi o n s which m ight b e ,

e v e n d e e m e d s o m e wh a t hu m ili a ti n g in o rd e r to r e g a i n his ,

s o n s wh o s e ra n s o m w a s fix e d a t tw o m illi o n c r o w n s T o th e
,
.

i n t e re sts o f his a lli e s g e n e ra lly th e F r e n ch m o n a r ch sh o w e d

hi m se lf i n diffe r e n t a lth o ugh h e p a id m uch o utw a r d d e fe re n c e
,

to his b ro th e r
‘
o f E n gl a n d
’
wh o s e m o n e t a r y a ssist a n c e h e
,

kn e w w o uld b e r e qui re d to d e fra y th e h e a vy r an s o m Ch a r l e s .

,

o n his p ar t e xhibit e d a c o n sid e ra ti o n f

,
o r th e r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s

o f th e u n fo r tu n a t e B o u r b o n which a pp e a re d y e t m o r e m a r k e d
,

by st r iki n g c o n tra st This c o n sid e ra ti o n m ust h a ve b e e n th e

.

r e sult o f l o n g sight e d c a l c ul a ti o n
- fo r th e re is n o i n st a n c e o f ,

Ch a rl e s h a v i n g b e e n e v e r b e tr ay e d i n t o a n u n c o n sci o us fit ‘

o f r o m a n c e o r g e n e r o sity Th r e a t e n e d by th e Tu rk o pp o s e d
’
.
,

b y th e G e r m a n P ro t e st a n ts a ss a il e d by th e It a li an co n fe d e ,

ra t e s c o n fr o n t e d by th e u n it e d p o w e r o f F r a n cis a n d H e n ry
, ,

n o twithst a n di n g th e sig n a l succ e ss o f his a r m s by l a n d a n d

s e a h e w a s b y_n o m e a n s r e luct a n t to a cc e d e to t e r m s w hich

,

c o m p ris e d a ll his r e a s o n a bl e d e m an ds whilst F o r tu n e still ,

e xt e n d e d h e r fickl e fa v o u r s t o w a r ds h i m .

It is a sign o f th e a ge a s w e ll a s o f th e kin dly s e n ti m e n ts

,

o f th e l a dy pl e n ip o t e n ti a r i e s th a t it w a s e xp r e ssly stipul a t e d ,

th a t F r a n cis sh o uld a t o n c e c o n su m ma t e his m a rr i a ge wi th

"
L e o n o ra A n d a cc o r din gly a y e a r l a t e r a b o a t l e ft th e
, ,

T h e te r m s th e tr e a t o n t
of y hi b j c t s su e w e re
‘
Po u r l ’
a cco m pl is se

c i
m e n t e t o n so m m a t o n d i ce l l u y e
’
. ll (M d m E l e a a e e o n or ) se r a me ne e en
c
F r a n e , a u m e me n s a n t d e l a e i t d li v c d m di tr an e e es s se ig n e u r s,
’
e tc .
 I I E N R Y S H O PE S N O B R I G H T E R
’
. 2 2 3

F r e n ch ,
an th e r b o a t th e Sp a n ish b a n k o f th e r iv e r
d an o ,

‘
A u d a ie (Aud e ) dividin g th e r e a l m s th e F r e n ch b o a t l a d e n
, ,

wit h c ro w n s o f th e S u n th e Sp a n ish with L e o n or a a n d th e ,

’

p r in c e s a n e xch a n ge o f fr e ights w a s e ffe cte d in th e m iddl e o f

th e st r e a m a n d th e qu e e n a n d h e r st e ps o n s w e r e p r o m ptly
,

l a n d e d o n F re n ch t e rr it o ry T h e w a r b e tw e e n r e ckl e ss .

i mpuls e a n d ste a dy c a lcul a ti o n in w hich th e chi e f l a u re ls

h a d fa lle n to th e l a tt e r w a s n o w t e r m i n a t e d a n d L e o n o r a , ,

m ight b e r e g a rd e d a s th e sy m b o l o f r e c o n cili a ti o n Sh e w as .

n o t gift e d with th e c a p a city o f h e r sist e r s M a r g a r e t a n d M a r y ,

b u t s h e p ro v e d a n a m i a bl e a n d e x e m pl a r y c o n s o r t H e r in fl u .

e n c e h o w e v e r w a s i n suffici e n t to i n spi re fr i e n dly fe e li n gs i n

, ,

pl a c e o f th e d e e p s e a t e d a n tip a thy which h e r husb a n d e n t e r

-

ta in e d t o w a r ds h e r b ro th e r .

H e n ry w a s n o t with o ut h 0 p e th a t p e a c e s e cu r e d th e , ,

e m p e r o r m ight b e c o m e so far s o ft e n e d a s to c o n s e n t to
K a th a r i n e s withd r a w a l i n t o r e li gi o us s e clusi o n T h e h o p e
’
.

w a s d e lusiv e K a th a r i n e r e ma i n e d i n fl e xibl e a s e v e r Ch a rl e s
. .
,

h o w e v e r m uch disp o s e d to hu m o u r H e n ry i n m i n or p o i n ts ,

w a s b o u n d by th e h on o u r o f his fa m ily a n d his o w n an d ,

by e xp r e ss p r o m is e to c o n c e d e n o thi n g i n c o n t ra dicti o n
,

to th e w ill o f his a u n t It w a s e v e n p o ssibl e o n th e o th e r .

,

h a n d th a t F r a n cis wh e n by th e h e lp o f E n glish g o ld h e h a d
, ,

re co ve r e d th e d a uphi n an d th e D u k e o f O rl e a n s m ight ,

b e c o m e s o fa r r e c o n cil e d to th e e m p e r o r a s e v e n to c o o l s o m e
wh a t in his d e v o ti o n to h is b ro th e r o f E n gl a n d It c o uld ‘ ’
.

h a r dly b e c o n clud e d th e r e fo r e th a t th e p e a c e w h a t e v e r , , ,

bl e ssi n gs it m ight b r in g i n its t r a i n to Eu r o p e a n d e sp e ci a lly ,

to th e tw o fo r e m o st o f th e p r i n cip a l w h o d o fii n
‘
g ,

th e i r ar mo u r w e re to d o n th e r o b e s o f p e a c e h a d in a n y
, ,

d e gre e b r ight e n e d H e n ry s m a t ri m o n i a l p r o sp e cts ’

.

T h e o utl o o k g r e w d a r k e r w h e n i n t e llige n c e a r r iv e d fro m ,

R o m e th a t th e T r e a ty o f C a m b r a y (Aug u st 5 ) h a d b e e n p r e
c e d e d by th e d e cl a r a ti o n a t B a r c e l o n a o f p e r p e tu a l p e a c e
b e t w e e n th e p o p e a n d th e e mp e ro r By th e s e c r e t cl a us e s .

o f th e B a r c e l o n a c o m p a ct r a tifi e d by th e d o ubl e d e a li n g ,
-

T h e re c mp i d
w e re o r se
,
as
‘
p i ci p l c t c t th p p
r n a d
on ra o r s,
’
e o e . an th e
K i n gs o f H g y E gl d
un ar n an Po l d D m k P t g l d S c tl
an en ar or u a an o an d
—R y m e r
, , , , .

vi pp 1 2 9 1 3 6
,
-
,
.
, . .
224 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

Cl e me n t in J u n e Ch a r l e s o n his p ar t e n ga ge d to subdu e
, , ,

Fl o r e n c e a n d re st o r e it to th e M e dici a n d to w e d his n a tu ra l
,

d a ught e r M a r ga re t to Al e ss a n d r o Du k e o f Pe n n a th e p o p e s
, ,
’

n e ph e w . Cl e me n t o n his p a r t b o u n d hims e lf to k e e p th e
, ,

F r e n ch o u t o f It a ly a n d to c o m ply with th e e m p e ro r s will in

,
’

th e div o r c e c a us e T h e e xt e n t o f th e p o n tiff s duplicity c o uld

’

sc a r c e ly h a v e b e e n divin e d by th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d ; but th e
B a r c e l o n a a gre e m e n t w a s in its e lf a sign ific a n t t o k e n th a t th e
p o n tiff a t l e n gth d istin ctly r e c o gn is e d th e t o t a l d iscom fi tu re o f
th e F re n ch a n d w ith o u t a n y fa r th e r re a l h e sit a ti on li n k e d his
,

fo r tu n e s d e fi n itiv e ly with th o s e o f Ch a rl e s .

It m a y b e o bs e r v e d th a t th e y e a r 1 5 2 9 w a s v e ry m e m o r a bl e
b o th p o litic a lly a n d r e ligi o usly Ch a r l e s c r o ss e d fr o m B a r c e
.

l o n a to It a ly J uly 2 7 th e T re a ty o f C a mb ra y w a s c o n clud e d ,

i n th e fi r st w e e k o f August ; th e b r e a ch b e t w e e n th e p a p a cy
a n d th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d wid e n e d i n t o a fix e d gulf ; i n ’

G e r m a n y th e Pro t e sta n t b a n n e r w a s u n fu rl e d a t th e Die t o f

Spi re s i n th e sp r in g ; th e tw o s e cti o n s o f its a dh e r e n ts
,

a tt e m pt e d a r e c o n cili a ti o n u n d e r its fo lds a t M a r bu r g i n th e

a utu m n .

T h e p o n tifica l p ro ro g a ti o n o f th e d iv o r c e suit s e e m e d to
put th e fi n a l c r o w n up o n th e i m p e r i a l t riu m ph A b ri e f .
,

d a t e d July 1 9 e xp r e sse d to W o ls e y Cl e me n t s d e e p r e gre t

,
’

th a t h e h a d b e e n c o mp e ll e d to a d v o k e th e m a tr i mo n ia l c a us e ,

a n d a dd e d th e a n xi o us h o e th a t th e c ar di n a l t a ki n g i n t o
p ,

c o n sid e ra ti o n fo r h o w l o n g a tim e th e p o n tiff h a d succ e e d e d

i n d e l a yi n g th e r e v o c a ti o n w o uld u se his b e st e f
,
fo r ts to re t a i n
his s o v e re ign i n fa ithful a tt a ch m e n t to th e h o ly s e e T h e .

div o r c e c a us e h a d in fa ct b e e n r e v o k e d a s e arly a s
, ,

July 1 3 N o r w a s it to a n y e ffe ctu a l pu r p o s e th a t a n e a rn e st

.

l e tt e r fro m W o ls e y (July wh e n h e w a s a s y e t o n ly a n tici

p a ti n g th e d e ci s iv e bl o w with gl o o my a pp r e h e n si o n i n still e d ,

th e w a rn i n g : C a m p e ggi o u n ite s with m e to u r ge th e p o p e if ,

it (th e a dv o c a ti o n ) m u st b e gra n t e d to qu a lify it ; for if th e ki n g

,

b e cit e d to a pp e a r in p e r s o n o r by p ro xy a n d his p re r o g a ti v e
, ,

b e i n t e r fe re d w ith n o n e o f his subj e cts w ill t o l e r a t e i t ; o r if

,

h e a pp e a r s in It a ly it will b e a t th e h e a d o f a fo rm id a bl e
,

a r my . If h o w e v e r th e a dv o c a ti o n is m e re ly i n te n d e d to cl o s e
, ,

my h a n d s w i th o u t p re v e n ti n g th e k i n g fro m t a ki n g a n y o th e r
,
 TH E A D VO CA T I ON A N D S US PE N S I ON 22 5

re me dy it ma y b e a ll o w e d to p a ss
,
A cita ti o n o f th e kin g to .

R o me or thr e a t o f e xc o m mu n ic a ti o n is n o m o re t o l e ra bl e th a n
,

th e wh o l e l o ss o f th e ki n g s dig n ity If, th e re fore th e P o p e ’

.
,

h as gra n t e d a n y such a dv o c a ti o n , it must b e

Fr uitl e ss w e r e th e b e st g ro u n d e d re m o n st ra n c e s Th e .

a dv o c a ti o n w a s fo ll o we d by a susp e n sio n o f th e kin g s c a us e ’

till Chr istm a s Th e n th e c a us e w a s susp e n d e d fr o m Chr ist m a s

.

till E a st e r ; a n d whilst th e suit w a s p e n di n g th e ki n g w a s ,

i n hibite d fr o m t a kin g an o th e r wife S o m uch d e fe re n c e w a s .

a cc or d e d to his r e g a l a uth o r ity th a t th e e mp e r o r an d p o n tiff

c on c e d e d— with K a th a r i n e s a sse n tf— th a t th e l e tt e r cit a ’ ‘

to ria l sh o uld n o t b e exhibit e d but o n ly th e b r i e f a dd r e ss e d to

’

W o lse y T h e le g a t e s issu e d a p u blic n o ti fi c a ti o n (S e pt e m

.

b e r 1 1 ) o f th e e xpi ry o f th e i r o ffic e .

Ye t e v e n n o w Cl e m e n t w a s to o i n si n c e re a n d to o ti m id to
shut th e d o or a b s o l u te ly up on H e n ry s cl a i ms T o g e th e r with ’
.

th e susp e n si o n h a d c o me th e p r o m is e th a t i n th re e m o n ths
th e p o p e w o uld p ro n o u n c e a s e n t e n c e o f div o r c e an d give
‘ ’

lic e n s e fo r a s e c o n d m a rri a ge B u t H e n ry w a s in n o m o o d to .

b e l o n ge r c aj o l e d H e r e plie d th a t h e r e ga r d e d with g r i e f
.
‘

a n d w o n d e r th e i n c r e dibl e c o n fu si o n which h a d a r is e n If th e .

p o p e c o uld r e l a x divi n e l a ws a t his pl e a su re h e m ust h a v e a s ,

much p o w e r o v e r hu man l a ws N o r e li a n c e c o uld b e pl a c e d .

o n his p ro mis e s His o w n dign ity a s Ki n g o f E n gl a n d h a d

.

n o t b e e n c o n su lt e d
’
.

T o Cl e me n t C a m p e ggi o b o a st e d th a t n e ith e r by fa i r m e a n s
n o r fo ul h a d th e ki n g an d his c o u r t b e e n a bl e to r e n d e r h i m th e

t o o l o f th e i r pu r p o s e s H e t o o k his l e a v e o f H e n ry a fte r a b r i e f .

d e l ay ; a n d Oct o b e r 5 with n o r e luct a n c e quitte d L o n d o n , ,

.

T w o d ays l a t e r th e st a t e o f th e ro a ds b e i n g d e pl ora bly b a d

, ,

h e succ e e d e d i n g e tti n g a s far a s C an t e r bu ry At D o v e r .

th e w a tch d e m an d e d to e x a m i n e his t r u n ks d e spite ,

his p a ssp or t ; a n d o n his re fusi n g to yi e ld th e k e ys b r o k e ,

o p e n his l o cks an d r a n s a ck e d his c o ff e rs ,

But n o C o mmissi o n .

D e cr e t a l c o uld b e disc o v e r e d— th a t h a d b e e n a sh e s l o n g a go
B iv p t iii 5 7 9 7
. .
, ar .
,
.

1 T hi l i ty f K th i H yp p d t g i t h if h
"

s en o a ar n e e nr ro o se o u se a a ns e r, s e
sh ld ch g h mi d H
ou t t G di (S p t m b 2 1
an e er n . e w ro e o ar ner e e er ,
th t h
a h p d thi h e t d bf y o d C m p ggi
e m y
‘
s, er ac ,
o ne e ore ou an a e o, a
p v t h f m p c di g t R m
re en g i i g y ci t ti h ft
er ro ro ee n a o e ,
or a n n an a on e re a e r,
’

if h s h ld t c t T h ci t ti t R m w x t m ly ff iv t
e
‘
s ou re ra
’
e a on o o e as e re e o e ns e o
h im —
.

B iv p t iii 5 9 3 6
. . .
,
ar .
, .
2 26 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

no e pistl e s fro m th e p o p e c o uld b e fo u n d I n m a n y ch e sts .

th e re w e r e o n ly o l d h o s e n o l d c o a ts a n d such vil e stu ff

, ,
.
’

C a mp e ggi o m a d e his c o m pl a i n t to H e n ry o f th e sc an t
re sp e ct sh o w n to his l e g a ti n e a uth o r ity a n d r e c e ive d a ,

ch ar a ct e r istic a n sw e r : As to y o u r l e g a t e ship n o w ro n g h a s
‘

b e e n d o n e by m e o r mi n e s e e i n g th a t y o u r a u th o rity o n ly
,

e xt e n d e d so f a r a s to th e t e r mi n a ti o n o f m y c a us e I .

w o n d e r th a t y o u a r e so ign o ra n t o f th e l a w s o f this ki n gd o m
th a t y o u a r e n o t a fr a id to m a k e u se o f th e titl e o f l e ga t e “
,
”

wh e n it b e c a m e d e fu n ct s e e in g th a t y o u a re a bish o p h e re
, ,

a n d s o b o u n d by th e m o st s o l e m n o blig a ti on s to o b s e r v e a n d

re sp e ct m y r o y a l dign ity j u r isdicti o n a n d a uth o r ity A ’

.
, ,

ro ugh a p o l o gy f or C a m e i r u d e t r e a t m e n t by th e w a tch
’
o s
p gg
fo ll o w e d : Yo u m ay i n fe r fro m it th e ki n g a dd e d th a t my
‘
,
’
,
‘

subj e cts a re n o t v e ry w e ll pl e a s e d th a t my c a use h a s c o m e to

n o b e tt e r c o n clusi o n Th e re ca n b e n o d o ubt th a t th e p o licy
.
’

a n d p r o c e du r e o f R o m e c r a fty fa lse i n s o l e n t a n d a bj e ctly

, , , ,

subs e r vi e n t to th e e mp e ro r w a s b e gin n i n g to disgust th e

,

E n glish p e o pl e a n d to r an ge o n th e k i n g s sid e m a n y b e fo re
,
’

n e ut ra l o r e v e n dis a f
,
fe ct e d to his c a u s e .

Thu s e n d e d th e m o st c e l e b r a t e d a ct i n th e l o n g d ra ma o f
tha t w e a r is o m e c o n tro v e r sy with th e Va tic a n o n issu e s co n ,

n e cte d w ith w hich hu n g th e d e sti n i e s o f o u r Chu r ch a n d

n a ti o n . T h e s e lf stu l ti fica tio n o f th e l e g a t e s a t Bl a ckfr i a r s

-

h a d b e e n displ a y e d i n sh ar p c on t r a st to th e p r o m pt su cc e ss o f
th e l a di e s a t C a m b ra y M a rg ar e t w a s o n ly sp a r e d o n e ye ar
.

l o n ge r in th e p o st which s h e h a d fi lle d s o w e ll T o Eu r o p e .

h e r l e g a cy w a s p e a c e Cl e me n t m ight fe licit a t e hi m s e lf o n
.

th e sh r e w d n e ss a n d fi d e lity o f C a m p e ggi o ; bu t it w a s v e r y
hu m ili a ti n g to h im i n th e fa c e o f Chr ist e n d o m th a t h e h a d
s a c r ific e d his w o r d a n d th e dig n ity a n d st a b ility o f th e h o ly
se e to his p e r s o n a l s a fe ty a n d th e i n t e r e sts o f his fa m ily Of .

a ll th e chi e f a ct o r s th e l e a st c o n t e n t e d w a s th e a bl e st o f a ll ,

wh o m E ra s m us styl e d th e gre a t C ar di n a l o f E n gl a n d
‘
.
’

H a mp e re d in his cl e a r sight e d p o licy by his r e tic e n t w ily

-
,

c o lle a gu e his l o v e to his s o v e re ign his l o v e to his Chu r ch

, , ,

fr ustra t e d by R o me s t re a ch e ry a sl a v e to ci rcumst a n c e s which

’

h a d o v e r m a tch e d his ge n ius — littl e e ls e r e m a in e d to w ols e y

th an to a n ticip a t e with tr e mbli n g s o licitud e th e i n e vit a bl e a n d
r a id shipw r e ck o f a ll his g r e a t n e ss
p .
 V .
—
N EW M IN I S T ER S .

THE for tu n e s o f Wo lse y o n ly fo r a sh o r t ti m e s e e m e d to w a v e r

in th e b a l a n c e At G ra ft o n i n N o r th a m pt o n shi r e whith e r th e
.
, ,

tw o c ar di n a ls j o u rn e y e d ( S e pt e m b e r 1 4 ) a n d p r e s e n t e d th e m
s e lve s b e fore th e ki n g o n Su n d a y S e pt e m b e r l 9 — fo r H e n ry ,

a n d An n e w e r e th e re e nj oyi n g th e gr e a s e (st a g hu n tin g) -

s e a s o n i n r id e s a n d p a sti m e s — W o ls e y fo u n d th a t n o a p ar t
’

m e n t h a d b e e n p re p a r e d fo r his o w n e sp e ci a l u se a n d h e w a s ,

a bl e to o bt a i n a cc o mm o d a ti o n o n ly th ro ugh th e ki n d o f fic e s o f
H e n ry N o rr is Ye t h e w as fa v o u re d with a p r iv a te a udi e n c e
.
,

w hich b e fo r e h e h a d s o licit e d th r o ugh G a r d i n e r i n v a i n Th e .

ki n g p re vi o usly i n r e ply to his s o licit a ti o n h a d r e qu e st e d h im

, ,

to c o m m it w h a t h e h a d to sa y to l e tt e r H e no w k n e lt b e fo r e .

his s o v e r e ign in th e ch a m b e r o f p r e s e n c e u n d e r th e cl o th o f ,
‘

e s ta te a n d H e n r y lift e d h i m up by b o th a r m s a n d l e d h im by
’

, ,

th e h a n ds to a g re a t wi n d o w a n d c a usi n g h im to b e c o v e re d
, , ,
’

h e ld l o n g a n d e ar n e st c o n fid e n ti a l c o mm u n ic a ti o n with
‘ ’

h im .

Th e c o u r ti e r s l e ss w e ll disp o s e d to th e c a r di n a l th a n w a s
,
-

th e i r m o n ar ch tu rn e d cu r i o us a n d p e r h a ps dist ru stful e y e s
,

t o w a r d s th e ki n g a n d his o l d m in ist e r H e n r y w a s o b s e rv e d .

to pluck o u t o f his b o s o m s o m e w r iti n g a pp a r e n tly a l e tt e r , ,

a n d w a s o v e rh e a r d in a n s w e r to s o m e st a t e m e n t o f W o ls e y to
, ,

i n qu i r e in ki n gly t o n e s H o w can th a t b e Is n o t this y o u r

‘

h a n d ? It h a s b e e n c o nj e ctu re d th a t th e w r iti n g i n qu e sti o n

’

w a s a s e c re t a n d t r a it o r o us l e tt e r o f W o ls e y to Cl e m e n t w hich , ,

u n e a r th e d by B ry a n a t R o m e h a d b e e n fil ch e d fro m h im by ,

his c o usi n A n n e a n d by h e r pl a c e d i n th e ki n g s h a n ds T o
,
’
.

th is c o nj e ctu re Sh a k sp e re h a s h e lp e d to giv e cu rr e n cy * N 0 .

‘
W hat s ’
t hi s ? T o th e P o pe
The l e tte r , a s I liv e ,
ih
w t a l l th e b i
u s n e ss

1 5— 2
2 28 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

su ch l e tte r h o we v e r h a s e v e r s e e n public light a n d th e a ffa i r

, , ,

still r e m a i n s a myst e ry a t th e p re s e n t d ay wh e n so m uch l on g ,

i n v o lv e d in d o ubt h a s b e e n re n d e re d cl e a r .

But wh a te v e r th e w r itin g m a y h a v e b e e n it c a n n o t h a v e ,

s e r v e d to subst an ti a t e a n y v e ry w e ighty ch ar g e ; fo r a ft e r a
whil e th e ki n g a pp e are d fa i rly s a tisfi e d with th e c ar di n a l s ’

e xpl a n a ti on s a n d s a id to him : My l o r d go to y o u r di n n e r
‘
.
, ,

Afte r di n n e r I will r e s o r t to y o u a g a i n a n d th e n w e will ,

c o mm u n e fu r th e r wit h y o u in this m a tte r It w a s o mi n o us .

’

tha t a t di n n e r N o rfo lk c o uld n o t fo rb e ar d o w n r ight i n sult but ,

e v e n hi n t e d to th e c a r di n a l th e ro y a l i n t e n ti o n to b a n ish him

to Y o rk Afte r di n n e r th e ki n g a n d th e c a r din a l c o n v e r s e d
.

t o ge th e r fo r a l o n g tim e n o t o n ly s e ri o usly but a m ic a bly , , .

T h e C o u n cil sa t on S e pt e m b e r 2 3 wh e n it w a s r e m a r k e d th a t ,

Suffo lk N orfo lk Tuke (S ir B ry a n ) a n d Ste v in s (Ga r din e r)

, , ,

sh o w e d a s m uch o bs e r v a n c e to th e c a r d in a l a s b e fo r e Th e .
’

c orr e sp o n d e n t w h o fu rn ish e d this i n te llige n c e to Cr um w e ll

a dd e d Wh a t th e y b e ar in th e ir h e a r ts I k n o w n o t I t w a s .
’

c o n sid e r e d to b o d e n o go o d to W o ls e y a t this j u n ctu r e th a t

th e l e g a t e s w e r e fo r bidd e n to m o v e a b o ut th e c o u n t ry with a
l ar ge re ti n u e o r with c r o ss e s
, .

But sh o r tly a ft e r w ar ds e v e n b e fo re C a mp e ggi o h a d quitte d

,

L o n d o n th e p r o sp e cts o f th e c a r di n a l a ll o w e d n o l o n ge r r o o m
,

fo r sp e cul a ti on o r h e sit a ti on T h e i mp e r i o us fa v o u r it e s fo r
’
.

fe i tu re o f pl a c e an d p o w e r w as i n e vit a bl e b e y o n d d o ubt The .

F r e n ch a m b a ss a d o r wr o te h o m e ( Oct o b e r with m uch r e gre t :

T h e c a r di n a l s r ui n is c e r ta i n (s e n v et tota l e m e n t) ; I s e e n o
’ ’

ch a n c e to th e c o n t ra ry T h e fo r c e o f th e cu rr e n t th a t b o re
.
’

h i m d o w n w a s o v e r w h e lmi n g A n n e a n d h e r p ar tis a n s h a t e d .

h im T h e l a dy w a s h e a r d to say th a t it w o uld c o st h e r a g o o d
.
‘

twe n ty th o us a n d c ro w n s b e fo r e sh e h a d e n ti re ly d o n e with
I i h i H li
w r t to N y th fs w ll o n e ss . a ,
e n, a re e
I h v t ch d th high t p i t f l l my g
a e ou e e es o n o a r e a tn e ss

A d f m th t f ll m idi
n ro f my gl y a u er an o or

I h t w t my
as e tti g I h ll f ll
no o se n s a a

L ik b igh t xh l ti i th v i g
e a r e a a on n e e en n ,
A nd no ma n se e m e mo r e .
’

— K ing H e n r y VI I I iii c .
,
a ct .
,
s e ne 2 .

‘
A nne B ly
o e n is id by h
sa er e ne mi t h v
es t l thi l tt
o a e s o en s e er fr o m
Byr an , a nd to h v giv i t
a e en to th ki g — M cki t h ii p
e n
’
a n os .
,
1 65
b
. . .

H er e r t, 1 2 3- 4 .
 W OL S E Y -
S UE D I N T H E C O UR T O F Q UE E N
’
S E E N C II . 22 9

h im but th a t sh e did n o t gr udge th e e x pe n se fi T h e fr ie n ds

’
‘
,

o f K a th a r i n e o n this o n e p o i n t w e r e i n t h o r o ugh a g r e e m e n t

w ith A n n e s fa cti o n
’
Aspir i n g c o u r ti e r s a n d p o litici a n s w e re
.

buildin g th e i r e a ge r h o p e s o f p r e fe rm e n t o n his r ui n N o rfo lk .

a n d Su f fo lk d e t e st e d th e c a r din a l an d w e re g re e dy o f his ,

p o w e r a n d i n flu e n c e i n th e St a t e .

T h e c a t a stro ph e w a s d e fe rr e d but fo r a b r i e f sp a c e Th e .

kin g di re ct e d th e Att or n e y G e n e ra l (Chr ist o ph e r H a l e s) to -

s u e o u t a w r it o f p r ae mu n i r e ( Octo b e r 9 ) a ga i n st W o ls e y in
’

th e C o u r t o f Ki n g s B e n ch T h e i n dict m e n t st a t e d th a t h e
’
.

h a d p ro cu r e d a n d publishe d Bulls fr o m C l e m e n t c on t ra ry
‘
,
‘

to th e st a tut e o f 1 6 Ric II c a n d h a d e x e r cis e d th e o ffic e

. .
, .

o f l e g a t e f T o w a r ds th e cl o s e o f th e m o n th th e c a us e w a s
-

tr i e d By his a tt o rn e ys (S e nse a n d G e nn e y ) W o ls e y ple a d e d

.

th a t h e k n e w n o t th e o bt a i n i n g Bulls to b e in c o n t e mpt o r
‘

p rej udic e o f th e kin g o r a ga i n st an y sta tut e o f p ro vis o rs

,
.
’

T h e a ccus e d mi n ist e r t e ch n ic a lly guilty w a s m o ra ll y i n n o c e n t

, , .

Th a n H e n ry s c o n duct n o thin g ca n b e c o n c e iv e d m o re a bj e ctly

’

dish on o u ra bl e F o r i n th e m a tt e r o f th e l e g a te ship wh a te v e r
.
,

h a d b e e n d o n e h a d b e e n s a n cti o n e d by th e ro y a l c ogn iz a n c e
a n d a pp ro v a l T h e ki n g s high n e ss W o l s e y c o uld a n sw e r to
‘ ’ ’
.
,

th e j udge s s e n t to h im pu r p o s e ly to e x a m i n e h im k n o w e th ‘
,

r ight w e l l wh e th e r I h a v e o f fe n d e d his m aj e sty o r n o in usi n g

ofm p re r o g a tiv e l e g a ti n e fo r th e which y e h a v e m e i n dit e d
y , .

N o twithst an din g I h a v e th e ki n g s lic e n s e in my c o ffe r s u n de r ’

his h a n d a n d b ro a d s e a l fo r e x e r cisi n g a n d usi n g th e a uth o rity

,

th e r e o f in th e l a rg e st wis e But with w a ry fo re sight his

,
’
, ,

p a p e r s h a d b e e n a t o n c e s e iz e d so th a t it w a s o u t o f his p o w e r ,

to p r o duc e wh a t w o uld h a v e b e e n his c o mpl e t e e xculp a ti o n .

If h o w e v e r h e c o uld h a v e p r o duc e d th e r o y a l lic e n s e a s e lf

, , ,

will e d d e sp o tic m o n a r ch such a s H e n ry w o uld th e r e by h a v e

,

b e e n p e r s on a lly a li e n a t e d which w o uld h a v e b e e n e ve n a n ,

a gg ra v a ti o n o f th e fa ll e n fa v o u r it e s m isfo r tu n e s F or th e ’
.

ki n g hi m s e lf w a s i n h e a r t l e ss u n fr ie n dly th a n th e m a lici o us
c o u r ti e r s w h o buzz e d th e i r c a lu m n i e s a b o ut th e ro y a l e a rs
,
.

F r o m th e b e gi n n i n g o f his t r o ubl e s Wo ls e y me t th e fr o w n s
o f th e C o u r t with th e d e e p hu m ility a n d a bs o lut e submissi o n

Sp .
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2 30 T H E D A l VN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

which a l o n e p ro m is e d a n y m itiga ti o n o f his c a l a m ity H e .

th re w hims e lf a t th e kin g s fe e t a n d i mpl o re d th e r o y a l m e r cy ’

.

H e w a s e n ti r e ly h e d e cl a r e d i n his o b e di e n c e N e xt u n to
’ ‘ ’
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God h e p
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o fe ss e d i n his o ft e n qu o t e d l e tte rfi I c o v e t n o thi n g
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s o much i n this w o r ld a s y o u r fa v o u r a n d fo rgiv e n e ss Th e .

re m e m b r an c e o f my fo lly with th e sh a r p sw o r d o f y o u r dis ,

pl e a su re h a v e so p e n e tra t e d my h e ar t th a t I c an n o t but
,

l a me n t a bly cr v a n d say S ufi ci t n u n c co n ti n e p i i ssi m e r e a , ,

'

ma n n m tu a m B e a ti mi se r i co r d e s qu i et ip si m i se r i cor d i a m
’

.
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co n se qu e n tn r , which th a t I m ay o bt a i n I sh all n o t c e a s e to
p ra y a s y o u r m o st p r o st ra t e p o o r ch a pl a in c re a tu re a n d
, , ,

b e d e sm a n T C a r Eb o r mise rrimu s
li
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s
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By a n It a li a n s e rv a n t th e o n ly o n e w h o r e m a in e d fa ithful ,

to h im W o ls e y e n t r e a t e d th e F r e n ch a m b a ss a d o r to i n duc e
,

F ra n cis to a d d re ss H e n ry in his b e h a lf by th e i r fra t e rn a l ,

‘

a ff e cti o n n o t to t a k e up sudd e n ly a n v b a d i m p re ssi o n s a g a i n st

’
,

th o se wh o m th e w o rld h as o n c e s e e n in such gr e a t a uth o r ity ,

a n d w h o m h e h a s e m pl o y e d a s i n st r u m e n t a l i n th e p r e s e n t

a m ity o f th e tw o s o v e r e ig n s s o r e n o w n e d th r o ugh o u t Ch r ist e n

d om .F ra n e 1 s s e n t J o h n J o a chim th e c a r di n a l s fo r me r
’
,
’

a ss o ci a t e i n dipl o m a tic i n t rigu e to th e E n glish C o u r t th e , ,

r e i n st a t e m e n t o f W o ls e y i n his r o y a l m a st e r s g o o d g r a c e s
’

b e i n g a sc a r c e ly disguis e d p a r t o f his e rr a n d
-
T h e F r e n ch .
‘
,
’

w ro te Ch a puy s to th e e m p e r o r w o uld S p a r e n o m e an s to r e i n ,

st a t e th e c a r di n a l ; fo r wh a t e v e r th e y p r e t e n d th e y h a v e n o
, ,

c on fid e n c e in th e Duk e o f N o rfo lk Ev e n th e e m p e ro r h im .
’

s e lf gra ti fi e d by th e Un iv e rs a l P e a c e which w a s a tt r ibute d i n

, ,

l a rge m e a su r e to W o l se y s e ffo rts a n d i n flu e n c e sp ok e o f h im ’

in t e rm s o f c o m m is e ra ti o n a n d i n ti ma t e d a n i n t e n ti on o f ,

a dd re ssi n g to h i m a fr i e n dly l e tt e r But public s e r vic e s h o w .

,

e v e r e m i n e n t w e igh e d lightly i n th e sc a l e a g a i n st r a n c oro us

,

d o me stic a n i m o siti e s a n d th e sy mp a thy o f fo re ign p o t e n t a te s

,

w as to o fe e bl e a p ro p to wit h st a n d th e fi e r c e c o n ti n u o us str e a m
o f c o u r tly a n d p o pul a r a n t a g o n ism .

His r iv a ls a t C o u r t st ill fe a r e d h im It w a s a pp r e h e n d e d .

th a t his l on g e xp e r i e n c e a n d u n e qu a ll e d t a l e n t w o uld b e
W r i tte n
B w c j ct th v y v,
i g re er on e ur e s , e er e en n of th e d a y on w hich
W l y t i th C h c y f th l t t im
o se sa n th e an er or e as e, or e d ay b e fo r e -
B iv
I t p dxxii iv p t iii 5 9 99
. . .
,
n r0 . ar , .
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 T H E PR E CA U TI ON S O F H I S EN E M I E S . 2 31

d e pl o r a bly miss e d a n d th e e n gin e o f go v e r n m e n t p ro v e a t ,

fa ult th ro ugh th e l a ck o f wh a t h e w a s w on t to c a ll his p o o r

j udgm e n t F o r s o m e ti m e h e h a d a l l but m o n o p o li z e d fu n c
’
.

ti o n s gr e a t a n d s m a ll o f i n fi n ite v a r i e ty in Chu r ch a n d St a t e
, , ,

an d n o multiplicity o r c o m plic a ti on o f busi n e ss h a d b e e n fo u n d

a bu r d e n b e y o n d his p o w e r s T h e ki n g o n ly c o v e t e d his .

g o o ds h e h a d n o p e r s on a l dislik e to th e fr ie n d o f his b o y
h o o d R e n e w e d i n te r c o u r s e b e t w e e n th e r o y a l m a ste r a n d th e
.

o l d fa v o u r it e w a s thu s d r e a d e d a n d it w a s d e t e r m i n e d by th e ,

h o stil e c o u r ti e r s with A n n e a t th e i r h e a d to a ll o w n o sc o p e
, ,

t o W o ls e y fo r th e pl a y o f his i n si n u a ti n g a d d r e s s i “ With
w o m a n ly t a ct but with fir m an d r e s o lute h a n d A n n e k e pt th e
, ,

sp e ci o us c a r di n a l a t a dist a n c e Wo ls e y w e ll k n e w th e witch e ry .

wh e r e w ith sh e sp e ll b o u n d his s o v e r e ign a n d sp o k e o f h e r a s ~

his c o n ti n u a l s e r p e n tin e e n e my a b o u t th e ki n g S o me ti m e s .
’

h e w o uld a llud e to h e r a s th e n ig h t c r o w
’
- .

Of th e c o u n cill o r s n o w by th e r e m o v a l o f th e m o st c a p a bl e ,

st a t e s m an o f th e a ge b ro ught fo r w a r d to th e fr o n t r a n k th e , ,

D uk e o f S u ffo lk Ch a rl e s B ra n d o n H e n r y s b ro th e r in l a w, ,
’
- -
,

w a s M ar sh a l o f E n gl a n d H e h a d cl a i ms o n th e h o us e o f .

L a n c a ste r a s th e s o n o f S ir Willia m B ra n d o n st a n d ar d b e a re r
, ,
-

o n B o s w o r th Fi e ld w h o h a d b e e n str uc k d o wn a n d sl a i n in ,

Rich a r d s fu r i o us o n s e t to m e a su re sw o r ds in p e r s o n a l c o mb a t
’

wi th his r iv a l Rich m o n d Suffo lk w a s o f big b o n e a n d

,
.
,

sple n did m u scl e a succ e ssfu l g a m e st e r but o f sh a ll o w b ra i n s ,

b rilli a n t in th e t o u rn e y a n e ffici e n t s o ldi e r o f F l o d d e n

r e n o w n ; a s a g e n e ra l w o r s e th a n i m o t e n t T h e l o w m o r a lity
p , .

o f th e d a y fo u n d i n h i m a n e xp r e ssiv e p e r s o n a l re p r e s e n t a tiv e

Su ch w
g d m bi ti asf th C di l
th Ch p y i
e c ou ra e an a on O e ar na . a u s n

f m d th E m p
or e th t h w ld t f il t t y t g t b ck i t f v
e e ror a e ou no a o r o e a n o a our
if h f v bl Opp t i ty d thi w lik ly i f th ki g
‘
w e sa a a t o ur a e or u n ,
an s as n o un e ,
e n

sh ld q i h i dvic T h th d k ( N f lk ) b g t w v y
ou re u re s a e . en e u e or o e an o s e ar er
l dly th t th th
ou fia thi h w ld t h i m p liv T p v t
ra e r a n su er s e ou ea u a e . o re en
su ch c ti g cy th C di l h b f bidd t pp ch th c t
a on n en e ar na as een or en o a roa e o ur
w ithi v m il — B iv p t iii 6 1 9 9 ’
n se en es . ar . .
,
. .
,

T Si Ch l B d r m d c t c t f m t i m y w i th g tl
ar e s ra n on a e a o n ra o a r on a en e
w m o c ll d M A
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t b o l w f l f th t th id S i C h l B d h d m d p
e un a u ,
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c t c t w ith h
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2 32 THE D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R EF O R M A T I O IV .

T o th e fa ir se x h e w a s a n o bj e ct of a dmi ra ti o n a lth o ugh n ow ,

in his fo r ty n in th y e ar H a vin g b e e n s e n t i n t o F ra n c e to
-
.
,

e sc o r t h o m e th e y o uthful wid o w o f L o uis h e h a d succumb e d ,

to th e to o p o t e n t t e mpt a ti o n a n d w e dd e d h e r a t Clugn y ; a n d ,

thus bro k e th e p ro mis e which h e r b r o th e r h a d e x a cte d ,

F ra n cis hi ms e lf c o u n t e n a n cin g th e p e rj u re d l o v e r by his

p re se n c e a t th e c e r e m o n y .

T h e duk e d o m O f N o r fo lk h a d p a ss e d to th e H o w a r ds
w h o s e e a r li e st k n o w n a n c e st o r w a s a j udg e i n Edw a r d I s
’
.

r e ig n — th ro ugh th e m arr i a g e o f S i r R o b e r t H o w ar d th e fi r st ,

d uk e s fa th e r with th e sist e r a n d co h e i r o f Th o m a s M o wb ra y
’
-
,

— w h o h a d di e d 1 4 7 5 — th e l a st duke o f th e a n ci e n t li n e .

Th o m a s th e p re s e n t re p r e s e n t a tiv e o f th e n e w li n e w a s i n te r
, ,

m e di a t e b e twe e n his fa th e r Th o ma s th e vict o r O f Fl o dd e n , ,

w h o h a d di e d 1 5 2 4 a n d his son H e n ry L o r d Su rr e y th e , , ,

a cc o m plish e d ill fa t e d p o e t This s e c on d duk e o f th e re st ore d-

.

H o w a r d lin e w a s T r e a su re r o f E n gl an d a n d High Ad m ir a l I n
, ,
.

c a p a city h e w a s Su ffo lk s sup e ri or in w e a lth i n fe ri o r to him ’

his y e a rly r e v e n u e s b e i n g c o mpute d a t duc a ts H e .

w a s th r e e y e ar s y o u n g e r I n p e r s o n a l a pp e ara n c e h e w a s .

uit e u n lik e th e o th e r duk e f r h e w a s sh o r t o f st a tu r e g r im

q o ,

ma r r i d l m ly th id M A
e so e B w t w hich m
n i g ll th e sa rs . n ne ro ne
,
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no bili ty w p t d did h e reit d ft h d by h
r e se n th ,
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d gh t w h w m i d t th l d M t gl A ft thi th id
au e r, o as arr e o e or on e a e . er s e sa
M Ars . B w c ti d w ith h i m l l h li f h i w i f d di d h i
nne ro n on nue a er e as s e ,
an e s
w if w i th
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H y h vi g th id S i C h l B d i g t f v
e nr ,
a n m e th sa r ar e s ra n on n re a a o ur, e an e

sh ld f h i b tt p f m t h v m i d th l dy L i l b i g
ou or s e er re er en a e arr e e a s e ,
e n a

y ou ng m id d i h it Wh
a en p th id S i C h l w
an an n er or . e re u on e sa r ar e s as
c t d Vi c t L i l ; b t th t m i g by
re a e s o un f h y th t k s e u a a rr a e r e a so n o er ou ,
oo

pl c A ft thi h w c t d D k f S ff lk ; d L w y th
,

no a e . er s e as re a e u e o u o an e s, e
F ch ki g dyi g d l vi g th id L dy M y K i g H y th
re n n ,
n an ea n e sa a ar ,
n e nr e

S v th d
e en gh t w id w th id d k C h l b i g t i t F c
’
s au e r, a o ,
e sa u e ar e s e n se n n o ra n e
f orh w ith th er c t f K i g H y th E ighth m i d h tw ic e o n se n o n e nr e ar i e er e,
—
, ,

fi t c tly i F c
rs se re d p ly h i E gl d n t B iv p t iii
ra n e ,
an o en e re n n an ,
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e c . . .
,
ar .
,

585 9 t f m, M S i L d S li b y p
no e ,
ro i a . n or a s ur
’
s o s se ss o n .

Th F ch Q e di d J 2 3 1 5 33
re n Th S pt mb f ll w i g
ue e n
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e un e . e e e er o o n

i d K th i W ill ghby h h d b p mi d t h i
,

S fl lk m
u o arr e a ar n e ou ,
w o a een ro se o s so n ,

a l d t a y f g en T h k i g g v th d k t d f y th
e ars o xp a f e . e n a e e u e o e ra e e e n se o
th b i l f th F
e ur a ch Q th f i t
o f El y bi h p ic th
e vc t re n ue e n e ru s o s o r ,
en a an .

B vi 7 20 1 0 6 9
. .
,H d h d b d c t w hich S ff lk l t er ow er a een u a s, u o os
by h d th —V i 9 2 7
, .

er ea en v .
.
,
.
,
S ff lk h d v
u o k y t hi p c a i y i t t My l d f
e er a een e e o s e u n ar n e re s s .
‘
or o
S fi l k it w
u o id f h i m i l th t l t f ll
’
a s sa bl l h t k o
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s o o e a a no e u n e ss e can a e
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, ,

u p y l f
a ro i t B vi 6 1 3a or .
’
. .
, .
 T H OM A S N OR F OL K . 2 33

of vis a ge o f d a r k c o m pl e xi on I n th e Ve n e ti an d e sp a tch e s
, .

h e go e s u n d e r th e d e sc r ipti o n o f th e s m a ll m a n with d a rk ‘

h a ir A m biti o n j e a l o usy v a n ity h a r sh n e ss dissi mul a tio n

.
’

, , , ,

st a m p e d his ch a ra ct e r Ye t a d e pt a s h e th o ught hi m s e lf in th e
.
,

wile s O f i n t rigu e a n i m pulsiv e ha sty t e m p e r o ft e n thw a rt e d

, ,

th e succ e ss o f his a r tifice s a n d m a d e h i m a b a d diss e mbl e r

’
.
,

His duch e ss th e siste r O f th e d e c a pit a t e d Buckin gh a m

, ,

re m a in e d tr u e thro ugh a l l vicissitud e s to K a th ar i n e a n d

"
Ro m e But h e r c oar s e husb a n d p re fe rre d th e s o ci e ty o fB e ss
H o ll a n d S o littl e disp o s e d w a s N o r fo lk to fa v o ur th e B e fo r
.

m a ti o n th a t it w a s o n e o f his v a u n ts th a t h e h a d n e v e r r e a d
,

a syll a bl e o f th e N e w T e st a m e n t i n E n glish a n d n e v e r w o uld , .

It s e e me d i m p o ssibl e th a t such m e n a s th e tw o duk e s ‘ ’

sh o uld l o n g fill with t o l e ra bl e s a tisfa cti o n to th e roy a l min d

, ,

th e ga p c a us e d by th e hu m ili a ti o n o f a r e a l st a t e s m a n .

Wo l s e y s disgra c e th r e w m uch u n w o n t e d l a b o u r o n H e n ry
’

l e ss ti m e h a d to b e d e v o te d to sp o r t a n d m o r e to busi n e s s
But a m a n o f v e ry diffe re n t c a lib r e h a d b e e n b r o ught fo r w a r d
in th e p ro g re ss o f e v e n ts t ra i n e d lik e C r u m we l l a n d B o n n e r , ,

u n d e r th e c a r di n a l s sh r e wd e y e This w a s St e ph e n G a r di n e r
’
.
,

wh o h ad r e tu r n e d fro m his l o n g e m b a ssy ; a n d h a vi n g

a cquitt e d hi m s e lf with r a r e a bility e nj o y e d th e p r e stig e O f ,

p ro v e d a dd re ss in dipl o m a cy th e p a th in th e E n gl a n d o f , ,

th a t a ge to h o n o u r a n d p r o m o ti o n App o i n te d th e kin g s
, .
’

chi e f s e c re t a ry July 2 8 1 5 2 9 Wo l se y s h a lf o f mys e lf s o o n

, , ,
’ ‘ ’

b e c a me th e ki n g s r ight h a n d T h e p a t ro n s r ui n w a s a
’
.
’

st e ppi n g st o n e to th e p r o t ege s a dv a n c e m e n t ; for wh e n

-

W o lse y w a s for c e d to r e sign Wi n ch e st e r G ar din e r O bta in e d ,

th a t se e A n a m usin g c a r ic a tu re by Po n e t his succ e ss o r in

.
,

th e bish o p r ic o f Wi n ch e st e r h a s d e sc r ib e d G a r di n e r s p e r s o n ;
’

his sw a r t c o l o u r h an gi n g l o k e fr o wn i n g b ro ws d e e p se t
‘
, , ,
-

e y e s h oo k e d n o s e s a r o w e (s m a ll ) m o uth a n d l on g fe e t o r
’

, p , , ,

ta l a un te s ( t a l o n s ) — a s P o n e t c a lls th e m — which h e sc a r c e ly

A gvict f F l dd w id w th Old d ch
n e s, th e t k p c
or o o en s
’
o ,
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u e ss,
’
oo re e

d c f th p
en e o t d ch by A B ly
e xp d t mi ti
r e se n u e ss nne o e
’
n s e r e ss e er na on .

J h H w d ( J ck y f N f lk ) w c t d D k f N f lk by
o n o ar
‘
o e o or o
’
as re a e u e o or o

R ich d I I I
ar J 2 8 1 4 83 H f ll .B w th F i l d H i
, une ,
. e e on os or e . s so n

Th m o w tt i t d b t
as f i g t j i i th
as a b lli f th E l f
a n e ,
u re us n o o n n e re e on o e ar o

Li c l
n w
o n, c t d E l f S y 1 48 9 ; w vic t f F l dd
as re a e ar o u rr e as or o o e n,
S pt m b
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e r ua r ,
.

T S p iv 4 2 2 .
,
.
,
.
2 34 T H E D A l VN /
O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

suffe re d to t o uch th e st o n e s S ub se qu e n tly th e n o t o ri o u s .

’

M a ri an p e r s e cut o r G a r di n e r w a s a t this ti me high in An n e s

,
’

fa v o u r a n d a pp a r e n tly z e a l o us in fu r th e r in g h e r m a t r i mo n i a l
,

a mbiti o n .

T o th e m e n ti o n o f th e pr in cip a l mi n ist e r s o n W o l se y s
-
’

r e mo v a l fr o m c o u r t it w ill n o t b e i n a pp r o p r i a t e to a d d
,

th e i n t e r e stin g figu r e o f a fo re ig n a mb a ss a d or — to wh o m
histo ry o w e s m uch— w h o c a m e up on th e sc e n e j ust a b o u t
this c risis Eusta c e C h a pu y s ( Sh a ksp e r e s
. w as
’

th e su cc e ss o r to D o n I n ig o M e n d o z a S pt m b
( e e er ,

as i mp e r i a l a mb a ss a d o r H e w a s n o t lik e his p r e d e
.
,

c e ss o r o f Sp a n ish blu e b l o o d ; but w a s it w o uld s e e m a

, , ,

S w iss by bi r th His liv e ly d e sp a tch e s pl a c e E n glish h a bits

.

a n d ch a r a ct e r s b e fo r e th e r e a d e r with vivid m i n ut e n e ss A .

littl e i n te re sti n g d o m e stic fra g me n t a pp e a r s in his a cc o u n t o f

a D e c e m b e r a ft e rn o on sp e n t a f e w m o n ths subs e qu e n tly to
,

his a r riv a l a t th e m a n si o n o f N o r fo lk— w h o w a s st ro n gly

,

i m p e r i a l ist in his p o litic a l sy m p a thi e s a n d e nj oyi n g a n a n n u a l ,

p e n si o n fro m Ch a rl e s o f o n e th o us a n d duc a ts w a s disp o s e d to ,

b e civil to his a m b a ss a d o r C h a pu y s h a d b e e n i n v it e d by
.

th e duk e to supp e r O n e n t e r i n g th e ro o m h e fo u n d his h o st

.

e n g a g e d with s o m e fr i e n ds a t th e c ar d t a bl e Wh e n th e g a m e -
.

o fl a r e mi er e w a s o v e r th e duk e r o s e fr o m th e g a m i n g t a bl e
p
-
, ,

a n d givi n g his h a n d to his gu e st l e d h im i n to supp e r ,

.

Whil e a t th e supp e r t a bl e th e du k e sh o w e d C h a puy s

-
,

a pi e c e O f L a ti n p r o s e w r itte n by his e ld e st s o n th e futu r e ,

,

p o e t th e n a l a d o f e l e v e n y e ar s ; a n d wi th p a te rn a l p r id e
, , ,

i n quir e d th e a m b a ss a d o r s o pi n i on o f its m e r its C e r t a i n ly

’
.

th e j udg m e n t o f C h a p u y s c a n n o t h a v e b e e n w o r th m uch ,

u n l e ss his skill i n L a ti n e xc e e d e d his skill in F re n ch But it .

is i n t e r e sti n g to h a v e this e ar ly gli m ps e O f th e futu r e p o e t to ,

wh o m w e o w e m uch for H e n ry H o w a r d h a d a t r u e t a st e ; h e
l e ft F r e n ch m o d e ls to his fr i e n d Wy a t a n d fo ll o w e d th e It a li a n ,

h e pu r i fi e d o u r v o c a bul a r y c o rr e ct e d o u r sp e lli n g a n d fra m e d

, ,

o u r bl a n k v e r s e ; b e sid e s i mm o r t a lizi n g G e ra ldi n e T h e ki n g .

h as e n t r ust e d to m e s a id N o rfo lk th e e duc a ti o n o f th e Du k e

’ ‘

, ,

O f Rich m o n d to wh o m m s o n m a y b e c o m e in ti m e p r e c e pt o r
, y
a n d tut o r T h e duk e w a s so p o lit e a s to e sc o r t his gu e st
’
.

b a ck a mil e a n d a h a lf to his l o dgi n g ; an d in th e w a lk h e t o ld ‘

 E C CL E S I A S TI CA L PR OM O TI O N S . 2 35

me ,
w r o t e C h a pu y s to th e e m p e ro r th a t a cc o r di n g to th e
’

,
‘

us e s o f th is c o u n try th e ki n g h a d s o ld h im a v e ry r ich d a m s e l
to b e his s o n s wife T h e a m b a ss a d o r r e m o n st r a t e d r e ma rk
’ ’
.
,

i n g Y o u r s o n w o uld h a r dly c o n s e n t to such a bl a me w o r thy

,

a ct as b uyi n g a w ife wh e n h e c o uld fin d pl e n ty o f n o bl e r ,

d a m s e ls willi n g to buy h im ? "

As 1 e g a r ds e ccl e si a stic a l dign iti e s i m p o r t an t ch an ge s ,

fo ll o w e d o n VVO l se y s disgr a c e Tu n sta l w a s t r a n sl a t e d fro m

’
.

th e se e o f L o n d o n to th a t o f D u r h a m ; th e c a r di n a l h a vi n g l n
v a i n b e gge d th e bish o p r ic o f D u rh a in fo r his o w n so n T o m ,

Wi n t e r a t th a t ti me a l a d e n g a g e d in l e a rn i n g g o o d l e tte r s
,

a n d th e F r e n ch l a n gu a g e a t P a r is F o r to b e c o n v e r s a n t wit h .

F r e n ch w a s in th a t a ge a fa r m o r e r a r e a cc o m plish me n t th a n
a t p r e s e n t ; a n d it w a s a n a cc o m plishm e n t whic h th e c a r di n a l

h a d fo u n d v e ry s e r vic e a bl e i n his o w n c a re e r T o m Wi n t e r .

w a s a l re a dy D e a n o f W e lls a n d A r chd e a c o n of York a n d

Rich m on d o f Su ffo l k a n d N o rfo lk b e sid e s o the r p re fe r me n ts

, , .

T h e p o sts w e r e si n e cu r e s ; o r wh a t slight duti e s th e y m ight

in v o lv e c o uld b e e a sily p e r fo rm e d by d e puty T h e p ro fits th e .

fa th e r a pp r o pr i a te d to his o w n u se fo r th e m o st p a r t ; si n c e ,

his m a gn ific e n t styl e o f livi n g— m uch a d m i re d a t R o me — a n d

th e fo u n di n g o f C a r di n a l C o ll e g e w e r e a n e xh a usti ve d r a i n
e v e n o n h i s e xt ra o r di n a ry r e s o u r c e s c o m put e d by F a l 1e 1 to ,

r e a ch th e a n n u a l t o t a l o f 1 5 0 0 00 duc a ts with o ut i n cludi n

g , ,

p r e s e n ts in this e sti m a t e l .
‘ ‘

T h e m e t r o p o lit a n se e Tu n st a l r e li n quish e d to St o k e sl e y o r ,

D r S to ck l e r a s fo r e ign e r s c a ll e d h im ; th e p r ivy s e a l h e
‘ ’
.
,

r e sign e d to Wiltshi r e S to k e sl e y h a d w o n p r o m o ti on by his .

a bl e a dv o c a cy o f H e n ry s div o r c e c a us e H e w a s a w o rs e m a n
’
.
,

a n d a m o r e c r u e l p e r s e cut o r th a n his p r e d e c e ss o r Tu n st a l ,
.

O n Wo l s e y s d e c e a s e fo u r t e e n m o n ths l a t e r Y o r k w o uld h a v e
’

, ,

b e e n c o n fe rre d it w a s r u m o u r e d o n R e gi n a ld P o l e s o n to
, , ,

th e Pl a n t a ge n e t M a r g a re t L a dy S a lisbu ry th e P r i n c e ss M a ry s
’

g o v e rn e ss h a d P o le b e e n willin g to uph o ld th e k i n g s ca us e in
,
’

th e div o r c e qu e sti o n ; but such a c o n d iti o n h e fo u n d to o

'

bu r d e n s o me fo r a s e n sitiv e c o n sci e n c e T h e a r chi e pisc o p a l .

Sp ,. iv 1 8 2 2 8
.
, , .

f Ve n iv 6 9 4
.
, .
,
. The e xp e n se s of th e ki g f
n or ar m y b ildi g
,
u n s,

a m ba ssa d t w
o r s, e c
.
,
e re e s ti m t d a e at on ly d c t u a s .
2 36 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

se e , th e re fo re w a s b e st o w e d o n Edw a r d L e e w h o h a d d o n e
, ,

g o o d dipl o ma tic a l s e r vic e in co mpa n y w i th G h in u cci in Sp a i n , , .

It w a s a rgu e d th a t th e ki n g fo r e s a w th a t h e sh o uld r e qui r e a l l

th e supp o r t h e c o uld p ro cu r e i n P a rli a m e n t by th e se e b e i n g ,

fill e d m o re quickl y th a n th e ro y a l w o n t F o r it h a d b e e n .

H e n ry s custo m to w a it a full tw e lv e m o n th b e fo re n o min a ti n g

'

to a v a c a n cy i n o r d e r to r e c e iv e hi m s e lf i n th e i n t e r i m th e
,

e m o lu m e n ts a n d dist r ib ut e th e d e p e n d e n t p a t r o n a g e
,
which ,

w a s a tt e n d e d with v a lu a bl e d o u ce u r s This br i e f a cc o u n t .
,

h o w e v e r h a s fo re st a ll e d e ve n ts a n d i n t e rrupt e d th e n arra tiv e

, , ,

to w hich it is n e c e ss a ry n o w to r e tu r n .

T h e fi r st d a y o f t e rm W o ls e y a ssu m i n g a b o ld fro n t p ro , ,

ce e d e d with his usu a l t r a i n to W e st m i n st e r H a ll a n d t o o k his ,

s e a t a s Cha n c e l l o r His e n e m i e s w e re i mm e di a t e ly up o n th e
.

a le r t T h e d uk e s sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds c a m e to Y o r k Pl a c e a n d
.
,

i n th e ki n g s n a m e d e m a n d e d th e g r e a t s e a l
’
Wo ls e y re quir e d .

th e ro y a l m a n d a t e a n d up o n this b e i n g a ft e r w a r ds e xhibit e d
, ,

h e su r re n d e re d th e s e a l His o ffi ci a l d e c e a s e a s L o r d Ch an .

ce l l o r t o o k pl a c e a mid th e g ra n d e u r a n d p o m p which h a d
l o n g su rro u n d e d h im fo r th e su rre n d e r w a s m a d e in th e gilt
c h a mb e r a dj o i n i n g his g a ll e ry * His fa c e h a d l o st h a lf its ‘
.

cust o ma ry vig o u r T h e v e ry s a m e d ay th e F r e n ch a m b a ss a
.
’

d or visit e d him an d fo u n d him quit e disc o n s o l a t e r e a dy to ,

‘

giv e up e v e r ythin g to his shi r t an d go an d liv e in a h e r m it a g e , ,

if o n ly th e ki n g will n o t k e e p h im in disfa v o u r .
’

Fiv e d ays l a t e r th e i n t e llig e n c e w a s t ra n sm itt e d to th e

,

F r e n ch c o u r t While w r itin g I h a v e h e a r d tha t W o ls e y

, ,

h a s j ust b e e n pu t o u t o f his h o us e a n d a l l his go o ds ,

t a k e n i n t o th e ki n g s h a n ds T h e D uk e o f N o r fo lk is ’
.

m a d e chi e f o f th e C o u n cil Su ffo lk a cti n g in his a bs e n c e ; a n d , ,

a t th e h e a d o f a ll M a d e m o is e ll e A n n e It is n o t k n o wn y e t
, .

w h o will h a v e th e s e a l I e xp e ct th e p r i e s ts will n e v e r h a v e .

it a ga i n .
’

B e fo re l e a vin g th e su mptu o us Yo r k Pl a c e Wo ls e y m a d e ,

with his o w n h an d a s h e w a s c o mm a n d e d — th a t n o thin g ,

‘

I n q uad a m a lt c a a me ra p p d m b l t i m m —R y m vi
ro e ea u a or u su u .
’
e r, .
,

p
Tf g
S
lw d d t th tw d k S d y O c t b 1 7
.

ie r e a t se a a s su r r e n e re o e o u e s, un a ,
o er ,

at 6 p m .
,
‘
inth p e r e se n c f S i W m F i tz W illi m J h T yl
e O r d .
- a ,
o n a e r, a n

ph di — B iv p t iii 6 0 25
.

S te en G ar ner .
’
. .. ar . , .
 WO L S E Y R E TI R E S T O E SH ER . 2 37

might b e fo rg o tt e n — a n i n v e n t ory o f his fu rn itu re an d go o ds

th e t a p e stry o f his g a ll e r y hu n g with cl o th o f g o ld his r ich ,

c o p e s th e r ich e st e v e r s e e n i n E n gl a n d p r o vid e d fo r his tw o

,
‘
,
’

C a r din a l c o lle ge s a n d th e r e st o f his m a gn ific e n t d e c o ra ti o n s

, .

His g o ld a n d silve r ut e n sils a n d his spl e n did i m it a ti on pl a t e

,

we r e pil e d up on t a bl e s s e t o n t re stl e s in th e tw o l o fty r o o m s ,

a dj o i n i n g his ga ll e ry His silks v e lve ts a n d fin e lin e n w e r e

.
,

a r ran g e d i n i m p o si n g or d e r T o d a zzl e an d gl a dd e n his ro y a l

.

m a st e r s e y e s e e me d to a ffo r d h i m a m o m e n t a ry gr a tific a ti on
’

O n Oct o b e r 2 4 H e n ry with A n n e an d h e r st e p m o th e r a n d a
, , ,

ge n tl e m an o f th e h o u se h o ld c a m e by b a r ge fro m G re e n wich , ,

a n d su r v e y e d th e g o r ge o us sh o w which it w a s r e p o r t e d e v e n , , ,

"
e xc e e d e d th e r o y a l e xp e ct a ti o n s i n spl e n d o u r a n d v a lu e .

Ere this th e c a r di n a l hi m s e lf by his m a st e r s c o mm a n d h a d

’
, , ,

r e ti re d fr o m W e st m i n st e r to Ash e r ( Esh e r ) to a n ill fu rn ish e d ,

-
,

c o mfo r tl e ss d w e lli n g h o us e a pp e r ta i n i n g to his se e o f W in

-
,

ch e st e r .

P ro c e e di n g to th e w a t e r sid e w ith o n ly o n e c ro ss b orn e

-
,

b e fo re him h e t o o k his b a rg e a t his p r ivy st a i r s fo r P u tn e y

,
‘
.

His d e p a r tu re w a s witn e ss e d by th o us a n ds o f m e n an d w o m e n ,

w af fe tin g up a n d d o w n i n Th a m e s a s th e sc e n e h a s b e e n
‘ ’
,

d e sc r ib e d by C a v e n dish a n e ye w itn e ss T h e fa ll o f th e En g
,
-
.

lish S e j a n us w h o h a d b e e n so l o n g dr u n k with p r o sp e r ity but

, ,

w a s n o w a t l a st s o b e r e d a n d hu m b l e d th e sp o il e d c o u r t ,

fa v o u r ite a n d a l l e n gr o ssi n g a d m i n istr a t o r w a s a l mo st

, ,

u n iv e r s a lly w e lc o m e F or th e m o st p a r t it w a s a m o me n t O f
.
,

dis a pp o i n tm e n t to th e p o pul a c e wh e n th e b a rge c a rryi n g th e ,

d ej e cte d c a r din a l a n d his r e ti n u e b e ga n to b e m o v e d u p th e

stre a m It w o uld h a v e pl e a s e d te n s o f th o us an ds to se e th e
.

'

disc a r d e d c o u r t m i n i on ro we d t o w a r ds th e T o w e r to h e l a n d e d ,

a t th e T r a it o r s G a t e
’
.

Dis e m b ar k e d a t Put n e y th e c a r di n a l m o u n t e d his m ul e his

, ,

a tt e n d an ts th e i r h o r s e s a n d wh e n th e c o m p a n y h a d m a d e ro
, p
g re ss n o t p a st th e l e n gth o f a p a i r o f g a r d e n bu tts r e l a t e s
‘
,
’

C a v e n dish N o r r is c a m e r idi n g d o w n th e hill a n d s a lut e d

, ,

Wo lse y with c o m fo r t a bl e w o r ds fro m his gr a c e s highn e ss ’ ’

.

T h e c a r di n a l w a s d e e ply m o v e d A l igh tin g fr o m his mul e h e .

,

k n e lt d o wn in th e di r t up o n b o th his k n e e s an d h e ld up his ,

Sp .
,
iv .
,
194 .
2 38 TH E D A WN
-
OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R IP
I A TI O N .

h a n ds fo r joy His v e lv e t ca p h e pull e d d o w n fr o m his h e a d

.
,

b r e a ki n g th e l a c e s in his h a st e a n d so k n e lt b ar e h e a d e d I n ,
-
.

his p ro fus e g ra titud e h e ga v e his c ro ss a s a m o st p r e ci o us gift ,

to N orr is — a pi e c e o f th e h o ly C r o ss —w hich h e h a d b e e n
‘

a ccust o m e d to w e a r a b o ut his n e ck n e xt his ski n a n d t o g e th e r ,

with it his ch a i n o f g o ld T o th e ki n g hi m s e lf h e s e n t a s a .

gift in t o k e n o f his th a n ks a n d d e v o ti o n his p o o r fo o l

, , ,

Willi a m s o r P a tch th e l a tt e r th e p ro fe ssi o n a l n a m e T h e

, , .

fo ol m o re fa ithful th a n m a n y b e tt e r a n d wis e r t o o k o n a t
, ,
‘ ’

l e a vi n g his p a t ro n an d c o uld o n ly b e t o rn a w a y by th e str e n gth ,

o f six t a ll y e o m e n W o ls e y in his spl e n d o u r h a d s o m e ti m e s

.

s m il e d a t his j e sts F o r a n o bl e m a n s p l e a su re s a id h e th e
.
’

,
’
,
‘

fo o l is w o r th a th o us an d p o u n ds Willi a m s w a s p a ss e d by .
’

H e n ry w h o h a d hi m s e lf a l re a dy a fo o l o f th e n a m e o f S e x te n K
, ,
9

to th e s e r vic e O f A n n e .

F o r H e n ry s o st e n t a ti o u s c o m p a ssi on v a r i o us re a s o n s h a v e
’

b e e n a ssign e d W e re th e r e a n y sti rr in gs o f ge n e r o sity t o w ar ds

.

o n e s o e x a lt e d n o w fa ll e n ; s o ch e r ish e d n o w a b a n d o n e d ? O r
, ,

did th e kin g i m a gi n e th a t th e c a r di n a l m ight y e t b e o f s e r vic e

in his div o r c e c a s e ? O r w a s a v a r ic e a t th e b o tt o m o f th e
r o y a l r e l e n ti n gs ? W a s it supp o s e d th a t W o ls e y h a d h a ply
m ore t r e a su re s to discl o s e ? O r w a s his a ssist a n c e c ra v e d for
th e t r an sfe r e n c e to th e c r o wn o f th e c o v e t e d Y o rk Pl a c e o r O f ,

T i tte n h a n ge r a r e sid e n c e s o me ti m e s r e s or t e d to by r o y a lty a n d

, ,

b e l o n gin g to St Alb a n s ? Th a t s o m e p e cu n i a ry c o n sid e r a ti o n

.

quick e n e d th e ki n g s pity is th e m o st p ro b a bl e c o nj e ctu re ; ’

a n d it is c o rr o b o r a t e d by th e r e c o ll e cti o n th a t th e re w a s a

p a lp a bl e m o tiv e fo r th e p re s e r v a ti o n o fWol se y s li fe i n a s m u ch ’
,

a s his F r e n ch p e n si on o f c ro w n s w o uld n o w b e a pp r o
r ia te d o f c o u r s e by his m a st e r
p , , .

T h e gr e a t s e a l O f fe r e d to a n d d e cli n e d by W a r h a m w a s
, ,

c o mm itt e d M o n d a y Oct o b e r 2 5 to S ir Th o m a s M o r e d o n th e
, , ,
‘

Pr ivy p
xp D c mb
u r se e 1 52 9 D bl t f w t d h e n se s , e e e r, ou e o o rs e , o se n ,

and f
sa r c t
S xte ne th f l 31 1 0d
or 1 8 th T J h Em e e n, e oo s . . . o o n so n ,

k p f th ki g f l 1 5 4 d S xt th ki g
, '

A p w yk f ’
ee er o e n s oo s er e or e en, e n s
—B
, . .

f l oo , p 74 7 . v .
,
. .

T Th m l m t w e e tg t
o u en s e re n o re a .

W tt ll w S i T h m M
a rr a n o a l d ch c ll th y ly m
o r o as o r e , as or an e o r, e e ar su

of £ 1 42 1 5 f m O ct b s 25 2 1 H
, y VI I I
ro d f hi tt d c o er ,
e nr . an or s a en an e

i th S t
n C h mb
e £ 2 00
ar y By th chi f b tl £ 6 4 y t
a er, a e ar .
’
e e u e r, a e ar o

p ch 1 2 t
ur fwi
a se by th k p f th g t w d b £ 1 6
ons o ne e ee er o e re a ar ro e, a

y f w w
e ar or l ll w d —B iv p t iii 9 07 9
ax ,
e r e a so a o e . .
,
ar .
,
.
 W O L S E Y C ON D E M N E D . .
9

ex p re ss u n de r st a n din g th a t in th e disch a r ge o f th e i mp or ta n t
fun cti o n s o f th e p o st r e g a r d sh o uld b e h a d fi r st to G o d a n d ,

’
a ft e r G o d to th e ki n g Such w a s th e fi r st l e ss o n th e ki n g ‘
.

ga v e m e M o r e w o uld r e p e a t wit h pl e a su r e o n c o min g to his

,
’

s e r vic e .
’

A l a y m a n a g a in a ft e r th e p re c e d e n ts o f e a rli e r ti m e s— such
,

a s th e p o pul a r Pa ry n ge and th e l a b o r i o us Kn y v e t i n th e
, ,

r e ig n o f Ed w a r d III — L o r d Ch a n c e ll o r o f E n gl a n d
. N O l ay
m a n h a d b e e n ch an c e ll o r fo r fi v e a n d fo r ty y e a r s B e fo r e th a t - -
.

ti m e e v e n s o ldi e r s a s w e ll a s l a wy e r s h a d b e e n ch a n c e ll o r s
But th e y h a d b e e n a pp o i n t e d in spit e O f th e i r b e i n g l a y me n .

N o w it w a s a r e c o mm e n d a ti o n to th e high o ffic e in M o r e s c a s e
’

, ,

th a t h e w a s a l a y m an Ye t w a s h e a lth o ugh a l ay ma n in fa ct
.
, ,

a big o t e d R o m a n e ccl e si a stic i n s o ul A n d thus th o s e w h o .

,

w e r e w a r m o n th e sid e o f R o m e e xult e d Ev e ry o n e w ro t e .
,
’

C h a p uy s to th e e m p e r o r is d e light e d a t his p r o m o ti o n
‘
, ,

b e c a us e h e is a n up r ight a n d l e arn e d m a n a n d a go o d s e r v a n t ,

o f th e qu e e n E r a s m us s e n t his c o n gra tul a ti on s b ut w a s

.
’

c a r e ful to o bs e rv e th a t h e did n o t c o n gr a tul a t e M o re so m uch ‘

a s E n gl a n d a n d th e ki n g
’
.

T h e c a r din a l h a d b e e n d ise va n ge l iz e d St L u k e s D ay ’ ’
.
,

( Oct o b e r T h e n e xt d a y N o r fo l k an d Su ffo lk a pp e a r e d in
th e St a r Ch a m b e r a n d d e cl a r e d th e c a us e s o f W o l s e y s d e pr i
’

v a ti o n a n d w e r e a p po i n t e d to a d m i n ist e r j ustic e i n his st e a d

,
.

Eight d a ys l a t e r Wo ls e y w a s j udici a lly a n d d e fi n it e ly co n ‘

d e mn e d b y th e c o u n cil w a s d e cla re d a re b e l guilty o f

’ ‘
,
’

high t re a s on w a s d e p o s e d fro m his dign iti e s ; a ll his go o ds

c o n fi sc a t e d a n d h e hi m s e lf s e n t e n c e d to p r is o n A p r iv a t e
,
.

c o mm u n ic a ti o n h o w e v e r w a s v o uchs a fe d to h im th a t o n his
, , ,

a m pl e c o n fe ssi o n a n d su r re n d e r O f e v e rythi n g w hich h e

,

p o sse sse d a p a r d o n w o uld b e g r an t e d h i m by th e kin g a n d h e

, ,

w o uld b e d e live re d fr o m a l l d a n g e r o f th e l a ws .

H e w a s willi n g to sub m it to b o th th e s e c o n diti o n s He .

a c k n o wl e dg e d i n l e ga l in de n tu re th a t by vi r tu e o f his ,

l e ga ti n e a uth o r ity h e h a d v e x e d u n l a w fully th e gre a t e r

,

n u m b e r o f th e p r e l a te s o f th e r e a l m a n d o th e r subj e cts o f
th e k i n g a n d h e th e r e fo r e p r a y e d his high n e ss a s some
‘
,

a t on e m e n t to t a k e i n t o his h a n d a l l his t e mp o ra l p o ss e s
,

Sp .
,
iv .
,
194 .
2 40 TH E D A WN O F TH E EN G L I S H R E F OR M A TI O N .

si on s p e ns i o n s an d b e n e fice s B o th by w ord a n d d o cu m e n t
,
.
’

W o l se y s a bj e ct submissi on w a s n o w c o m pl e t e T h e ki n g
’
.
,

o n his p a r t s e e m e d s a tisfi e d a n d s e n t S i r J o h n Russ e l l to

, ,

th e p r o st ra t e c ar din a l with c o m fo r t a bl e which

‘

w e re w e lc o m e d with a ll d u e sub m issiv e th an kful n e ss .

In re ply W l y t t d th t
o se e n re a e i t w ill a a s so o n as s ta n d w i th y o ur

h o n o ur , i t m y b Op ly k
a e w ent my pno fi d n d o oor r en s an se r v t th t y
an s a ou

hva e fo r giv m mi ff c
en e t
ne o T hi l tt
en t H
e s,
’
e c . s e er o e nr yh d t
as n o a e .

B w re e r a ss ig O c t b 2 4 t i t
ns o er o .
 VI .
—T H E R EF O R M I N G PA R L I A M EN T .

A PA R L I A M EN T h a d b e e n su mm o n e d — a n o th e r sign ific an t
i n dic a ti o n th a t E n gl an d w a s o n th e thr e sh o ld o f a n e w e ra .

T O r e s or t to th e d e lib e r a t e j udg me n t o f th e n a ti o n w a s to
p ro cl a i m Wo l se y s p o licy a t a n e n d a n d his o v e r th ro w fi n a l
’

, .

B r ight h o p e s a t o n c e b e g an to b e e n t e r t a i n e d o f m a n ifo ld
r e fo r m s e sp e ci a lly o f th e a me n d m e n t o f cl e r ic a l a bus e s a n d
.

e x a cti o n s,
th e b u r d e n o f w hich w a s i n c r e a si n gly fe lt to b e
ga l lin g a n d i n su pp o r t a bl e
. S o o n m e mb e r s o f th e upp e r
.
‘

a n d n e th e r h o us e l e a vi n g th e i r c o u n t ry a b o d e s a n d pu r sui ts
’
, ,

w e re fl o ckin g to L o n d o n w ith a n e w a l a c r ity n o t w i thst a n di n g ,

th e hi n d r a n c e o f a b o mi n a bl e r o a ds th e r uts fr e qu e n tly s o m e
, ,

fe e t in d e pth a n d th e littl e s e cu r ity a g a i n st r o bb e r s

,
‘
Att e n .
’

d a n c e in P a r li a m e n t i n t h a t a ge c o uld b e c o u n t e r m a n d e d by
th e s o v e r e ig n o r e ls e w a s a ctu a lly c o m puls o ry ; bu t n o such
,

spu r a s c o m pulsi o n w a s r e quir e d a t th e p re s e n t c r isis It .

s e e m e d a s if th e chi e f p e r s o n s o f th e n a ti o n fr o m th e fa r th e st
a n d n e a r e st p ar ts w e r e c o n v e r gi n g i m p e ll e d by c o mm o n a n d
,

e xciti n g m o tiv e s to th e M e t r o p o lis

,
A s fo r th e ki n g h e
.
,

k n e w a n d fe lt th e n e c e ssity o f h a vi n g P a rli a m e n t o n h is sid e

i n th e i m p e n di n g str uggl e H e w a s b e gi n n i n g to r e a liz e m or e
.

a n d m or e disti n ctly th e li k e lih o o d o f his b e i n g fo r c e d e r e ,

l o n g— to qu o t e his o w n w o r d s — to p r o cl a im th e p o p e a ‘

h e re tic a n d m a rry wh o m h e w o uld .

’

T h e P a r li a me n t m e t a t Bl a ckfri a r s We d n e sd a y N o v e m b e r
, ,

3 wh e n th e n e w l o r d ch a n c e ll o r o p e n e d th e p ro c e e di n gs in
,

wh a t w a s c o m mo n ly p ro n o u n c e d a n e l o qu e n t o ra ti o n ‘ ’

w hich C h a u s h o w e v e r c r iticiz e d a s r a th e r di f fus T he

‘ ’
e
p y , ,
.

kin g w a s p re s e n t in ga r b o f c r i ms o n li n e d with e r m i n e th e ,

m e m b e r s O f P a rli a m e n t w e r e a tti r e d i n sc a rl e t cl o th T o w a r ds .

th e m on a r ch th e re w a s n o sti n t o n M o r e s p a r t o f th e fuls o m e
’

16
 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R JII A TI ON .

p a n e gyr ic th e n in v o gu e T h e ch a n c e ll o r dil a t e d i n t e r m s o f .

h igh a pp r o v a l o n th e p e a c e o f Ch r ist e n d o m which h e s a i d , , ,

th e ki n g d e si r e d to c o n s o lid a t e H e sp o k e o f th e r o y a l .

p u r p o s e to r e fo rm j ustic e w ith a vi e w to which th e c a r di n a l , ,

a s chi e f d e fa ult e r h a d j u st b e e n t r i e d a n d c o n d e m n e d B ut o f
"

.
,

a l l m a tt e r s o f st a t e h e w e n t o n to s a y th o s e c o n c e r n in g
’ ‘
, ,

e ccl e si a stics m o st n e e d re fo r m This w a s th e bu r d e n o f th e ’

.

sp e e ch — r e fo rm e sp e ci a lly e ccl e sia stic a l r e fo r m Acc or di n g to

,
.

H a ll l r e fe r r in g to th e ki n g a ft e r th e cust o m o f th e ti me s
,
><
, ,

a s th e sh e ph e r d his subj e cts a s his fl o ck b e lik e n e d

‘
,
’ ‘
,
’

W o ls e y to th e g re a t w e th e r o f l a t e fa ll e n w h o so c r a ftily , ,
’ ‘
,

so s ca b b e d l a a n d s o u n t r uly j uggl e d with th e ki n g T h

’
e e
y y , , .

ki n g s a w h im y e a a n d sa w th ro ugh h im a n d h a d a d m i n is
, , ,
’

te r e d a g e n tl e c or r e cti o n
’
.

S u ch w o r ds c e r ta i n ly a pp e a r i n c o n sist e n t with th e sp e e ch
d e liv e re d by M o r e wh e n h e fir st t o o k his s e a t in th e Ch a n c e ry .

T h e v e ry d a y a ft e r his a pp o i n t me n t ( Oct o b e r 2 6 ) h e w a s l e d
b e t w e e n th e tw o duk e s up We stmi n ste r H a ll to th e st o n e
ch a m b e r a t th e s o ut h w e st c o rn e r wh e r e w e re th e m ar bl e
,
-
,
‘

t a bl e a n d m ar bl e ch a ir a n d h a vi n g liste n e d to a n a dd re ss to
th e byst a n d e r s o n his e l e v a ti on to O f fi c e fro m th e Duk e O f
N o r fo lk h e i n re ply with a m o d e sty w hich c an n o t h a v e
, , ,

b e e n a lt o ge th e r m o ck hu mility dis a bl e d hi m s e lf a s u n me e t -
,
‘

fo r th a t r o o m w h e re i n c o n sid e r i n g h o w w is e a n d h o n o u r a bl e a
, ,

p r e l a te h a d l a t e ly b e fo r e t a k e n s o g re a t a fa ll h e s a id h e h a d ,

n o c a us e th e r e o f to r e j o ic e Such w o r ds c a rry in th e m a .
’

st r a n ge s o u n d i n a s m u ch a s o n ly e ight d a ys l a te r M o r e
,

d e sc a n t e d b e fo r e th e kin g a s h a s b e e n n a r r a t e d o n th e , ,

c a r di n a l s gro ss m isd o i n gs
’

Div e r s l a w s h e s a id— a cc o r din g .

‘
,
’

to H a ll w e r e m a d e n o w by l o n g c o n tin u a n c e o f tim e a n d
mut a ti o n o f thi n gs v e ry i n suffi ci e n t a n d i m p e r fe ct a n d a ls o ,

by th e fra il c o n diti o n o f m a n div e r s n e w e n o rm iti e s w e r e ,

sp r u n g a m o n gst th e p e o pl e for th e which n o l a w w a s a s y e t ,

m a d e to re fo r m th e s a m e which w a s th e v e ry c a us e why a t , ,

tha t tim e th e ki n g h a d su mm o n e d h is high c o u r t o f Pa r

,

lia m e n t Acc or di n g to o th e r a cc o u n ts h e c e n su re d th e ca r
.
’

d in a l s a d mi n ist ra ti o n o fj ustic e a s w e ll a s c e n su r e d th e bl a z on
'

o f his a rm s wh e re by h e h a d p ro fo u n dly o f
,
fe n d e d a p ro u d
Ha ls l ’ ‘
C h ron icl e
’
p 7 6 4,
. e tc .
 M OR E S T
’
WO S PE E C H E S . 2 43

no bility a n d h a u ghty m o n a r ch T h e r e m a rks in P a rli a m e n t .

d o n o t c on v e y th e imp re ssi o n t h a t a s Ch a n c e ll o r W o ls e y h a d
b e e n a succ e ss a n d e qu a l to th e d e m a n ds O f th e tim e s ; a n d
,

thus th e y r u n c o u n t e r to th e c o m plim e n ts l a vish e d in th e

Ch a n c e ry : M o r e s w o r ds i n th e Ch a n c e ry a r e giv e n a t
’

s o me l e n gth by his g r e a t gra n ds o n C r e sa cre M o r e i n his -

, ,

bi o g ra phy His g re a t gra n ds on r e p re s e n ts M o re a s p ra isi n g

.
-

W o l s e y s a d mi ra bl e wit p r ud e n ce a uth o r ity a n d spl e n d o u r

’ ‘
, , ,
’

a n d m a k e s h im sp e a k o f his o w n succ e ssi o n to th e s a m e

O ffic e a s th e lighti n g o f a c a n dl e w h e n th e s u n is
‘

R o p e r s m o r e b r ie f n a r ra tiv e c on ta i n s a ls o th e m a in p o i n ts o f
’

th e e n c o m iu m o n th e d e p o s e d ch a n c e ll o r Afte r a ll th e n .
, ,

M o r e hi ms e lf lik e o the r o ra t o r s le ss high p r i n cipl e d w a s n o t

,
-
,

a bs o lut e ly r a is e d a b o v e th e fo r c e O f ci r cu m sta n c e s in his

m a n a ge me n t o f his re a dy t o n gu e .

T h e pl a gu e w a s ra gi n g a c a us e o f p a n ic n o t u n usu a l in t h a t
,

u n s a n it a ry a ge T h e P a r li a me n t th e re fo re — a ft e r th e C o mm o n s
.
,

h a d ch o s e n S i r T Audl e y th e i r sp e a k e r— w a s a dj o u rn e d to
.

We stm in st e r to m e e t th e r e th e fo ll o w i n g d a y This a dj o u rn .

m e n t suit e d th e ki n g s c o n v e n i e n c e w h o th e d a y b e fo re Pa r
’

, ,

l ia m e n t m e t h a d r e mo v e d to a n d e st a blish e d h i m s e lf a t Y o r k
, ,

Pl a c e This su mptu o us m e m o r i a l O f th e t a st e o f th e m a g
.

n i fice n t c a r di n a l w a s t a k e n pl e n ar y p o ss e ssi o n o f by th e c ro w n

with o u t d e l ay But a sh a d o w o f j ustic e w a s m a i n t a in e d A

. .

h o us e a t Yo r k w a s m a d e o v e r to th e se e by th e kin g in e x
ch a n ge T h e tr a n s a cti o n r e s e mbl e d Di o m e d e s e xch an ge o f
.
’

a r m o u r w ith G l a ucus d e sc rib e d by H o m e r , .

This P a rli a m e n t th e m o st m e m o ra bl e th a t e v e r sa t
’

which a fte r such e x a mpl e s a s th e goo d P a rli a me n t a n d th e

,

u n l e a r n e d P a r li a me n t m a y with j ustic e b e n a m e d th e r e
,

o r m i n g P ar li a m e n t h o lds its pl a c e a t th e v e r y st a r ti n g p o i n t
f ,
-

o f m o d e r n life It cl e a r e d th e w a y fo r futu re p ro gr e ss fo r
.
,

th e s e m e a su r e s wh e th e r a ffe cti n g th e c o n n e cti o n o f Chu r ch

,

a n d St a t e o r th e r e l a ti o n o f k i n g a n d subj e cts o r th e P a r li a
, ,

m e n t a ry r e p r e s e n t a ti o n o f th e p e o pl e si n c e e n a ct e d o n which , ,

th e g re a t n e ss a n d i n flu e n c e o f o u r c o u n t ry —a m o d e l i n its
w e ll b a l a n c e d c o n stitutio n to th e o th e r p o w e r s o fEu ro p e — h a s
-

b e e n gra du a lly a n d su re ly built up .

S e e H u n te r ’
s C r e s a cr e M ore s
’
M o re ,
’
p . 1 76 .

1 6— 2
 44 TH E D A IVN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A T I O ZV .

P a rli a m e n t the n w a s o n ly th e ge rm o f w h a t it h a s si n c e
b e c o me T h e t r u e m a t e r i a l o f e ffi ci e n cy w a s n o t a bs e n t
.

E n glish s e n s e a n d S pi r it w hich tran s m itt e d th ro ugh ge n e ra

,

ti o n s a n d b e c o m i n g m o re a n d m o re o p e ra tiv e w o uld in e v it
, ,

a bly ,
i n th e c o u r s e o f e v e n ts e n l a r g e th e fu n cti o n s o f th e ,

n a ti o n a l r e p r e s e n t a tiv e a ss e m bly At this p e r i o d a fte r m o re .

,

th a n thir ty y e a r s o f civil w a r n o t l o n g r e m o t e , th e a r is
to cra cy w e r e sh a tt e r e d di m i n ish e d i m p o v e r ish e d T h e king s
’
.
, ,

tr e a su ry h a d b e e n r e pl e n ish e d by fo r fe itu re s a n d co n fisca tio n s ,

a n d a l a r ge p ro p o r ti o n o f th e l an d h a d p a ss e d i n t o r o y a l
p o ss e ssi o n T h e bish o ps to o an d a bb o ts w e re i n cli n e d to
.
, ,

O bs e qui o us d e fe r e n c e th ro ugh th e d r e a d O f e v e n ts p or t e n t o usly

l o o m i n g i n th e n o t dist a n t futu r e H e n r y w a s thus e n a bl e d .

to wi e ld a sw a y y e t m o r e a bs o lut e th a n h a d b e e n w i e l d e d by
his m a t e rn a l gra n d fa th e r Edw a r d IV \Vith s a ga ci o u s d e c e it
,
.
,

h o w e v e r h e d e t e r m in e d to e m pl o y fo r a r bit ra ry e n ds co n stitu
,

ti o n a l fo r m s li k e th e R o m a n C ae s a r s
,
Pa rli a me n t thus b e c a m e .

th e l e g a l i n str u m e n t fo r givi n g v a lidity to his a u th o r it a tiv e

will . T h e re w a s su dd e n l y a gr e a t a pp a r e n t ch a n ge m o r e -

s e mbl a n c e l e ss re a lity o f fre e d o m P a rli a m e n t w hich h a d

,
.
,

a l w a ys b e e n r e g a r d e d a s a d a n g e r by W o ls e y n o w b e c a me ,

a t o o l o f th e c r o w n At th e p re s e n t c r isis th e H o us e o f
.
,

C o m m o n s th e m e m b e r s in m a n y i n st a n c e s ch o s e n by c o u r t
,

r e r e —
p e f e c a n d fo ll o wi n g in th e h o us e th e i n str ucti o n s o f th e
n

c o u r t *— w a s to a c o n sid e ra bl e e xt e n t i n vi r tu a l sy m p a thy
, ,

with th e p o licy a s w e ll a s u n d e r th e r igid c o n tro l o fa d e sp o tic

, ,

a n d u n y i e ldi n g s o v e r e ig n .

Sh o r tly a fte r th e m e e tin g o f P a r li a m e n t it w a s t a k e n in ,

h an d to d ra w up a p e titi o n to th e ki n g for th e a m e n d me n t o f
a bus e s a cc o r di n g to th a t hu m bl e for m o f O ld ti m e s w hich
, , ,

a b a n d o n e d u n d e r H e n r y VI h a d b e e n r e su m e d u n d e r Ed w a r d
.
,

IV T h e p e titi o n l a me n t e d th e gre a t disc o rd w hich h a d

.
‘

a r is e n b e tw e e n spi r itu a l a n d t e m p ora l p e r s o n s by th e d iffu

‘

si on o f h e re tic a l b o o ks in E n glish p r in te d a b r o a d a n d a t
‘
,

th e s a m e ti m e fr a n kly l a me n t e d th e u n ch a r it a bl e d e m e a n o u r
,

o f di v e r s o r di n a r i e s i n p r o s e cuti on s b e fo r e th e spi r itu a l c o u r ts

’
.

Eccl e si a stic a l a bus e s e v e rywh e r e r ife w e r e d e sc r ib e d i n

, ,

g e n e r a l t e rm s but w ith fo r c e a n d cl e a rn e ss L a w s o f co n
,
.

See B iv p . .
,
art iii .
,
A pp dix en ,
2 38 .
 T H E PE TI T I ON .
2 45

v o c a ti o n i n c o n siste n t with th e l a ws o f th e r e a l m ; p o o r m e n
cit e d b e fo r e spir itu a l c o u r ts with o ut a n y a ccus e r ; l ay me n
cite d o u t o f th e i r di o c e s e s ; e xc e ssiv e fi n e s fo r th e p r o b a te o f
te st a me n ts ; h e a vy e x a c ti on in t a ki n g o f c o r ps e p re s e n ts o r ‘
-

m o r tu a r i e s s a c ra m e n ts a n d s a c ra m e n t a ls a d m i n ist e r e d fo r
m on e y ; a n i n o r di n a t e n u m b e r o f j u d ge s sc r ib e s a pp a r it o rs , , ,

e tc i n th e spi r itu a l c o u r t s a c a us e o f g r e a t d e l a ys a n d u nj u st
.
, ,

fe e s ; l a rge su m s cl a im e d by o r di n a r ie s fo r i n ducti o n to '

b e n e fice s p ro m o ti o n s c o n fe r r e d o n m i n o r s c a ll e d n e ph e ws ‘

o r ki n sfo lk th e spi r itu a l o r di n a r i e s m e a n w hil e d e t a i n i n g th e

’
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fr uits : p r i e sts st e w a r ds to bish o ps o r a bb o ts spir itu a l m e n

,

k e e pi n g ta n h o us e s a n d t ra ffi c k i n g a s m e r ch a n ts ; p r ie s ts o f
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s m a ll l e a rn i n g h o ldin g te n o r t w e lv e b e n e fice s a n d r e sid e n t ,

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p re sse d a ccus a ti o n s a n d n o a m e n ds gr a n t e d if a t l e n gt h th e y
, ,

b e fo u n d i n n o c e n t subtl e i n t e rro g a t o r i e s i n ch a r g e s o f h e r e sy
so fr a m e d a s to e n t r a p th e si m pl e Th e s e a n d such lik e e vils .
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th e p e titi o n a v e rr e d h a d p ro d uc e d m a r ve ll o us dis o r de r His ’

.
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fa ithful Co m m o n s hu m bly b e s o ught th e kin g a s th e on l y ,

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h e a d so ve r e ign l or d a n d p r o te cto r , to a pply a r e fo r m a ti o n an d

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r e m e dy .

Thus did this P a r li a me n t t a k e th e l e a d with e a rn e stn e ss an d

d e cisi o n in th e t a sk o f e ccl e si a stic a l re fo rm T h e titl e which .

it a cc o r d e d to th e C ro w n n o d o ubt by i n spir a ti o n fr o m th e ,

C o u r t w a s th a t w hich subs e qu e n tly wh e n th e mo st imp o r t an t

, ,

t o pics o f th e p e titi on c a m e to b e discuss e d in P a rli a m e n t o r ,

b e fo re th e ki n g a s u m pir e w a s c on fe rre d by th e d e lib e ra t e ,

r e s o lv e o f th e s a m e P a rli a m e n t fo ll o wi n g willin gly in th e ,

r e luct a n t fo o tp r i n ts o f a b ro w b e a t e n C o n vo c a ti o n If th e -
.

ge n e ra l sta t e m e n ts o f this p e titi o n b e c o mp a r e d with st a te

m e n ts a n d a rgu m e n ts i n T y n d a l e s Ob e di e n c e it will b e s e e n
’ ’

th a t th e t ra n sla t o r w a s th e tr ue e xp o n e n t o f n a ti o n a l c o n vi e
ti o n s w hich h e h a d hi m s e lf with o ut d o ubt b o rn e s om e sh a re , ,

i n m a tu r i n g .

iv p t iii 6 1 8 3
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2 46 TH E D A OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R JI A T I O A .

Th e ki n g w a s b e n t o n i n ti m i d a ti n g th e cle rgy in o r d e r to ,

c a rry th ro ugh to c o m pl e ti o n his o w n d e t e r m in e d will At this .

e p o ch a s w e ll a s i n e a r li e r ti m e s th e th r e e e st a t e s o f th e re a l m
, ,

th e spi r i tu a lty th e n o bl e s a n d th e C o mm o n s wh o
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fo r me d o n e b o dy p o litic u n d e r th e ki n g th e i r su p re me
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i m p e r i a l h e a d a n d s o v e re ign T h e n o bl e s thi n n e d in n u m b e r
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th t o i n d e e d w e re th e p r i e sts g e n e r a ll y
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w ith o u t th e n e c e ssity o f th e s m a ll e st d isguis e th e ki n g c o uld ,

t a lk o p e n ly o f his i n t e n ti o n to clip th e c l a w s o f th e e ccl e s i ’

a s ti cs a n d r e fo r m th e Chu r ch His proj e ct o f e ccl e si a stic a l .

r e fo rm w a s qu it e a cc e p t a bl e to a c o n si d e r a bl e p r o p o r ti o n o f

th e C o m m o n s .

I n c o n fr o n ti n g th e u n it e d a ccus a ti o n s a n d c o m pl a i n ts o f
ki n g n o bl e s a n d C o mm o n s th e spir itu a lity w e re n o t su st a i n e d
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by th e c o u r a ge w hich sp r i n gs fro m a g o o d c o n sci e n c e ; a n d

th e y w e r e a s littl e p o ss e ss e d o f p r ud e n c e a s o f c o u ra ge in pr e
p a r i n g a ga i n st th e d a n ge r s w h ich th re a t e n e d th e m o n a ll
s id e s . T o th ro w th e e xt o r ti o n a t e ga i n s o v e r b o a r d a n d cl e a r
th e i r i m p e r ill e d ship a g a i n st which bill o ws w e r e su r gi n g a n d
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a fu r i o us st o r m w a s e vi d e n tly b r e wi n g w a s th e o n e a n d o n ly ,

p o licy c o n sist e n t w ith c o mm o n s e n se Bu t th e bish o ps a n d .

a bb o ts w e r e n o t i n cli n e d to sub m it to such s a c r ific e s a s w e r e

d e m a n d e d o r i n d e e d to a cc e d e to a n y r e a s o n a bl e c o m p r o mis e
, , ,

w ith th e i r a ss a il a n ts Th e y s e e m e d i n fa tu a t e d a n d quite ,

c o w e d by su r ro u n d in g d ifficulti e s Th e i r ship w a s s i n ki n g .

u n d e r th e m ; h e a r t a n d h o p e h a d fa il e d a l m o st u n iv e r s a lly
b o th o ffic e r s a n d c r e w a t th e i r u t m o st n e e d .

Fish e r a l o n e g a ll a n tly st o o d fo r th a n d w ith ch a r a ct e r istic ,

h a r dih o o d fa c e d e m bitt e r e d o pp o n e n ts But h e a tt e m pt e d to .

d e fe n d wh a t w a s r e a lly i n d e fe n sibl e — if a t l e a st w o rds w hich , ,

w e r e r a th e r a n a ss a ult up o n th e a dv e r s ar i e s o f th e i r h o l y
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m o th e r th e C a th o lic Chu r ch wh i ch w as a b o ut to b e b r o ught

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li k e a b o n d m a id i n t o th ra ld o m ca n b e r ightly c a ll e d a d e fe n c e ,
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 WO L S E Y [M PE A CH E ! ) [N PA R L I A M E N T . 2 47

My l o r ds h e s a id y o u s e e d a ily w h a t b ills c o me hith e r fro m

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a s o l e mn light O f w a r n i n g to E n gl a n d a n d th e w o rld a g a i n st

h e re sy ; a n d h e i m pu te d th e still g ro wi n g h e a p o fm ischi e fs to -

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l a ck o f Su ch w o r ds w e r e r e s e n te d a n d Audl e y th e , ,

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a s t a i n t e d with h e re sy T h e bis h o p w a s r e qu i re d to e xpl a i n

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his m e a n i n g a n d e xcus e d hi m s e l f by s a yi n g th a t h e m e a n t
,

th e d o i n gs o f th e B o h e m i a n s w e re fo r l a ck o f fa ith O th e r ’
.

bish o ps c o n fi rme d this e xpl a n a ti o n ; but th e bli n d e xcus e ‘

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a s th e ch r o n icl e r n o t e s pl e a s e d th e C o mm o n s n o t h i n g a t a ll
, .
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Du r i n g th e fi r st s e ssi o n h o w e v e r o n ly a fe w e n a ct me n ts in , ,

m itig a ti o n o f e ccl e si a stic a l sc a n d a ls w e r e a dd e d to th e St a tute

BO O k T a n d th e s e fo r th e m o st p a r t c o uld b e e a sily e v a d e d by
, , ,

p ro vis o s a n d disp e n s a ti o n s F o r th e p r e se n t a t l e a st it .
, ,

suit e d H e n ry s te mp e r to th r e a te n r a th e r th a n str ik e to a l a r m
’

th e cl e r gy a n d d e e p e n t h e i r sub m issi v e n e ss .

T h e P a rli a m e n t a r y i m p e a ch me n t o f W o ls e y c o m m e n c e d th e
fi r st d a y o fD e c e m b e r T h e L o r ds h e a d e d by M o r e p re fe rr e d
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a g a i n st h i m fo r ty fo u r a r ticl e s o f a ccus a ti o n — o r r a th e r fo r ty
-

thre e fo r th e fo r ty fo u r th a cc o r din g to cust o m o n ly e n fo r c e d

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sid e by sid e with th e C o mm o n s p e titi o n T h e spi r it o f th e ’

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tw o d o cu m e n ts diffe r s ; th e i r r e p r e s e n t a ti o n s o f th e st a t e o f
th e Chu r ch subst a n ti a lly a g r e e T h e C o m m o n s a ss a il e d th e .

o r di n a r i e s ; th e L o r ds si n gl e d o u t th e b e ll w e th e r Th e
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.

cl e rgy w o uld e v e n s e e m to h a v e n u r s e d th e h o p e o f p o ssibly

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c a se s b e c a ll e d th e sc a n d a l o us d e li n qu e n ci e s a n d e v e n e n o r
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him guil ty o f th e c ri m e o fhigh tre a s o n .

S ee B iv p t iii
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 2 48 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI ON .

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a n d fr iv o l o us P e rs o n a l m o tiv e s it is cle ar l a rg e ly i n te r
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tible T o M o r e th e c a rdi n a l s p o licy a n d ch a r a ct e r w e re a lik e
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 O N E F A I T H F UL F R I E N D . 2 49

tr u st u n d e r th e a pp r e h e n si on th a t H e n ry s c a p r icio us t m p e r
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might r e l e n t a n d c o mm is e ra ti o n fo r his o l d fa v o u r it e m ight

,

issu e a t l a st in s o me r e viv a l o f a ffe cti o n B u t thus to li m it .

th e ro y a l p re ro g a tiv e o f m e r cy a n d se t b o u n ds to th e r a n g e o f
,

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,

a s o v e r e ig n as H e n ry .

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c a rdi n a l in his a rro g a n t spl e n d o u r bu t w h o n o w de s e r te d h i m , ,

th e r e sto o d fo r th o n e fir m a n d c a p a bl e a dv o c a te u n ch a n ge d ,

in his p ro fe ssi on s o f a tta ch m e n t to d e fe n d w ith e qu a l z e a l a n d

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go o d s e n s e his n e gl e c te d p a t ro n i n his h o u r o f a dv e r sity .

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sp e lt in th e list o f Pa rli a me n t a ry Bu rg e ss e s a n d in th e St a t e ,

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disp o s e d r a th e r to a d m i re e x e m pl a ry fid e lity wh e n s o m a n y
m e n i a ls fa il e d th e i r b e n e fa ct o r th a n to fa t h o m its s e c re t ,

m o tiv e s with h a r sh sc r uti n y .

It s o on a pppe a re d th a t th e p ro c e e di n gs a ga i n st W o ls e y in
th e H o us e o f C o m m o n s w o uld m isc ar ry I n fa ct it w a s n o t .
,

i n a cc o r d an c e with th e r o y a l w ill to push s e v e r ity to th e

-

e xt r e m e st v e r g e H e n ry hi m se lf h a vi n g ga i n e d p o ss e ssi o n
.
,

o f his O ld fa v o u r it e s ch a tt e ls a n d p ro p e r ty w a s c o n t e n t Th e
’
.
,

ki n g did n o t wish th e c a r din a l s c a s e to b e t r i e d by P a rli a ’

m e n t w r o t e C h a p u y s to th e e m p e r o r S i n c e if it h a d b e e n
,
’

,
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,

d e cid e d a ga i n st h im th e k i n g c o uld n o t h a v e p a r d o n e d h im
,
.
’

I n th a t a ge a P ar li a me n t a ry S e ssi o n w a s c o m mo n ly o f n o
l o n g d u ra ti o n a n d o n th e p r e s e n t o cc a si o n a ft e r six w e e ks o f ,

d e lib e ra tive l a b o u r w e a r in e ss w a s succ e e din g to a r d o u r

,
.

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,

ju n c tu re a t c o n sid e r a bl e c o st a n d s o m e r isk to c on t r ibu t e

, ,

th e ir a ssist a n c e to th e n e c e ssa ry w o rk o f d o m e stic a n d

e s e ci a lly e ccl e si a stic a l r e fo r m s o on foun d th e i r s to ck o f
p ,

z e a l quit e sp e n t Th e y h a d o b t a i n e d but a n i n c o n sid e r a bl e

.

e a rn e st o f th e fulfil me n t o f th e i r h o p e s ; but this s a tisfi e d

the m fo r th e ti me Th e y h a d e nj o y e d th e gra tific a ti on o f

.
2 50 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A TI ON .

v e n til a ti n g th e i r gri e v a n c e s a n d r e cip ro c a ti n g th e i r co m

,

pl a i n ts ; a n d th e y h a d b e c o me a cqu a i n t e d with a uth e n tic

p a r ticul a r s o fth e m uch d e t e st e d c a rdi n a l s d o w n fa ll Abs e n c e
-
’
.

fr o m h o m e h a d quicke n e d th e i r z e st fo r th e i r cust o ma ry r u ra l
pu rsuits a n d th e y w e r e e a ge r to k e e p Chr istm a s in th e i r o w n
,

h a lls P a rli a m e n t th e r e fo r e w a s p ro ro gu e d D e c e m be r 1 7 It
.
, .

w a s h o p e d th a t th e r o r o a tl o n m ight h a v e b e e n e a rli e r ; bu t
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this w a s r e n d e re d i m p ra ctic a bl e by p r e ssi n g st r e ss O f b usin e ss .

It is d e scr iptiv e o f th e p a rl i a m e n t ary c o n diti o n o f th e a ge

th a t o n o n e d a y ( D e c e m b e r 1 2 ) i n p a r ticul a r s o cl o s e w a s th e ,

a pplic a ti o n to busi n e s s th a t th e l e a di n g m e m b e r s h a d
,
‘

a ctu a lly n o ti m e to t a k e a n y r e fr e sh m e n t u n til v e ry l a t e

a t n ight This w a s n o t e d a s quit e u n u su a l l
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o f Wi n ch e st e r a n d p e r p e tu a l C o mm e n d a t o r y o f th e e x e mp t
,

m on a st e ry o f St Alb a n s ; a l i a s l a t e Bish o p o f B a th a n d
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,
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,
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,

F e b r u a ry 1 0 2 1 H e n ry VI II ,
A w e e k l a t e r l Vo l se y
.

r e sig n e d th e se e o f Wi n ch e st e r a n d th e a bb e y o f St Alb a n s . .

O n F e b r u a ry 1 2 h e r e c e iv e d a full p a r d o n ; o n th e 1 4 th h e
w as r e st o r e d to th e a r chbish o p r ic o f Yo rk All his p o ss e s .

si o n s h a d p a ss e d to th e k i n g a n d h e h a d h e a vy d e bts to ,

disch a rge T o d e fra y the s e th e su m o f £ 6 3 7 4 3 7 d —quit e

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.

o n e th o us a n d m a rks a b o u t £ 6 0 0 ) w a s fu r th e r a ssig n e d h i m
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l e ga l su r re n d e r to H e n ry o f a l l th a t a pp e r t a i n e d to h im th e ,

se e o f Y o r k a l o n e e xc e pt e d .

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a tt e n ti o n to th e disp a ra gi n g a r ticl e s o f his i mp e a chm e n t

th a t th e re sh o n e in him with gre a t e r cl e a rn e ss th a n e v e r ,

th r o ugh th e dis ma l e n vi ro n m e n t o f e xtr e m e m isfo r tu n e tw o ,

a d m i ra bl e t r a its o f ch a r a ct e r V e ry t o u chin g w a s his pe r .

siste n t d e v o te d ne ss to th e w e ll b e i n g O f his c o ll e g e s e sp e ci a lly -

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2 32 .
 N OB L E T R A I T S S H I N I JVG TH R O UG H III I S F O R T UN E . 2 51

th e c o lle ge which h e h a d r e are d a n d e n d o w e d a t O xfo r d .

‘
Pro str a te a t y o u r m aj e sty s fe t e h e w r o t e to H e n ry w ith ’
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,
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w e pin g te ry s ( t e ar s ) this sh a l b e in m o st r e v e r e n te a n d
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a n d g o o d n e ss th e p o o r c o ll e g e Of e tc .

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m e n t to his s o v e r e ign n o twithsta n din g t re a tm e n t a s u n,

ge n e r o us a s it w a s u nj ust H e n ry hi m s e lf h o w e v e r p r o fus e .
,

of c o m fo r t a bl e a ssu ra n c e s w a s p a l t ry a n d c o n t e mptibl e
‘

,
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b e y on d e xpr e ssi o n in his n igg a r dly tra n s a cti o n s with his

n e w r e j e ct e d m i n ist e r wh o s e t a l e n ts h a d sh e d a lustr e o n
,

his r e ign in th e e y e s o f Eu r o p e W o ls e y o n th e o th e r h a n d .
, ,

p ro fe ss e d with a l l th e fe r vid gl o w o f willin g s e lf sa cr ifice :

,
-

‘
T h e ki n g h a s a lw a ys b e e n th e r e a l p ro p r i e t o r o f a ll my
e st a t e s a n d p o ss e ssi o n s ; th e u se o n ly h a s b e e n m i n e I h ad .

i n t e n d e d to l e a v e a ll to th e ki n g w h o h a s bu t p r e v e n te d me , .
’

Sudd e n i n d e e d — i n str uctiv e in its m o r a l le ss o n m o vin g in ,

its d e e p p a th o s w a s th e r ui n o f th is r e ma rk a bl e m an c a ll e d ,

to p o w e r a t a tu rn i n g e p o ch i n E n gl a n d s p r o g r e ss to sh a p e
’

by h is ge n ius th e d e stin ie s O f his c o u n try — p e r h a ps th e

gre a te st n a m e al l thi n gs c o n sid e r e d o f a l l o u r st a t e s m e n
, ,

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a uth o r ity by e xt r a o r di n a ry e n d o w m e n ts which r e n d e re d h i m ,

fo r s o m e y e a r s th e a ss o ci a te a l m o st o n e q u a l t e r m s o f ki n gs , ,

an d e m p e r o r .

The c ll g w th t d by H y v ic
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 VI I .
—T H E O B S C UR E T O T H E FR ON T .

S I C KN E S S o f b o dy sup e r v e n in g o n v e x a ti o n o f s o u l s a dd e n e d
, ,

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su rr o u n d e d with fe w c o m fo r ts c o mp e ll e d fo r s o m e tim e to ,

b o r ro w e v e n dish e s to e a t his m e a t in an d pl a te to d ri n k in
‘

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an d a ls o li n e n cl o th e s to o cc u py th e disc a r d e d m i n iste r ,
’

l a n guish e d a n d b e c a m e a l a rm i n gly ill

,
I c a n n o t liv e h e .
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,
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m u r m u r e d in this m o ist o r c o rr upt a ir Wh e n h is fe ve r w as

‘ ’
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‘ ’ ’

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a cc o u n t o f hi m s e lf w a s I a m e n t e r in g i n t o th e k a l e n ds o f a
,
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m o re d a n g e r o us S ick n e ss which is th e d ro psy ; S O th a t if I b e

, ,

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n o t r e m o v e d to d r i e r a i r a n d th a t sh o r tly th e r e is littl e h o p e
, ,
.

L e e ch e s a n d v o mitiv e e l e ctu a ry w e re in re quisiti o n His

‘ ’
.

e n e m i e s susp e ct e d th a t h e w a s e n d e a v o u r i n g to w o r k on th e

ki n g s c o m p a ssi on so a s to a ttr a ct a ro y a l visit D r Augusti n e

’

, . .
,

his Ita li a n physici an — b e fo r e physicia n it w o uld s e e m to , ,

C a m p e ggio — w h o n o w fill e d th e pl a c e p r e vi o usly o ccupi e d by

F r a n cis i n th e c a r di n a l s h o us e h o ld tho ught it n e c e ss a ry to
’

c a ll to his a id th e b e st m e dic a l a dvic e D r Butts w a s th e re . .

fo re de sp a tch e d to Esh e r an d r e tu rn e d with th e r e p o r t th a t

,

th e a il m e n t w a s chi e fl y c a u s e d b y s o r r o w O f h e ar t Th e .

suffe r i n g c ar din a l w a s che e r e d by a p r e s e n t fro m th e kin g

hi m s e lf a r in g with H e n ry s vis a ge e n gra v e d withi n a r uby
,
’

,
’

a n d fr o m Mist r e ss A n n e h e r t a bl e t o f g o ld t a k e n hu rr i e dly
‘ ’

, ,

fr o m h e r gi r dl e to pl e a s e h e r r o y a l l o v e r Th e s e gifts p ro v e d
,
.

m o r e s a lut a ry th an th e physici a n s m e dicin e s Thr e e o th e r ’

.

physicia n s w e re s e n t to a ssist Butts with th e i r m e dic a l S kill .

Th e ir c o n j o i n t e ffo r ts a n d m in ist ra ti o n s w e r e succ e ssful Th e y .

s e t W o ls e y o n his fe e t a n d go t hi m a g o o d st o m a ch to his
‘
,

me a t
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 CR UM WE L L ON “
A L L H A L L O l VE N -
DA Y .
” 9
d
53

In his hu mili a tio n W o ls e y fo u n d sh a r p e r th an a s e r p e n t s ’

t o o th th e i n gra titu d e o f m a n y w h o h a d fa w n e d u p o n h i m in ,

his p a l my p ro sp e r ity H e a pp e a l e d with r u d e a n d sh a ki n g .

h a n d fo r h e lp in his b e h a lf by i n te r c e ssi o n with th e ki n g to

’

th e sy m p a thy o f G a r di n e r a s his o l d b r i n ge r up a n d l o vi n g
‘
,

fr i e n d H a vi n g n o w bu t Y o r k which i s n o w d e c a ye d by
.
’ ‘
,

£ 8 0 0 by th e y e ar I c a n n o t t e ll h o w to liv e a n d k e e p th e p o o r
, ,

n u m b e r o f fo lks w hich I n o w h a v e e tc I n his g re a t ’ ‘

.
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tr iu m ph an t gl or y a s h e c a ll e d his fo r m e r b a skin g in th e ,
’

C o u r t su n shi n e h e h a d a h o us e h o ld o f fo u r hu n d re d a n d
,
‘

tw e n ty n i n e p e r s o n s fo r wh o s e u se w e re sl a u ght e r e d in th e
-
,
’

Oct o b e r j ust o n th e b r i n k O f his t r o ubl e s fo u r hu n d r e d a n d

, ,
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thi rty o x e n an d n i n e hu n d r e d a n d n i n e p r o visi o n

fo r th e s e a s o n fo ll o wi n g St A n d r e w s tid e wh e n m e a t w a s
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.
,

sc a r c e u n til th e gr a ss s e a s o n c a me r o u n d N o w h o w a l l w a s .
,

a lt e r e d But n o e n tr e a ti e s h o w e v e r p a th e tic by wh a t e v e r
'
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c on sid e r a ti o n s e n fo r c e d c o uld m e lt th e st o n y h e a r t o f th e ,

s e lf i n te r e st e d G a r di n e r !
-

H a ppily a l l w e r e n o t lik e G ar di n e r ! T h e c a r di n a l in his ,

a go n y h a d n o m o r e a ssidu o us a tt e n d an t th a n th e s a g a ci o us
‘ ’

S e c r e t a ry w h o h a d d e fe n d e d his m a ste r s r e put a ti o n in th e ’

H o us e o f C o m mo n s Th o m a s C r u m w e ll e n d o w e d with s o m e .
,

go o d n a tu ra l qu a liti e s b ut by n o m e a n s o v e r sc r upul o us h a d ,
-
,

d e m on st r a t e d his us e ful n e ss shr e wd n e ss a n d b o l d n e ss whil e , , ,

i n th e c ar di n a l s s e r vic e i n su r v e yi n g a n d diss o lvi n g th e

’

y e t ,

m o n a st e r i e s d e e m e d by R o m e C a v e n dish witn e ss e d a .

m e m o r a bl e sc e n e a t Esh e r in th e g re a t ch a m b e r o n All ‘ ’ ‘

, ,

h a ll o w e n d a y which h e h a s r e c o r d e d ,
’
C r u m w e ll a pp e a r s .

‘
l e an i n g in th e gre a t win d o w with a p r im e r in his h a n d ,
’

‘
s ayin g o f o u r L a dy m a ti n s which h a d b e e n si n c e n o t e s ,
’ ‘
,
’

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,
‘
.
’
.

T e ar s distil fr o m his e y e s fa st a s w o r ds fro m his lips ,

.

C a v e n dish i n qui re s Wh a t m e a n e th this d o l e ? H e h e a r s in ,

’

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. .

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£ 2 04 1 7 s .

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t
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2 54 T H E D A IVN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI O /V .

re ply It is m y u n h a ppy a dv e n tu r e which a m lik e to l o s e a l l

, ,

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, .

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p .
,

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,

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st a t e s m a n in his tr o ubl e s a n d th e Co u r t .

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.
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w e r e high in C o u r t fa v o u r a n d e v e n with A n n e B o l e y n h e r s e lf , ,

a l e tt e r fr o m w h o m a dd re ss e d to h im b e fo re this p e r i o d is , ,

r e fe r r e d to i n B r e w e r s C o l l e cti o n T
’
.

H e w a s W o l se y s chi e f st a y i n th e m a n a g e me n t o f his
’

d o m e stic a ffa i r s a s w e l l a s in s m o o thin g th e c a rdi n a l s t ryi n g ’

r e l a ti o n s to th e H o us e O f C o m m o n s a n d to th e C o u r t a t this

p e r io d ; a s h e subs e qu e n tly p r o v e d th e st e a dfa st fri e n d o fT o m

Wi n t e r th e c a rdi n a l s s o n w h e n B o n n e r a n d o th e r su mme r
,
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s a t e llit e s fa il e d h im It h a s b e e n th e fa sh i o n to imput e his .

si n gul a r c o n st a n cy — th a t h e a l o n e w a s fa ithful fo u n d a mo n g ‘

th e fa ithl e ss —
to a S pi rit o f fa r s e e i n g s e l f i n t e r e st a l o n e Such -
.

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.
,

h e w as c e r t a i n ly n o t d e v o id O f n a tiv e sp a r ks o f ge n e ro sity a n d
ki n dl i n e ss .

T h e c a r din a l w a s a t a l o ss fo r th e p e cu n i a ry m e a n s to
disch ar ge th e s a l a r i e s o f his h o us e h o ld C r u m w e ll sugge st e d .

‘
Ra lph S d l y a e er
’
w a s so n to H enr y
S ad l e y e r , ’
i n th e se r vic f e O
th e M ar q i fD tu s o o r se in w h o se ily
fa m Cru mw e h ad ll b e e n in e ar ly lif e
—B
.
,

. v .
,
584 .

l Da t d M ch 8 —B iv p t iii 5 36 6
"
e ar . .
,
ar .
, .
 H O W CR UM WE L L G A I N E D R O YA L F A VO UR . 2 55

th a t his s e r v a n ts S h o uld b e su mmo n e d o n e a n d a ll i n t o my , ,

‘

lo rd s p re s e n ce
’
K n o w i n g th e e m pti n e ss o f his pu rs e W o ls e y
.
’
,

d e m u r re d o bs e r vi n g N o thi n g h a th n o s a v o u r
, ,
‘
But th e .
’

s e c r e t a ry p e r sist e d in his r e qu e st ; a n d w h e n a l l w e re in
a tt e n d an c e tu rn i n g to th e c a r di n a l h e s a id S ir th e r e a r e ‘
, , , ,

div e r s o fy o u r ye o me n w h o w o uld b e gl a d to se e th e ir fr i e n ds ,

bu t th e y l a ck m on e y ; a n d h e re a r e dive r s o f y o u r ch a pl a i n s
w h o h a v e re c e iv e d g re a t b e n e fit fr o m y o u l e t t h e m n o w sh o w ,

th e i r hu m a n ity C r u m w e ll hi m s e l f S e t th e e x a m pl e a n d
.
’

b e st o w e d th e h a n ds o m e c o n tr ibuti o n o f fiv e p o u n d s T h e .

ch a p l a i n s fo ll o w e d w ith su ch lib e ra l su m s a s w e r e suffi ci e n t to

e n a bl e W o ls e y to d isch a r g e a l l his d e bts to h i s h o us e h o ld .

With si mil a r d e xt e r ity C r u m w e ll sugge st e d to W o ls e y to

gra n t p e n si o n s o u t o f th e s e e o f Wi n ch e st e r a n d th e l a n ds o f ,

St Alb a n s to v a r i o us p e r s o n s w h o w e r e high in i n flu e n c e a t
.
,

c o u rt . With this a d r o i t p r o p o s a l th e c a r d i n a l c o m plie d .

Ge o r ge B o l e y n An n e s b r o th e r H e n ry N o rr is L o r d S a n ds
,
’

, , ,

c o m ptr o ll e r o f th e h o us e h o l d a n d S ir J o h n R u ss e l l — th e l a st
,

a ft e r w a r d s lik e C r u mw e ll hi m s e lf o n e o f th e
,
l e vi a th a n s — to ,
‘

u se Ed m u n d Bu rk e s m e t a ph o r b a tt e n e d o n th e c o n v e n t sp o ils
’

— w e r e a m o n g th e gr a n t e e s By a str e tch o f l e ga l a cu m e n in
.
,

k e e pi n g w ith th a t i n t e r fe r e n c e w ith th e pu r ity o f j ustic e ,

w hich ; t o ge t h e r w ith th e r a ck a n d th e spy syst e m h a d b e e n ,

i n t r o du c e d o r n o t a bly e n c o u ra g e d by Edw a r d I V th e s e
, , .
,

g ran ts w e r e p ro n o u n c e d v a lid C ru m w e ll s m a n oe uv r e in
’
.

this i n st a n c e a n sw e r e d a d o ubl e pu r p o s e N o t o n ly w a s .

e n m ity a pp e a s e d which still r a n kl e d i n m a n y b re a sts a g a i n st

,

Wo ls e y but c o u r t p a t r o n a ge O f n o i n sign ific a n t w e ight w a s a t

,

th e s a m e ti m e c o n cili a t e d i n supp o r t o f C r u m w e ll hi m s e l f .

It m ight h a v e b e e n a n ticip a t e d th a t th e re w o uld b e s o m e

stubb o rn o bst a cl e a ga in st C ru mw e ll s c r e e pi n g i n t o th e r o y a l ’

c o n fid e n c e in th e st ro n g p r e j udic e w hich h is n u m e ro us e x to r
ti o n s in d iss o lvi n g th e l e ss e r m o n a st e rie s a n d th e m a n y ,

qu e s ti o n a bl e c o n t r iv a n c e s which h e h a d r e s o r t e d to fo r e n
d o w in g th e tw o c ar din a l c o ll e ge s m ust h a v e e n ge n d e r e d in ,

H e n ry s m i n d It w a s n o t h o w e v e r a n a ge o f s e v e re o ffi ci a l
’
.
, ,

p ro bity W o l se y s d o w n fa ll h a d pl a c e d H e n ry in a n e w a n d
.
’

diffi cult p o siti o n a n d tra n sfe rr e d o n e ro us w o rk to his o w n h a n d s

,
.

A m i n ist e r th e r e fo r e o fl a r ge busin e ss e xp e r i e n c e a n d c a p a city

, , ,
 TH E D A l l N O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON
’

56 .

u n fe tt e re d b y sc r upl e s o f p r o v e d fid e lity to his e m pl o y e r , ,

p o sse ss e d subst a n ti a l re c o mm e n d a ti o n s to th e e m pl o y o f a
m o n a r ch w h o fo u n d hi m s e lf di v e ste d o f th e p o w e r ful supp o r t
o f t r i e d c a p a city p r e vi o usly e v e r r e a dy a t h is sid e Gu a ra n t e e d .

e ffici e n cy c o u n t e r v a il e d a h o st o f bl e m ish e s which m ight b e ,

r e ck o n e d ra th e r to th e m a st e r s a cc o u n t a n d in th e s e r v a n t
’

might b e c o n st r u e d a s sign s o f to o z e a l o us h a ste to d o a cc e pt

a bl e s e r vic e N o t th a t H e n r y w a s bli n d to C r u m w e l l s u n
’
.

sc r upul o us m o r a lity A w e ll k n o w n a n e cd o t e o f a s o m e wh a t
.
-
,

l a t e r d a t e a tt e sts th a t w h e n in pl ayi n g c a r ds a k n a v e w a s
,

d e a lt to h im th e ki n g w o uld e xcl a i m I h a v e go t C r u m w e ll
, ,

Bu t such c o n victi o n did n o t p r e v e n t his m a ki n g u se o f C r um

w e ll f o r his o w n e n ds H e n ry w a s a k e e n sight e d j u d ge o f
.
-

m e n w h a te v e r ma y b e th o ught o f his j u d g m e n t o f w o m e n
,
.

A n d d o ubtl e ss h e d isc e r n e d in C r umw e ll a t th e fi r st i n t e rvi e w

th e e x a ct t o o l b e re q ui r e d to fill a n a r du o us p o st His fi d e lity .

w a s i n a n e sp e ci a l d e g re e a p r e ci o us j e w e l i n r o y a l e sti m a ti o n .

N o n e o f th o s e w h o t ra mpl e d up o n W o ls e y i n h is dist r e ss e v e r
a ft e r w a r ds r e c e iv e d c o u n t e n an c e a t c o u r t N o o n e h a d a m o re .

tr u e a n d quick s e n s e o f wh a t w a s r ight an d b e c o m i n g th a n
H e n ry w h e n th e cl e a rn e ss o f his m o ra l visi on w a s n o t O h
,

st r u ct e d by p a ssi o n o r by s e lf i n te r e st -
.

A R o m an ist w rit e r w h o is c a r e ful so to p a i n t Cr u m w e ll a s

, ,

n o t o n ly to o mit n o fo ul S h a d e fro m th e c o l o u r i n g w hich h a s

a n y e xist e n c e but e v e n to i n s e r t s o m e d a r k e r a n d bl a ck e r
,

o f h i s o w n i m a gi n i n g th an a l l o th e r sh a d e s h a s v e n tu r e d to ,

a dv c
a n e th e s t a t e m e n t * th a t o n th e o cc a si o n o f th e fi r st i n t e r
vi e w h e pl a c e d in his s o v e r e ign s h a n d th e a ctu a l lic e n s e u n d e r ’

th e ki n g s b r o a d s e a l fo r e x e r cisi n g th e O ffic e o f l e g a t e o n
’
, ,

w hich W o ls e y r e li e d fo r his e n ti r e vi n dic a ti o n Such a pre .

s cut a ti o n w o uld h a v e fu rn ish e d a n e a sy a n d i n t e r e sti n g i n t r o

ducti o n to r oy a l n o tic e n o d o ubt Bu t it d o e s n o t re fl e ct th e , .

c r e dit d u e o n s o m e o th e r a cc o u n ts to th e w r it e r r e fe rr e d to
th a t h e o m its a lt o ge th e r fr o m c o n sid e ra ti o n o n this subj e ct th e
pl a i n w o r ds o f C a v e n dish hi m s e lf Th a t such a n a ct O f .

q t M
G as t i ue
’
s
‘
o n a s e r e s,
’
i . p 3 9 2 H i th i ty i A d l M S
,
. . s au or s r un e .
,

1 52 f 4 2 6 E M L ik . . e an un f i th f l
a d t it v t th id
u an ra or o u s se r an , e sa

mw ll t l f m h i m t d d liv d t th ki g t T h f
,
. ,
’
C ru e s o e ro s as e r an e e re o e n ,
e c e re er
c h ld b A d l M S 1 5 2 f 4 2 b ( b ck ) V ic
.

en e s ou e run e .
, , . M f th . a
,
as r . ars o e

E M
. w . t c — S
sa Si g
a on e ee n er s
’
C v di h i pp 2 09 t
a en s ,
’
.
,
.
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.
 TH E F I R S T I N TE R VI E W 2 57

tr e a ch e ry n e ve r e n t e re d th e n o ti o n s o f W o l se y s ge n tl e m a n ’

ush e r in w r iti n g his m a ste r s bi o gr a phy is m a tt e r o f ce r

,
’

t a in ty. H e re p r e s e n ts th e c a r di n a l a s s a yi n g : I h a v e ‘

th e ki n g s lic e n s e in my c o f fe rs u n d e r his h a n d a n d b r o a d
’

s e a l fo r e x e r cisi n g an d usin g th e a u th o r ity th e re o f in th e

,

l a rge st wise in his high n e ss d o m i n i o n s which re m a in e th

,
’

n o w i n th e h a n ds O f m e n e mi e s It is i c c iv bl th t
’

y n o n . e a e a

by th e h a n ds o f m i n e e n e m i e s W o l se y m e a n t th e kin g s
‘ ’ l ’

h a n ds H e i n t e n d e d o f c o u r s e th e h an ds o f N o r fo lk a n d
.
, ,

Su ffo lk T h e w o r ds i m ply p a lp a bly th a t o n Wo l se y s i n dict

.
’

m e n t a s guilty o f high t re a s on his p a p e r s a n d d o cu m e n ts

w e r e s e iz e d by his e n e m i e s R e m iss i n d e e d w o uld th e tw o
.

d uk e s h a v e b e e n h a d th e y fa il e d to a v a il th e m s e lv e s o f such
a n O b V 1 o u s p r e c a uti o n T h e e n c o m iu m s o f C a v e n dish a n d
.
,

o th e r s as r e p or t e d b y h i m o n C r umw e ll — h o w h e w as
,

e st e e m e d th e m o st fa i th f u l l e s t s e r v a n t to his m a st e r
‘ ’
e tc ,
.
,

a r e quit e i n c o m p a tibl e w ith th e b e li e f or th o ught th a t th e

s e c re t a ry ca n h a v e fil ch e d su ch a d o cu m e n t a s th e ro ya l
l ic e n s e fro m his m a st e r s p a p e r s It is o n ly o n th e cl e are st
’
.

e vi d e n c e th a t th e m e m o ry e ve n O f C r u m w e ll d e s e r v e s to
, ,

ha v e th e tu r pitud e o f t re a ch e ry m a d e to sw e ll th e su m o f his
i n iquiti e s .

I n th e fi r st i n t e r vi e w n o d o ubt C r umw e ll str uc k th e k e y

, ,

n o te O f H e n ry s futu re p o licy T h e c o n v e r s a ti o n fe ll o f
’
.
,

c o u r s e o n th e Bill o f Att a i n d e r a g a in st W o ls e y Th a t Bill

,
.
,

it w as re a dily a g r e e d S h o uld b e qui e tly s e t a sid e

,
Th a t .

H e n ry sh o uld c o n stitut e hi m s e lf h e a d o f th e Chu r ch a n d ,

thus m a k e th e o n ly p o w e r in th e r e a lm c a p a bl e o f with
st a n di n g his a bs o luti sm th e fo o tst o o l o f his fe e t a n d th e n ,

S h o uld u se his o w n c o u r ts o f l a w fo r th e s e ttl e m e n t o f

his gre a t m a t r im o n i a l c a us e w a s a ls o with o ut qu e stio n
, , ,

a p r i n cip a l t o pic o f c on v e r s a ti o n ; f o r a st a t e m e n t to th a t

ef fe ct w a s subs e qu e n tly m a d e by C r umw e ll hi m s e lf to C a r di n a l

P o l e A n d th e r e is littl e r o o m fo r qu e sti on th a t th e n o t o ri o u s
.

s ch e m e o f bl e e di n g th e wh o l e b o dy o f th e cl e rgy fr e e ly by co n ,

d e mn in g th e m in a p r ee ma n i r e w as e ith e r n o w disti n ctly ,

b ro a ch e d o r a t l e a st sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds w a s c on sid e r e d a n d
, , ,

a rr a n g e d i n a n e a rly discussi o n C r u m w e ll w e ll k n e w wh a t
.

s up e rl a tiv e a tt r a cti o n s such a sch e m e m ust p o ss e ss f or a

17
2 58 TH E D A IVN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

s o v e r e ign such a s H e n ry e mb a rra ss e d in his p e cu n i a ry cir cu m

,

st a n c e s by his e xt ra v a ga n c e a n d r e siste d by th e m aj o r ity o f ,

th e cl e r gy O p e n ly o r s e c re tly i n a p o i n t s o n e a r his h e ar t as
, ,

his c on t e m pl a t e d div o r c e Such sc r upl e s o f c o n sci e n c e a s h e .

m ay h a v e h a d C r u m w e ll c o uld e a sily r e c o n cil e to a pl an th a t

p ro m is e d v e n ge a n c e for his p a tr o n o n th o s e w h o h a t e d him
w h o m o r e o v e r w e r e littl e l e ss culp a bl e th a n hi m s e lf ; if a t
, , ,

l e a st a sh a d o w o f r e a l bl a m e c o uld b e supp o s e d to a tt a ch
,

to e ith e r F o r th e a ctu a l l a w b r e a k e r w a s th e ki n g hi m s e lf
.
-
.

But th e o cc a si on w a s o pp o r tu n e a n d n o t to b e p e rm itt e d to ,
.

slip by T h e cl e r gy w e re fa r fro m st an di n g high i n p o pul ar

.

e st e e m A n d it w o uld b e w e ll to r e n d e r th e m m o r e d o cil e i n
.

c o n t e m pl a ti o n O f ra dic a l ch a n ge s a l re a dy i n th e r o y a l m i n d ,

in e mb r y o a n d s o o n to sh a p e th e m s e lv e s i n t o a ctu a l fa ct
,
.

It w a s t r u e th a t th e wh o l e n a ti o n w a s t e ch n ic a lly littl e l e ss
guilty th an th e cl e rgy fo r th e l e g a tin e a uth o r ity h a d b e e n ,

a cc e pt e d e v e r ywh e r e But by a disti n cti o n b e a r in g o n i ts

.
,

fa c e th e st a m p o f C ru m w e ll s u n cl e r ic a l bi a s a n d wily p o licy ’

it w a s giv e n o u t th a t th e l a ity h a d n o g ro u n d fo r a l a rm but ,

might s a fe ly r e ly o n th e r o y a l cl e m e n cy .

T h e r e sult c o r re sp o n d e d to C r u m w e ll s c a lcul a ti on s Th e
’
.

l a ity sa w th e cl e r gy m ulcte d with o ut r a isi n g e v e n th e fa i n t e st

m u r mu r o f dis a pp r o v a l ; on th e c o n t ra r y th e y h o p e d to b e
th e re by sp are d th e m s e lv e s T h e a rran g e m e n t s o on a ft e r wa r ds .

effe ct e d b e tw e e n th e Chu r ch an d th e ki n g w a s o f th e n a tur e

O f a highly c on v e n i e n t b a r g a i n T h e C o n v o c a ti o n o f C a n t e r .

bu ry sub m itt e d to gra n t on e hu n d re d th o us a n d p o u n ds

but c onj o in e d to th e gr a n t th e e xp r e ss stipul a ti on th a t H e n ry
sh o uld co O p e ra t e with th e m in O pp o sin g Luth e r an d o ctrin e
- .

T h e Chu r ch o n h e r p a r t thus b e c a m e a uth o r iz e d to l o o k to

, ,

H e n ry a s h e r pl e dge d p r o t e ct or H e n ry o n his p ar t a t a tim e , ,

T h e Con v c ti
o a on bge an at S t Pa u . l ’
N o v 5, 1 52 9
s, . .

G rant O f fo r g a lp e n e ra p id i fi y ly ar d on to b e a n ve e ar

i n sta lm e n ts
’

C h pt H W tmi t M ch 4 1 530
.

a er o u se , es ns e r, ar , .

C ti fi d t th Ki g M ch 2 2 er e o e n ,
ar .

The A u u s t fo g ll o w in g th cl gy i t d d
e lt d S t k l y
er r o e an a s sa u e o es e
’
s

Pa l c
a e
’
a t S t Pa u s . l .

vc i g
C o n o a t o n r a n te , a n n a r 2 4 , 1 5 3 1 , a d J y ‘

su b idy
s of 83 8 d
. .

B iv , art p iii
6 04 7 9 28 22 H e n r B v . y VI I I 15 .
,
0 . .

l Os — 2 3 H e n r y VI II
. .
,
.

v c i kg d
.

T h e C o n o a t o n o f Y o r , r a n te . .
,
0 . 19 .
 T H E B A R GA I N 2 59

wh e n th e c o ffe rs l e ft full by his fa th e r w e re c o m pl e t e ly d ra i n e d ,

*

a n d wh e n to o bt a i n a subsidy i n v o lv e d i r ks o m e n e g o ti a ti o n s ,

an d s o m e ti m e s r e qui r e d fo r c e to b o o t h a d his e xch e qu e r ,

r e pl e n ish e d a t th e s o l e c o st o f th e i n ti m id a t e d spi r itu a lity .

N o r w a s H e n r y a t a l l l o a th to b e th e a v o w e d a n d pl e dge d
ch a mpi o n o f S O c a ll e d C a th o lic d o ctr i n e
-
H e w as m o re .
‘

s e v e re a ga i n st h e re sy th a n th e bish o ps th e m s e lv e s so a t
’

l e a st M o r e w r o te to E ra s m u s l -

Th o m a s Cr u mw e ll w a s on e o f th e tw o bu r ge ss e s w h o
r e p re s e n t e d T a u n ton : Th e r e is n o w n o d o u bt th a t th e c e l e
j .

b ra te d P e titi on O f th e C o m m o n s i m pl o r i n g r e fo r m a ti on o f ,

e ccl e si a stic a l w r o n gs a n d a bus e s a l r e a dy S p o k e n o f is chi e fly , ,

to b e a tt r ibute d to his g o o d s e n s e a n d vig o ro us h an d F or .

th e e a r li e r d r a fts i n th e R e c o r d O ffic e a re a ll o w e d to b e i n h is
h a n dwr itin g ; th e d o cum e n t is in str ict a gr e e m e n t with h is
O pi n i o n s a n d t e n d e n ci e s .

Wh a t is le ss e a sily to b e r e c o n cil e d w ith his k e e n s e n s e o f

s e lf i n t e re st is th a t h e sh o uld h a v e st e pp e d fo r w a r d to r e ply to
-
,

th e ar ticl e s o f W o l se y s i m p e a chm e n t a n d thus a dv o c a t e d th e

'
’

c a us e O fa fa ll e n m a n S o me thi n g h a s b e e n s a id o n this subj e ct

.

a l re a dy I t m ay b e re p e a t e d th a t a lth o ugh a t th e fi r st blush

.
,

it m a y s e e m st ra n ge th a t o n e str uggli n g fo r pl a c e a n d p o w e r
sh o u ld s w im a pp a re n tly a g a in st th e tid e an d sust a i n a c a use , ,

th e a dv o c a cy o f which s e e m e d to o ffe r littl e h o p e o fl e a di n g to

s e l f a dv a n c e m e n t — y e t th a t th e r e a l n a tu re o f th e c a s e w a s
-

n o t quit e c o r re ctly o r a t l e a st c o m pl e t e ly
,
divulge d by th e ,

fa cts o n th e su r fa c e T h e c a rdi n a l s c a us e w as to s o m e e xt e n t
.
’

Cru m w e l l s o w n c a us e
’
His fa ithful ch am pi o n ship o f th e
.

ch a r a ct e r an d d o in gs o f a p e r s e cute d b e n e fa ct or e licite d w a r m
a d m i ra ti o n But b e sid e s the s e c o n sid e ra ti o n s his a dv o c a cy
. ,

m o v e d s a fe ly i n th e full cu rr e n t o f th e r o y a l i n cli n a ti o n s F or .

H e n ry w as q uit e c o n t e n t wh e n h e b e c a m e p o ss e ss e d o f h is
mi n ist e r s w e a lth As to th e ch arge s a ll e ge d h e kn e w th e m
’
.
,

H e nr yw l
as r e e ase df ro m h is d b t by S t t t i c id ti f th
e s a u e, n on s e ra on o e

e ly
m p o me n O s o w n fu n s
t fhi d as w ll
e as th t x i th
e d f c f th
a es n e e en e O e

C urh ch an n d ki gd
o m, an d i n es a t bli hi g
s n iv l p c —21 H y
a un e rsa ea e e nr

VI I I ,c. 24 . .

1 B vi ,
. 3 03 . .

I B p
i v , a rt iii , 6043
. . . .

1 7— 2
 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H
'

2 60 R E F OR M A T I O N .

to b e si m ply a bsu r d o r a t l e a st to h a v e littl e i n t r i n sic w o r th

, , ,

an d d e si r e d th a t th e i m p e a ch m e n t sh o uld p r o v e a b o r tiv e .

Cr u m we ll h a s b e e n c o m p a re d by L o r d C a m pb e ll to a S l a v e
m e t a m o r ph o se d i n t o gra n d vizie r i n a n E a st e rn d e sp o tis m
‘
.

T h e a fte r st a g e s in his up w a r d p r o g r e ss w e r e a s sp e e dy a s th e
-

b e gi n n in g h a d b e e n sudd e n : a P r ivy C o u n cill o r 1 5 3 1 s o on , ,

a ft e r W o l se y s d e c e a s e ; M a st e r o f th e J e w e ls Ap r il 1 5 3 2
’

in , ,

July o fth e s a m e y e a r Cl e r k o f th e H a n a p e r (Exch e qu e r) o f

,

C h a n c e r y Chi e f S e c r e t a ry to th e Ki n g in pl a c e o fG a rdi n e r in , ,

Ap r il 1 5 3 4 a n d th e s am e y e ar Vic a r G e n e r a l an d in O ct o b e r
,
-
, ,

M a st e r o f th e R o lls T h e y e a r 1 5 36 o p e n e d w ith K a th a r in e s
.
’

d e a th a n d w as st a i n e d by th e d e c a pit a ti on o f A n n e ( M a y 1 9 )
,

th e cl o s e o f July w a s r e n d e r e d gl o o my by th e u n ti m e ly d e c e a s e
o f H a rry Fitz r o y But it w a s a fo r t u n a t e y e a r fo r Cr umw e ll
. .

I n th a t y e a r h e w a s m a d e L o r d P r ivy S e a l an d a p e e r o f th e ,

r e a l m ; h e w a s a ls o ra is e d to th e p o st o f L or d Vic e g e r e n t in

e ccl e si a stic al c a us e s I n 1 5 3 7 h e a dd e d th e d e a n e r y o f W e lls

.

to div e r s b e n e fice s I n 1 5 3 9 h e w a s G re a t Ch a mb e rl a in
.
’
.

O n e y e ar m o re o f fo r tu n e s t re a ch e ro u s bl an dish m e n ts
’

a n d r ui n y e t m o r e ra pid th a n his r is e cl o s e d his m e m ora bl e

, ,

Heshin e s m ore b rightly in his m a st e r s a go n y by st ro n g ’

,
’

c o n tra st with G a r di n e r B o th w e r e i n d e bte d to Wo lse y fo r

.

th e i r b r i n gi n g u p an d fi r st p r o m o ti o n But wh e n th e c a t a s
-
.

tr o p h e c a me an d th e i r p a tro n s disg r a c e t e st e d th e ch a r a ct e r s
’

o f th o s e a ss o ci a t e d with h im it w a s susp e cte d by sh r e wd

,

O bs e r v e r s th a t G a r di n e r us e d his p ro xi m ity to th e ki n g s
’

p e r s o n — n o t to l e ss e n but to a ggra v a t e th e c a r di n a l s misfo r

,
’

tu n e s— S O th a t h e might hi m s e lf re a p a r ich h a r ve st fr o m his

o v e r th r o w T o th e c a r di n a l s c o m pl a i n ts o f h a r d us a ge fr o m
’
.

th e C o u r t— S O th a t h e w a s l e ft with o ut e n o ugh to liv e with a l

‘

—th e kin g s s e c re t a ry r e pli e d th a t th e fa ult w a s W ol s e y s

’ ’

o r h e m ight h a v e t ak e n su fficie n t but w o uld n o t d o ’

ow n f , ,

i n o r d e r th a t th e S h o w might b e th e g r e a t e r whe n it
‘
so ,

S h o uld b e p re s e n t e d to th e ki n g s sight ; n o r did y e n o t con

’

fe ss al l y o u r d e bts but c on c e a l e d v e ry m uch so th a t th e ki n g

, ,

h a th p a id fo u r time s d o ubl e m o r e th a n w a s th o ught h e sh o uld .

’

Du B e ll a y a rr iv e d a t th e c on victi o n th a t G ar di n e r a n d Tuk e
w e r e a lik e t ra it o r s to th e c a r di n a l ; an d i n e xp re ssin g his
 CR UM WE L L ’
S D E VO T I O N TO W OL SE Y . 2 61

a bh o rre n c e o f the ir tr e a ch e ry h e a dde d th e w o r st is th e , ,

c a r din a l d o e s n o t p e r c e iv e
O n th e o th e r h an d C r u m w e ll d e cl a r e d an d his si n c e r ity , ,

w a s e vid e n c e d by his c o n duct — I a m a n d du r i n g m y life

‘
,

sh a ll b e with y o u r gra c e i n h e ar t S pirit p ra ye r a n d s e r vic e , , , ,

to th e utt e r m o st O f m v p o w e r T h e c ar din a l th r e w hims e l f

’
.

up o n C ru m w e l l s pity a n d h e lp a s his o n e e a r thly p ro p c al lin g

’

, ,

h im My o n ly a yd e r in this myn i n to ll e ra b l e a n x ie te my
o n ly r e fug e an d a id mi n e o w n g o o d Th o m a s A n d wh a t .
’

d o ubts m ight c ro p up a t tim e s a s to th e p e rfe ct fide lity o f h is

a dv o c a t e a n d fr i e n d fro m m isgivi n gs a r isi n g fr o m th e s e c r e
,

t a ry s n o t o r i o us s e lf s e e kin g p ro p e n siti e s w e re disp e ll e d by

’
-
,

r e n e w e d p ro t e st a ti o n s o f th o ro ugh d e v o ti o n .

N O o n e k n e w b e tt e r th a n W o ls e y th a t th e r e a l st re n gth o f
th e O pp o siti o n which h a d o v e r w h e l m e d h i m its c e n t re a n d ,

fo r c e l ay with An n e wh o s e i n fl u e n c e o v e r H e n ry a t this tim e

, ,

w a s p a ra m o u n t H e th e re fo re fe r v e n tly e n t r e a t e d C r u m w e ll
.

to p ra ctis e th a t th e L a dy A n n e m ay m e di a t e fo r h im All ’
.

p o ssible m e a n s must b e us e d h e u rge d fo r a tte yn y in g o fh e r ,

’
,
‘

fa v o u r C r u mw e ll w a s willin g to d o wh a t h e c o uld But

.
’
.
,

with o utsp o k e n h o n e sty A n n e n e v e r a tt e m pt e d to c o n c e a l h e r ,

a v e r si on a n d r e fus e d to giv e a n p r o m is e o f a ssist an c e

, y .

S o m e p a ss a ge s fro m H e n ry s d e sp o tic re ign r e a d lik e ch a pte rs ’

cull e d fro m O r i e n t a l r o m a n c e ; n o n e m o r e so th an th e a d ve n
tu ro u s c a r e e r a n d r is e o fW o l s e y s r e m a r k a bl e s u cc e ss o r w h o
’
, ,

a s a dvis e r a n d mi n ist e r wi e ld e d fo r s o m e ti me u n d e r th e , ,

fo r c e o f cir cumst a n c e s a p o we r gr e a t e r i n s o m e r e sp e cts th an ,

th a t o f his fa ll e n m a st e r .

Cr u mw e ll w a s b o r n a t Putn e y a n d w a s a cc or di n g to F o x e , , ,

th e so n O f a bl a cks m ith o r o f a full e r His fa th e r it se e m s , . , ,

h a d m an a ge d a n i ron fo u n d ry ; a n d a fte r his d e c e as e th e -

wid o w m a rr ie d a cl o th m e rch a n t H e w as stigm a tiz e d a s a -

.

B iv p t i i i 5 9 4 5 6 1 1 2 6548 R lph S d l y w t t C mw ll
. .
,
ar .
, , , . a a e r ro e o ru e

L d T h d y 8 p m ( D c mb 2 9 ‘
on on , u rs a ,
. . e e er ,

I thi k h ( G di ill li l hi g m l d v il t
’
n) w d e tt ar t t y ne r o e or n o n o or s a a ,
or o

th t f
a O
y f h i f ian d m th
o h sm y t chr en f v y h m s, o re an e a no o os e or er s a e .

c id i g th dv c m t t
o ns er n e a an e e n s,
’
e c .

C mw ll t t d th t h i W l y b h lf c t h im ’
ru e ff t i
s a e a s e or s n o se s e a os
B t h i i di c t g i
u s W l y
n re c t y m th v b v y
a n s, a s o se
’
s se re ar us a e een er co n

b l —S
,

sid e ra B iv p t ii 4 6 1 3 p t iii 6 7 54 ; B
e ee . .
,
311 ar .
,
ar .
,
. v .
,
.
2 62 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

l ow b orn k n a v e by j e a l o us n o bl e s ; but a cc o r din g to F ro ud e

-
, ,

h e t ra c e d his li n e a ge fr o m th e Li n c o l n shi r e C r u mw e l l s He .

s e e m s to h a v e b e e n e ar ly in life in th e s e rvic e o f Ce cily ,

M a r chi o n e ss o f D ors e t But a r o vi n g p ro p e n sity s o on l e d th e .

o r ph a n l a d — n o w a n e gl e ct e d sc a p e g r a c e — a b ro a d His a o .

c o u n t o f him s e lf to Cra n m e r w a s th a t h e h a d b e e n a r u ffia n

’
‘
.
,

F o x e n a rr a te s th a t h e s e r v e d a s a t ro o p e r u n d e r B o u rb o n ,

a n d th a t h e w a s p r e s e n t a t th e s a ck o f R o m e But to his .

milit a ry life a much e a rli e r d a t e m ust b e a ssign e d ; a n d if h e

w as p r e s e n t a t R o m e i n 1 5 2 7 it is m o r e lik e ly a s M a itl a n d , ,

h as o bs e r v e d th a t h e w as th e re o n s o m e S p e ci a l e rr a n d fr o m
,

W o ls e y F o x e w a s a l a b o r i o us a n d y e t a c a r e l e ss e dit or ;
.
,

ra th e r a n i n g e n i o us th an a t a l l ti m e s a n i n g e n u o us ,

F a ct a n d ficti on o r a t l e a st st a te m e n ts th a t r e st o n sl e n d e r
,

b a sis o f fa ct bl e n d in his liv e ly n arr a tiv e s Much th a t h e

, .

n a rr a t e s o f C r umw e ll w as with o ut d o ubt d e r iv e d fro m , ,

C r a n m e r a n d m ust thu s b e r e g a r d e d a s st r ictly tr ustw o r thy

,
.

It a ly th e n th e m o st civiliz e d c o u n tr y o f Eu r op e w as th e
, ,

sc e n e o f th e a dv e n tu re s a n d vicissitud e s o f C ru mw e l l s y o uth ’
.

A n d u n g a i n ly a s w a s his p e r s on his m a n n e r s c a ught s o m e

, ,

p o lish a n d r e fi n e m e n t fr o m It a li a n lit e ra tu re T a n d s o ci e ty -
.

It is r e l a t e d th a t F r e sco b al d i wh o s e b a n ki n g e sta b lishm e n t ,

w as a s c e l e b r a t e d a t Fl or e n c e a s th a t o f th e Fugg e r s a t
Augsbu r g a n d w h o h a d m o n e t a ry c o n n e cti o n s with Wo lse y
, ,

a n d o th e r E n gli shm e n o fn o t e t o o k a fa n cy to th e quick witt e d ,

-

o uth a n d ga v e h im p e cu n i ary h e lp
y , .

F o x e st a te s th a t C r u m w e ll c o m m itt e d to m e m ory th e L a ti n
t e xt o f th e N e w T e sta me n t r e c e n tly publis h e d by E r a smus ,
.

O n this st a t e m e n t D e a n H o o k h a s r e m a r k e d with th a t h a sty ,

c a p r ic e which s o m e tim e s st a in s his w r itin gs th a t it is m o re ,

‘

th an d o ubtful wh e th e r Cr u m w e ll e v e r u n d e r sto o d L a ti n

x p bli h d t S t b g 1 5 54 i L ti th fi t b k f h i
F o e u s e a ra s ur , ,
n a n, e rs oo O s

H i t y f th C h ch d i t C hi f P c ti c d L ti ’
s or o t
e A ur an s e e r se u o n s, e c . se on a n

edi ti m ch l g d w i d t B l 1 5 5 9 H i fi r t E gli h
on, u e n ar e ,
as ssu e a as e , . s s n s

edi ti pp d 1 5 63 ;
on c d E gli h di ti 1 6 1 0 H di d 1 58 7
a e ar e a se on n s e on, . e e .

T h m t c m pl t di ti A ct m t th v l f li w ’
e os d M o e e e on ,
‘
s an o nu e n s, re e o s .
,
o o, as

no t p bli h d til 1 68 4
u s e un .

T C mw ll l t I t li b k t Ed m d B W l y ch pl i ’
ru e en a an oo s o un on n e r , o se s a a n
—B iv p t iii 6 3 4 6 I t li w t gh t i th t g i
.

. .
,
ar .
,
m f th b t . a an as au n a a e n so e O e es
sch loo s .
 D ID CR UM WE L L KN O W L A TI N ? 2 63

at a ll Stran ge th e n it must b e c o n fe ss e d th a t s o m e O f
.
’

, ,

Cr u mw e ll s a ge n ts h a bitu a lly w r o t e to h im in L a tin ; a n d th a t

’

L a tim e r a p e rs on a l fr ie n d o n on e o cc a si on a dd re ss e d to him
, ,

a l e tt e r wh e r e i n h e a ll u d e d to th e gr e a t mi n iste r s ch ar a ct e r
’

, ,

c e r t a in ly in highly c o m pli m e n t a ry t e r m s th e m o re c o mpli ,

m e n t a ry p ar t o f th e l e tt e r in L a ti n * St r a n ge to o th a t a .
, ,

ma n o f n o slight i n t e llige n c e a n d w e ll v e r s e d i n It a li a n , ,

sh o uld h a v e O ft e n h e a r d th e Chu r ch s e r vic e s a n d o n o n e ,

m e m o ra bl e o cc a sio n s a id O f o u r L a dy M a ti n s with o ut h a v in g ,
’
,

or c a r i n g to h a v e an k wl dg f th l n gu a g e e m pl o y e d
y n o e e o e a ,
.

T h e st a t e m e n t o f F o x e i n qu e sti o n p r o b a bly r e sts o n s o m e

ba sis o f tr uth C r u m w e ll w a s n o t a th oro ughly g o o d L a ti n
.

sch o l a r n o d o ubt ; h e did n o t k n o w L a tin a s h e k n e w It a li a n ;

but h e c a n n o t h a v e b e e n quite ign o ra n t o f wh a t w a s th e n th e
gre a t t o n gu e in m a tt e r s o f e ccl e si a stic a l busi n e ss a s w e ll a s o f ,

d e v o ti o n a n d c on t r o v e r sy Just a s M a c a ul a y to a cqui re for .

,

hist or ic a l pu rp o s e s a s e r vic e a ble k n o wl e dge o f s o m e m o d e rn

l an gu a ge w o uld re a d th e N e w T e st a m e n t in th a t l a n gu a ge so
, ,

Cr u m w e ll m a y h a v e studi e d —a n d p r ob a bly did study— th e

cl e a r a n d e a sy te xt o f th e gre a t D utch sch o l a r s L a ti n v e r si o n ’

o f th e N e w T e st a m e n t — a b o o k p o pul a r b o th in It a ly a n d in
T
E n gla n d L a tin w as th e n m o re th an F re n ch th e u n iv e r s a l
.

l a n gu a ge 1 n o t o n ly with m e n bu t with e d u c a t e d w o m e n a ls o ;
, ,

a n d a t o l e ra bl e k n o wl e dg e o f such a g e n e r a l m e diu m o f co m

m u n ica tio n th r o ugh o ut Eu r o p e w o uld b e ve ry us e ful n o t to ,

n e c e ss ary fo r g e tti n g o n i n th e w o r ld
'

sa
y , .

Ita ly w a s a t th a t e p o ch in a dv a n c e o f E n gl a n d an d o f th e ,

r e st o f Eu ro p e i n m e n t a l cultu re T h e g re a t e st p oe t si n c e
, .

‘
T h us ill y d tt y i t l
mu ch n ow b t w i th m y
I w sa ,
an e na sa a on e , u an ,

th t y a l d h yp w our m h v p m ty d m y m h
or s e t m
on an a e ro o an oo on e s e e n,

sy t G
ns ed p m ty yd o th h t h m
ro y m o d b f y t
ou,y m en a an en oon e ore our e

th w gh i lick
o th i t w i th y
n e au or e ou .

T ‘
q m an ti b i tua li d m l t m mm d : ffi i t q i
n on na us So ,
se u o ru co o e e c a u

om i f ci t t i
n a d m fi m d i ti i m viv t d mi ti t t i i t
a ,
u n e un e ne u ss e a o na o ua , u s c n er

nobil b i li i m
e s no vd t H L W ig
ss H tl b y D c m b
us e a 13
a s,
’
e c .
-
. . orn .
,
ar e ur ,
e e er

( 15 3 8 S pp i fM t i O S p 1 49
’
u re ss o n o o n a s e r e s, .
,
. . .

T A l tt f C v d
e l w i t h
er t d
o t b t p i ot 1 5 2
er 7 p k a e f ,
ou a e ,
u r or o ,
s ea s O

C mw l l f v z l t vi t d g dly t dy — B 22 1
’ ‘ ’
ru e s er e nt ea o r ue an o s u . . v .
,
.

I A t W tmi A p il 7 1 5 3 3 8
es m w
n st e r , m bl d i c cil th
r , ,
a . .
,
e re a ss e e n ou n e

Ch c ll th E l f W i l t hi
an e or, ed E x C m ll t C h p y
ar s O s re an sse ,
ru we ,
e c . a u s

ask d w h th h i di c
e e h ld b i F ch L ti
er s I L ti
s o u r se s w ou e n re n or a n n a n,
’
as

ply f th y did t l l d t d F ch —B vi 4 65 S B
.

’
th e re ,
or e no a un e rs an re n . . .
,
. ee .

v ,302 5 74 1 1 8 8 ; vi 2 34
.
, ,
.
, .
2 64 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

Ho me r h ad Fl o re n ti n e ; a lth o ugh h e c o m p o s e d his

be e n a

D i v i n e Co me d y a n e xil e fro m th e city o f his bi r th a n d his

af fe cti o n s T h e sw e e t Tusc a n h a d succ e e d e d th e b e a utiful ‘
.

l a n gu a ge o f O c a s th e v e hicl e o f p o e try i m a gin a ti o n a n d

,
’

, ,

lov e . R e fi n e m e n t d r iv e n fro m th e b an ks o f th e G a ro n n e
,

by th e r ud e w a rr i o r s o f N o r th e rn F ra n c e — th e r uthl e ss
e x e cut o r s o n th e Albige n s e s a s t a i n t e d w ith th e h e re sy o f ,

th e M a n ich e e s o f th e v e n g e a n c e o f th e p a p a cy— h a d fo u n d
,

r e fug e o n th e b a n ks o f th e Po a n d th e A rn o Th e re o pul e n t .

citi e s e n r ich e d with v a r i e d w o rks o f a rt sh on e with a m a gn i

, ,

fi ce n ce u n r iv a ll e d e ls e wh e r e But th e It a li a n n o ble s an d .

m e r ch a n ts whilst biddi n g e x o r bit a n t su m s fo r n e wly fo u n d

,
-

m an usc r ipts o f th e cl a ssics an d p r o u d to displ a y i n th e i r ,

ga ll e r i e s m a st e r pi e c e s o f p a i n ti n g a n d sculptu re h a d l o st ,

th e vigo u r n e e d e d for th e d e fe n c e o f th e i r a ccu m ul a te d

t re a su r e s F o r this pu r p o s e the y w e r e c on stra i n e d to h a v e
.

r e c o u r s e to th e s w o r ds o f m e r c e n a r i e s if a t l e a st th e t r icks o f ,

dipl o m a cy w e re i n suffici e n t Thus it h a d c o m e to p a ss th a t .

,

i n It a ly th e p o in t o f h o n o u r w as n o t c o u r a ge o r t r u th a s in ,

o th e r c o u n t r i e s but ra th e r i n g e n uity M a chi a v e lli s n o t o r i o us ’

.
,

t re a tis e T h e P r i n ce (I l Pr i n cip e ) publish e d in 1 5 3 2 u n d e r

, ,

th e s a n cti on o f Cl e m e n t hi m s e lf o n ly r e duc e d to w r iti n g a ,

syste m o f s e lfish p o licy a n d u n sc r upul o us p ra ctic e o f which , ,

th e p a p a l g o v e rn m e n t w a s th e m o st fi n ish e d sp e cim e n ,

a lth o ugh its p r e v a l e n c e w a s g e n e ra l i n th e c o u n t r y o f th e

a uth or Of th e spir it o f u n p r i n cipl e d a n d t r e a ch e ro us st a te

.

c r a ft o f which this b o o k w a s a t o n c e th e t ra n sc r ipt a n d th e

,

m a n u a l C r u m w e ll h a d d r u n k d e e ply * I n It a ly th e R e n a
, .

s oe n ae w a s m a rk e d by fr e e thi n ki n g t e n d e n ci e s o n th e subj e ct -

o f r e ligi o n a n d th e s e a ls o t o ld o n C r umw e ll .

Aft e r a tim e C r u mwe ll w o r k e d his w a y i n t o th e p r o fe ssio n a l

gr o o v e b e st suit e d to his t a l e n ts As c o mm e r ci a l a ge n t to o n e .

O f th e V e n e ti a n t r a d e r s a n d th e n cl e r k to a fir m o fm e r ch a n ts
,

a t A n tw e r p his busi n e ss c a p a city g a i n e d r e c o gn iti o n T h e

, .

st ory r a n th a t h e w a s thus ch o s e n to p r o cu re fo r th e t o wn o f
,

B osto n in Li n c o ln shi r e c e r t a in p r ivil e ge s fr o m th e p o p e F o x e

, ,
.

C ru mw e r e ll c mm d d t
o en e o di l
C a r n a Po e th e w r t l i i g f M chi v lli
n s o a a e ,
es p ci lly
e a
‘
I l Pr i ci p E lli
n e .
’ ’
s L e tte r s, 3 r d se r e s ,
’
i iii 2 78
.
,
.
 CR UM WE L L ’
S PR O S PE R O US C A R E E R . 2 65

is ple a s e d to r e c o u n t an e xtr a o r din a ry t a l e o fhis g ra tifyi n g th e

h o ly t o o th o f Julius II with s o m e d e lici o us j e lly which h e
.
,

c a us e d to b e b ro ught in with a thre e m an s s o n g a n d p r e s e n t e d

‘ ’
,
’

to his h o li n e ss wh e n h e w a s n e w c o m e fro m his hu n ti n g

‘
,

w h e r e by his p e titi o n w a s a t o n c e g ra n t e d B u t th e s e B os to n .

P a r d o n s w e re i n r e a lity th e r e can b e littl e d o ubt m e re ly a

, ,

r ib a ld j e st o n p o pul a r c r e d u lity — a h o a x i n m o ck e ry o f th e

m o n ks a n d th e i r w a r e s ; a n d th e t a l e o f th e a tt r a ctiv e j e lly
l o o ks like a n a m usin g ficti o n in r idicul e o f th e h a bits a n d
t a st e s o f th e u n s a i n tly Julius .

By m a rryin g th e d a ughte r O f a w e a lthy w o o l m e r ch an t ,

C r u m w e ll r a is e d his s o cia l p o siti o n I n 1 5 1 2 h e w a s a th r ivi n g .

fa ct o r o r ge n e ra l m e r ch an t a t Midd e lbu rg in Z e a l a n d N o r
, , ,
.

whe n h e b e c a m e s e c r e t a ry to Wo ls e y a n d a ft e r w a rds to th e ,

ki n g w e re his lu cr a tiv e c o mm e r ci a l tra n s a cti on s r e li n quish e d

,
.

O n th e c o n t ra ry a cc o r di n g to th e cust o m o f th e tim e s h e
, ,

u s e d to th e full th e o pp o r tu n iti e s thus m o r e a m ply fur n ish e d

fo r p ushi n g his g a i n s Ab o u t 1 5 2 0 h e b e c a me a sc r iv e n e r
.

l a wy e r a n d m o n e y l e n d e r c o nj o in e d— a n d b e tte r e d his fo r tu n e s
-

by a dv a n cin g m o n e y o n l o a n a t h an ds o m e i n t e r e st to y o u n g e r
, ,

m e mb e r s O f th e a r ist o c ra cy Th e re r e m a in s to us th e a cc o u n t
.

o f th e pu r ch a s e i n th e L o w C o u n t r i e s o f a n i r o n s a fe f o r th e

s e cu e cust o dy
r o f his c a sh * I n 1 5 2 3 h e c on t r iv e d to ge t
.

re tu rn e d to P arli a m e n t I n th e s a m e y e a r h e w a s d ra w n i n t o
.

r e l a ti o n ship — p r o b a bly i n t o cl o s e r r e l a ti on ship — with W o ls e y ,

to wh o m his fi r st i n t r o ducti o n m a y h a v e b e e n th r o ugh his

a dv a n ci n g m o n e y to H e n ry P e r cy o n e O f th e c a r di n a l s h o us e
’

h o ld T h e c o m m issi o n to C r u m w e ll c o nj o i n tly w ith o th e rs to

.
, ,

su r v e y c e r ta i n m on a st e r i e s a b o ut to b e c o n v e r te d to th e us e s
o f C ardi n a l s C o ll e g e
’
’
b e a r s d a t e J a n u a ry 4 1 5 2 4
,
Th o s ,
.
‘
.

C r u m w e ll a n d J o h n S m ith w e re a fte r wa r d s a pp o i n t e d Wo l se y s ’

a tt orn e ys f o r his c o ll e g e T h e e ffe ctiv e s e r vic e s o f th e ca r

.

d in a l s a tt o rn e y i n b re a ki n g up s o m e o f th e l e ss e r m o n a st e r i e s
’

e duc a t e d him f or a si m il a r t a sk o n a m uch l a r g e r sc a l e u n d e r ,

th e ki n g hims e lf to wh o s e c o n fid e n c e h e w a s r e c o m m e n d e d
,

by a r a r e c o m bin a ti o n o f qu a liti e s— s o m e go o d s o me b a d ,

e sp e ci a lly by sh r e wd n e ss an d e n e r gy e xp e r i e n c e i n busi n e ss ,

B gh t by ou Vau gh an fo r £ 8 F l .
—B . iv p .
,
ar t ii .
,
4 6 13 ; p art
5 330 .
 66 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

d e v o te d fid e lity a n d fr e e d o m fr o m th e sm a ll e st a pp r o a ch to
,

imp r a ctic a bl e sc r upul o sity His vi e ws O f g o v e rn m e n t w e r e .

e v e n y e t in a ut o c r a tic a dv a n c e o f W o l se n d h e co m
’
s a
y ,

l e te d H e n ry s a bs o lutism W ls y pu t H n r y s fe e t o n th e
’ ’

p o e e .

n e ck o f th e l a ity C r u mw e ll subjuga t e d th e cl e rgy a ls o to th e

a uth o r ity o f th e C r o w n .

A littl e e a r li e r o n e w h o w a s to b e a ss o ci a te d wi th C r u m w e ll
,

in d e si gn i n g a n d a chi e vi n g r a dic a l e ccl e si a stic a l ch a n ge s h a d ,

b e e n i n tro du c e d to th e kin g It m a y b e re m ar k e d in p a ssin g .

, ,

th a t th e illustr i o u s Cr an m e r lik e a l ar ge n u m b e r o f th e m o r e ,

in flu e n ti a l spi r its o f th a t a ge — such a s Cr u m we ll hims e lf ,

Wo ls e y M o r e N o rfo l k a n d li ttl e Bil n e y— b ore th e Chr isti a n

, , ,

n am e of C r a n m e r s r a pid a dv a n c e m e n t w a s o n ly
’

so fa r l e ss e xt r a o r di n a r y th an C r u m w e l l s th a t in m e di ae v a l
’

ti m e s th e Chu r ch w a s th e r e c o gn is e d l a dd e r to ra n k an d p o w e r ,

a n d th a t his p e r s on a l ch a ra ct e r w a s d e v o id o f th e l e a st stigm a

o f r e p r o a ch .

I n th e fi r st w e e k O f August 1 5 2 9 H e n r y h a d i n t e n d e d to , ,

visit th e M o r e in H e r tfo r dshir e d e sc r ib e d a s a c o mm o di o us

,
’

r e sid e n c e i n th e su mm e r b e l on gi n g to St Al b a n s Abb e y l ’ -
, .

H e a r i n g h o w e v e r th a t th e sw e a t— th e v e ry n a m e wh e re o f w a s
, ,
‘
fe a r ful a n d te rr ibl e to his Highn e ss e a r s — h a d b e e n th e r e ’

a b o uts h e ch a n g e d his pl a n s a n d visit e d T i tte n h a n ge r— a

’

, ,

h o us e a ls o a pp e r t a in i n g to Wo ls e y a s Abb o t o f St Alb a n s ,
. .

G a r di n e r th e kin g s s e c re t a ry a n d Edw a r d F o x his a l m o n e r

,
’

, , ,

w e r e in a tt e n d a n c e an d w e re l o dge d by th e h ar bi n g e r s a t
,

W a lth a m Abb e y with a M r C re ssy T h e supp e r h o u r c a m e . .

,

a n d th e c o u r ti e r s w e re su rp r ise d to m e e t a t t a bl e an o l d
C a m b r i d ge a cqu a i n t an c e D r Cr a n m e r o f J e sus C o l l e g e w h o , .
, ,

h a d b e e n d r iv e n by th e pl a gu e fro m C a mb r idg e t o g e th e r ,

with his pupils C re ssy s tw o s o n s C ran m e r w as o f g o o d bi r th

,
’
.
,

s on o f Th o m a s C r an m e r o fAsl o ct o n Es u i e r i n N o tti n gh a m
‘ ’

q , , ,

S ta pl T r e s T o mae
e to n s
’ ‘
o m r se h
th e A o s t e , th e C a n te r u r
’
c pi p l b y
i t h
S a n , a n d S i r T o ma s M o r e H a d D r S ta e to n w r tte n th e . es Of pl. i liv
h y ig
th e T o m a se s O f H e n r s r e n , h i s o ra
’
e s w ou a e o e re th e bi g phi ld h v c v d
chi v p i d
e f e e n ts O f th e er o .

T Ic ctly t d b l g
n o rre S ta e t o e on to th e s e e O f Yo r i n P a s to n L e tte r s k
p
i , 2 94 . T h e ma n o r s o f M o r e a n d T y te n h a n gr e w e re a ssu r e
. . d
y J y
to H e n r , a n u a r , 1 5 3 1 — B v , 7 T h e M o r e w a s r an te to H e n r
’
. . . g d y
by b bb
R o e r t th e A o t, a n d th e o n e n t of S t A a n s m o n a ste r ,
’
c v lb . y
N o e m e r 1 , 1 5 3 1 —B v , 6 00
v b . . . .
 CR A N IP
I E R S A D VI CE ’
. 2 67

shi re ,
a n d w as
h e ld in r e put e fo r l e a rn in g T h e c o n v e rs a ti o n .
,

as w a s n a tu ra l fe ll up o n th e r o y a l di vo r c e qu e sti o n a n d
, ,

Cr an m e r w a s re qu e st e d to p r o n o u n c e his o pin i on a s to th e
r ight m o d e o f p ro c e du r e Shy a n d t h o ughtful a t l e n gth h e
.
,

O bs e r v e d I a m n o t b e a t e n in this m a tte r a s y o u h a v e b e e n ;
,

h o wb e it I d o thi n k th a t y o u go n o t th e n e x t w a y to w o rk ,

a s to b r i n g th e m a tt e r u n t o a p e r fe ct c o n clusi o n a n d e n d ,

sp e ci a lly for th e s a tisfa cti o n o f th e t ro uble d c o n scie n c e O f th e

kin g s Highn e ss H e the n O ffe re d his sugge sti o n th a t e m i n e n t
’
.
’

divin e s sh o uld b e c on sulte d o n th e o n e t r uth in th e m a tt e r ,

’

wh o s e S e n t e n c e m ay b e s o o n kn o wn h e s a id with littl e
‘

,
’
,
‘

i n dustry a n d ch a rg e s ; a n d th e n his High n e ss in c o n sci e n c e ,

qui e t e d m a y d e t e r m in e with hi m s e lf th a t which S h a ll s e e m

,

go o d b e fo r e G o d ; a n d l e t th e s e tu m ultu a ry p r o c e ss e s giv e
pl a c e u n to a c e r t a i n C r a n m e r thus sw e pt a sid e
a lt o g e th e r th e d e cisi on o f th e p o n ti f
f a n d r e fe r re d th e qu e sti o n ,

to th e j udg me n t o f th e s o u n d e st a n d b e st i n fo r m e d th e o l o gi an s ,

wh o s e v e r dicts w e re to b e c ar e fully c o m p a r e d a n d w e igh e d .

T h e k i n g hi m s e lf w a s to b e th e ulti ma t e j udg e a n d o f c o u r s e , , ,

w a s to giv e l e g a l e xp r e ssi o n to his d e lib e r a t e c on clusi o n ,

th ro ugh th e c o n stituti o n a l ch a n n e l o f th e n a tio n a l c o u r ts .

Such a dvic e sh o w e d th a t Cr a n m e r h a d a l r e a dy c e a s e d to b e
a p a pist Bu t o f m an y m i n ds a t th a t j u n ctu r e cl e r ic a l
.
,

a s w e ll a s l a h w a s i n sp e a ki n g a s h e did th e fa ithful
y e , , ,

m o uthpi e c e .

T w o d a ys l a t e r G ar di n e r a n d F o x c o mm u n ic a t e d to th e
,

ki n g a t G re e n wich th e c o n v e r s a ti o n which h a d p a ss e d o v e r th e
supp e r t a ble a t Wa lth a m
-
Wh e r e is this D r C ra n m e r .
‘
.
,
’

in quir e d H e n ry a ddin g with his cust o m a ry o a th I tr o w h e

, , ,

h a th th e r ight so w by th e e a r C ra n m e r w a s s e n t fo r o u t o f
.
’

h an d I n his i n t e r vi e w with H e n r y his w o r ds w e r e r e c e iv e d

’
.

with s a tisfa cti o n a n d h e w a s re t a in e d to p e n th e m a tt e r a t

,
‘

l a rge H e w a s l o dg e d with A n n e s fa th e r a t D u r h a m Pl a c e
’ ’

,
.

th e b o o ks n e e dfu l fo r th o r o ughly sifti n g th e qu e sti o n b e i n g

suppli e d to h im H e w as m a d e A n n e s tut o r
.
’
.

It h as b e e n su r mis e d th a t Cra n m e r h a d b e e n p r e vi o usly

kn o wn to L or d R o chfo rd I n th e d e sp a tch e s fr o m Ro m e e a rly.

M or ic
A ne
’
e s
‘
o te s , N a rra t cd ’
iv f th
es o e R e fo r ma t i on, O S pp 218
2 3 3 , a n d 2 4 1 , 2 4 2 —B
. .
.
,

,
r e fa e ,
. . vi p
. c p ix . .
2 68 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

in 1 5 2 8 m e n ti o n is m a d e o f L o r d R o chfo r d s p r i e st This
,
’
.
’

m yst e r i o us p e r s on a r r iv e s e ar ly in th e J a n u a ry o f th a t y e a r
with l e tt e r s fr o m W o ls e y to th e E n glish a m b a ss a d o r s an d a ft e r ,

a st a y o f a b o ut thr e e m o n ths re tu rn s with d e sp a tch e s "

B re w e r id e n tifi e s l o r d R o chfo r d s p r i e st with Cra n me r Th e r e ’
.

ca n b e n o d o ubt th a t s o m e difficulti e s o n th e fa c e o f M o r ic e s
’

n a r ra tiv e w o uld thus b e re m o v e d Th a t Cra n m e r S h o uld b e .

A n n e s tut o r wh e n S h e w a s tw e n ty tw o y e ar s o f a ge is
’

,
-
,

a cc o u n t e d f o r if h e h a d b e gu n to h o ld th e O f fic e a t a n e a rli e r
d a te A n d i n a s m u ch a s th e sugg e sti on which h e O f
. fe r e d a t
th e supp e r t a bl e c o n t a i n e d n o thi n g e ith e r v e r y n o v e l o r v e r y
-

str ik in g his b e i n g s e n t fo r by th e ki n g with u r g e n cy is m or e

,

e a sily e xpl a i n e d if a fr i e n d a t th e r oy a l e lb o w i n th e p e r s o n o f
, ,

A n n e h e rs e lf p r o m pt e d th e su mmo n s , .

It a pp e a r s h o w e v e r th a t th e id e n tific a ti on m ust b e
, ,

a b a n d o n e d n o t w ithst an di n g B re w e r s high a uth o r ity Un d e r ’

.
,

th e d e sig n a ti o n o f L o r d R o chfo r d s p r i e st it is fa r m ore ‘ ’

,
’

p ro b a bl e th a t J o h n B a rl o w w a s i n t e n d e d I t e v e n s e e m s to .

s e ttl e th e qu e sti o n th a t K n ight w r o t e J a n u a ry 1 0 1 5 2 8 th e , ,

disp e n s a ti o n is sp e d a n d u n d e r l e a d a cc o r d i n g to th e m i n ut e, ,

b r o u gh t b y B a r l o w T Aft e r w a r ds L o r d R o chfo r d r e qu e ste d o f

’
.

W o ls e y fo r B a rl o w th e b e n e fice O f S o n d e ry ch ‘

v a c an t by th e e l e v a ti o n o f J o h n All e n — o r A l e yn — C r u mw e ll s ’

c o a dju t o r in th e diss o luti o n O f th e l e ss e r m o n a st e r i e s to th e ,

A r chbish o p r ic o f Dubli n A n d th e r e is e xt a n t a l e tt e r fr o m .

A n n e h e r s e lf to th e c a r di n a l th a n ki n g him for th e gift o f th e ,

b e n e fice to B a r l o w C r a n m e r h o w e v e r m a y h a v e b e e n pr e
.
, ,

v i o u sl k n o w n to th e B o l e y n s A d e sp a tch o f th e V e n e ti an
y .

a m b a ss a d o r a t th e F r e n ch c o u r t st a t e s th a t h e w a s a ki n sm an ,

p a re n te ) o f An n e a s w e ll a s a v e r y i n ti m a t e frie n d I But
( ,
.

’
th a t h e w a s n o t L o r d R o chfo r d s p r i e st a cc o r di n g to B r e w e r s ’

c o n j e ctu re a pp e a r s to b e w e ll n igh c e r t a in
,
.

C ra n m e r s t r e a tis e l on g supp o s e d l o st h a s a t l e n gth b e e n

’

, ,

fo u n d in th e B ritish Mus e u m It p r o v e d O f s e r vic e to th e ki n g s .

’

b t J i gh m t W l y J
S ir R o y 1 0 1 52 8 M y L d f
er e rn n a o o se , a n ua r ,
‘
or o

R ch f d p i t
o or iv d M d y G di t W l y A p il 1 3 1 5 2 8
’
s r es arr e on on a .
’
ar ne r o o se ,
r ,

(E t M d y) S i c th d p tch f m y L d f R ch f d p i t ’ ’
as e r on a n e e es a o or o o or s r es ,

t —B
e c .3 7 88 9 0 4 1 6 7
. S
v B iv i t p cccxliv
.
,
-
,
. ee . .
,
n ro , . . .

T B iv p t ii 3 7 84 3 78 7
. .
,
ar .
, ,
.

1 Ven .
,
 TH E E M B A S S Y T O B OL O G N A . 2 69

c a us e G a r din e r s h a n ds A n d thu s C ra n m e r h a d r is e n
in
’
.

high i n c o u r t fa v o u r a l re a dy wh e n h e p a ss e d to th e con ,

tin e n t (J a n u a ry 1 5 30) in c o m p a n y with A n n e s fa th e r n o w

’

, ,

E a rl o f Wiltshi re a n d O r m o n d t o ge the r with L e e a n d ,

St o k e sl e y Th e y w e re c o m missi o n e d to d e liv e r H e n ry s
.
’

s a lut a ti o n s to th e e m p e r o r on his c oro n a ti o n a n d b e sid e s ,

o th e r m a tt e r s o f n e g o ti a ti o n to u se th e i r b e st e n d e a v o u r s ,

to p re v a il with Ch a r l e s to fo r e g o his O pp o siti o n to th e div o r c e .

As r e ga rds this p r i n cip a l O bj e ct th e e m b a ssy w a s s o c o mpl e te ,

a fa ilu r e th a t in H e n ry s j udg me n t it th r e w disc r e dit o n Wilt

’

shi re A c o n t e mp o r ary d o cum e n t r e c o r ds : T h e ki n g is a ls o

.
‘

e n c o u ra g e d by a w o n d e r fully vi r tu o us a n d wis e m a n w h o s a ys ,

th a t h e is n o t to b e c o n sid e r e d pi o us but impi o us w h o t ra n s , ,

r e sse s his m a st e r s l a w f o r th e s a k e o f a s e r v a n t a n d fe a r s
’

g ,

m o r e to O ffe n d m a n th an G o d It is thus th a t Cr a n m e r w a s ’
.

p ro b a bly d e sc r ib e d — s e v e r e a s is th e c o n d e mn a ti o n which th e
w o r ds c o n t a i n o n s e v e ra l p a ss a ge s in his o w n subs e qu e n t
c are e r .

B o l o gn a to which Wiltshir e p a ss e d w a s to b e th e sc e n e o f
, ,

th e c or on a ti o n T h e e mp e r or h a d re a c h e d this city th e pr e
.

c e di n g N o v e mb e r a n d Cl e m e n t a littl e b e fo r e h im F o r th e
,
.

m e e ti n g O f th e p o t e n t a t e s a sta g e h a d b e e n e r e ct e d wh e re ,

Cle m e n t t o o k his s e a t o n a th ron e a d o rn e d with a sup e r b ,

m an tl e his j e w e ll e d m itre o n his h e a d

,
With gre a t r e v e re n c e .

Ch arl e s a pp r o a ch e d his h o lin e ss cl a d in c o mpl e te a r mo u r e x , ,

c e pt th a t fo r a h e l m e t h e w o r e a bl a ck ca p which h e d o ffe d ,

a s h e d r e w n e a r to th e th r on e Submissiv e ly k n e e li n g— co n .

trary to Bu rn e t s cc u t a o n — h e kiss e d fi r st th e fo o t th e n th e
’

h an ds a n d l a stly th e p o n tiff s fa c e T h e g a i e ti e s o f B o l o gn a
,
’
.
,

a n d th e fe stivitie s o f th e imp e r i a l c o ro n a ti o n a n d wi n t e r
s oj o u r n w e re n o t wit n e ss e d by C r a n m e r w h o p re ss e d o n
, , ,

a cc o r din g to his i n st r ucti o n s to R o m e its e l f I n th e p a p a l ,

.

city h e w a s w e ll re c e ive d a n d w a s a pp o i n te d P e n it e n ti a ry
,

o f E n gl a n d thus o bt a i n i n g e a: Ofii ci o re a dy a cc e ss to th e
, , ,

on tifical l ib r a ry fi a t a ti m e wh e n th e fa th e r s o f th e Chu r ch
‘
p
a n d th e r e c or ds o f c o u n cils w e re busily c a n v a ss e d o n th e
m a tr im o n i a l c o n tro v e rsy Wh a t h e b e h e ld d ay a fte r d ay
. .

To t hi s C ro k e w as una bl e to gi a n e n tra n c e — B iv p . .
,
art iii .
, 6 10 5,
63 5 4 .
2 70 T H E D A IVN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

i n th e m e t r o p o lis o f Ch r ist e n d o m i n spi r e d th e p r ay e r which ,

h e a ft e r w a r ds d e cl a r e d h e d a ily O ffe r e d th a t h e m ight s e e th e ,

p o we r o f R o m e d e st r oy e d .
’

I n th e sum m e r o f 1 5 3 1 C ra n m e r— a s his R e m a i n s pub ‘ ’

l ish e d by th e P a rk e r S o ci e ty sh o w — w a s a g a i n in E n gl an d ; ,

a n d n o t l o n g a ft e r w a r ds w a s s e n t a m b a ss a d o r i n t o G e r m a n y .

H e re h e w a s fa v o u r e d w ith a n i n t e r vi e w by J o h n Fre d e r ic th e ,

M a gn a n i m o us o f S a x on y a s w e ll a s by his s e c re t a ry , Luth e r s
, ,
’

fir m fri e n d Sp a l a ti n But th e a lli a n c e which w a s th e o bj e ct

,
.
,

o f th e s e i n t e r vi e ws fa il e d o f a cc o m plish m e n t , T h e G e r m an .

p r in c e s h a d b e e n c ar e ss e d by Ch a rl e s a n d h a d s e cu re d a d ,

v a n t a g e s by th e P e a c e o f Nu re m b e r g for th e l o ss o f which a ,

p r o s pe ctiv e l e a gu e with E n gl an d w o uld h a v e b e e n sc a n t co m

e n s a ti o n At R a tisb o n C r a n m e r sa w G ra n v e ll e a n d a t Li n tz
p .

h e h a d a n a udi e n c e o f Ch a r l e s hims e lf a n d w r o t e to H e n ry th a t ,

a ft e r th e b r i e f Tu r k ish c a m p a ig n th e e mp e r o r w a s h a st e n i n g

i n t o Sp a i n a n d i n c r o ssin g thr o ugh It a ly w o uld sp e a k with

, , ,

th e p o p e a n d t r e a t o f a G e n e r a l C o u n cil A n d I d o thin k ‘ ’
.
,

h e a dd e d th a t h e will n o t fo r ge t to m a k e m e n ti o n u n t o th e
,

p o p e o f y o u r gr a c e s gre a t c a us e C ran me r m ust h a ve b e e n

’
.
’

c aj o l e d by th e e m p e ror .

It w a s du r in g this e mb a ssy th a t C ran m e r m a rri e d his s e c o n d

His fi rst wife J ca n — m a r ri e d b e fo re his o r din a ti o n ,

—h a d d e c e a s e d t o g e th e r wit h h e r b a b e withi n a y e ar
( 1 5 2 3 ) , ,

o f th e i r u n i o n T h e s e c o n d w e dl o ck n o w c o n t r a ct e d w a s a
.

b o ld st e p a n d w as th e r e fo r e k e pt s e c re t F o r th o ugh a
, , , .
,

p r i e st might h o ld a c on cubin e o n p a ym e n t for th e lic e n s e h e ,

w as n o t fr e e to c o n t ra ct th e ti e o f h o ly m a t r i m on y C r a n me r s
’
.

s e c o n d ch o ic e w a s th e fa i r M a r gare t n i e c e o f An dr e w H o se ,

m a n (O s ian d e r) p a st o r o f Nu re mb e r g an e cc e n t r ic d iv in e T a
, , ,

stud e n t o f th e Sc riptu re s n o t in full a cc o r d with R o m e y e t , ,

sc a r c e ly a Pr o t e st a n t .

C ran me r w a s p re p ar i n g to fo ll o w th e e m p e ror fro m Vi e n n a

g tb C m
M ar are or e ran er a so n , h
T o m a s a n d tw o a u te r s— A n n e ,
,
d gh
wh di d b f h im d M
o e e o re ,
an g
a r ar e t . id
H i s w o w w a s mar r e a a n tw e i d gi ic .

Bl ck J
‘
a hi fi t o an ,
’
s rs i
w fe , w a s o f k in to th e an a O f th e l dl dy
D lphi
o wh c th c d
n, en e e s an a l h
t a t th e u s an h adh b d e e n o st e r , a n d th e b l
w if t p t f th t i O J d h
e a t C ra n m e r w a s r e e e te a fe o w lc d ll
’
e a s e r, o a nn . n oa n s -

OfJ e su s .

T O O i d n Opi i s an er s
’
n o n s, se e N e w ma n ’
s
‘
L e ct ur e s on J u stifica ti o n ,
’

app dix pp 4 3 6 4 3 7
en ,
.
, .
 CR A N M E R A III B A S S A D O R T O CH A R L E S . 2 71

to It a ly th e n c e to Sp a in — thro ugh a c o u n try d e v a sta t e d

,
an d

by w a r th e i m p e r i a l t ro o ps b e i n g w o r s e O pp re ss o r s th a n th e
,

T u rks th e p e a s an try r e t a li a tin g in ro bb e ry a n d m u r d e r

,

wh e n a m issiv e a n d a ga i n a m o re p e re m pt o ry m issive fr o m
, ,

H e n ry in t e r r upt e d his pl a n s an d r e c a ll e d him h o m e T h e , .

l e a rn i n g pi e ty ge n i a l hu m o u r a n d b o u n ty which fo r n i n e
, , , ,

a n d t w e n ty y e a r s h a d a d o rn e d L a m b e th a n d C r o yd o n
-
h ad ,

p a ss e d (August 2 2 1 5 3 2 ) to a b e tte r w o r ld H e n ry s r e s o lve

, .
’

w a s u n ch a n g e a bly fi x e d — to G ar di n e r s i n t e n s e ch a g r i n — to
’

h a v e n o o th e r th an C ra n m e r a s Wa rh a m s succ e ss o r ’
.

By a l e tte r to th e e m p e ro r d a t e d N o v e mb e r 1 C ra n m e r w a s , ,

re c a l l e d O n th e 1 9 th th e futu r e a r c h bish o p c o mm e n c e d h is
.

r e tu rn j o u rn e y H e w a s in n o hu rr y to r e a ch h o m e for h e
.
,

a n ticip a t e d n o t with o ut s o m e dis m a l fo r e b o di n gs th e to o

, ,

p r o b a bl e difficulti e s a n d t ro ubl e s o f his n e w a n d e x a lt e d p o st .

Eve ry m o r n i n g a fte r Oct o b e r 5 a n d 6 h e n o tic e d in th e e a st

, , ,

with u n fe ign e d a l a r m a bl a zi n g st ar c a lle d come ta ,G od

‘
, .
’ ‘

k n o w e th h e wr o te to H e n ry th e y d o n o t ligh tly a pp e a r but

,
’

, ,

a g a i n st s o m e g re a t C r u m w e ll s c o n fid e n ti a l a ge n t
’

V a ugh an w as di r e ct e d to c on duct th e a r chbish o p d e sign a t e to

,
-

E n gl a n d A l e tte r o f Va ugh a n d a t e d D e c e m b e r 9 c o n v e ye d
.
, ,

th e i n t e llige n c e : At Ly o n s I m e t a n E n glish m an w h o h a d
‘

c o me fr o m M r C ra n m e r — w h o w a s th e n o n ly te n l e a gu e s
.

dist a n t T h e n e ws V a ugh an c on tin u e d will ple a s e th e

‘ ’ ‘
.
, ,

ki n g E arly in th e m orn i n g I sh a ll r id e t o w a r ds M r C ra n
. .

m e r wh o m I w ill c o n duct in s a fe ty o r d i e by th e w a y
,
I , .

tr ust by Ch r istm a s w e S h a ll b e in E n gl an d a lth o ugh M r , .

C ra n m e r is disp o s e d on ly to m a k e S h o r t j o u rn e ys .
’

It a pp e ars by th e c orre sp o n d e n c e th a t Th o m a s El e ct o f
, ,
‘

C a n t e rbu ry w a s s oj o u rn i n g F e b r u a ry 8 1 5 3 3 in Cha n on
’
, ,
‘

R o w e i n We stm in st e r
,
His e l e v a ti o n which s e e m e d m o r e .
’

th a n a b r upt in its sudd e n n e ss e v e rywh e re o cc a si o n e d su r p r is e ,

a n d c o nj e ctu r e T h e su rp r is e w a s i n c r e a s e d by th e u n usu a l
.

p ro m ptitude o f th e r o ya l p r o c e e din gs O n e o f th e c a us e s o f .

th e g e n e r a l su r p r is e wro t e C h a puy s to Ch a r l e s is th a t th e
,
’

,
‘

k i n g usu a lly l e a v e s b e n e fice s v a c an t fo r a y e a r for th e s a k e o f ,

th e r e v e n u e s which th e n b e l o n g to h im ; a n d this bish o p r ic

,

h a s n o t y e t b e e n v a c an t fo u r m o n ths B e side s th e ki n g h a s .
,

The c o me t w a s fo ll o we d by th g v p
o er ra e o r te n ts .
—V e n .
,
iv .
, 77 3 .
 2 72 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

a dv an c e d th e m o n e y for th e e xp e diti o n o f th e Bulls so a s to ,

h a v e n o d e l a y It is susp e ct e d th a t th e o bj e ct o f this h a ste is

.

th a t th e a r chbish o p a s l e ga t e O f th e ki n gd o m may a uth oriz e

, ,

th e n e w m ar r i a g e i n this P arli a m e n t T h e n e c e ss a ry
’
e tc , .

Bulls w e re r e c e iv e d o n ly fiv e d a ys b e fo re C ra n m e r w a s co n
se cr a te d P r im a t e o f a l l E n gl an d T h e c on s e c ra ti on t o o k pl a c e
.

o n M o n d a y M a r ch 3 1 1 5 33 C o n v o c a ti on b e i n g a t th e ti m e
, , ,

i n s e ssi o n .

H e h a s hi m s e lf st a t e d th a t h e gr i e v e d to l e a v e his study ,

a n d fe lt his i n a bility f o r th e p o st a n d e sp e ci a lly dis a pp r o v e d ,

o f th e m e a n s wh e r e by h e m ust h a v e it T h e o a th to th e
‘ ’
.

p o p e c o n tr a dict e d th e o a th to th e ki n g It w a s cle a n a g a i n st .
‘

his c o n sci e n c e to sw e a r to d e fe n d th e r e g a lity o f St P e te r

’ ‘
.
,

w ith th e r ights h o n o u r s a n d p r ivil e ge s o f th e Chu r ch o f

, ,

R o m e an d to sw e ar a ls o th a t h e h e ld th e se e o f th e k i n g ,

a n d o f th e ki n g o n ly But a si m pl e e xp e di e n t qui e t e d his

.
’

u a l m s o f c o n sci e n c e H e p r o te s te d th at h e did n o t bi n d
q .

hi m s e lf by his o a th to th e p o p e to d o a n ythin g a g a i n st th e
ki n g s p r e r o ga tiv e o r to r e fra i n fro m t a kin g m e a su r e s to
’
,

r e fo r m th e Chu r ch o f E n gl an d Ch a pu y s tra n smitt e d to .

C h a r l e s th e cu rre n t r um o u r th a t th e n e w a r chbish o p w a s
a Luth e ra n T o this sur m is e th e p r o t e st l e n t st r e n gth
. Its .

t e r m s w e re n o i n disti n ct S ign th a t th e kin g s d e cisi o n w a s ’

r e s o lut e ly fix e d to r e fo r m th o s e vic e s a bus e s a n d sc a n d a ls o f , ,

th e Chu r ch which h e w a s e v e r d e n o u n ci n g i n fa m ili a r co n

v e r s a ti o n C ra n m e r w a s e mp o we r e d to a ct a s p a p a l l e ga t e
.
,

and p ar d o n w a s gra n t e d to th e s a id Th o m a s l a t e A r chd e a c o n ,

o f T a u n t o n o f a l l t r e sp a ss e s a n d o f
,
fe n c e s a ga i n st th e St a tut e s
o f Pr o vis o r s a n d

C r u m w e ll a n d C ra n m e r w e re in a l l p r o b a bility a l re a dy k n o wn
to o n e a n o th e r Th e y w e re b o th si m il a r in e a r ly o bscu r ity
.
,

h o w e v e r dissi m il ar in e ss e n ti a l p o i n ts o f ch ar a ct e r Cr u mw e ll .

by quick d e gre e s succ e e d e d his m a st e r W o ls e y in t e m p o ra l , ,

g o v e rn m e n t but with id e a s an d p r i n cipl e s in e ccl e si a stic a l

,

m a tt e r s v e ry m uch m or e in c o n fo rm ity with th o s e o f C ra n m e r .

A S e a r ly a s N o v e m b e r 1 5 3 3 C h a p u y s c o m m u n ic a t e d th e i n
, ,

te l lige n ce to th e e m p e r or : C r u mw e ll h a s S h o w n hi m s e lf w e ll
disp o s e d to y o u r subj e cts which is imp o r t an t fo r h e r ul e s
, ,

B vi . .
,
2 9 1 , 5 7s
 CR A N M E R A N D GR UM WE L L .
‘

2 73

e v e rythi n g C ra n m e r b e fore v e ry l o n g fill e d a sph e r e n e v e r

.
’

o ccupi e d by W a r h a m Th e y w e re w e ll fitte d to w o r k c o nj o i n tly

.
,

a n d to put i n t o e x e cuti o n th e r o y a l pl an s f o r th e r e fo r m a n d

e st a blish m e n t o f th e Chu r ch o n a n a ti o n a l b a sis .

C ran m e r a lth o ugh n o t p r o fe ssi o n a lly a l a wy e r h a d lik e

, , ,

C r u m w e ll a l e ga l min d— cl e a r s o u n d p r a c tic a l ; which H e n ry

, , , ,

a g re a t stic k l e r fo r th e fo r m s o f l a w a pp re ci a t e d highly , .

C r u mw e ll p o ss e sse d th e cl e v e rn e ss a n d a d ro it n e ss o f th e
succ e ssful a dv e n tu re r T h e m o st m e r c e n ary o f m e n in a .

m e r c e n a ry a ge his go o d n a tu ra l qu al iti e s m ust n o t o n this

,

a cc o u n t b e d e n i e d H e w a s a ffa bl e e a sy o f a cc e ss h o s pi t
.
, ,

a bl e g o o d n a tu re d a n d fa r fr o m u n ge n e r o us S ir Th o m a s
,
-
, .

Ely o t sp ok e o fC r u mw e l l s o l d g e n tl e But th e chi e f ’

o bj e ct p r o p o s e d to his a mbiti o n w a s to a gg ra n dis e his fa m ily ,

a n d a m a ss a fo r tu n e f o r his son G re g o r y — w h o n o m o r e r e

s e mbl e d his fa th e r in i n t e lle ct th an J o h n M o r e r e s e mbl e d th e

gifte d S ir Th o m a s F o r his l o w e xp e di e n cy p r in cipl e s a n d .

dis re put a bl e p r a ctic e s s o me e xte n u a ti o n m ay b e fo u n d in his

e a r ly ra n d o m t r a i n i n g his It a li a n h a bitu a ti o n s an d th e g ro v e l , ,

lin g c o n diti o n a t this p e r i o d o f E n glish s o ci e ty its e lf F or his .

e n light e n e d c o n c e pti o n O f th e t r u e r e l a t i o n s o f Chu r ch a n d

St a t e a ll E n gl a n d o we s h im a l a r g e d e bt o fl a sti n g gr a titude .

C ra n m e r s i n t e n ti o n s w e r e pu r e a n d up r ight ; h e w a s m e r ci
’

ful a mi a bl e a n d fo rgivi n g T H e w as e v e n b o ld physic a lly

,
-
, ,

an d fe a re d n o t a cc o r din g to M o r ic e to r id e th e ro ugh e st
‘
,
’
,
‘

h o r s e th a t c a m e i n t o h is sta bl e His d e ficie n cy in m ora l .

’

c o u ra ge —a ttribute d to h a rsh t re a tm e n t in b oyh o o d fro m a

,

c r u e l sch o o l m a st e r— h as b e e n a fo ul bl o t up on a m e m ory
e n d e ar e d by p e r s o n a l pi e ty a s w e ll a s by p ublic m e r its , .

H e w a s n e v e r th e stu rdy o a k to b e a r e r e ct th e st or m s
’

fu ry but th e pli a n t r e e d to b e n d u n til th e bl a st w a s p a ss e d

,
.

T h
xt t l tt f m K th i t C mw ll xp i g
e re is e an a e er ro a ar n e o ru e ,
e r e ss n

th k f ki d c t th P i c M y M y g d ‘
an s i or f n n e ss n re e re n e o e r n e ss ar . oo

f i
r e nd ( p i l mig ) y h v l id m
es ec a d g t Oblig ti
a o t I ou a e a e un er re a a on, e c
.

h p G d w ill w d y
o e o y k w i t i t f my p w t giv
re ar o u , as ou no s ou o o er o e

yo u an y thi g b t m y g d w ill
n t — B vii 1u1 2 6 oo ,
e c .
’
. .
,
.

ld h v p d b h h by
,

m d
0

T L t C a er w on t
ran F i M er ou a e s are o s er an o re ,

l tti g th m w t th A t f S cc i
e n e s e ar d t t th p mbl
o e c o u e ss o n , a n no o e re a e .

B tHu y b j c t d th t thi w ld giv cc i t l l m t f

e nr o e e a s ou
‘
e o as on o a en o re u se

wh l d m igh t b t k c fi m ti f th Bi h p f
’
th
‘
e o e, an e a en as a on r a on o e s o o

R m th i ty — B vii 5 00
’ ’
o e s au or . . .
,
.
 74 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

With h is s o v e re ign h e might g e n tly e xp o stul a te or str iv e by

,

s o m e c ircuit o us m e th o d to m o dify a n u nj ust pu r p o s e ; bu t if

a l l w e re in v a in ,
b e a cc o u n t e d his kin g to b e a s o r t o f e n
thron e d fa t e to who s e will cl e ar ly m a d e kn o wn — an d fo r
, ,

u n a mbigu o us sp e a ki n g H e n ry s t a l e n t w a s u n su rp a ss e d — h e
’

b o w e d with a bj e ct d e fe re n c e .

T h e fr i e n dship o f H e n ry s tw o chi e f m i n ist e r s a t th e h e a d

’
,

o f his e ccl e si a stic a l an d his p o litic a l j u r isdicti on s

’
re m a in e d
‘
,

u n b ro k e n thr o ugh th e stra in o f m an y p e r il o us vicissitud e s .

C ru mw e ll s v o ic e h a d e arn e stly s e c on d e d A n n e s to ra is e
’ ’

C ra n me r to th e p r im a cy C ran m e r w a s a si n c e r e if a ti m oro us
.
, ,

p e titi on e r for th e gr e a t st a t e s m an s life wh e n th e m a lic e o f

’

N orfo lk a n d his fa cti on h o u n d e d h im to d e str ucti on .

 VIII .
—T H E CR O W N A N D T H E T I A R A .

TH E div o r c e c o n tr o v e r sy w a s still d ra ggi n g its w e ary l e n gth ,

an d th e gulf b e tw e e n E n gl a n d a n d th e p a p a cy w a s c o n ti n u a lly

wide n i n g O n o n e o cc a si o n H e n ry di re ct e d his e n v o y to
.

a dm on ish th e p on ti f f Ye b e St P e t e r s succ e ss o r a fish e r

‘ ’
. .
, ,

w h o wh e n h e d r a w e th his n e t to o fa st an d to o h a r d th e n h e
, ,

b re a k e th it a n d pullin g it s o ftly t a k e th fish g o o d pl e n ty

, , .

Pr i n c e s a re gre a t fish e s an d must b e h a n dl e d with p o licy

, .
’

H e n ry a ccus e d th e p o p e o f c o n tra v e n i n g th e ro y a l p re r o ga tiv e

a n d th e p r ivil e g e s o f th e r e a l m o f E n gl a n d withi n which by ‘
, ,

a n ci e n t l a w a n d cust o m a l l c a us e s o f m a t r i m o n y th e r e b e gu n
, ,

a n d s o l e m n iz e d o ught wh e n c a ll e d in qu e sti o n to b e discuss e d

, , , ,

a n d d e cid e d by th e E n glish Chu r ch As th e str uggle d e e p e n e d ’

.
,

H e n ry a ss e r te d m o r e a n d m o r e st o utly th e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f
th e N a ti o n a l Chu r ch a n d his o w n i n d e p e n d e n c e a s a p e r fe ct
,

s o v e re ig n h a vi n g a r igh t O f e mpi re in his ki n gd o m a n d r e c o g

, , ,

n isi n
g n o sup e r i o r o n e a r th i n C h u r ch o r St a t e ,
Y e t it w a s .

o n ly by e xt r e m e fo r c e o f ci r cu m st an c e s th a t h e w a s d r iv e n to

a pply th e s e p r i n cip l e s to th e s o luti on o f his m a t r im on i a l

di fficulti e s I h a v e n o i n t e n ti o n h e d e cl a r e d o f i m pugn in g
.
,
’
,

th e p o p e s a uth o r ity u n l e ss I a m c o m p e ll e d It is p ro b a ble

’ ’
.
,

th a t h a d Cl e me n t yi e ld e d e v e n a t th e e l e v e n th h o u r H e n ry
, , ,

w o uld h a v e r e tu rn e d in s o m e m e a su re to th a t d e v o ti o n to th e
p a p a cy which distin guish e d his e arli e r y e a rs H e e nj o in e d it .

up on his a mb a ss a d or s to u se such ge n tl e n e ss in t alki n g with

th e p o p e th a t h e m a y n o t thi n k o u r fr i e n dship s o g r i e v o usly
,

w o u n d e d a s th a t in time it ma y n o t b e h e a l e d M o re
re ma r k a bl e e t is his r e ply a s ! qu o t e d by C h a p u y s to th e
y , ,

o r me r l y aw r itte n in fa v o u r O f th e p o p e s
’
a r gu m e n t th a t h e h a d f
,

a uth or ity . H e h a d n o w h e s a id studie d th e qu e sti on m o re

, ,
‘

L e tte r Of J lyu 1 0, 1 53 1 .
—
B . v .
,
326 .

1 8— 2
2 76 T H E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R JII A T I O N .

d e e ply a n d h a d fo u n d th e c o n tr ary o f wh a t h e h a d w r itt e n to

,

b e tr u e P o ssibly h o w e v e r th e y might y e t giv e h im o cc a si o n

.
’

, ,

to S tudy fu r th e r an d re c o n fi rm wh a t h e h a d Ev e n
‘

H e n ry s l o gic w a s th e c re a tu re o f his st ro n g a n d o v e r p o w e rin g

’

will H a ppily fo r th e c a us e o f fre e d o m Cl e me n t p e rsiste d in

.
,

his p olicy O f w e a k ti m idity a n d sh a ll o w d e c e it By d ra win g .

th e n e t h a r d a n d th e n s o ftly h e su ffe r e d such a g r e a t fish a s

, ,

th e Ki n g o f En gl a n d to e sc a p e fro m his m e sh e s c a rryin g his ,

ki n gd o m a l on g with h im .

S o m e tim e s th e u n pl e a s a n t a pp re h e n si o n w o uld i n tr ud e itse lf

o n H e n ry s mi n d a n d — w h a t i s v e r y re m a rk a bl e e v e n t o w a r d s
’
, ,

th e cl o s e o f th e str uggl e — th a t a ft e r a l l h e m ight b e c o m p e ll e d

to giv e up A n n e With a ll his d o gge d n e ss o f re s o luti o n h e
.
,

a pp r e ci a t e d th e i mp o r t an c e o f p a yi n g s o m e r e g ar d to th e

o pi n i o n o f Eu r o p e ; a n d e t m o r e o f n o t to o fa r o ut r a gi n g th e
y ,

m ora l c o n victi o n s O f his o w n p e o pl e wh o s e g o o dwill h e d e a rly ,

ch e rish e d Of c o u rs e a lth o ugh th e n e go ti a ti o n s p a ss e d form a lly

.
,

b e tw e e n th e E n glish c o u r t a n d th e V a tic a n th e r e a l c o n t e st l ay ,

b e tw e e n H e n ry a n d Ch a r l e s T h e p o p e w a s th e e mp e ro r s .
’

pupp e t Thus H e n ry d r e w cl o s e r his a lli a n c e with F ra n cis

.
,

w h o p r o t e st e d on his p a r t w ith n a ti on a l fe r v o u r th a t h e w o uld

, ,

willi n gly l o s e a n o u n c e o f bl o o d to w r it e th e r e w ith to

‘

Cl e me n t in b e h al f o f his d e ar b ro th e r It w a s c o n c e iv e d th a t .

th e e m p e ro r m ight p o ssibly i n v a d e E n gl a n d with his fo r c e s ;

a n d th e i n qu i r y w a s p ro p o s e d to F r an cis wh a t a ssist a n c e in , ,

such a n e v e n t i n m e n a n d ships h e w o uld b e a bl e to r e n d e r

,

a g a i n st th e i n v a d e r T h e ch a n n e l o f c o mm u n ic a ti o n w a s
.

k e pt O p e n a t th e s a m e ti m e w ith th e Luth e ra n p r i n c e s a n d
citi e s ; dis a ffe cti on w a s n u r s e d i n A r a go n a n d C a stil e ; a n d
w h e n o pp o r tu n ity o f fe r e d th e fi d e lity o f Fl or e n c e to Ch a rl e s
,

w a s t a m p e r e d with Ch ar l e s o n his sid e d e e m e d it g o o d

.
, ,

p o licy to k e e p a live th e e m b e r s o f Sc o tch h o stility to E n gl a n d ,

a n d to fo m e n t th e ch r o n ic r e v o lt o f th e wild I r ish But h is ’

.

p e culi ar t e mp e r n o t i m pulsiv e but c a lcul a ti n g sl o w in

, ,

d e lib e ra ti o n a lth o u gh p ro m pt in e x e cuti on — w a s its e lf a s a fe

,

gu a r d to E n gl a n d a g a i n st a Sp a n ish i n v a si on A n d th e Tu rk .
,

n ow h o v e rin g o n th e Ge rm an fron ti e r n o w a pp ro a chi n g ,

V i e n n a thr e a t e n e d full e mpl oym e n t to th e i mp e r i a l a rms a t

,

L e tte r o f M ar ch 3 1 1 5 3 3 —B v i 2 9 6 , . . .
, .
 T H E F I R S T PA PA L B R I E F . 2 77

h o m e Thus it w a s p r o b a bl e th a t th e u n m o l e st e d r ul e o f his
.

o w n isl an d w o uld still b e p r e s e r v e d to H e n r y .

Aft e r m a tu re d e lib e r a ti o n Cle m e n t a t l e n gth ( M a r ch 7 1 5 3 0 )

, ,

d e sp a tch e d fro m B o l o gn a fr o m th e v e ry p re s e n c e o f th e
,

e m p e r or w h o h a d b e e n c ro w n e d th e r e F e b r u a ry 2 4 th e ,

a n n i ve r s a ry o f his bi r th a n d o f his v ict o ry a t P a vi a — his fi r st

b r i e f in re st ra i n t O f H e n ry s d e sign s T h e tw o p o t e n t a t e s
’
.

w e r e l o dge d in th e p a l a c e c o n tigu o usly so th a t by o p e n i n g a , ,

d o or th e re w a s a n e a sy p a ss a g e from th e ch a m b e r o f th e o n e
,

to th a t o f th e o th e r . P r e vi o usly th e Kin g o f E n gl an d h a d,

b e e n cit e d to a pp e a r a t Ro m e by P a ul C a p is u cch i th e a udit o r ,

o f th e a p o st o lic p a l a c e to wh o m th e c a u s e h a d b e e n com
,

mi tte d a t K a th a r i n e s r e qu e st
’
N o w h e w a s i n hibit e d by
.

Cl e m e n t him se lf fro m p r o c e e di n g to a s e c o n d m a rri a ge u n d e r ,

th e p e n a lty o f th e g r e a t e r e xc o m m u n ic a ti o n a n d a n i n t e r dict ,

to b e l a id up on his ki n gd o m This i n hibiti on w a s a ffix e d to

.

th e chu r ch e s i n R o m e a n d in Fl a n d e r s F o u r t e e n d ays l a t e r .
,

to sp e a k o r to w r it e a g a i n st th e v a lidity o f K a th a r i n e s w e d
’

l o ck w a s p r o hi b ite d un d e r p a i n o fe xc o mm u n ic a ti on .

Sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds th e En glish a mb a ss a d o r s a s h a s b e e n
, ,

r e la te d th e n e wly c r e a t e d E a r l O f Wiltshi r e a t th e i r h e a d
,
-
,

a rr iv e d a t B o l o g n a a n d d e liv e r e d H e n ry s s a lut a ti o n s to th e
’
,

e mp e ro r Supp o r t e d by th e F r e n ch a m b a ss a d or Gra mm o n t
.
, ,

Wiltshi r e p r e v a il e d up o n Cl e m e n t to v o uchs a fe s o me p o st
on e m e n t o f p r o c e e di n gs S o n a ft e r his c o r o n a ti o n Ch a r l e s
p o .

h a d quitt e d B o l o gn a ; but b e in g r e fe r r e d to h e a cc o r d e d his ,

a ss e n t to th e p o p e s p e titi o n f or a b rie f de la y T h e E n glish

’
.

w e r e n o w pl ayi n g a S i m il a r p a r t to th a t pl a y e d by K a th ar i n e
a n d h e r a dv o c a t e s ,
whe n th e s u it w a s b e fo r e th e l e g a t e s in
L on d o n Th e y a lle ge d t h a t in R o m e it w a s i m p o ssibl e th a t
.

j udgme n t c o uld b e i n diffe re n t

‘
H e n ry on his p a r t w a s
.
’

, ,

p r e p a r in g fo r vig o r o us m e a su r e s o f d e fe n c e :h e w a s r e s o lv e d
to c o n fr o n t p a p a l c e n su r e s wi th th e re t a li a t o ry fo r c e o f p a rli a
m e n t a ry e n a ct me n ts A n d P a r li a me n t wh e n S e pt e m b e r c a m e
.
, ,

e vi n c e d its d e t e rm in a ti o n to uph o ld th e c ro w n H e n ry .

w a s th o r o u ghly i n e a r n e st It w a s fo rbidd e n by r oy a l pr o
.

cl a m a ti o n to pu r ch a se Bulls fr o m R o me c o n t a in i n g m a tt e r ,

"
p rej udici a l to th e r e a l m o r to th e ki n g s i n te n d e d pu r p o s e s
,
’

B iv p
. .
,
ar t iii .
,
6615 .
2 78 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

Th a t Parli a m e n t w o uld fo ll o w with d e cisiv e l e gisl a ti on a ga in st

th e p a p a cy if n e e d S h o uld b e a t th e i n stig a ti o n o f th e m o st
‘

, ,

p e ril o us ki n g in th e w o r ld a s H e n ry w a s c a ll e d by M a i ,
’

a d m itt e d o f littl e qu e sti o n .

B o th sid e s busily e n de a v o u r e d to p ro cu re th e v e r dicts o f

l e a r n e d m e n an d o f u n iv e r siti e s in m a i n te n an c e o f th e i r c a us e .

This w a s its e lf a st e p fo r wa r d o n Pr o t e st an t lin e s T h e En g .

li sh u n iv e r siti e s a ft e r s o m e c o v e r t o pp o siti on an d much

,

r e luct a n ce which d re w i n t o e n e r ge tic e x e r cis e H e n ry s im

,
’

p e r io u s t e mpe r * p ro n o u n c e d m,
a rr i a ge w ith a d e c e a s e d
b ro th e r s wid o w to b e c on tra r y to G o d s l a w S O did th e
’ ’
.

m a jor ity o f th e F re n ch u n iv e rsiti e s St o k e sle y— w h o whil e .

,

e n g a g e d i n Wiltshi re s e m b a ssy h a d r e c e iv e d his a pp o i n tm e n t

’

to th e se e o f L on d on — r e m a i n e d s o m e ti m e l o n g e r in It a ly ,

b e in g di re ct e d to O bt a in s e n t e n c e s on th e si d e o f th e ki n g .

It a ly w a s c o n sid e re d n e utra l ; an d thus th e j udgm e n ts o f h e r

l e arn e d b o die s w e r e h e ld in th e high e r e ste e m N o t o n ly .

P a du a P a vi a a n d F e rra r a but e v e n B o l o gn a which w a s

, , ,

d e e m e d e m ph a tic a lly a p a p a l city g a v e s e n te n c e on H e n ry s ,

’

sid e T . O n th e o th e r h a n d Sp a i n a n d for th e m o st p a r t , , , ,

G e rm a n y d e cl a r e d a ga in st th e div or c e
, .

E n glish go ld fl o we d fre e ly T h e It a lia n s it w a s s a id wil l .

, ,
‘

n e ith e r giv e n o r d o with o ut m o n e y A n d wh e n a p a p a l m an

’
.

d a te w a s issu e d th a t n o n e sh o uld w r ite o r in t e rm e d dl e in th e

c a use c o n tra r y to c o n sci e n c e th ro ugh h o p e o f r e w a r d th e , ,

d e e p ro o te d v e n a lity o f th e Va tic an w a s but littl e ch e ck e d

-
.

T h e tw o c a r di n a ls w h o s e i n flu e n c e with Cl e m e n t w a s gre a t e st
n a m e d th e i r p r ic e to H e n r y A n c on a o r th e o l d m an a s .
,
‘
,
’

h e w a s c a ll e d r e qui r e d p r o m o ti o n s to th e a n n u a l v a lu e o f
,

six o r s e v e n th o us an d c ro wn s a n d th e n e xt v a c an t bish o p r ic .

R a v e n n a th e y o u n g m a n A n c o n a s n e ph e w r e qui re d th e
,
‘
,
’ ’

fi r st v a c an t b ish o p ric N o t l on g a ft e r w a r ds A n c on a di e d ;
.

bu t R a v e n n a (B e n e dict d e A cco l tis) w as a ctu a lly n o m i n a te d

by H e n ry to th e s e e O f C o v e n try a n d L ich fie l d an d to th e ,

s e e o f Ely in r e v e r si o n i T h e e m p e ro r on th e o th e r h a n d
.
, ,

e n c o u ra g e d th e p a r tis a n s o f K a th arin e by e ccl e si a stic a l p r e

fe r m e n ts .

B iv p . .
,
art iii .
, 6 3 0 3 , 6 32 5 A pp dix en ,
2 54 .

T B iv p . .
,
ar t iii .
; A pp dix
en ,
2 60 .
I B . v .
, 777, 7 7 8 , 1 50 7 .
 D E L A YS A GA I N . 2 79

Th e cust o m a ry R o ma n h o lid a ys h e lp e d for w a r d th e E n glish

d e m a n d fo r d e l a y a n d the n an i n t e r va l O f fo u r m o n ths l o n ge r
w a s s o licit e d C o n tra dict o ry r um o u r s h a d n o w O bta i n e d ci re n
.

l a tio n . B o le yn w ro te M a i to Ch a rl e s h a s l o st much h O pe
‘
,
’

,
‘

o f th e m a rr i a g e o f M rs A n n e to th e ki n g ; a n d th e ki n g h a s
.

sp e n t m uch m on e y in buyi n g g o o ds a n d l a n ds in supp or t o f

th e l a dy This w a s in te r p r e t e d a s a S ign th a t e ve n H e n ry
’
.

hims e lf w as b e gi n n in g to a b a n d on h o p e Oth e r s c onj e ctu r e d .

th a t a s s o o n a s such a c on sid e ra bl e n umb e r o f s e n t e n c e s h a d

b e e n p r o cu re d a s w o uld a pp ro xi ma t e to a co n se n su s o f u n iv e r
sitie s a n d l e a rn e d a uth o r i ti e s th e kin g w o uld d e cisiv e ly t a ke ,

th e m a tte r i n t o his o w n h a n ds a n d m ar r y th e l a dy o ut right , ,

d e spite th e p o p e Cl e m e n t hi m s e lf w as a pp re h e n siv e th a t
.

such a c o u r s e a s this w o uld b e a d o pt e d a n d O bs e r v e d in co n , ,

v e rs a ti on with a F r e n ch e n v o y th a t a lth o ugh h e h a d h a d , ,

‘

i n c r e dibl e p a i n i n fo r ci n g th e p a st d e l a ys fr o m th e e m p e ror ,

e t h e w o uld g ra n t n o t m e r e ly th e fo u r m o n ths d l ay b u t a
’

y e ,

ye ar s d e l a y if th e y lik e d p ro vide d th a t H e n ry w o uld e n g a ge

’

, ,

n o t to p r o c e e d d e fa cto th a t is by th e p r i m a cy or o th e r w is e ,
, ,

a n d c o n t r a ct a s e c o n d m a rr i a g e
’
.

With Cl e me n t th e I mp e r ia lists th e m s e lv e s w e re fa r fro m

b e i n g w e ll s a tis fi e d T h e C ar din a l O f Os ma whil e a ck n o w
.
,

l e dgi n g th a t h e w a s th e e m p e ro r s g o o d fr i e n d l a m e n t e d ’ ‘
,
’

his S e c re cy m a lic e a n d c o w a r dic e

‘
,
K a th a r in e in h e r d e sp a i r
,
.
’

tu rn e d fro m e a r th to h e a ve n S h e m ust tr u s t to G o d S h e s a id .
,
’

to r e m e dy e vils for s h e m uch fe a r e d th a t hi s vic a r o n e ar th did

,

n o t c a r e to r e m e dy th e m S h e fo u n d th e e n t r e a ti e s a dd r e ss e d
’
.

to Cl e m e n t by h e r a n d th e e m p e ro r th a t th e d e fi n itiv e s e n te n c e ,

mi ght a t l a st b e p r o n o u n c e d still m e t by p a ltry e xcus e s a n d ,

c on tin u e d p ro c ra sti n a ti o n .

T h e p o n ti ffs p o siti on it m ust b e a ck n o wl e dg e d w a s di fficul t

’

, ,

in th e e xtr e m e T h e d e m an ds o f Ch a r l e s a n d K a th a r in e o n
.

th e o n e sid e w e r e m e t by th e n o l e ss i mp o r tu n a t e d e m a n ds o f
H e n ry an d Fr a n cis o n th e o th e r Cl e m e n t w a s re luct a n t to .

O ff e n d e ith e r p a r ty T h e E n glish p e e r s e xp o stul a t e d with h im

.

o n his d il a t o r i n e ss A p e ti ti o n h e a d e d by th e sign a tu re o f
i m pl o re d h imto p ro n o u n c e th e s e n t e n c e
.

Wo ls e y (July
o f div o r c e by his pl e n a r y a uth o r ity with o ut l e g a l p r o c e ss
,
In ,
.

e xcus e o f his d e l a y h e o btr ud e d th e c e n su r e s w h ich h a d

,
2 80 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R ZII A T I O N .

b e e n h e a p e d up o n him by th e I mp e r i a lists fo r wh a t th e y
j udge d to b e his to o gre a t p a r ti a lity t o wa r ds th e Ki n g o f
E n gl a n d I t h a d b e e n o u t o f his p o w e r h e s a id to r e fuse
.
, ,

K a th a r i n e s a pp e a l Ab o v e a l l h e c o mpl a in e d with e mph a sis

’
.
,

th a t n o p r o ct o r h a d a pp e a re d be fo r e him o n H e n ry s b e h a lf ’
.

But such an a ct o f sub missi on to R o m e th e p r id e o f th e

Kin g O f E n gl a n d w as re s o lut e ly fix e d n e v e r to r e n d e r H e .

w o uld n o t for a m o m e n t a cqui e sc e in his c a us e b e i n g t r i e d

a t Rome Such hu mili a ti on n e ith e r c o m p o r te d h e d e cl a r e d
.
, ,

w ith his o w n dig n ity n o r with th e h o n o u r O f his r e a lm He .

i n st r uct e d his e n v o y B e n e t to e ffe ct a n a rra n ge m e n t O f such

, ,

a n a tu r e th a t th e c a us e sh o uld b e c o mm itt e d to th e A r ch
bish o p o f C a n te r bu ry or to th e cl e r gy o f his p r o vi n c e * But ,
.

Cl e m e n t w o uld c o n c e d e n o thin g with o ut th e c on s e n t o f

K a th a ri n e The n it w a s i n qui r e d wh e the r if th e kin g sh o uld
.
,

fo ll o w such m e a n s a s w e re a pp r o v e d by l e arn e d me n a n d
u n iv e rsiti e s in a l l Ch r iste n d o m his h o lin e ss w o uld fo rb e a r .

m o l e sti n g him by c e n su r e s Wh a t c o u r s e o f p r o c e du r e w a s .
’

thus p o in t e d a t w a s e vid e n t b e y o n d m ist a k e T h e F re n c h .

supp o r t w a s h on e stly giv e n to H e n ry ; an d Cl e m e n t w a s

wa rn e d by G ra mm o n t th a t in his sh o r t sighte d o bdu r a cy h e -

w o uld se e a gr e a t e r r ui n i n Ch rist e n d o m th a n h e h a d s e e n
‘

hith e rt o Cle me n t fe ll i n t o a g re a t fu m e bu t re plie d with

.
’ ‘
,
’

th e c a n t fa m ili a r with him th a t if th e w o rld m ust go to ‘

,

pie c e s h e h a d r a th e r it did so whil e h e w a s disch ar gin g h is

,

d uty .
’
Th re a ts an d h a r d w o r ds w ro te B e n e t a v a il ,
’

,
‘

n o thi n g with o ut a n a r my u n d e r th e ki n g s c o m m a n d lik e th e

’

e mp e ror s
’ ’
.

H e n r y a dd re ss e d in his o w n p e r s o n ( D e c e mb e r 6 1 5 30) an ,

i n dign an t le tt e r to Cl e m e n t Afte r a lludin g to th e e ffo r ts o f .

F r a n cis in his c a us e a n d th e i n te r c e ssi o n o f th e E n glish ,

n o bl e s which h a d o n ly e n c o u n t e r e d d e r isi o n h e ch ar g e d th e
, ,

p o n tiff with a bj e ct d e v o ti on to th e i m p e r i a l will a n d with ,

o r d a i n i n g p ror o gui n g a n d a lt e r i n g thi n gs to suit th e tim e s

’
, .

O n c e m o re h e p e r e mpt orily d e m a n de d th a t in E n gl an d whe re ‘

On C l
gg ti g t B e me n t s m o t ’
iv e ln su es n o e ne t a di
fo r tw os
p e n sa t i on
w iv B t l tt O ct b 2 7 1 5 30 p ii i
’ ’
e s, se e ene s e e r, o er ,
B iv
. ar t .
,
6 70 5 . . .

F Cl m t c v ti w i th G h i i bj c iv
’
or e en s on e r sa on n u cc o n th e s u e t, se e B , . .

p t iii A pp dix 2 6 1 T h ki g w t d
ar .
;
en , .
‘
e n an e a di p ’
i
s e n sa t o n , G h i n u cci
O b v d t m y w i thi th p hibi t d d g
se r e ,
‘
o arr n e ro e e re e s .
 TH E S E C ON D PA PA L B R I E F .
2 81

th e c on tr o ve rsy aro s e it m ight a ls o b e d e cid e d H e did bu t ,

.
’

s e e k th e ki n g m a in t a in e d to p re s e r ve wh a t w a s his o w n
, ,
.

Wha t h e s o ught w a s in a cc o r d a n c e with th e l a ws o f th e

Chu r ch wi th th e a uth o r ity o f c o u n cils a n d with th e e xp re ss
, ,

d e cl a ra ti o n s o f St Cyp ri a n a n d St B e rn a r d H e s o ught wh a t
. . .

h e did b e c a us e th e l a ws o f E n gl a n d w o uld n o t su ffe r th e co n

tra ry ; a n d h e hims e lf a b h o rre d c o n t e n ti o n But h e w o uld .

*
n o t br o o k d e n i al .

This ch a ra cte r istic le tte r w a s re a d D e c e mb e r 2 3 in a s e c re t ,

c on sist o ry Aft e r w ar ds K a th a r in e s re qu e sts thr o ugh h e r

.
’

p ro ct o r s r e c e iv e d c o n sid e ra ti o n It w a s h e r p r a ye r th a t his .

h o lin e ss w o uld p ro hibit th e A rchbish o p o f C a n t e r bu ry fro m

t a ki n g c o gn is a n c e o f th e suit a n d m ore o v e r w o uld p r o hibit , , ,

th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d whil e th e suit w a s p e n di n g fro m co , ,

h a bitin g with a n y o th e r w o ma n e sp e ci a lly a c e r t a in L a dy ,

‘

A n n e a n d fr o m c o n t ra cti n g m a rr i a ge
,
’
S h e impl o r e d a ls o .

th a t his h o li n e ss w o uld p ro hibit th e s a id L a dy A n n e an d a l l

o th e r w o m e n fr o m c o n t r a cti n g m a r r i a g e l i te p e n d e n te with , ,

th e Ki n g o f E n gl an d All th a t K a th a r in e p r a ye d fo r w a s .

gra n t e d .

Afte r a l o n g s e r i e s o f d e l a ys Cl e m e n t h a vin g p ro mis e d , ,

n e v e r a ga i n p ro p o s e a susp e n si on a t l e n gth issu e d

‘ ’
to , ,

J a n u a ry 5 1 5 3 1 his s e c o n d i n hibito ry b r i e f I n this s e c o n d

, ,
.

b r i e f H e n ry s r e m arr i a ge u n til th e suit sh o uld b e d e t e r

,
’
-
,

m i n e d w a s p ro hibit e d ,
Un iv e r siti e s p a rli a m e n ts l a w c o u r ts
.
, ,
-
,

e tc w e r e a ll fo r bidd e n to v e n tu re to d e cid e th e c a us e u n d e r
.
,

p e n a lty o f e xc o mm u n ic a ti o n Bu t i n a sm uch a s H e n ry h a d .

r e fus e d to a d m it a fo r m e r cit a ti on it w a s to b e a cc o u n t e d ,

sufficie n t p r o cl a m a ti o n th a t this b r ie f b e a ffix e d to chu r ch

a t e s in th e L o w C o u n tri e s T
g
This s e c on d b r i e f w a s in ge n tl e r t e r m s th a n th e fi r st a n d so ,

fa r c o u n t e n a n c e d th e st ra n ge a p o l o gy w r u n g fr o m Cl e m e n t i n ,

th e c o u r s e o f th e n e g o ti a ti on s th a t h e h a d b e e n c o n st ra i n e d ,

to r ig o u r by th e m aj o r ity o f th e c o n sist o r y H e n ry s l e tt e r ’
.

w a s j udg e d a t R o m e disc o u r t e o us but it h a d n o t b e e n ‘ ’

with o ut its w e ight I n a p r iv a te c o m m u n ic a ti on Cl e m e n t .

,

r e m a rk e d th a t h o w e v e r bitt e r th e kin g s le tt e r h e sh o uld

‘ ’

, ,

n e v e r fo r g e t th e i r fo r m e r fr i e n dship H e n ry in his tu rn ’
.
, ,

B iv p
. .
,
ar t iii .
, 675 9 .
T B . v .
,
27 .
2 82 T H E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

sp o k e o f Cl e m e n t a s a g o o d fe ll o w o n ly m isguid e d by th e
‘
,
’

i n flu e n c e o f th e I m p e r i a lists T o Ka th a r i n e th e public a ti o n
.

o f th e s e c o n d b r i e f w a s a c r u e l d is a pp o in tm e n t I n h e r .

j u d gm e n t th e p o n ti ff o u ght S imply to h a v e d e cl a re d th e p a i n s
,

a n d c e n su r e s o f th e fi r st b r i e f a n d th e n su m m a r ily r e qui re d
,

th e d is m iss a l o f th e O b n o xi o us l a dy fr o m th e E n glish c o u rt .

T h e i m p e r i a l a m b a ss a d o r c o mme n t e d : It a pp e a r s th e b r i e f ‘

which th e p o p e h a s l a te ly d e c r e e d is much m o re fe e bl e th an
th e fi r st a n d th a t his h o li n e ss is a fr a id th a t h e h as n o t th e
,

p o w e r to a ct a cc o r d in g to right a n d j ustic e T h e E n glish .

h a v e n o w r e c o v e r e d b r e a th a n d i n st e a d o f t a lki n g o f s e n di n g
,

a w a y th e l a dy sh e re m a i n s m o r e fi r mly a ck n o wl e dg e d th a n
,

e ve r
’
.

Sh o r tly a ft e rw a rds H e n ry w as cit e d by th e p o p e s d e puty

,
’

to a pp e a r i n p e r s o n a t R o m e This i n dign ity a r o us e d th e

.

d e e p e st r e s e n tm e n t a n d w a s fe lt a s a n a ti o n a l in sult by a
,

l a r ge n u m b e r o f E n glishm e n n o l e ss th a n by th e i r s o v e re ign
,
.

T h e o n ly r e ply th a t H e n r y d e ign e d to m a k e w a s to s e n d D r .

K a rn e a s his e x cu sa to r K a rn e w a s to p re s e n t a m e m o i r to
.

his h o li n e ss d e cl ar i n g th a t th e kin g c o uld n o t pl e a d by

,
‘

p r o xy in a c a us e o n which th e e a s e O f his c o n sci e n c e d e

p e n d e d th a t it w a s n o t su it a bl e fo r a ki n g to a b a n d on his
‘

ki n gd o m to th e dis or d e r s p ro duc e d by a bs e n c e a n d th a t th e
ci ta ti o n w a s c o n t r a ry to th e cust o ms o f th e Chu r ch an d to
‘
,

th e p r ivil e g e s o f Ch r isti a n Cl e m e n t d e m an d e d
th a t th e e x cu sa to r sh o uld b e th e ki n g s p r o ct o r for th e t ri a l ’

o f th e c a us e This d e m an d w a s a bs o lut e ly r e fus e d H e n ry

. .

i n sist e d th a t K a rn e s h o uld d o n o m o r e th a n e xcus e h is

s o v e r e ig n s n o n a pp e a r a n c e an d cl a im th a t th e tr i a l b e tr a n s
’
-
,

fe rr e d to s o m e o th e r i n d ifie r e n t pl a c e Thus a n e w c on tr o
‘
.

v e rs w a s O p e n e d which l a st e d l o n g a n d e mbitt e r e d y e t m o r e
y , ,

th e e stran g e d r e l a ti o n s o f E n gl a n d a n d R o m e U n iv e rsiti e s .

a n d l e arn e d m e n w e r e n o w c a ll e d u p o n to d e t e r m i n e th e

qu e sti o n which h a d j ust a r is e n — wh e th e r th e e x cu sa tor o ught

to b e a d m itt e d o r n o t ? Th o s e wh om H e n ry c o n sult e d p r o v e d
a s c o mpli a n t with his will a s b e fo re Th e n th e E n glish .

r e qui r e d th a t a public disput a ti o n sh o uld b e h e ld a t R o me o n

th e n e w t o pic s o h o tly d e b a t e d a n d th a t d o ct o r s fr o m It a ly ,

B . v , . 75 .
 I N D I G N A TI ON A R O U S ED I N EN GL A N D . 2 83

an d th e r p ar ts sh o uld b e p e rm itt e d to b e a r a sh a re in it
o .

T h e I m p e r i a lists c o mpl a i n e d th a t fo u r or six m o r e m o n ths

w o uld thus b e w a ste d T h e r e sult a t l a st w a s th a t th e
.
,

ex cu sa to r w a s d e n i e d a d m issi o n b o th by th e r o ta an d by th e ,

c o n sisto ry .

With v e h e m e n t i n dign a ti on H e n ry d e cl a re d th a t his tre a t ,

m e n t by th e p o n tiff w a s a n i n sult n o t o n ly to hi m s e lf but to , ,

a l l c r o w n e d h e a ds F ran cis for cibly a d o pte d th e s a me lin e o f

.

gr i e v a n c e Yo u h a v e o ut ra ge d h e w a rn e d Cle m e n t n o t o n ly
’
.
, ,

my b ro th e r o f E n gl a n d a n d th e p r ivile g e s o f his re a l m but th e ,

p r e roga tiv e s o f r o y a lty its e lf T h e qu e sti o n t o uche d h im h e

.
’
,
’

s a id a n d a ll o th e r p r i n c e s
,
‘
Of th e En glish th e m
s e lv e s m an y b e for e luk e w a rm O r e v e n i n cli n e d to fa v o u r th e
, ,

c a use o f K a th a r in e w e re d ra wn o v e r to th e ki n g s S id e by th e
,
’

dish o n o u r d on e th e ir s o v e re ign a n d th e c on te m pt m a n ife ste d ,

fo r th e st a tut e l a w o f th e r e a lm A st ro n g n a ti o n a l s e n ti me n t
. ,

a s b e for e i n G e r m a n y w a s g ro wi n g up in E n gl a n d a g a i n st th e
,

p on ti ffs o v e rb e ari n g a rro ga n c e It h a d stu n g th e n a ti o n a l

’
.

p r id e th a t th e i r s o v e re ign S h o uld b e a rr a ig n e d b e fo re tw o
dish on e st p a p a l l e ga t e s in his o w n c a pita l ; but th a t a ft e r this ,

p re t e n c e o fj ustic e h e sh o uld b e cit e d to R o m e fo r th e d e cisiv e

,

s e n t e n c e w a s a n i n sult th e y s a id n o l o n g e r to b e b ro o ke d
, ,
.

N o r fo lk h a d n e v e r b e e n h e a r ty in a dv o c a tin g th e div o r c e ,

but lik e Su ffo lk a n d th e F r e n ch qu e e n h a d b e e n i n h e a r t

, ,

r a th e r o pp o s e d to it a lth o ugh h e h a d n o t b e e n a v o w e dly

,

h o stil e lik e his a cc o m plish e d duch e ss Ye t n o w e ve n N o r fo l k

, .

fe lt th e c on tum e ly c a st u p o n his n a ti o n a n d i n th e h e ar i n g o f ,

C h a puy s u rg e d th a t th e c a us e o ught to b e r e mitte d to

E n gl an d If go to R o m e I must s a id h e it sh a ll b e a t th e
.
,
’
,
‘

h e a d o f s o ldie r s with my h a r n e ss on
, .
’

With m o re o r l e ss e n e r gy th e c o n t e st b e twe e n H e n ry a n d
K a th a r i n e w as p e r v a din g E n gl a n d N o t o n ly th e b a ro n s a n d .
’

ge n tl e m a n s h a ll a n d th e c o n v e n t r e fe ct o r y but th e vill a ge
’

, ,

g re e n th e h o st e l p a rl o u r a n d th e ta p r o o m w e r e pl a c e s fo r
, ,
-
,

th e a n i m a te d discussi o n T h e n u n s an d th e w o m e n g e n e ra lly
.
,

with th e m o n ks a n d fr i ars w e re th e m o st o utsp o k e n a dh e re n ts

,

o f Ka th a r i n e ; th e P r o t e st a n ts w e re fo r th e m o st p ar t e ar n e st , ,

i n th e c a us e o f H e n ry a n d A n n e But b e y o n d this imme di a t e .

B . v1 2 55 .
2 84 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A TI O IV .

m a t r i mo n i a l disput e an o th e r m or e vita l qu e sti o n un d e r ly i n g

, ,

it a n d fo r c e d by it c o n ti n u a l ly to th e su r fa c e w a s r isin g m o re
, ,

a n d m o re i n to p r o m i n e n c e This w a s th e d e e p e r a n d m o r e
.

l a sti n g qu e sti on o f E n gl an d o r R o m e — th e c ro wn o r th e
ti a ra
I n a n a ge p r e c e di n g m a g a zi n e s a n d n e wsp a p e r s th e pulpit ,

m a i n t a i n e d a n a l l a bs o r bi n g m o n o p o ly o f i n flu e n c e
-
B o th .

p a r ti e s a v a il e d th e m s e lv e s o f this c o mm on v a n t a ge gr o u n d to -

e n fo r c e th e i r a r gu m e n ts Hu m bl e fr i ar s w e r e n o t a fra id to
.

v o cife ra t e th e i r c e n su re s o n th e ki n g hi m s e lf a s th e Ah a b o f ,

E n gl a n d T h e m o st str iki n g i n st an c e o f th e vig o u r a n d

.

d a r i n g wh e re with th e pulpit d r u m e ccl e si a stic re s o u n d e d

‘
, ,
’

i n this a n g ry c o n tr o v e r sy m a y b e fo u n d p e rh a ps in a n a rra tiv e

giv e n in a d e sp a tch o f C h a puy s to th e e m p e ro r It w a s .

t o w a r ds th e c o n clusio n o f th e l o n g m a tr im o n i a l str uggl e — o n

E a st e r D a y Ap r il 1 2 1 5 3 2 in th e m e m ora bl e Obs e r v a n ts
, , ,
’

Ch a p e l a t G r e e n wich— th a t th e p ro vin ci a l o f th e Fr i ar s Min o r ,

by n a me Pe to p r e a ch e d b e for e th e kin g an d w a rn e d h im to
, ,

b e w a re o f th a t u n b o u n d e d a ffe cti on o f p ri n c e s an d th e i r fa ls e
c o u n s e ll o r s which d e p r iv e d th e m O f th e kn o wl e dge o f th e
’ ‘

t r uth .
’
T h e ki n g C h a puy s re l a t e s
,
’
sp o k e to th e p r o vin ci a l ,

a ft e r w a r d s a n d h e a r d w o r ds whic h did n o t pl e a s e h im f
,
o r th e ,

p r o vi n ci a l t old h im cle a r ly th a t h e w as e n d a n g e rin g his c ro wn ,

fo r b o th g r e a t a n d littl e w e r e mu r mu r i n g a t this m a rr i a ge .

T h e ki n g diss e m bl e d his ill will a n d n o t b e in g a bl e to a lte r

-
,

th e p r o vi n ci a l s O pi n i o n g a v e h im l e a v e to o to T h o l o u s e
’

,g .

Wh e n h e h e a r d o f his d e p a r tu r e h e c a us e d o n e O f his ch a pl a in s,

(C u r w e n ) to p re a ch th e r e in his p re s e n c e c o n t ra ry to th e ,

cust o m o f th e c o n v e n t a n d th e wish o f th e w ard e n T h e .

ch a pl a i n b e ga n to c o n t ra dict wh a t th e p r o vi n ci a l h a d p r e a ch e d ,

s ayi n g th a t h e wish e d h e ( th e p ro vi n ci a l) w e r e p r e s e n t to
a n s w e r him O n this th e w a r d e n (El s to w e ) r o s e an d s a id th a t
.
,

h e w o uld a n sw e r in th e p ro vi n ci a l s a bs e n c e At th e cl o s e o f ’
.

th e s e rm o n th e ch a pl a i n d a r e d to s a y th a t a ll th e u n iv e r siti e s
,

a n d d o ct o r s w e r e in fa v o u r o f th e div o r c e Th e w a r d e n c o uld .

n o t st a n d this l ie a n d s a id i n p r e s e n c e o f th e ki n g th a t it w a s
,

n ot S O .T h e ki n g w a s v e ry an gry Y e st e r d a y h e h a d .

the m a rre st e d Aft e r Pe t o s r e l e a se h e is fo u n d still busy in

.
’ ’
,

K a th a ri n e s c a us e a t A n tw e rp i n c o m m u n ic a ti o n with M ore
’

, ,
 TH E N UN O F KE N T . 2 85

an d much i n t e r e st e d i n his c o n tr o v e r si a l public a ti o n s a s w e ll ,

a s i n th o s e o f Bish p o F i s h e r fi"

Still m o re n o t o r i o us l o n g c o n tin u e d a n d fo r s o m e tim e

, ,

s u cc e ssful w a s th e O pp o siti o n which h a d its c e n t r e in Eliz a b e th

,

B ar t o n th e h o ly m a id o f K e n t w h o w a s fo r m a n y y e a r s h e ld
,
‘
,
’

in th e high e st e st e e m fo r s a n ctity A s e r v a n t gir l a t Aldi n gt o n .

-
,

sh e m a h a v e b e e n a t fi r st an h o n e st e n thusi a st lik e J o a n o f
y ,

A rc . S h e w a s subj e ct to fits e pil e ptic o r hyst e r ic a l Con , .

v e y e d a t h e r o w n r e qu e st to o u r L a dy o f C o u r t e o f St r e tt e

C h St t d cli n e d b e fo r e h e r i m a g e i n o r d e r to
( o u r t o
p e r e e ) a n r e , ,

b e cu re d O f a g r ie v o u s a n d c o n ti n u a l sick n e ss a l a r ge c r o wd
’
,

o f a s m a n y a s tw o th o us a n d sp e ct a t o r s h a vi n g b e e n a ss e m bl e d

u n d e r th e m a n a ge m e n t o f M a st e r s th e p a r s o n O f Aldi n gt on , ,

h e r fa c e b e c a m e disfigu r e d o n a sudd e n h e r t o n gu e h an gin g

‘
,

o u t a n d h e r e y e s i n a m a n n e r pluc k e d o u t a n d l a id up on h e r
,

ch e e k s A v o ic e sp o k e in h e r b e lly a s it h a d b e e n in a tu n
.
’

, ,

h e r lips n o t gr e a tly m o vi n g Aft e r th e c e l e b r a ti o n o f M a ss ’

.

sh e k n e lt b e fo re th e i m a g e wh e n sh e b e c a m e sudd e n ly w h o l e
‘
, .

Subs e qu e n tly with s o me p o m p p r o fe ss e d a n u n o f St S e pul

, , .

ch r e s C a n t e rbu ry sh e b e c a m e a m e re pupp e t in th e h a n ds o f
’

, ,

c ra fty m o n ks a n d fa th e r c on fe ss o r s S h e sa w visi o n s a n d w a s .
,

gr e e t e d by a n g e lic a pp a r iti o n s A n a n ge l b a d e h e r go u n t o th e .

Kin g o f E n gl a n d th a t i n fid e l p r i n c e an d c o m m a n d h im to
,
‘
,
’

a m e n d his life a n d to l e a v e th o s e th i n gs h e l o v e th o r pu r p o s e th
‘

, ,

up on Esp e ci a lly w a s h e to b e w a rn e d to t a k e n o n e o fth e p o p e s

.
’ ’

r ights f r o m h im to d e str o y th e s e n e w fo lli e s o f o pi n i o n a n d ’

, , ,

a b o v e a l l n o t to m a rr y A n n e
,
If h e m ar r ie d h e r th e v e n g e a n c e
.
,

o f G o d w o uld pl a gu e h i m a n d h e w o uld b e d r iv e n by his o w n ,

subj e cts fro m his ki n gd o m S ir Th o m a s M o re w a s to o sh r e wd .

to b e an a ctu a l dup e to h e r p r o ph e ci e s ; bu t h e so fa r g a v e
c re dit to h e r re put a ti o n fo r s a n ctity th a t h e b e gge d to b e ,

n u m b e r e d a s o n e m o st d e si ro us o f h e r p r a y e r s Fish e r w a s
‘ ’
.

i mp o s e d up o n m ore r e a dily I n m a n y h e a r ts it w a s s a i d S h e . , ,

kin dl e d a fir e which w a s c o m p ar e d to th e O p e ra ti o n s o f th e
,

H o ly Gh o st in th e p r i m itiv e Chu r ch S h e h a d c o mm u n i
’
.

c a ti on s with Wo ls e y with W a r h a m w ith th e M a r quis a n d , ,

M a r chi on e ss o f Ex e t e r a n d with o th e r s high in r a n k a n d ,

B vi . .
,
9 34 . C h a pu y s
’
d p tch d
es a ,
a te d A p il 1 6 r ,
1 53 2 , a pp e a rs B . v , .

9 41 .
 2 86 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

O ffic e . d m itte d to an a udi e n c e o f H e n ry hi m s e lf

Sh e w as a ,

a n d c o n fid e n tly a ssu r e d h im th a t if h e w e n t fo r th with his ‘

,

pu r p o s e h e S h o uld n o t b e kin g s e v e n m on ths a ft e r

, .
’

But this p re cisi o n o f p r o ph e tic a l d a t e e xp o se d h e r p re t e n

si on s to su r e d e t e cti o n T h e fa ith o f s o m e — b e fo r e st e a dy .

a n d u n qu e sti o n i n g — rr a s a l r e a dy r ud e ly S h a k e n wh e n C ra n m e r
‘

re qu e st e d to s e e h e r Acc o r din gly a b o u t th e m iddl e o f J uly .

, ,

1 5 3 3 sh e w a s c o n duct e d to Otfo r d by th e Pr i o re ss o f St
, .

S e pulchre s T h e a r chbish o p e x a m in e d h e r u p on i n te rro g a

’
.

t or i e s fu rn ish e d by C r u m w e ll to wh o s e s a fe cust o dy sh e w a s ,

c o mm itt e d a n d by wh o m sh e w a s tre a t e d with a ll r e sp e ct a s a

,

gre a t T h e a r chbish o p s o fa r i n flu e n c e d h e r c o n scie n c e

th a t S h e d e si re d to sp e a k with my l or d a p a r t ; a n d th e n s h e
‘

c o n fe ss e d ma n y m a d fo llie s S h e w as a ft e r wa r ds e x a m in e d by .
’

C r u m w e ll H e r a cc o m plic e s w e re s o ught o u t by H a l e s th e
.
,

a tt o rn e y g e n e ra l i n K e n t a n d m an y w e r e a pp re h e n d e d
-
,
Bu t , .

n o e vid e n c e c o u ld b e e xt ra ct e d fro m th e m o uths o f th e

n u m e ro us wit n e ss e s i n a n d e g r e e i n culp a ti n g K a th a r i n e
y .

Aft e r p r iv a t e e x a mi n a ti on s sh e w a s b ro ught b e fo r e th e ,

c o u n cil a n d w a s s e v e r e ly c r o ss qu e sti o n e d M e e tin gs a n d

,
-
.

d e lib e ra ti o n s o f judge s p r e l a t e s a n d n o bl e s foll o w e d L or d , , .

Ch a n c e llo r Audle y re vi e w e d th e m a tte r in a n o r a ti o n which h e

d e liv e r e d to a p o pul a r a udie n c e At l e n gth pl a c e d o n a high .
,

sc a ffo ld t o ge th e r with s o me o f h e r a cc o mplic e s in fro n t o f St

, ,
.

P a ul s Su n d a y N o v e m b e r 2 3 1 5 33 th e hyp o c r ite n u n w a s
’
, , , ,

m a d e th e t e xt o fa s e rm on fro m th e Abb o t o fHyd e Bish o p e l e ct ,

-

o fB a n g o r ; a ft e r which sh e r e a d h e r c o n fe ssi o n S h e w a s th e n c e .

fo r w a r d k e pt in p r is o n a n d th e pl o t w as a t l e n gth th o ro ughly ,

u n ra v e lle d N o w w ro t e C ra n m e r (D e c e m b e r 2 0 sh e
’
.
, ,

h a th c o n fe ss e d th a t sh e n e v e r h a d a visi o n in h e r life Th e .
’

d o w n fa l l o f a n e fa r i o us c o n spi r a cy w a s thus c o m pl e t e S ir .

Th o m a s M o re b e gge d Cr u m w e ll to i n for m th e kin g o f his t r u e ,

fa ithful mi n d an d th a t in th e m a tte r o f th a t w i cke d w om a n

, ,

o r i n a n ythi n g e ls e th e re w a s n o t o n his p a r t a n o th e r mi n d
y
,

th an g o o d G e rtr ud e M ar chi on e ss o f Ex e te r a ck n o wle d ge d

.
’

, ,

h e r lightn e ss a n d i n disc r e ti o n in fr e qu e n ti n g th e c on v e r s a ti o n ‘

G r o sse d a m e tr a n s a te ,
’
l d by G y g high b a l dy — S p iv
an os
‘
-
or n a .
’
.
,
.
,

1 15 3 . See vi , 1 4 4 5B S ee . . . l B vi 1 5 1 9 1 54 6 vii 2 89 52 2 7 6 7
a so . .
, ,
.
, , , ,
1 1 4 9 , 1 4 60, 1 46 4 7 0 -
.
 F R UI TL E S S N E G O T I A T I ON S WI T H K A T H A R I N E . 2 87

of th a t m o st u n w o r thy subtl e a n d d e c e iv a bl e w o m a n c all e d

, ,

th e h o ly m a id o f K e n t a n d r e c e iv e d p ar d o n for h e r c r e dulity
’
.
,

T h e O pp o r tu n ity O f h e lpi n g th e r oy a l e xch e qu e r w a s to o

O bvi o us to b e su ffe re d to p a ss by H e re C r a n m e r w a s .

m e di a to r with th e ki n g fo r th e P r i or o f St S e pulch re s C a n .
’

te r b u ry Th e y thi n k w r o t e th e a r chbish o p th e y will O ffe r

.
,
’

£ 2 00 o r £3 00 fo r th e i r p a r d o n : th e m o n a st e ry is n o t b e for e
ha n d .
’

T h e e x e cuti o n t o o k pl a c e a t Tybu r n with a ll th e b r ut a lity ,

O f th e ti m e s On Ap r il 2 0 1 5 3 4
,
Such a s w e re n o t n a m e d in
,
.

th e Act o f Att a i n d e r w e r e p a r d o n e d a t Qu e e n A n n e s hu m bl e
’

sut e a n d co n te mpl a cio n T h e d e t e cti o n o f this wid e sp r e a d

.
’

a n d l o n g st a n di n g c o n spi ra cy with i n e vit a bl e r e c o il d a m a ge d

-
, ,

th e c a us e to butt re ss which it h a d b e e n wick e dly c o n c o ct e d .

K a th a r in e h e r s e lf w a s th e fo u n ta in h e a d o f th e p e r siste n t -

r e sist a n c e to th e ro y a l will H e r d e t e r m i n a ti o n g o v e rn e d th e
.

e m p e r o r ; th e e m p e ror g o v e r n e d Cl e m e n t M ight n o t K a th a .

r in e e t b e i n duc e d to c o n s e n t to th e d e cisi o n o f th e c a us e
y
b y d e l e ga t e s i n s o m e o the r pl a c e th a n R o m e ? A S e a r ly a s
Ju n e 6 1 5 3 1 a n a tte m pt w a s m a d e b y ro y a l c o m m a n d to w in
, , , ,

h e r a ss e n t to a n a rr a n ge m e n t o f this ki n d It w as a b o ut e ight .

o r n i n e O cl o ck W e d n e s d a y e v e n i n g j ust a s th e qu e e n w a s o n
’

th e p o i n t o f r e ti r i n g to r e st th a t a n i m p o si n g b o dy o f n o bl e s,

— th e k i n g s c o u n cil with o th e r s — th e tw o duk e s th e y o u n g

’

m a r quis (D o r s e t) T a lb o t N o r th u mb e rl an d Wiltshi r e th e
, , , ,

Bish o ps o f Lin c o l n a n d L o n d o n a n d D o ct o r s L e e S a m ps o n , , ,

a n d o th e r s w a it e d up o n h e r a t G r e e n wich
,
N o r fo l k w a s a t .

fi rst S p o k e sm a n a n d i n sist e d up on th e e xtr e m e sc a n d a l o f a

,

Kin g o f E n gl a n d b e i n g cit e d by a public e di ct to a pp e a r a t

R o m e p e rs on a lly T O o bvi a t e such a n e vil th e duke sugge st e d
.
,

th a t K a th ar i n e S h o uld b e c o n t e n t th a t a pl a c e a n d j udge s ‘

a b o v e suspici on sh o uld b e ch o s e n by c o m m on a cc o r d H e n ry ’
.
,

N or fo lk d e cl a re d w as e n ti re ly s o v e re ig n chi e f in his o w n
,

kin gd o m a s w e ll in re ga r d to th e S pi ritu a lity a s th e te m

,

o ra l it I n re ply K a th a r i ne m a i n t a i n e d th a t th e p on ti ff
’

p y .
,

h e ld th e pl a c e a n d puiss an c e o f G o d up o n e a r th Th e n th e .
’

discussi o n w a s S h a re d by o th e rs ; an d a cc o r din g to a b a rb a ro us ,

ch ar a cte ristic O f th e a ge it s o on d e vi a t e d i n t o th e w e ll w o rn
,
-

tra ck o f th e qu e sti on o f c o n s um m a ti o n T a l b o t a l o n e a ct e d
. .
2 88 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R JII A TI O IV .

an d sp ok e in th e spi r it o f a ge n tl e m an n o t fa ilin g to re mi n d ,

th e re st th a t th e y fo rm e d a l m o st a ll th e n o bility O f th e ki n g
d o m a n d o ught to a ct a s b e c a m e th e i r n a m e * K a th ar in e
,
.

r e m a i n e d i n fl e xibl e a s e v e r .

W h e n a fe w w e e ks l a t e r th e kin g r e m o v e d a lt o g e th e r (July
, , ,

1 5 3 1 ) fr o m h e r sh e r e m on stra t e d with h im by l e tte r th a t h e

, ,

h a d e v e n d e n i e d h e r th e c on s o l a ti o n O f biddi n g him a di e u .

His r e ply w a s d e l a y e d a sh or t ti me ; but a ft e r th re e d ays a l e tte r

w a s s e n t to h e r with o ut an y a dd re ss p r o b a bly C h a u y s sus
p , ,

e cte d b e c a us e th e y m e a n to ch a n g e h e r n a m e I n c o ld a n d
’
p , .

s e v e r e t e rm s this l e tt e r u pb ra id e d h e r with th e fa ls e h o o d o f
d e n yi n g th e c o n su mm a ti o n o fh e r fi r st m a rr i a ge A littl e l a t e r .

August u n d e r th e p r e t e xt o f hu n ti n g a b o ut Wi n ds o r th e
( ,

ki n g c o mm an d e d K a th a r i n e to r e ti r e th e n c e to th e M o or in
H e r tfo rdshi re T h e p r i n c e ss h e s e n t to Richm o n d But su ch
. .

studi e d a tt e mpts to b re a k K a th a r i n e s re s o luti o n p ro v e d a s e v e r ’

quit e i n e ffe ctu a l .

I n th e a utu m n ( Oct o b e r 1 5 3 1 ) th e r e w a s a fu rth e r t ri a l ,

a n d n o w m ild e r m e a su r e s w e re e ss a y e d — to sh a k e h e r fi r mn e ss .

A s m a ll a n d s e l e ct d e put a ti on — L e e (e l e ct o f Yo rk ) Suss e x , ,

Fitzwilli a m (th e t re a s ure r) a n d D r S a mps o n — w a it e d up o n h e r

, .

by th e ki n g s c o m m a n d a n d e n t re a t e d h e r i n ste a d o f l e ttin g
’

, ,

th e c a us e p r o c e e d a cc o r di n g to th e r ig o u r o fj ustic e to l e a v e
’

th e v e r dict to th e bish o ps a n d d o ct o r s o f th e ki n gd o m
’
.

But u n ch a n ge d a s b e fo r e S h e w o uld h e a r o f n o c o mp r o m is e
, ,
.

S h e n o w k n e w sh e s a id th a t th e ki n g w a s n o t m o v e d by a n y
, ,

sc rupl e o f c o n sci e n c e but b y m e r e p a ssi o n ; a n d in E n gl an d

, ,

sh e a v e r r e d e v e r y o n e
,
fo r fe ar o r s u b o rn me n t w a s r e a dy to
‘
,

c all bl a ck whit e T h e d e puti e s fe ll up o n th e i r k n e e s a n d

’
.

i m pl ore d h e r to c on s e n t th a t th e c a us e b e d e cid e d h e r e S h e .

in h e r tu rn fe ll up o n h e r kn e e s a n d e n t r e a t e d th e d e puti e s , ,

fo r th e h o n o u r o f G o d a n d His p a ssi o n to r e m o v e such a

’
‘
,

sc a n d a l fro m Ch r ist e n d o m an d p e r su a d e th e kin g to r e tu rn to

,

h e r fo r h e k n e w th a t sh e w a s his t r u e a n d l a wful w ife T

’
.
,

v
T h e o e rw e h l m i n g s o rr o w which s h e e n du r e d — th r e e w e e ks
l a t e r th a n th e l a st i n t e r vi e w re fe rr e d to — w a s p o u re d o u t by
h e r i n t o th e c o n fid e n ti a l e a r o f h e r i m p e r i a l n e ph e w : My
‘

t r ibul a ti on s a r e S O gr e a t my life so distu r b e d by th e pl a n s

,

B . v .
,
28 7 .
,
r B . v .
,
4 78 .
 WA T CH F UL PR O VI D E N CE
’
G OD S . 2 89

d a ily i n v e n t e d to fu r th e r th e ki n g s wick e d i n t e n ti o n th e ’

su r p ris e s which th e ki n g giv e s m e w ith c e r t a i n p e rs o n s o f h is

c o u n cil a r e s o m o r t a l a n d my t r e a t m e n t is wh a t G o d kn o ws
,

th a t i t is e n o u gh to S h o r t e n te n liv e s m u ch m o r e m i n e ,
.
’

K a th a r i n e w a s u n c o n sci o usly a lth o ugh a n e g a tiv e a n e m i

, ,

n e n t m e a n s o f b r i n gi n g a b o ut a r e v o lut i o n o f stup e n d o us

mome n t It is i m p o ssibl e to fo r b e a r a dm ir in g th e dign i fi e d

.

s e lf r e sp e ct which n e v e r fa il e d h e r an d e qu a lly i m p o ssibl e to

-
,

o mit to d e t e ct th r o ugh v a r i e d n e g o ti a ti o n s th e sign a l s e c r e t

, , ,

h a n d o f Divi n e p ro vid e n c e H e r o bsti n a cy r e p r o du c e d i n

.
,

h e r d a ught e r i n w h o m it w a s se t d o w n to h e r Sp an ish bl o o d
’

, ,

a lth o ugh i n h e r h a r d fa c e a n d st ron g v o ic e th e r e w a s a cl e a r

tr a c e o f h e r fa th e r a ls o d ro v e H e n ry in o r d e r to c o mp a ss h is
, ,

u n b e n din g will to d e liv e r th e A n glic a n Chu r ch quite a g a in s t

, ,

th e g r a i n o fhis e a rli e r h a bits a n d a ss o ci a ti o n s fro m its g a lli n g ,

s e rfd o m to R o m e H e pl a c e d hi m s e l f i n st e a d o f th e p o n ti f
. f , ,

a t th e h e a d o f a n e ccl e si a stic a l syst e m thus m a d e pu r e ly

n a ti o n a l . G r e a t w e r e th e b e n e fici a l r e sults ; y e t th e r e v o luti o n
w a s a tt e n d e d by fe a r s a n d by s o m e r e a l d a n g e r s
,
A m o n g th e .

d a n g e r s th e a ttitud e w hich H e n ry w o uld t a k e up in r e fe r e n c e

,

to Chu r ch p r o p e r ty w a s n o t th e l e a st T h e p a y m e n ts p r e .
,

v i o u sl
y m a d e fr o m Chu r ch i n cu m b e n ts to R o m e u n d e r th e ,

a lt e r e d ci r cu m st a n c e s w e re div e r t e d i n t o th e r o y a l e xch e qu e r
, .

A n d it e v e n b e c a m e d o ubtful wh e th e r th e cl a i m to th e su m
t o t a l o f Chu r ch p o ss e ssi o n s s o m e ti m e s a dv a n c e d o n th e
,
’
p o n ti ffs b e h a lf by th e fa n a tic a l a dh e r e n ts o f th e p a p a cy ,

m ig h t n o t b e disti n ctly r e a liz e d by H e n ry to his o w n e m o l u

m e n t a n d i n c re a s e o f p o w e r w h e n h e h a d su r m o u n t e d h i s
,

c ro w n w ith th e ti a r a Th a t th e Chu r ch sh o uld h a v e b e c o m e a

.
.

e re stip e n di a ry o f th e St a t e w o uld h a v e b e e n dis a st r o u s to

b o th H a ppily b e tte r c o u n s e ls p re v a il e d
.
,
.

H o w a n a l l in fl u e n ti a l re v o luti o n w a s b ro ught to p a ss a n d
-
,

th e sup r e m a cy o f th e c ro wn w a s substitut e d fo r th e for e ig n

d o min a ti o n o f th e p o p e will n o w b e v e ry b r i e fly t o ld T h e
, .

p ro vid e n c e O f G o d e m i n e n tly w a tch e d o v e r E n gl a n d a t a m o st

c r itic a l j u n ctu re T h e e ccl e si a stic a l m a chi n e ry w a s re t a in e d ;
.

th e fa b r ic o f Chu r ch s o ci e ty r e m a i n e d u n i m p a i r e d ; a n d th a t
b r e a ch o f c o n ti n uity whi ch h a s w e a k e n e d th e R e fo r m e d
Chu r ch e s o f th e C o n tin e n t w a s wis e l y a v e r te d Th e re a re .

19
2 90 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R JII A TI O N .

i n dic a tio n s th a t th e d e sire o f a n a lli a n c e with th e G e rm a n

P ro te st a n t p r i n c e s m ight h a ve e v e n d isp o s e d H e n ry to b re a k
with th e p a st a n d a d o pt th e Pr e sbyt e r i an fo r m o f Chu r ch
,

g o v e rn m e n t This w o uld h a v e b e e n a gr i e v o u s e rr or But

. .

this d a n ge r to o w a s a v e r t e d T h e h e a r ti e st th an ks a r e d u e
, ,
.

to w isd o m a b o v e m an s fo r wh a t w a s n o t d o n e a s w e l l a s
’

wh a t w a s d o n e It is e v e n m o r e th a n a n o rn a m e n t to a
.

n a ti o n a l Chu r ch to t r a c e b a ck h e r li n e a g e to th e p r i m itiv e

i n stituti o n F e w if an y m o re st riki n g i n st a n c e s a pp e ar in
.
, ,

th e r e c o r d s o f a n a ti o n s b e wild e ri n g r isks an d m e r ciful d e liv e r

’

a n e cs -
n o t o n ly o f th e w o r st e vils b e i n g r e n d e r e d subs e r vi e n t

to th e gr e a t e st bl e ssi n gs but a ls o o f a r e v o luti on i n its chi e f

, ,

fe a tu re ra dic a l b e i n g c a rr i e d th ro ugh with c o n se r v a tiv e

c a u ti o n —th an
,

th a t fu rn ish e d by th e hist o ry O f o ur o w n
R e for m a ti on .
 IX .
—T H E C O N F L I C T D R A W I N G T O A N EN D .

IT w o uld b e le n gthy e v e n to te d i o us n e ss to t ra ck to th e e n d
, ,

th e dil a t o ry c o u r s e o f th e m a t r i m o n i a l n e g o ti a ti o n s wh e th e r ,

a t R o me o r e ls e wh e r e th r o ugh a r e cu r r i n g s e r i e s o f d e m a n ds
, ,

e v a si o n s p r o c ra sti n a ti on s c o m pl a i n ts r e c r i m i n a ti o n s p r o p o s a ls
, , , ,

fo r th e t r a n sfe r O f th e c a us e to s o m e n e utra l sp o t p rO po sa l s ,

r e l a tiv e to a g e n e r a l c o u n cil fe a r s h o p e s r e gr e ts dis a pp o i n t

, , , ,

m e n ts — a l a byr in th t an gl e d a n d i n tric a t e a lm o st b e y o n d
e x a m pl e . It must b e e n o ugh to i n dic a t e s o m e o f th e co n
cludi n g e v e n ts .

At l e n gth a thi r d b r i e f w hich th e I m p e r i a lists h a d l o n g

,

p e titi o n e d fo r in v a i n w a s sign e d by Cle m e n t N o v e m b e r 1 5

, , ,

1 5 3 2 j ust a ft e r H e n ry a n d F ra n cis h a d m e t a t C a l a is a n d
, ,

wh e n th e p o p e hi m s e lf w a s o n th e p o i n t O f l e a vi n g R o m e to
m e e t C h a r le s a t B o l o gn a This thi r d b r i e f th r e a te n e d H e n ry
.

a n d A n n e c on diti o n a lly with e xc o mmu n ic a ti o n u n l e ss withi n ,

o n e m o n th th e ki n g sh o uld p ut a w a y A n n e a n d t a k e b a ck

Ka th a r i n e . But e v e n b e fo re th e public a ti o n o f this thir d

b r i e f it w a s e xp re ssly e nj o in e d up o n th e n u n ci o to s e e a n d
,

c o n fe r with H e n ry — a c o mp ro mis e which blu n t e d th e e dg e o f

p a p a l s e v e r ity e ffe ctu a lly T h e p re s e n c e o f th e n u n ci o w a s
.

p a r a d e d in b o th H o us e s o f Pa rli a me n t a s th o ugh th e r e w e r e ,

e t s o m e s e c r e t h o p e li n g e r i n g th a t th e c ro w n a n d th e ti a r a
y
w o uld b e a ble to a cc o mm o d a te th e i r diffe re n c e s a fte r a l l .

Pro o fs a b o u n d e d th a t Cl e m e n t w as a s re luct an t a s e v e r to
b re a k i rr e v o c a bly with a s o v e re ign w h o h a d fo rm e rly b e e n his
m o st d e v o t e d a lly .

But th e cl o s e w a s n o w n e a r a t h an d I t h a d b e e n r um o u re d
.

t h a t H e n ry w o uld m ar ry A n n e a t h is O ct o b e r m e e ti n g with
,

F r an cis a t C a l a is
, . But a lth o ugh th e Fre n ch ki n g d an c e d
1 9— 2
2 92 TH E D A WN O F TH E EN G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

wi th th e M a r chi o n e ss o f Pe m b ro k e a s An n e h a d n o w b e e n ,

c re a t e d y e t c a re l e ss a s h e w a s in r e gar d to m o ra lity a n d e v e n
, ,

d e c e n cy h e w o uld n o t h a v e b e e n willi n g to go such l e n gths

,

a s to c o u n t e n a n c e publicly by his p r e s e n c e th e m a r r i a ge o f

H e n ry with his b e a utiful m istre ss d e spit e b o th p o p e an d ,

e m p e r or .

I n th e n e xt sp r i n g h o w e v e r C r a n m e r w a s c on s e c r a t e d to
, ,

th e p r i m a cy High o ffic e h a d b e e n k n o w n to ch a n ge th e
.

O pi n i o n s o f s o m e w h o h a d b e e n a dv an c e d to it as h a d b e e n ,

r e c e n tl y r e m a r k e d o f L e e a n d O f G a r di n e r But n o su ch .

ch a n g e c o uld b e a pp re h e n d e d in C ra n m e r s c a s e Th a t th e ’
.

n e w a r chbish o p w o uld b e u n h e sit a ti n gly subs e r vi e n t to th e

ki n g an d w o uld z e a l o usly co o p e ra t e with C rumw e ll in c a r ry

,
-

i n g o u t a n a ti o n a l e ccl e si a stic a l p o licy w e r e p o i n ts a l r e a dy ,

th o ro ughly a sc e r t a i n e d T h e m a rr i a g e th e re fo r e a t l e n gth
.

t o o k pl a c e a lth o ugh th e c e r e m on y w a s p e r fo rm e d in s e c r e t by
,

R o l a n d L e e a ro y a l cha pl a in r e c e n tly a pp o i n te d to th e vic ar a ge

,

O f St S e pulch re s a n d a ft e r w a r ds ( M ar ch 1 5 3 4) Bish o p O f
.
’

, ,

C o v e n try a n d L ich fie l d T h e d a t e O f th e m a r r i a ge w a s e ith e r

.

l a t e in 1 5 3 2 o r a b o ut St P a ul s D ay in th e o p e n i n g y e ar
,
‘
.
’ ’
.

T h e l a tt e r is m o r e p r o b a bly th e c o r r e ct d a t e i n a sm uch a s it is ,

"
supp o r te d by a st a t e m e n t o f th e r chbish o p
a I n th e m i ddl e .

O f M a r ch A n n e s b r o th e r w a s d e sp a tch e d to F ra n cis to i n fo r m
’

h im o f th e e v e n t which h a d a t l a st b e e n b r o ught to p a ss in
,

a cc o rd a n c e with his fra t e rn a l a dvic e a n d to a d d th e i n te lli ,

ge n c e th a t the re w as a l re a d y a h a ppy p ro m ise o f succ e ssi o n

to th e th r o n e fro m th e a uspici o us u n i o n T h e Ki n g o f .

E n gl a n d a ssu re d his a lly a n d b ro th e r th a t h e t rust e d to h is

fi r m fr i e n dship to uph o ld th e l e giti m a cy o f his child .

H o w r e a dy Cl e m e n t w a s to o blig e H e n ry wh e n h e c o uld d o ,

so with o u t o f fe n di n g th e e m p e r or w a s S h o w n by his c o n fi rm i n g ,

Cr a n m e r s e l e cti o n by th e Pr i or a n d C o n v e n t o f Ch rist Chu r ch

’

a n d by his gr an ti n g th e Bulls f o r his e l e v a ti on to th e p r im a cy

with o ut an y O bj e cti o n o r d e l a y A S s o on a s th e Bulls h a d .

a r r iv e d i n th e
,
e n d o f M a r ch H e n ry for th w ith sub m itt e d h is ,

div o r c e qu e sti o n to th e d e cisi o n O f C o n v o c a ti o n Fish e r a l o n e .

h a d su ffici e n t c o u ra ge to sp e a k i n K a th a r i n e s d e fe n c e But ’
.

e ight e e n v o t e s o n ly w e r e a dd e d to his o w n i n supp o r t o f th e ,

B vi
. .
,
661 .
 ’
CR A N M E R S S E N T E N CE . 2 93

p o p e s disp e n si n g p o w e r Thus th e k i n g s m aj o r ity w a s o v e r

’
.
’

wh e l m in g O n th e t o pic o f co n su mm a ti on o n ly fiv e o r six
.
,

"
Uph e ld K a th a r i n e Th a t th e s a n ctio n O f th e div o rc e by
.

C o n v o c a ti on w o uld b e fo ll o w e d by its s an cti o n by P a r li a m e n t

w as o f c o u r s e c e r t a i n a n d th a t th e m a r r i a g e w a s a ctu a lly
,

d e cl a r e d n ull by Pa r li a m e n t is st a t e d in a d e sp a tch o f th e
‘ ’

Ve n e ti a n a m b a ss a d o r y e t n o re c o r d o f th e v o t e is e xt an t in
,

th e St a tut e B oo k .

It s e e m e d lik e a d r e a m to th e p e o pl e wh e n o n th e m orn i n g ,

o f E a st e r E v e Ap r il 1 2 A n n e w e n t to h e r cl o s e t (pe w )
(
‘
,

to h e a r M a ss in r e g a l st a t e cl a d in cl o th o f go ld a n d l o a d e d ,
‘
,

with th e r ich e st j e w e ls Th e r e w e re e v e n p re a ch e r s — n o t a bly

.
’

D r B ro w n e P r i o r o f th e Austi n F r i a r s — w h o i n vit e d th e i r
.
,

c o n g re g a ti o n s to p r a y fo r h e r a s qu e e n Bu t in s o m e su ch .

c a s e s th e re sult w a s i mm e di a t e dis o r d e r an d th e sym pt o m s o f ,

p o pul a r d ispl e a su r e w e re s o distin ct th a t H e n ry a k e e n ,

o bs e r v e r o f a l l th a t w a s p a ssi n g w a s i n duc e d to s e n d f or th e ,

l o r d m ay or an d bid h im issu e his o r d e r th a t th e citiz e n s

,

must n o t m u r m u r a t th e r oy a l ma rr i a ge a n d fu r th e r must , , ,

r ul e th e i r a pp r e n tic e s a n d th e i r wiv e s .

It n e xt d e v o lv e d o n C ra n m e r a s th e p r in cip a l m i n ist e r o f ,
’

th e ste rn a ut o c r a t s spi r itu a l j u r isdicti o n to p r on o u n c e th e

’ ‘
,
’

w e dl o c k with K a th ar i n e i n v a lid a n d v o id fro m th e b e gi n n in g .

Acc o r di n gly th e a r chbish o p O p e n e d his c o u r t (M ay 9 ) in th e

m on a st e ry a t Du n st a bl e This w a s a S o lit ar y pl a c e n o t e s .
‘
,
’

Ch a puy s ch o s e n fo r s e c r e cy L o n gl a n d a n d G a r di n e r w e r e
’
.
,

th e a r chbish o p s a ss e ss o r s T h e L a dy K a th a r i n e h a d b e e n
’ ‘ ’
.

re m o v e d fro m Buckd e n n e a r Hu n ti n gd o n which sh e dislik e d , ,

a s a pp e r t a i n i n g to th e se e O f L i n c o l n th e bish o p wh e r e o f w as ,

H e n ry s fa th e r c on fe ss or a n d which S h e c o m pl a i n e d o f a s
’
-
,

‘
d a mp in th e win te r a n d h a d b e e n d ra w n n e are r to th e
,
’

M e tro p o lis fi r st to a h o us e o f th e Bish o p o f Ely o n ly s e v e n

, ,

t e e n mil e s fro m L on d on The n i n S e pt e m b e r 1 5 3 2 h e r .

, ,

l e tte r s a r e d a t e d fr o m En fyl e (En fie l d ) a n d in N o v e m b e r ‘ ’

fro m A r tfo rd (H e r tfor d) C a stl e S h e e v e n b e ga n to n o ur ish

’
.

s o m e fl a tt e r i n g h o p e s th a t G o d h a d i n spi r e d h e r husb a n d to
B ,
. vi
29 6 , 3 1 1, 3 17
. Ve n .
,
iv .
, 8 70 T h e V e n e t an am
. i b a ssa d ddor a s,

On l
Pa m S u n a h e ( F dy ih s er ) w as a r r e s te , a n dd e n in giv c
u s to dy t th o e
Bi h p
s o of W n e s te r
’
i ch .
2 94 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R EF O R ZJ
I A TI O N .

‘
ack n o wl e dge his e r ro r This w hisp e r o fh o p e w a s a lt o ge th e r .
’

d e lusiv e ; H e n ry w a s o n ly c o m pl e tin g th e fi n a l st e ps o f his

c r u e l p o licy F o r sudd e n ly— M a r ch 1 5 3 3 — K a th ar i n e w as
.
,

o r d e r e d to A m pthill a r o y a l m a n o r fo u r m il e s fr o m Du n st a bl e
,
.

Wh e n C ra n me r O p e n e d his c o u r t in this qui e t a n d s e qu e st e r e d

c o u n t ry t o w n th e d rift o f th e r o y a l pu r p o s e b e c a m e a pp a re n t
,
.

K a th a r i n e d e clin e d with h e r cust o m a ry dign ity to p r e s e n t

, ,

h e r s e lf in c o u r t m a i n t a i n i n g th a t h e r ,
c a u s e w a s b e fo r e ‘

th e p o p e a n d sh e w o uld h a v e n o o th e r j udge H er
’

.
,

n o n a pp e ar a n c e w a s n o i n c on sid e ra bl e r e li e f to C ra n m e r s
’
-

h a ra ssi n g fe a r s a n d e n a bl e d h im to a cc e l e ra te th e l e ga l
,

p ro c e ss F o r th e p o pul a c e for th e m o st p a r t r e m a i n e d
.
, ,

sta n ch i n th e i r a tt a ch me n t to h e r c a us e a n d p e r s o n m a n y ,

e v e n e st e e mi n g h e r a s a i n t a n d a m a r ty r .

At L a m b e th M a y 2 8 C ra n me r p ron o u n c e d th a t H e n ry h a d
, ,

a ctu a lly m a rr i e d A n n e a n d th a t th e m a rr i a g e w a s p e r fe c tly

,

v a lid T o this s e n t e n c e C r u m w e ll w a s o n e o f th e wit n e ss e s

. .

T h e c o r o n a ti on fo ll o w e d im m e di a t e ly Whit Su n d a y (Ju n e 1 ) .

Cra n m e r with a l l p o m p a n o in t e d a n d c r o w n e d A n n e in
, ,

W e stmi n ste r Abb e y — th e m a gn ific e n c e O f th e c o r o n a ti o n

b e i n g in m a rk e d c o n tra st to th e s e c re cy o f th e n upti a ls T h e .

k i n g a v a il e d him s e lf o f a ll th a t p o w e r c o u l d c o m m an d o r ,

w e a lth pu r ch a s e to su r r o u n d his m ist r e ss with e v e ry S ig n o f

,

h o n o u r a n d p o pul ar ity ; y e t fe w h e a ds u n c o v e r e d fe w v o ic e s ,

c r ie d G o d s a v e th e qu e e n a s A n n e p a ss e d a l on g in a ch a i r ,
’

o f cl o th o f g o ld b e tw e e n tw o m ul e s h e r s e lf cl a d in sil v e r
, ,

tissu e h e r h a i r h an gi n g in luxu r i a n c e o v e r h e r sh o uld e r s

, ,

a n d a c ro w n l e t o n h e r h e a d " .

T h e qu e e n s j e w e ls a l r e a dy a d o r n e d th e p e r s o n o f A n n e ;
’

th e qu e e n s b a r ge a ls o h a d b e e n a pp r o p r i a t e d fo r h e r u s e ;
’

, ,

a n d n o w it w a s d e t e r m i n e d to i n v e st h e r with th e titl e o f

qu e e n to th e e xclusi o n o f K a th a r i n e A p ro cl a m a ti o n w a s
, .

th e r e fo re m a d e (July 5 ) in v a r i o us p a r ts o f th e m e t ro p o lis ,

a n d th e n p r i n t e d a n d a f fix e d to th e w a lls th a t K a th ar in e w a s ,

to b e styl e d si m ply p r i n c e ss d o w a g e r u n d e r th e g r e a t p a i n s
‘
,
’

a n d p e n a lti e s of r ae mu n ir e P r e ssu r e w a s a ls o put up on

’

p T .

h e r p e r s o n a lly to b e n d h e r will to h e r a lt e re d p o siti o n in

re ga r d to th e titl e which sh e w as th e n c e fo r w a r d to b e a r .

Ve n .
,
iv .
, 9 12 .
T Ve n .
,
iv .
,
9 33 .
 T H E R O YA L S UPR E M A C Y . 2 95

Th e acc o u n t o f h e r u n wa v e ri n g fi rm n e ss wh e n lyi n g o n a ,

p a ll e t h a vi n g p rick e d h e r fo o t with a pin a n d su ffe ri n g in

, ,

h e a lth fro m a s e v e re c o ugh sh e w a s c o n fr o n t e d by th e co m

,

m issi on e r s with th e i r p a p e r o f i n str ucti o n s h as b e e n s o O ft e n ,

’

n a rr a t e d th a t it n e e d n o t b e r e p e a t e d h e re H e r d o m e stic s .

e mul a t e d h e r r e s o luti o n " Th e y m a i n t a in e d th a t th e y h a d

.

t a k e n th e o a th to h e r a s qu e e n H e r ch a mb e rl a i n L o r d
‘
.
’
,

M o u n tjo y e fo u n d th e difficulti e s o f his p o st so e m b arr a ssi n g

,

th a t thr e e m on ths l a t e r h e r e qu e ste d o f Cr umwe ll p e rmissi o n

to r e sig n it .

T h e c on t e st illust ra t e d by t ra its O f ch a r a cte r n o bl e a n d

, ,

b a s e w a s n o w a t l a st with r a pid p r o gre ss d r a wi n g o n to th e

, , ,

d e fi n iti ve issu e F o re w a rn e d E n gl an d h a d b e e n fo r e ar m in g
.
,

a g a i n st R o m e I n th e A r ticl e s p r e fix e d to th e B o o k o f th e
.

S ubsidy gra n te d by th e cl e rgy u n d e r th e i r te chn ic a l guilt o f

,

p rae mu n i re an a ck n o wl e d gme n t o f th e k i n g s sup re m a cy h a d

,
’

b e e n i n s e r t e d with p r ud e n t fo r e th o ught i n t e rm s s o cl e a r a n d
, ,

distin ct a s to a dmit o fn o a lte r c a ti o n wh a t e v e r Such scr upl e s .

a s m ight e t li n ge r i n s o m e mi n ds w e r e p r o m ptly sil e n c e d by

y
th e ki n g s u n yi e ldi n g t o n e a n d p e r e m pto ry m a n n e r A con
’ ‘

fe re n c e w a s h e ld in C on v o c a ti on ( Fe b r u a ry 7 t o uchi n g ,

th e se A r ticl e s a n d th e ge n e ra l p a rd on O f a l l th e p r ae m u n ir e
,

Of fe n c e s . H e n ry e xhi b it e d his ch ara ct e r istic vigo u r an d o u t

sp o k e n d e t e r mi n a ti o n F o re c a sti n g ulte ri o r e v e n ts h e cl a i me d
.
,

th e titl e o f S o l e p ro t e ct o r a n d h e a d o f th e A n glic an Chu r ch

‘ ’
.

C o n v o c a ti o n a dd e d — disc a r di n g a ll c o n ce rn fo r th e p o p e a n d ,

o ccupi e d with th e vit a l i n t e r e sts o f th e N a ti o n a l Chu r ch it s e lf

a l on e — th e i m p o r t a n t m o dific a ti o n a ft e r G o d ( p o st D e u m
)
‘ ’
.
,

This a dditi o n th e kin g a ckn o wl e dge d with o ut an y r e luc ta n c e ;

a n d th e n h e d e cli n e d fu r th e r discussi on Acc or din gly on th e .
,

m o ti o n o f Wa rh a m ( F e b r u a ry th e k i n g w a s d e cl a r e d
u n an i m o usly th e o n ly s o v e re ign l o r d a n d p ro te ct o r o f th e
‘

C h u r ch O f E n gl an d an d a s fa r a s a ll o w e d by th e l a w o f Ch r is t
, , ,

sup re m e h e a d O f th e sam e T This re c o gn iti o n o f th e r oy a l

.
’

See B vi 7 5 9 , 7 6 0, a n d
.
,
p
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.

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2 96 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R EF O R JI A T I O N .

sup re m a cy a s e xist e n t fr o m i mm e m o ri a l ti m e is v e ry v a lu a bl e
, , .

It w a s m a d e with a l l d u e fo rm a lity by b o th H o us e s o f C o n v o
c a ti o n with o ut a si n gl e diss e n ti e n t v o ic e W arh a m G a r din e r
, , , ,

"
a n d e v e n Fish e r it w o uld s e e m a ss e n ti n g to th e v o t e, , .

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d e b a t e Mutt e ri n gs o f disc o n t e n t w e r e n o t qu it e supp r e ss e d
.

i n th e C o mmo n s wh e n in th e sp r in g o f 1 5 3 2 H e n r y d e m a n d e d , ,

s uppli e s to str e n gth e n th e Sc o tch fro n ti e r S o me e v e n .

v e n tu re d to sugg e st th a t th e m o r e e ffe ctiv e m o d e o f pro

te cti o n w o uld b e th a t th e ki n g S h o uld t a k e b a ck his qu e e n .

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, ,

ki n g fo r this v e ry e n d N O w e a k m i n d e d Stu a r t h o w e v e r .
-
, ,

w a s s e a t e d o n th e th r o n e a t this j u n ctu r e ; b u t a r e s o lut e

Tud o r with th a t cl e a r n e ss o f pu r p o s e a n d fa c u lty o f c o mm a n d

,

which w e n t with th e stro n g bl o o d H e n ry si m ply s e n t fo r th e .

sp e a k e r o f th e H o us e an d fo r cibly e xp r e ss e d his u n ch a n g e a bl e ,

re s o l v e T h e sp e a k e r w a s n o w th e sp e ci o us tr i mm i n g Audle y
.
,

w h o m uch i n g r a ti a t e d hi m s e lf a t this ti m e with th e ki n g by

his d e xte r o us ha n dlin g o f th e C o m mo n s i n e n ti re subs e r vi e n c e

to th e r o y a l will H e nr y d e cl a r e d to Audl e y his su r p r is e a n d
.

a st o n ish m e n t th a t a n m mb r o f th e C o m m o n s H o us e sh o uld
’

y e e

p re su m e to m o o t a qu e sti on which t o uche d th e i r s o v e r e ign s ’

c o n sci e n c e .

T h e Act p a ss e d (M a r ch 1 9 1 5 3 2 ) in r e st r a i n t o f A n n a t e s ‘ ’

, ,

o r firs t fr uits o f bish o p r ics a n d b e n e fice s sig n ific an tly m a r k e d

-
,

th a t mixtu re o f c ra ft with d e t e r mi n a ti on wh e r e with H e n ry

w as pu r sui n g th e fi e r c e st r uggl e a g a i n st R o m e H e w as .

hyp o cr itic a l e n o ugh to fe ign th a t h e si m ply yi e ld e d to th e

C h i ti l g
r s gi m M j t t m g i m t fi t m —B
e e m lic e t, re a a es a e a n o sc us e co n e ur .
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. v .
,

S T h E gli h C h ch
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n s ur un er e nr . . . a s one ,
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. .

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‘
o no ou

c f m y
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ons f th en e o e o ns en e an n on o e
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, ,
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1 53 3 G i d
. 1 53 1 a r n e r, .

C ‘
id i g w t H y w h t th C h ch f R m i i t
on s er n ,
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ro e e nr ,
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a e ur O o e s,
i s chi m t p t f m i t d dh t th W d f G d
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,
an a e re o e or o o .

T f ll w th p p i t f k C h i t G d w illi g h dd d w ’ ‘
o o o e o e s o o r sa e r s . o n e a e ,
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 G A R D I N E R [N I L L F A VO UR A T C O UR T -
. 2 97

fo r c e o f ge n e ra l o pi n i o n in s a n cti o n i n g this Act Bu t it w a s .

,

in fa ct by his p e r s o n a l a cti o n a n d th ro ugh fe a r o f his dis

‘
, ,

pl e a su r e th a t th e Bill b e c a m e l a w It w a s a sc o u rge wh e r e
,
’
.

with to s m ite th e p a p a cy in a v e ry t e n d e r p ar t a n d w a s ,

e x a ctly a d a pt e d to th e r o y a l h a n d F o r th e Act w a s to h a v e
.

n o fu r th e r v a lidity th a n th e ki n g m ight giv e to it by l e tt e r s

p a te n t issu e d b e fo r e E a st e r 1 5 33 o r b e fo r e th e n e xt m e e ti n g
, ,

of T h e ki n g hi m s e lf w a s e m p o w e re d to co m
p o u n d with th e p o p e in re ga r d to p ay m e n t fo r Bulls .

T o th e C o mm on s P e ti ti on a ga i n st th e O r d i n a r i e s a r e ply
’
,

h a d b e e n d r a w n up with c o n spicu o us a bility by n o o th e r ,

h a n d it w o uld a pp e a r th a n G a r di n e r s w h o c o n fe sse d to
, ,
’

h a vi n g c o rr e ct e d it A n e xculp a ti o n w a s a pp e n d e d by W a r
.

h a m r e l a tiv e to his o w n c o n duct i n his high o ffic e

,
Th e .

o pi n i o n e n t e r t a i n e d r e sp e cti n g G ar di n e r by K a th ar i n e s p a r ty
’

, ,

w a s fa st ch a n gi n g ; a n d h e n o w b e g a n to b e sp o k e n o f by
th e m with s o me a pp r o a ch e v e n to fa v o u r P r e vi o usly w ro t e .
,
’

C h a pu y s to Ch a r l e s h e w a s susp e ct e d o f o pp o si n g th e qu e e n ;
,
-

but n o w it is b e li e v e d h e will d o h e r a l l go o d o ffice s O n th e .

’

o th e r h a n d by his a lt e r e d d e m e a n o u r a n d a p o l o gy fo r th e
,

O r d i n a r i e s th e bish o p w a s i n cu rr i n g ro y a l displ e a su r e to a
,

s e r i o us d e gr e e I n a l e tt e r to H e n ry h e a tt e m pte d to sust a i n
.

his p o siti o n s by r e fe rri n g to th e a r gu m e n ts o f th e k i n g s o w n ’

b o o k a ga i n st Luth e r I n m uch r e put e a s a c a n o n i s t G a r di n e r

.
,

hu m bly p r o fe ss e d hi m s e lf to b e but littl e l e a rn e d in div in ity .

A n d in o r d e r to mitig a t e y e t fu r th e r th e r oy a l ir e h e a bs e n t e d ,

h i ms e lf fo r s o m e sh o r t sp a c e fro m a tt e n d a n c e a t c o u r t a ll e gin g ,

th a t h e w a s l e tt e d by dise a s e o f b o dy
‘
.
’

T h e R ep l y H e n ry pl a c e d i n th e S p e a k e r s h a n d s n o t fa ilin g
’
,

to i n tim a t e a t th e s a m e ti m e his e sti m a t e o f its m e r its : It

s e e m e th to us v e ry sl e n d e r H e n o w d e m an d e d th a t th e .
’

cl e r gy in th e i r o w n spi ritu a l sph e re sh o uld e n a ct n o n e w

ca n o n s o r c o n stitu ti on s p ro vi n ci a l withou t th e r o ya l a ss e n t ’

a n d a uth o r ity a n d th a t th e v sh o uld giv e th e i r co n s e n t to th e

,

y
23 H e nr V I I I , 0 20 . .

ch p i g
.

C h a p u y s w ro te , M a r 2 0 1 5 32 , th e d a y a fte r th e
,
a ss n o f th e A ct,

ki g
T he nb li th
h a s e e n a t th e Pa r a m e n t re e me s a e a n d so a e ti l t ly , pl y d
p h icl b
h i s a r t t a t th e A r t e a o u t A n n a te s h a s —B v , 7 2 0 , . .

y g v v lidity hi
H e nr a e a J ly to t s A ct u 9 , 1 5 3 3 a n d t w o e a r s a te r th e y l
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A ct w a s ma e a so u te .
2 98 T H E D A l VN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R flL i TI O N ‘

re visi o n o f th o se a l re a dy e n a cte d C o n v o c a ti o n h a d b e e n .

a ccus e d in th e C o mm o n s P e ti ti on o f d e c r e e i n g l a ws c on t rary ’ ‘

to th e l a ws o f th e r e a l m T h e m o o d o f th e cl e r gy w a s o u t
’
.
,

w a r d l a t l e a st pli a n tly sub m issiv e to th e r oy a l will Thus

y , .
,

n o twithst a n di n g much r e a l diss e n si o n a n d bitt e r s e c r e t h e a r t

bu r n i n g th e b r o w b e a t e n p r e l a t e s w e r e c o n str a in e d to b e n d
,
-

th e i r n e cks to th e firm y o k e o f th e i r s o v e r e ig n T h e S a bm i s .

si on o
f th e Cl e r
gy w a s a t l e n gth — M a
y 1 6 1 5 3 2 — p re se n te d
,

to H e n ry a t W e st m i n st e r * T ra m pli n g d o w n a l l o bst a cl e s
’
.
,

H e n ry a n d C r u m w e ll h a d c o n qu e r e d But th e ki n g c on ti n u e d .

i n v e ry a n g ry m o o d a s C h a p uy s i n fo r m e d th e e m p e r o r ,
Th e .

l o r d ch a n c e ll o r a n d th e Bish o p o f Wi n ch e st e r we r e e sp e ci a lly
th e o bj e cts o f his w ra t h Chu r ch me n will n o w mu rmu re d ‘ ’
.
,

th e i m p e r i a l a m b a ss a d o r b e o f l e ss a cc o u n t th a n sh o e m a k e r s
’
.
,

T h e v e ry s a m e d a y th a t th e S u b m i ssi o n of th e Cl e r gy w a s
p r e s e n t e d (M a y 1 6 S ir Th o m a s M o r e w h o n o ti n g, , ,

th e c o u r s e o f e v e n ts a n d th e t e n d e n cy o f l a y o pi n i o n h a d fo r ,

s o me ti me sigh e d to b e r e l e a s e d fr o m o ffici a l t ra m me ls — quit e

h e a r t sick a t l a st a t th e e sta blish m e n t o f wh a t h e c a ll e d th e
-

n e w p a p a cy h e r e a n d fo r e s e e i n g th a t his r e t e n ti o n o f o ffic e
’

m ust sp r e a d a n e t fo r his c on sci e n c e — r e sign e d th e g re a t s e a l .

T h e r e sign a ti on w a s m a d e in p e r s o n to H e n r y hi m s e lf a b o ut ,

thr e e p m i n th e g a rd e n o f Y or k Pl a c e
. .
,
.
’

C h a pu y s st a t e d th a t in e xcus e fo r th e r e sig n a ti o n w e re , ,

a ll e g e d to o sm a ll e n te r ta i nm e n t a n d fa ili n g h e a lth Th a t ’
.

a s l o r d ch an c e ll or M o r e h a d w o r k e d h a r d is c e r t a i n ; f or h e

l e ft n o a rr e a r s wh e n h e quitt e d th e Ch a n c e ry— a tr iumph o f

c on sci e n ti o us i n dust ry with o ut p re c e d e n t M o r e o v e r in his .
,

o w n b r i e f a ut o bi o gra phy in his e pit a ph a llusi o n is m a d e to , ,

p ul m o n a r y w e a k n e ss But to m u rm u r a t th e i n suffici e n cy o f .

th e s a l a ry s m a ll a s i t w a s i n r e a l t r uth w a s n o t lik e M o r e
, ,
.

Ye t th e l o ss o f th e full s a l a ry such a s it w a s w a s a h e a vy d ra i n , ,

o n his fi n a n ci a l r e s o u r c e s R o p e r r e c o u n ts h o w his fa th e r .

i n l a w c o n te m pl a t e d with a m us e d c o m p o su r e th e n e c e ssity o f
-

B 1 02 3 T hi S b m i i tw y
. v .
, .l t w f m l tdi t s u ss o n , o e a rs a e r, as or u a e n o

25 H y VI II 19
e nr ,
0 . .

T hi A t c t i th c mm c m t th t th cl gy h th p mi d
.

‘
s c re o un s n e o en e en a e er a ro se
,

i n b Sver d ti i th t th y w i l l
o v f m h c f th p m t
a ce r o ,
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a t t m pt ll g cl i m p t i
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,
'

ne w e t l
an o n s, e c .

,
on e s e n s os ro a a s se n an en e ,
e c.
 SIR TH OM A S A UD L E Y K E E PE R OF TH E S EA L 29
.
9

Inn
’
re tu rn i n g to
‘
Li n c o l n s
di e t o r o f e v e n d e sc e n din g to ,
’

N e w I n n di e t o r m e a n e r still to Oxfo r d far e o r m e a n e st

’ ’
, , , , ,

o f a l l o f b e t a ki n g hi m s e lf t o g e th e r with his fa m ily to m e n d i

, , ,

ca n c
y His. m e rr y hu m o u r a ga i n b r o k e th r o ugh th e gl o o m y
fo re b o di n gs o f o ut w a r d ci r cumst a n c e s w h e n h e w o uld i n fo r m ,

Mistr e ss Alic e o f th e u n w o rldly st e p which h e h a d a d o pt e d .

‘
O n e o f his g e n tl e me n wh e n s e r vic e a t Chu r ch w a s d o n e
, ,

o r di n a r ily u s e d to c o m e to my l a dy his wife s e w d o or an d

’

p
-
,

sa
y ,
“
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”

su r re n d e r o f his o ffic e an d d e p a r tu r e o f his g e n tl e m e n h e

, ,

c a m e u n t o my l a dy his wife s p e w hi ms e lf a n d m a ki n g a l o w ’

, ,

c o u r t e sy s a id u n t o h e r M a d a m my l o r d is
, ,
Whe n ,

s h e c a m e to a p r e h e n d th e a ctu a l fa c t o f th e r e sig n a ti o n
p ,

Mist re ss Alic e w a s b e y on d m e a su re v e x e d a n d i rr it a t e d
‘
Tilli e V a lli e ! Tilli e V a lli e lik e D a m e Quick ly sh e e x
cl a i m e d will y o u sit M r M o re a n d m a k e g o sli n gs in th e
,
‘

, .
,

a sh e s ? My m o th e r h as o ft e n t o ld m e B e tt e r r ul e th a n b e ,
“

M o re n o t e d with s o me gra tific a ti on in a l e tt e r to ,

E r a s mu s th a t N o r fo lk w a s c o mm a n d e d to sp e a k i n h o n o u r
,

a b l e t e rm s o f h im a t his succ e ss or s i n st a ll a ti o n a n d t h a t his

’

succ e ss o r a ls o w a s di r e ct e d to c o mm e n d h im .

F o u r d a ys a ft e r M o re s r e sign a ti o n H e n ry c o m mitt e d th e
’

g re a t s e a l to th e k e e pi n g o f S ir Th o m a s A u dl e y fi w h o h a d ‘

succ e e d e d M o re a s sp e a k e r o f th e C o mm o n s a n d a ls o a s
Ch a n c e ll o r o f th e D uchy o f L a n c a st e r This tra n sfe r w a s .

a m e r cifu l r e p r i e v e to th e p o o r P r o t e st a n ts to wh o m th e ,

s m o o th u n sc r upul o us Audl e y w a s n o t u n fa v o u ra bl e a sig n

,
-

th a t P ro te st an tis m w a s r isi n g i n t o fa shi o n But Audl e y w as .

n o t a pp o i n t e d l o r d ch a n c e ll o r u n til e ight m o n ths l a t e r fo r it

w a s d e e m e d e xp e di e n t to r e t a i n h im i n th e H o us e o fC o m m o n s ,

w h e r e his s e r vic e s h a d b e e n v a lu a bl e to th e ki n g a n d w e re ,

lik e ly to b e v a lu a bl e a g a i n .

It a pp e ar s th a t M o r e w a s a ll o w e d to r e t a i n s o m e p o r ti on o f
his fo r me r s a l a ry — a t l e a st u n til h e fe ll i n t o d e e p e r disfa v o u r
,

a t c our t Th a t a s a l a ry in its e lf s m a ll sh o uld h a v e thus b e c o m e

.

fu r th e r cu r t a il e d m ay s e rv e to e xpl a i n Audl e y s c o mpl a i n t

’

o n his o w n b e h a lf to C r u m w e ll th a t n e v e r h a d ch a n c e ll o r ,

so littl e to liv e by a n d th a t to o a t a ti m e wh e n victu a ls w e re

, , ,

B . v .
,
1 0 75 .
30 0 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N GL I S H I A TI O N
R E F O R JV .

d e ar * kin g w a s d e si r o us th a t M o re s p re s e n c e sh o uld
Th e
’
so .

gra c e A n n e s c oro n a ti o n a n d thus c o u n t e n a n c e his n e w n u p

’

tia l s ; a n d h e th e re fo r e p r e s e n t e d th e e x ch a n c e ll o r th ro ugh -
,

th e m e diu m o f s o m e o f th e bish o ps with £ 2 0 wh e r e with to , ,

p u r ch a s e a g o w n in which to a tte n d th e fe stiv e c e r e m o n i a l .

Bu t r e duc e d a s his fo r tu n e s w e r e M o r e d e cl in e d to r e c e iv e ,

this gift ; n o r is his n a me e n te r e d a mo n g th o s e p r e s e n t a t th e

c o ro n a ti o n A ft e r th e d e t e cti o n o f th e c o n spi r a cy which
.

c e n t re d in th e H o ly M a id o f K e n t M o re w a s subj e ct e d to ,

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re sp e cti n g a l e tt e r which h e h a d w r itt e n to h e r This l e tt e r .

,

h o w e v e r o n ly c o n t a i n e d th e s e n sib l e a dvic e th a t sh e sh o uld

,

l e a v e a ffa i r s o f st a t e a n d giv e h e r a tte n ti o n e n ti r e ly to d e v o

,

ti on I n a l e tte r to C r u m w e ll th e e x ch a n c e ll o r p r o t e st e d
.
,
-

‘
N e v e r sh a ll th e r e l o ss i n this m a t e r g r e v e m e b e i n g mys e lf ,

s o in n o c e n t a s G o d an d I k n o w m e
,
wh a t e v e r sh o uld h a pp e ,

m e th e re i n 1 .
’ ‘

H e n ry w a s thus u n a bl e to fa st e n e v e n a suspici o n o f guilt ,

in c o n n e cti o n with th a t a r tful pl o t u p on M o r e Ye t a l e tt e r ,

.

o f C h a u s n o t l o n g a ft e r w a r ds c o n t a i n s th e i n t e llig e n c e :
p y , ,

T h e Ki n g n o t fin di n g a n o cc a si o n f or d o i n g h i m m o r e
‘ “
,

h a r m h a s t a k e n a w a y his s a l a ry
,
With this l o ss M o re .
’

e sc a p e d f o r th e ti me b e in g But h e fo u n d th a t th e w o r ld .

i n sults th e p o o r fo r h e h a d to a dd re ss to C r um w e ll thro ugh ,

Fitzwilli a m th e c o m pl a i n t th a t si n c e h e r e sign e d th e ch a n
,
‘

ce ll o rsh i a g e n tl e m a n h a d t r e a t e d h im v e r y H e was
p ,

still h o w e v e r i n b e tt e r plight th a n his e qu a lly c o u ra g e o u s

, ,

fr i e n d Fish e r w h o w a s m ix e d u p with th e l e g a l co n d e mn a
,

ti o n o f th e N u n o f K e n t a n d h a d b e e n d e cl a re d guilty o f ,

m isp r isi on o f t re a s o n .
’

T h e p a ssi n g c o mm e n ts o f th e o bs e r v an t a n d vivid m i n d o f
th e i m p e r i a l a m b a ss a d o r h a v e m uch e n r ich e d o u r k n o wl e dge
o f th e hist o r y o f a m o st i n t e r e sti n g p e r i o d an d by th e ir ,

re v e l a ti o n s o f th e a ctu a l o r susp e ct e d c o n diti o n o f E n gl an d ,

as w e ll a s o f th e i m p e r i a l d e lib e r a ti o n s a n d c o u n s e ls fu r n ish ,

m a tt e r fo r i m p o r t an t r e fl e cti on Alth o u gh a S w iss C h a puy s .

,

e qu a ll e d i n his a tt a chm e n t to th e e m p e ror th e m o st d e v o t e d

Sp a n ish hid a lgo Of th e E n glish h e e v e rywh e re w r ite s in his

.
,

B . vi .
,
92 7 . B . vii .
,
2 65 , 2 87-9 0 , 2 9 6 .
1 B . vi .
,
7 62 .
 T H E L E S S ON O F E VE N T S .
30 1

d e sp a tch e s i n te r m s o f sup e r cilio us c o n te mpt H e d e sc rib e s .

th o se a m o n gst wh o m h e w a s s oj o u rn in g a s a c r e dul o us a n d ‘

si m pl e r a c e wh o s e ill qu a liti e s m ild n e ss a ggr a v a t e d a n d

,

h a r sh n e ss subdu e d H e u rge d with al l his e l o qu e n c e th e .

i n v a si on o f E n gl a n d by Ch a rl e s T w o o r th r e e th o us a n d .
‘

F r e n chm e n h a d suffic e d fo r th e o v e r th ro w o f Rich a r d o n

’

B o sw o r th Fi e ld With fa r gre a t e r e a s e w o uld H e n ry m o re

.
,

d e t e st e d by his subj e cts th a n e ve n Rich a r d fa ll a t o n c e a p re y ,

to a s o v e re ig n s o p o w e r ful a s w as Ch arl e s a n d p e rfe ctly a d o r e d ,

by h is Sp a n i a r ds Such sugge sti o n s a n d a rgu m e n ts w e re .

s e c o n d e d by O r tiz K a th a r i n e s p r o ct o r a t R o m e with n o l e s s
,
’

fe r vo u r C h ap uy s a n d O r tiz j o in e d th e i r e a rn e st e n t re a tie s
.
,

th a t th e public sin o f th e E n glish m on a r c h might b e visite d

‘

with c o n dign pu n ish me n t T h e p o p e m ust d e v o t e E n gl a n d .

,

o f o l d his fe ud a t o ry — Ki n g J o h n h a vi n g su rre n d e r e d th e
ki n gd o m to I n n o c e n t III a n d re c e iv e d it b a c k in fie f— to .
,

utt e r d e str ucti o n a n d th e n c a ll up on th e e mp e r o r to b e th e

,

e x e cuti o n e r o f his will a n d s e n t e n c e H o w c o uld E n gl a n d .

i n a c o rn e r o f th e w o r ld h e r t ra ffic i n w o o l with Fl an d e r s h e r ,

chi e f ma i n t e n an c e a n d sta y — r e sist th e c o l o ss a l r e s o u r c e s o f

Sp a i n a n d th e e m pire ?
As th e d e live ra n c e o f E n gl a n d fro m th e R o ma n y o k e d re w
n e a r e r a n d n e a r e r th e d e m an ds f o r th e i n v a si o n o f th e r e b e l
,

li o us isl an d b e c a me m o r e fr e qu e n t a n d m o r e e n e rge tic in t on e .

But s a ge r c o u n s e ls p r e v a il e d wh e n th e qu e sti o n c a m e for c a lm

d e lib e r a ti o n b e fo r e th e e m p e r o r hi m s e lf * It w as r e s e r v e d fo r .

a n o th e r g e n e r a ti o n o f Sp a n i a r ds a n d f o r a so n m uch i n fe r i o r ,

to his fa th e r i n a bility a n d n o t o n ly o f l e ss vig o r o us i n t e ll e ct , ,

bu t o f y e t n a rro we r r e ligi o us p r ej udic e to p o in t th e i ro n y o f ,

hist o ry a n d tu rn in g to b e th e fo e o f th e Pr o t e st a n t qu e e n to
, , ,

l a u n ch th a t i n vi n cibl e A rm a d a which p ro v e d a sp o r t to th e
e l e m e n ts o r p e r ish e d by th e g a ll a n t ry o f H o w a r d a n d D ra k e
, ,

if n o t dr iv e n in u n wi e ldy r uin o n th e ro cks u n d e r a mightie r ,

v e n g e an c e th an m an s ’
.

B vi 5 68 . .
, .

Y t th i t c ti
e f Ch l
e V t Cif
n s ru t d R d ig d A l
ons o ar e s . o ue n e s a n o r o
’
va os

c t i d th f ll w i g Y h ll l c
o n a ne e l t th b t m
o o f n ,
‘
ou s a a so o n su on e es e an s o

f ci g th K i g f E gl
or n d t p t w y h i c c bi
e n od if p ibl n an o u a a s on u ne an ,
o ss e ,

g tti g h i h li
e n t d p iv h i m f h i ki gd m w hich h h ld
s o n e ss f th o e r e o s n o ,
e o s o e

H ly So th A c t l t ly p
ee ,
d i E gl d g i t th
as e th i ty f s a e a ss e n n an a a ns e au or o

th H ly S
e giv c
o t f th t th ki g
ee d A B l y w ill c
e a u se o e ar a e n an n ne o e n a re

li ttl f e i t d ic t t —B i 5 70
or an n er ,
e c .
’
. v .
,
.
30 2 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R /II A TI ON .

‘
T r uth G a r di n e r w o u ld s o m e ti me s sa y is c a ll e d Ti me s
,
’

,
‘ ’

d a ught e r : Tim e will h a ve child a t th e l a st but it is l o n g fi r st ,

.

I w o uld Ti m e s d e liv e r an c e w e re a s sp e e dy in childi n g o f

’

T r uth a s c o n i e s b e th a t b r i n g fo r th e v e ry m o n th Ti m e h a s
, .
’

n o w ru n h e r c o u r s e si n c e such w o rds w e re w r itt e n th r e e ,

hu n d re d a n d fifty y e a r s ! Wh a t is th e o u tc o m e o f Ti me s ’

re v e l a ti o n s ? Su r v e y Sp a i n a n d E n gl a n d in th e i r p re s e n t
c o n diti o n — th e m a t u r e issu e o f c a us e a n d e ffe ct th ro ugh so
e xt e n d e d a n i n t e r v a l T h e su n n y l a n d o f F e r di n a n d a n d
.

Is a b e ll a o f Ch a rl e s a n d Philip is n o l o n ge r d re a d e d fo r h e r
, ,

m ight by se a o r l an d a lth o ugh still a d m i re d fo r th e a m pl e

,

b o u n ti e s l a vish e d up o n h e r by N a tu re H e r a r m i e s— th e .

fi n e st i n fa n try in Eu ro p e — h e r g re a t c a pt a i n s h e r i n vi n cibl e ,

a r m a d a s a n d m a g n ific e n t a d m i r a l s h a v e l o n g si n c e c e a s e d to ,

b e m a tt e r fo r n a ti o n a l b o a st a n d w o r ld wid e t a lk As a - .

m ilit a ry o r n a v a l p o w e r Sp a i n is n o wh e r e n o w ,
H e r t ra n s .

a tl an tic gl o r i e s a r e v an ish e d Wh a t re m a i n s is a s o il th a t.

m ight t e e m with r ich a bu n d a n c e bu t th e c a p a biliti e s o f ,

w hich a r e fo r th e m o st p a r t w a st e d th r o ugh i n d o l e n c e a n d
, ,

d e fici e n t cultiv a ti o n Dwi n dl e d to a fo u r th r a te ki n gd o m

.
-
,

e fl e te Sp a i n i n th e c o u n cils o f Eu ro p e n o l o n g e r utt e r s h e r
, ,

v o ic e — fe e bl e a s in s e c on d childh o o d .

I n th e s a m e i n t e r v a l th e w e a th e r b e a t e n isl a n d i n a
,
‘
-

n o r th e rn s e a with a p o pul a ti o n in H e n ry s re ign o f o n ly th r e e

,
’ ’

m illi o n s a n d a h a lf h a s gro w n i n t o G re a t B r it a i n
,
Sc o tl a n d .
,

fo rm e rly a th o rn i n h e r s o uth e rn r iv a l s sid e h a s b e c o m e o n e ’

with h e r T h e muti n o us W e lsh with o ut r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s in

.
,

H e n ry s P a r li a m e n t a r e n o w l a w a bidin g a n d fully r e p r e s e n t e d
’

,
-
,

i n th e i mp e r i a l d e lib e r a ti o n s I re l a n d i n de e d o f which th e.
, ,

V e n e ti a n r e p o r t in H e nry s d ay d e cl are d th a t th e i n l a n d ’

i n h a bit an ts w o re u n d e r th e i r d o ubl e t a shir t st e e p e d in

‘

°
s a fl r o n o n a cc o u n t o f th e c o n ti n u e s to b e squ a lid wild , ,

a n d i n t r a ct a bl e chie fly th r o ugh th e i n flu e n c e o f i n v e t e r a te
,

p o p e ry for th e P ro te st a n t n o r th e rn p o r ti o n o f th e Em e r a ld
,
‘

Isl e is a s i n dustr i o us an d fl o u rishi n g as E n gl a n d Augme n t e d

’
.

imm e n s e ly in p o pul a ti on a s is G r e a t B r ita i n h e r s e lf I n di a ,

a n d th e G r e a t e r B r it a i n b e y o n d th e s e a s e mb r a c e v a st p c pu

l a tio n s littl e sh or t o f th r e e hu n d re d m illi o n s i n th e a gg re g a t e .

Ve n .
,
iv .
,
694 .
 TH E CA U S E OF ’
S PA I N S D E CL I N E .
30 3

Th e s on s a n d d a ugh t e r s o f B r it a i n ye a r a ft e r y e a r are filli n g

, ,

th e v o id pl a c e s o f th e e ar th A c o m m e r c e u n p r e c e d e n t e d in
.

e xt e n t a n d v a lu e distribu te s th r o u gh o ut th e gl o b e m a r v e ll o u s
p ro ducts o fm a n ufa ctu r in g e n e rgy a n d s k ill o f v a ri o u s s o r ts ,

with th e r e sult o f e ve r e xp an din g n a ti o n a l a n d p r iv a t e w e a lth

-
.

E n glish fi e lds a n d a c re s — so c on sid e ra bl e is th e p ro gr e ss o f

e n t e r p r is e a n d i m p r o v e m e n t — w e ar th e t r i m n e ss o f a highly

cultu re d gar d e n A l a n gu a ge vigo ro us a n d i n cisiv e a n a ti o n a l

.
,

h e ir l o o m fro m Sh a ksp e re a n d Milt on is b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d ,

m o r e th e a cc e pt e d u n iv e r s a l t o n gu e L a st n o t l e a st o u r .
, ,

An glic a n R e fo r me d Chu r ch is pushi n g h e r w a y b e n e a th th e

e qu a t o r a n d b e y o n d th e t ro pics a n d is e m ul a ti n g th e E n glish
,

p e o pl e in vita lity a n d gr o w th .

A ch a n ge w hich a m o u n ts to a r e v e r s a l — a n d i n d e e d a l m o st , ,

i mm e a su r a bly m o re th a n a r e v e r s a l — o f th e r e l a tiv e p o siti o n s

o f th e tw o ki n gd o m s in th e i n t e r v a l o f th r e e hu n d r e d a n d
,

fifty ye ar s can o n ly b e e xpl a i n e d by c a us e s p e n e t r a ti n g to th e

,

v e ry d e pths o f m o tiv e a n d ch ar a ct e r D o ubtl e ss it is u n d e r .

th e blight o f R o m an is m u n d e r th e cu r s e o f th e bl a ck fu n c
,

tio n a r ie s o f th e I n quisiti o n a n d th e c ra m p o f e n sl a vi n g
d e sp o tis m co w o rkin g with p r i e st a n d m on k to n a ti o n a l
,
-

d e g r a d a ti o n th a t Sp a i n h a s so mis e r a bly l o st h e r pl a c e in th e
,

sc a l e o f n a ti o n s an d h a s su n k w ith a d e clin e sign a l a n d t o t a l

,

which u n le ss th e c a us e s a re e ffe ctu a lly r e m o v e d must

, ,

i n e vit a bly b e fi n a l .

E n gl an d o n th e o th e r h an d h as fl o u r is h e d by a n o p e n
, ,

Bibl e by fre e Pro t e st a n t th o ught by p o litic a l a n d civil lib e r ty

, , ,

by th e p e rs o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d e n e rgy which h a v e gro w n

a n d d e v e l o p e d u n d e r th e s a fe gu a r d o f a S c r ip tu ra l c r e e d It .

is th e Pr o t e st a n t h e ar t b e a ti n g str o n g i n th e n a ti o n a l b re a st
, ,

which h a s b e e n th e tr u e s e c r e t o f G re a t B r ita i n s b e c o m i n g ’

th e wid e st a n d g re a t e st e m pi r e o f w hich hist o ry h a s a n y

c o gn iz a n c e T h e r ugge d a bs o lutis m o f H e n ry th e o bsti n a cy
.
,

o f K a t h a r i n e th e i m p e tu o us a r d o u r o f A n n e
,
th e g e n tl e ti m id , ,

wisd o m o f C ra n m e r th e r ib a ld ry a n d c a lcul a ti o n o f C r umw e ll

, ,

th e v a cill a ti on s a n d duplicity o f Cl e m e n t — a l l c o n t r ibut e d ,

u n d e r th e o v e rr ulin g h an d o f a m e r ciful P r o vid e n c e to r e sults ,

l a stin g in th e i r bl e ss e d n e ss a n d w o rld wid e i n th e ir e xte n t - .

 X .
-
T H E F I N A L S EVER A N CE .

IT w as a fin e
c o n c e p ti o n o f H o bb e s th a t p a p al R o m e is as th e ,

gh o st o f p a gan R o m e sitti n g c ro w n e d up on th e g ra v e th e re o f , .
’

I n e xt e n di n g h e r e m pi r e sh e h a d e m pl oy e d a r tifice s which h e r
p r e d e c e ss or h a d fo u n d e ffic a ci o u s b e fore h e r Wh e the r th e .

p a p a cy b e r e g a r d e d a s a sp e ct re o f p a st gra n d e u r o r a s a ,

livi n g r e a lity a lth o ugh sh e b e ar s i n e ffa c e a bl e sc ar s o f t e rr ibl e

,

w o u n ds h e r p o t e n cy still su r viv e s
, H e r d o m i n i o n is th e .

m o st subtl e a n d myst e r i o us i n m a n s hist o ry Ev e n fro m ’

.

c a l a mity sh e h a s d ra w n th e e l e m e n ts o fr e n ew e d vigo u r A n d .

h e re to o th e r e s e mbl an c e is str i k i n g b e twe e n R o m e p a g a n

, ,

a n d Ro m e a alfi N o w or ds a r e suffici e n t to e xp re ss th e
6
p p
gra titud e d u e to th e Al mi ghty th a t as re gar ds E n gl a n d H e , ,

h a s t a k e n fr o m th e lips a n d d a sh e d to th e g r o u n d th e g o ld e n ‘

cup o f th e gre a t s o rc e re ss .

Aga i n st th e w e i r d p a p a cy H e nry w a s e n ga g e d in th e cl o si n g
bitt e rn e ss o f a p ro tra cte d str u ggl e H e d i d n o t cl a i m to .

e x e r cis e spi r itu a l fu n cti on s ; but h e w a s n o w th e a ckn o w

l e dge d h e a d o f b o th his j u r isdicti o n s th e spir itu a l a s w e ll ‘
,
’

a s th e t e m p o r a l H e w as m a st e r o f P a r li a m e n t a n d s o v e r e ign
.
,

Pe r d a mn a , pe r cae d e s , a b ip so

Op im mq f D u ci t e s an u ue e r ro .
’

S H o c g fp g
o r a e sa n o a a n R o me .

O f p p l R m A chbi h p T
a a ch h w i tt
o Wh w ld th
e r s o re n as r en
‘
e re ou e
R m o C th lic C h ch b
an w a xc p t f th g t chi g f h t
o ur e no ,
e e or e re a se a r n s o e ar ,

th dilige t tti g f h hen i d th t gth i g f th thi g

se n o er o u se n or e r, e s re n en n o e n s
w hich m i d w hich l l by thi vi ibl j d g m t
re a ne t ( th R f m a s s e u en ac e e or a
ti f c d p h M tt h d c m t ch p ill h d
,

)w
on e re or e u on er a e rs a o e o su a a ss . s a

bcm e o i v t t th t i t
e so mn p ibl f h
e f
e ra e f ,
a w as n o o re o ss e or er, o a re e

sp t i m p l t h v f m d h l f th f m t p f m
o n an e o us u se ,
o a e re or e e rs e ,
an or a an o e r or

a p i f l gic l p ti
a n u hisu r b dy By th R f m
a o e ra on on s ow n o . e e or a

ti on h c v d m ch th t f w hil pp d t b l t t h
s e re o e re u a or a e a e are o e os o er

f v
or e M di v l C h ch H i t y pp 4 2 6
er .
’
e e a ur s or ,
’
.
,
 H E N R Y A PPE A L S TO A GE N E R A L C O UN CI L .
30 5

with a bs o lut e sw a y o f h is a n ci e n t ki n gd o m Pe r s o n a lly h e .

w a s fu lly e quipp e d a n d by ch ara ct e r a n d d e t e r mi n a ti o n a d

,

m ir a b l y a d a pt e d to c a rry o n th e c o n flict with succ e ss to th e ,

e n ti r e e ma n ci a ti o n o f his p e o pl e fr o m th e o pp re ssiv e y o k e o f
p
a fo r e ign spi r itu a l ty ra n n y F o r this pu r p o s e a l l th e r e s o u r c e s
.

o f his n a ti o n a n d o f his Chu r ch w e r e c o n c e n t ra t e d in h is

si ngl e h a n d .

T h e n e g o ti a ti o n s h a d b e e n l e n gthy th e st r ife l o n g c o n ti n u e d ,

but th e r o y a l m i n d w a s n o w r e a chin g a cl e a re r d e cisi o n an d ,

th e fi n a l s e v e ra n c e w a s to b e a cc o m plish e d with l e ss d e l a y .

M e n a c e a n sw e r e d m e n a c e bl o w m e t bl o w a n d E n gl a n d , ,

st o o d p re p a re d to re c e iv e a n d to r e t a li a t e th e fi n a l st ro k e .

App e a ls to R o me i n t e sta m e n t a r y m a t ri m on i a l o r e ccl e si a s

, , ,

tic a l c a us e s w e re p r o hibit e d Ev e ry spi r itu a l p a st o r w a s

,
.
‘ ’

r e qui re d to mi n ist e r th e s a c ra m e n ts a n d D ivi n e s e rvic e s

‘
,
’

n o t w ithst a n di n g a n fu l mi n a ci o n s o f th e p o p e o n p e n a lty
’

y ,

"
of on e ye a r s i m p r is o n m e n t
’
This c o r o ll a ry to th e R o y a l
.

Sup r e m a cy k n o w n a s th e S ta tu te of A p p e a l s w a s n o t o n ly a
, ,

p re c a uti o n in th e e v e n t o f th e a pp r e h e n d e d i n t e r dict w hich ,

—th e p o p e b e i n g in n o such c re d e n c e a s o n c e h e w a s
‘

h a d l o st th e chi e f p a r t o f its t e r ro r but a dd e d to th e S u b , ,

m i ssi o n of th e Cl e r gy it h e lp e d to l a y th e b a sis o f th e n e w
,

e ccl e si a stic a l syst e m .

Ye t R o m e a n d S t J a m e s d i d n o t d e sist fr o m n e g o ti a ti o n s
’
. .

H e n ry a n d Cl e m e n t fr o w n e d an d w ra n gl e d but e v e n y e t ,

l o it e re d o v e r th e fi n a l s e p a ra ti o n Al m o st to th e v e ry l a st .

t h e y p a rl e y e d a s th o ugh th e y m ight e v e n y e t c o me to t e r ms
,
.

H e n r y o n his p a r t if h e c o uld o n ly r e c e iv e c o n t e n tm e n t in
,

his j ust a n d w e ighty c a us e p r o fe ss e d hi ms e lf still w e ll

‘
,
’

disp o s e d to r e n e w th e o l d a m ity A n d thus th e Act fo r bid .

din g th e p a y m e n t o f p e n si o n s c e n s e s p o rcio n s Pe t e r p e n c e , , ,
-
,

o th e r i m o s icio n s to th e p o p e a n d th e su i ng f or an
y
or an
y p ,

disp e n s a tio n o r lic e n c e to th e S e e o f Ro m e 1 which s e e m e d ,

’

to diss e v e r fi n a lly th e l a st tie th a t c o uld re m a i n to bi n d

E n gl a n d w ith e v e n a t a tt e re d sh re d to th e p a p a cy w a s m a d e ,

c o n diti o n a l w i th o ste n t a ti o us c a u ti o n O n this si d e th e F e a st .

o f th e N a tivity o f St J o h n B a ptist th e ki n g s m aj e sty w a s

.
,
’

e m p o w e re d to a n n u l it .

24 H e n r y VI I I .
,
0 . 12 .
T 2 5 H e nr y V II I 0 2 1
30 6 TH E D A IYN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /lI A TI O N .

Cl e me n t his p a r t e xc o mmu n ic a t e d H e n ry July 1 1

,
on , , ,

a n d d e cl a r e d his div o r c e a n d n e w m a rr i a g e ille g a l .

Ye t a l l this lik e w is e w a s o nl y c o n diti o n a l

, ,
If b e fo re th e e n d .

o f S e pt e mb e r H e n r y w o uld r e pudi a t e A n n e a n d t a k e b a ck ,

K a th a r i n e th e p a p a l s e n t e n c e w a s n o t to b e divulge d But
, .

n o such r e sults as Cl e m e n t d e si re d fo ll o w e d th e supp r e ss e d

s e n te n c e a n d th e re fo r e N o v e mb e r 1 9 it w a s publish e d a t
, , ,

D u n ki rk
It w a s in N o v e mb e r th a t Cle me n t me t F r a n cis n o t a t Nic e , ,

a s h a d b e e n p ro p o s e d but w a s e n t e r t a i n e d by h im a s his
,

gu e st a t M a rs e ille s This m e e tin g wh e n it s e e m e d lik e ly

.
,

a ctu a lly to c o m e to p a ss w a s o pp o s e d by H e n ry so f ar at
, ,

l e a st a s it c o uld b e gu ard e dly o pp o s e d with a n y r e ma i n i n g

s e mbl an c e o f c o u r t e sy If th e p o p e h e u r g e d p e r sists in
.
, ,

p ro c e e di n g a ga i n st u s n o g o o d can c o m e fr o m his i n t e rvi e w

,

with th e F re n ch k i n g T o a l l his a tte m pts to re v o k e wh a t is

.

d o n e h e re w e sh a ll say N a y i n such a s o r t th a t th e w o rld

,

sh a ll h e a r a n d th e p o p e sh a ll fe e l it But F r a n cis h a d pu r
, .
’
~

p o s e s o f his o w n to m a tu re a n d a cc o m plish a t this fr i e n dl y

e n c o un te r H e still ch e r ish e d d e sign s a g a i n st It a ly ; a n d h e
.

w a s e sp e ci a lly d e si ro us o f c o m pl e ti n g th e n e g o ti a ti o n s fo r

th a t m a rr i a ge o f his so n th e Duk e o f O rl e an s— a ft e r w ar ds ,

H e n ry II — with Cl e m e n t s n i e c e K a th a r i n e d e M e dici
.
’

,
’

w h e n c e in a ft e r y e a r s e n su e d c r u e l a n d fa t a l e vils a ggr a
,
-
, ,

v a te d o r p r o du c e d by th e wick e d n e ss o f a w o m a n w h o t o o k

th e B or gia s a s h e r p a tt e r n a n d M a chi a v e ll i a s h e r p ro ph e t , .

F r an cis h o w e v e r h a d p r o m is e d to e x e r t h is b e st e ffo r ts in
, ,

h is r oy a l b ro th e r s c a us e a n d lik e his a m b a ss a d or G ra m m o n t
’

a t R o m e s o h e to o k e pt his w o r d a t M a r s e ill e s
, , ,
But to h is .

e xt r e m e su r p r is e o n F r id a y N o v e m b e r 7 a n E n glish e n v o y
, , , ,

B o n n e r p r e s e n t e d hi m s e lf t o g e th e r with G ar di n e r a n d Va n n e s
, , ,

b e fo r e his h o li n e ss a n d r e a d a l o ud th e App e a l o f th e Ki n g
,
‘

o f E n gl an d to a G e n e ra l C o u n cil Cl e m e n t pull e d d o wn h is .
’

h e a d to h is sh o uld e rs a ft e r th e It a li an fa shi o n a n d m a n i
,
’

fe ste d o th e r sign s o f e xc e ssiv e a n n oy a n c e F r a n cis to o w a s .

, ,

ch a gr i n e d b e y o n d m e a su re It s e e m e d a b re a ch o f th e a ccus .

to m e d d e fe re n ti a l c o u r t e sy b e t w e e n m o n ar chs th a t wh e n ,

Cl e m e n t w as on F re n ch s o il th e gu e st o f Fr a n cis h e sh o uld , ,

B vi. .
, 8 07 , 9 5 3 1 4 4 7 Ve n l v .
, 9 45 .
 TH E A C T O F R O YA L S UPR EM A C Y .
30 7

on a sudd e n b e t a k e n by su rp r ise a n d h a v e a n a pp e a l to a ,

high e r a uth o r ity a g a i n st his o w n s e n te n c e p re s e n te d to h i m ,

by an a lly o f th e m o n arch w h o w a s h o spit a bly e n t e r t a i n i n g ,

h im . C e r t a i n ly H e n ry s a pp e a l m ark e d pl a i n ly with ch a ra c
’

te r istic r o ugh n e ss his dislik e a n d suspici o n o f th e c o n fe r e n c e

, .

T h e st ra n g e st a n d l e a st d e fe n sibl e p a r t o f th e Ki n g o f En g
l a n d s a b r upt b e h a vi o u r is th e sm all c o n c e rn it e vid e n c e d fo r
’

givi n g umb ra ge to his a lly w h o w a s th e re by pl a c e d in a v e ry ,

a wk w a r d p o siti o n a n d w a s o blig e d to diss e m bl e a s w e ll a s h e

,

c o uld h is v e x a ti o n a s w e ll a s his ign o r a n c e o f his r o y a l

,

b ro th e r s i n te n ti o n But F ra n cis s m o o the d d o w n th e a sp e r iti e s

’
.

o f th e u n pl e a s a n t i n cid e n t with a l l th e a d r o it s e lf p o ss e ssi o n -

p o ssibl e H e whisp e re d to Cl e m e n t th a t his a l ly a n d b ro th e r

.

must b e a m a d m an a n d a t this p e ri o d H e n ry w a s pu r suin g ,

’

his p u r p o s e with a for c e th a t s e e me d to o r di n a ry j udg m e n t to

b o r d e r o n m a d n e ss At h o m e th ro ugh o ut th e wi n t e r o f 1 5 3 3
.
,

3 4 i n dispu t a ti o n s an d i n s e r m o n s th e usu r p e d p o w e r o f th e
, ,

Bish o p o f R o m e by r o y a l c o mm an d w a s m a d e th e ge n e r a l
,
’

th e m e o f d e cl a m a ti o n a n d discussi o n .

Fro m this p o i n t o f tim e th e ste a dfa stn e ss o f th e fra te rn a l

c o mp a ct b e ga n to r e l a x s o m e wh a t th e st ra i n o f its in t e n sity .

B u t th e b r o th e rly u n d e r st a n din g h a d b e e n m a i n t a i n e d i n full

fo r c e suffici e n tly l o n g fo r its p r i n cip a l e n d fro m H e n ry s p o i n t ,
’

o f vi e w a t l e a st to b e e f fe ctu a lly a n s w e r e d a n d th e e m a n cip a

, ,

ti o n o f E n gl a n d fro m R o m e s thr a ld o m to b e vir tu a lly a l re a dy ’

c o n sum m a t e d Cl e me n t h a d b e e n e v e r fo rb e a ringa n d mild ;

.

still v o u ch s a fin g H e n ry l e isu r e for r e fl e cti o n a nd p e n it e n c e .

H e n ry o n his side h a d b e e n c o n ti n u o usly a ctiv e in i n du ci n g

, ,

P a rli a me n t to p a ss e n a ctm e n t a fte r e n a ctm e n t a g a i n st th e

p a p a cy a t th e s a m e ti m e th a t e v e ry m e a su re h a d b e e n
,

studi o usly m a de c o n diti on a l T h e E n glish p e o pl e with o u t .

r e luct an c e put w e a p o n a fte r w e a p on in his h a n d to u s e a t h is ,

o w n disc re ti o n i n wh a t in its ulti m a t e issu e s w a s th e c a us e

, , ,

o f th e n a ti o n O u r subj e cts H e n r y w ro t e to W a ll o p his

‘ ’
.
.
, ,

a m b a ss a d o r with F r a n cis c o n sid e r in g th e i nj u r i e s w e h a v e‘

,

r e c e iv e d h a v e re qui re d u s n o l o n ge r to e n du r e th e a tt e mpts
,

o f th e p o p e but to fin d s o m e r e m e dy for th e m by a t o t a l
,

a b o l iti on o f his a uth o r ity ; a n d i n s o d o i n g to o bt a i n th e

a dvic e a n d a ssist a n c e o f th e p r i n c e s o f G e r m an y We h av e .
30 8 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R EF Oe I A TI O N .

in c o n s e qu e n c e t a k e n such o rd e r with o u r n o bl e s an d subj e cts

th a t w e sh all b e a bl e to giv e such a bu ffe t to th e p o p e a s h e
n e ve r h a d

At l e n gth th e m o m e n t fo r th e fi n a l s e v e ran c e c ame Th e .

b o lt susp e n d e d fo r m o n ths an d y e ar s in th e sky o v e r E n gl a n d

, ,
’

fe ll a t l a st Cl e m e n t a uth o r it a tive ly p ro n o u n c e d M o n d a y
.
, ,

M ar ch 2 3 1 5 3 4 th e u n i o n o f H e n ry with Ka t h a r i n e v a li d f
, ,
-

He n ry o n th e o th e r h a n d w a s quit e e v e n with th e p on ti ff
, , .

Pa rli a m e n t h a d b e e n so p a ck e d — th e a tte n d an c e o f bish o ps

a n d p e e r s fa v o u r a bl e to R o m e h a vi n g b e e n c o u n t e rm a n d e d

th a t th e l e gisl a tu r e a pp e are d to b e a bs o lut e ly a t o n e with th e

s o v e r e ign I n c o n clusi o n th e r e fo r e o f th e p r o t ra ct e d str uggl e
.
, , ,

th e m e m or a bl e A ct of S u cce ssi o n i w a s p a ss e d which g a v e ,

v a lidity to th e d iv o r c e a n d l e ga liz e d th e m ar ri a g e with A n n e, .

L e t th e p o p e by b r i e f o r Bull p r o cl a i m wh a t h e w o ul d H e n ry ,

a n d A n n e w e r e n o w m a n a n d wife by th e su r e k n o t o f a ct ‘

a n d st a tu t e At th e e n d o f M a r ch Par li a m e n t w a s p r o ro gu e d
.
’
.

Ev e rywh e r e fro m o n e e n d o f E n gl a n d to th e o th e r du ri n g th e ,

sp r i n g a n d su mm e r c o mmissi on e r s w e re b u sil y e n ga ge d in
,

r e c e ivi n g sig n a tu r e s to th e s e ttl e m e n t n o w a uth o r iz e d by

Pa rli am e n t § .

But e re this Qu e e n An n e h a d giv e n bi r th Su n d a y th e Eve ,

‘
,

o f o ur L a dy s N a tivity 7 th S e pt e mb e r 1 5 3 3 a b o ut 3
’

, , ,

to a d a ught e r w h o w a s b a ptiz e d th e W e d n e sd a y fo ll o wi n g in
, ,

th e F r i a r s w e ll k n o w n chu r ch by th e n a m e o f Elis a b e th or
’
-
, ,

Ys a b e l — s o w r o t e Ch a u y s— h e r g o o d g r a n d m o th e r s n a m e
’ ’
‘
p
.

C r an m e r h a d th e h o n o u r o f b e i n g go dfa th e r T h e p a ss a ge .

fr o m th e p a l a c e a t G re e n w ich to th e F r a n ci sca n chu r ch w a s

hu n g with a rra s a n d w a s str e w n w ith r ush e s fo r th e gay
, ,

b a ptis m a l c o m p a n y T h e futu re qu e e n — l o n g si n c e o f gl o ri o us
.

m e m o ry — w a s a dis a pp o i n tm e n t in re gar d to se x — to H e n ry ,

An n e th e physici an s a n d a h o st o f s e lf con fid e n t a str o l oge r s

, ,
-
.

But it w as h o p e d a n d p ra ye d th a t a j ubil a n t T e D e n m might

e t r e l o n g b e ch a n t e d f r th e bi r th o f a p r i n c e
y e o .

B . vi .
,
14 9 1 .
1
‘

B vii . .
,
2 62 - 2 64 .

I 25 H e nr y VIII c .
,
. 22 . See B . vu .
,
392 .

ck w l dg m t f th
F or a noy l p m cy by ligi h
e en s o e ro a su re a re ous o u se s
an d c p ti
or —i M y J
ora J ly A g t O c t b
ons nd N v mb a ,
un e , u ,
u us , o er an o e er
,
1 5 34 b mi tti g t H y V I I I d Q
su A n d o ci g th
e nr . an ue e n n n e , an r e noun n e

Bi h p f R m th i ty B vii 9 2 1 1 1 2 1 12 1 6 1 3 4 7 1 5 9 4
’ ’
s o o o e s au or se e .
, , , ,
. .
, ,
 E L I Z A B E TH E OR N .
30 9

Th e in fan t Elis a b e th w a s little m o re th an a y e ar o l d wh e n

th e c o mplic a t e d c on t ro v e r sy which h a d fill e d with n e g o ti a ti o n s
,

a n d i n t rigu e s s e v e n l o n g y e a r s w a s t e rm i n a t e d a n d c o m pl e t e d
,

by th e A ct of th e R o y a l S up r e m a cy p a ss e d in th e b e gin n i n g,

o f N o ve m b e r ,
By this Act a ll a uth o r ity in m a tt e rs
e ccl e si a stic a l w a s v e st e d s o l e ly in th e cr o wn T h e ki n g
'

th e n c e for wa rd w a s to b e t a k e n a cc e pt e d a n d r e put e d th e
‘
, ,

o n ly sup r e m e h e a d o n e a r th o f th e Chu r ch o f E n gl a n d with

’

a ll th e h o n o ur s j ur isdicti o n s a u th o r itie s i mm u n iti e s p ro fits

‘
, , , ,

a n d c o mm o diti e s to th e s a i d dign ity b e l o n gi n g A t th e

’
.
,

O p e n i n g o f 1 5 3 5 H e n ry fo r m a lly t o o k th e titl e o f o n e a r th
‘

sup re m e h e a d o f th e Chu r c h o f E n gl a n d an d sh o r tly a fte r

w a rds C r u m w e ll w as ra is e d to th e p o st o fth e ki n g s V ic e ge re n t ’

in a l l m a tt e r s e ccl e si a stic a l .

Thus a t l a st a ft e r a t e di o us a n d c h an g e ful c on flict E n gl an d

, ,

sto o d fo r th u n b o u n d th e fe tte r s o f h e r l o n g sub m issi on to a

,

fo re ign e x a ctin g yo ke a ll b r o ke n fr o m h e r fr e e limbs a n d c a s t ,

a h e a p o f shiv e r s a t h e r fe e t .

y c
2 6 H e nr V I I I , 1 Se e B
. .
,
13 79 vii .

l i
. . .

hy h
I t i s n o te w o r t y
t a t H e nr h ad a re a l dy t k
a e n u p , n h i s r e a t o n to
i
i p ii
th e mo n a ste r e s, th e os t o n re p vi
o us e ly fi ll d by
th e Po n t f f i
C h a p uy s .

i d
n fo r me p J
th e E m e r o r ( u , ly ‘
th e a By dvic
e o f th e C a te r h p
l i ci h
G e n e r a o f th e C ste r a n s, t e r e h a s a te o me l ly c hith
e r th e A b o t o f b
h li h illy vi i
C a a (C a ) to s t th e h
o u se s o f t s O r e r, of w hi d hich h
t e re i s r e a t g
ne ed dd d
’
B u t, h e a e ,
‘
th e K n w o u i g ld
n o t a o w h i m , sa ll
n yi g h
t at h e w as
—
.

i g p
K n a n d E m e r o r , a n d , i f I re me m e r r t , Po e b igh ly p
’
B v , 36 1 . . . .
 BOOK V .

M A R T YR T ES T I M O N Y .

I .
—O NE CON DI T IO N T O S UC C E S S WAN T IN G .

su n o f G o d s t r uth w a s ris e n u p on E n gl a n d T h e N e w
’
THE .

T e st a me n t w a s b e fo re th e e y e s o f th e p e o pl e in i n te lligibl e ,

h o m e ly E n glish ; _its tr uths w e re quick e n i n g m an y h e a r ts .

This w a s th e fi rst a n d m o st m o me n t o us o f a l l c o n diti on s fo r a

s o u n d re fo rma ti o n o f re ligi o n B e sid e s this th e lin ks whic h .
,

for c e n tu r i e s h a d b o u n d th e A n glic an Chu r ch to th e p a p a cy

with m o r e o r l e ss t e n a city w e r e a l l n o w fi n a ll y s e v e re d a s h as ,

b e e n sh o wn But th e r e w as y e t a n o th e r c o n diti o n imp e r a

.

tiv e l y n e e d e d fo r th e succ e ss o f th e r e formi n g m o v e m e n t ,

which h a d hith e r t o fo r th e m o st p a r t b e e n l a cki n g This w a s .

th e c o u r a g e o us spi r it o f s e lf sa cr ifice N o syst e m o f r e ligi o n

-
.

can e v e r g a i n wid e a cc e pt an c e which is n o t r e c o m m e n d e d by

th a t c o ge n t a r gum e n t o f th o r o ugh wh o l e h e a r t e d n e ss which -

is suppli e d by th e r e a din e ss o f its a dv o c a t e s to re li n quish e v e n

life its e lf a t th e cl a i m s o fwh a t th e y b e li e ve to b e th e tr uth
, .

T h e a bs e n c e o f this m a r ty r spi r it h a d b e e n m a tte r o f t a u n t

-

fro m O pp on e n ts Th e re is n o t o n e o f th e m upb ra id e d S ir
.
‘
,
’

’
Th om a s M or e w h o d a re a bid e by his fa ith u n t o th e d e a th
,
‘
.

I n a n sw e r to this r e pr o a ch T y n d a l e c o uld on ly n a m e o n e ,

m a r ty r Th o m a s B itt o n wh o m h e d e sc r ib e d a s di e t e d a n d
,
‘

,
’ ‘

t o r m e n te d s e c re tly a n d m u rd e re d a t M a idst o n e by th e Bish o ps

,

o f C a n t e r bu ry an d R o ch e st e r W arh a m a n d
(
Ye t a ft e r a l l th e fa lt e r i n g in t e stim o n y o f th e e arly
, ,
“

G o sp e ll e r s h o w e v e r u n w o r thy o f th e c a us e may a dmi t o f

, ,

T y n d ale ’
s W o rk s P S
. .
,
ii p
.
,
. 340 .
 T YN D A L E S F l / R T H E R PR O G R E S S
’
.
31!

s o me e xt e n u a ti o n F or s o m e tim e th e n e w p r o m ulga t o r s o f a
.

m ore Sc riptu ra l c re e d w e re n a tu ra lly e n o ugh far fr o m b e i n g

cl e a r a n d w e ll g ro u n d e d in th e i r r e a s o n a bl e c o n victi o n s Th e y
-
.

m ay b e c o mp a r e d to p ris o n e r s r e scu e d on a sudd e n fr o m a

d a r k du n g e o n a n d pl a c e d in th e upp e r r e gi o n o f b right su n
,

shi n e M a z e d a n d b e w ild e re d it w a s o n ly a fte r a ti me a n d

.
, ,

by sl o w d e gr e e s th a t th e i r e y e s c o uld g ro w a ccusto me d to th e
,

u n e xp e ct e d d a ylight .

T o th e ge n e r a l l a ck o f h e r o ic c o n st a n cy th er e w a s a lw a y s ,

h o w e v e r on e c o n spicu o us e xc e pti on — th e tra n sl a t or o f th e

,

N e w T e st a m e n t It may b e w e ll to u se this o pp o r tu n ity o f

.

e lucid a ti n g T n d a l e s o pi n i o n s o n p r e ssi n g qu e sti o n s o f th e

’

y
ti me an d o f tra cin g his re fo rmi n g p r o gre ss s o m e w h a t far th e r
,
.

Humbl e but i n d e p e n d e n t o f p re v a le n t n o ti o n s h e w a s n o t th e
, ,

ma n to a bj u r e o r i n a n y w a y to b e li e his d e e p ro o t e d re ligi o u s
, ,
-

p r in cipl e s H e w a s an e xile ; y e t his public a ti o n s th ro ugh

.
,

th e i r wid e sp re a d i n flu e n c e a mo n g his c o u n t ry m e n w e re fo r
-
,

th e m o st p a r t a s s o m a n y succ e ssiv e st e ps o n w a r ds i n th e
Sc r iptu r a l p r o gre ss o f his n a ti o n .

T y n d a l e s i n d e p e n d e n c e o f th o ught is w e ll illust r a t e d by his

’

p e culi ar vi e ws o n th e gr e a t div o r c e qu e sti on a lth o ugh he r e a ,

str a n ge w e a kn e ss o f j udg me n t is a t on c e e xp o s e d to c e n su r e .

Un li k e L a tim e r a n d th e i mm e n s e m aj o r ity o f th e E n glish

,

Pr o t e sta n ts h e did n o t l e g a r d H e n ry s w e dl o ck with K a th a r in e

,
’

a s c o n t ra r y to Sc r iptu re As littl e did h e a d o pt Luth e r s .

’

s e n sibl e a n d ch a ra cte r is tic v e r dict th a t s e p ara ti o n a fte r so ,

‘

m a n y ye a rs o f c o h a bit a ti o n w o uld b e a n e n o r mity gr e a t e r

th a n a n y m a rr i a ge c o uld h a v e b e e n H e str uck o u t quite a .
’

n o v e l p a th o f his o w n an d m a i n t a i n e d i n his Pr a ctic e o f ‘

,

Pr e l a te s f — publish e d t o w a r ds th e e n d o f l 5 30 — th a t m a rr i a ge
’

with c e r t a i n n e a r O f k in is o bj e cti o n a bl e n O t by v i r tu e o f th e ,
‘

l a w n a tu r a l g ra v e n i n th e h e a r t but b e c a us e by such m a r r i a g e s
’

th e duty o f th o s e in r e l a tiv e p o siti o n s simil a r to th a t o f p a r e n t ,

a n d child t o w a rds o n e a n o th e r b e c o m e s c o m p ro m is e d N ot , .

th e l a w o f n a tu re bu t th e fifth c o m m a n d me n t i n his j u d g m e n t
, , ,

i n te rp o s e d th e hi n d ra n c e T h e s e n di n g o u t o f d a u ghte r s
.
‘

i n t o a n o the r k in is th e gre a te st c a us e h e d e cl a r e d o f p e a c e ,
’ “

,
‘

In t hi s tre a t i se o cc u rs th e clb
e e ra te d ll g ya e or Of th e ‘
I v y T r e e to ,
’

ill u s tra te th e i
r se o f th e p p cy — T y
a a . nd a e s1 W k
’
or s, PS . .
,
ii p
.
,
2 7 0, e tc
. . .
 TH E D A WN OF TH E EN GL I S H R E F O R /l I A TI O N .

an d u n ity th a t is in th e w o r ld H e w e n t s o fa r a s to a ss e r t
’
.

th a t if th e Ki n g o f E n gl a n d h a d a so n by o n e wife h e i r to
,
‘

En gl a n d a n d a d a ught e r by a n o th e r h e i r to Wa l e s th e n
, , ,

b e c a us e o f th e gr e a t w a r th a t w a s e v e r w o n t to b e b e tw e e n
th o s e tw o c o u n tr i e s— I w o uld n o t fe a r to m a rry th e m
Thus Ty n d a l e o n o n e h a n d fl a tly c o n d e m n e d th e d ivo rce so th a t
, , ,

i t is n o t su r p r isi n g th a t wh e n H e n ry r e qu e st e d th a t th e e xil e d,

t ra n sl a t o r sh o uld b e d e liv e re d i n t o his h a n ds th e e mp e ro r ,

u n h e sit a ti n gly r e fus e d to co m l rl A n d o n th e o th e r h a n d

‘

py , ,

Tyn d a l e e vid e n tly w o uld h a v e b e e n willin g for such a n o bj e ct ,

as th e s a fe e st a blish m e n t O f th e succ e ssi o n e ve n to s a n cti o n th e ,

m a t r i m o n i a l u n i o n o f H a r ry Fitz r o y with th e P r i n c e ss M ary .

At th e s a me time Ty n d a l e w a s r e a dy to a cc o r d th e kin g
,

th e r ight o f p r iv a te j u d g me n t in th e i n t e r p r e t a ti o n o f Sc riptu r e
to a m o st d a n g e r o us e x te n t If th e l a w o f G o d su ffe r it ‘
.
,

th e n h e sugg e st e d l e t his g ra c e pu t fo r th a littl e tr e a tis e in

,
’

,
‘

p ri n t a n d e v e n i n th e E n glish t on gu e th a t a ll m e n may se e
, ,

it fo r his e xcus e a n d th e d e fe n c e o f his d e e d a n d s ay L o

, , ,
“
,

by th e a uth o r ity ofG o d s Wo rd d o I this a n d th e n l e t n o t ’

his g ra c e b e a fr a id e ith e r o f th e e m p e ro r o r o f his l o r ds o r o f , ,

his c o m mon s a n d subj e cts ; fo r G o d h a th p ro mis e d to k e e p

the m th a t k e e p His l a ws T h e v a l ue o f th e i n n a te in stin cts .
’

o f hum a n n a tu r e a n d th e u n iv e r s a l h a n dw r iti n g by G o d s
’

fi n g e r o n th e h e a r t o f m a n Tyn d al e u n d e rra t e d It w a s , .

p ar tly a re a cti on fro m th e l o n g a n d v e ry p r e judici a l n e gl e ct

o f th e i n spi r e d Sc r iptu r e s th a t h e thu s r a is e d th e i r a uth o r i ty ,

to a s o lit a ry p r e e m i n e n c e which a l mo st o blit e ra te d e v e ry

-
,

o th e r m o r a l l a n d m ark But whil e c e n su r i n g his fa ulty .

j udgm e n t it is i mp o ssibl e to fa il to a d m i re his c o n sist e n cy

,

with his o w n p r in cipl e s a n d his u n sw e r vi n g c o n fid e n c e in th e ,

Divin e p ro m is e s G o d s W o r d h e d e cl a r e d is th e chie fe st
.
’

,
’

,
‘

o f th e a p o stl e s a n d p o p e a n d Ch r ist s vic a r a n d h e a d o f th e

’

, , ,

Chu rch a n d h e a d o f th e ge n e ra l c o u n cil

,
.
’

T h e Pr a ct i c e o f P re l a t e s pu r su e d th e subj e ct o f which it
‘ ’

t r e a t e d c o n ti n u o usly d o w n a s h e s a id to th e p r a ctic e o f o u r , ,

T y n d al e s W o r ’
k s, PS ii pp 3 2 3 33 3
.
,
.
, .
-
.

q ly h v wh b k by P t g i t th ki g w
.

l S u b se u e n t , owe
‘

s ne
‘

e r, en a oo e o a a ns e n

i g w
m a rr a e as se n t t o Ty d l t A tw
n p f c cti th t l t
a e a n er or o rr e o n, e ra n s a o r

d cli d t
e ne o me ddl e an y m i h i p i
orec m tt —B vi 1 32 4
n s r n e s
’
a er .
’
. .
,
.
 T YN D A L E S M I S C ON CE P T I ON O F E VE N T S
’
.
31 3

tim e ,
’
E n gl a n d its e lf But a n e xil e fr o m h is c o u n t ry
an d in .
,

in a n age wh e n l o c o m o ti o n w a s sl o w a n d i n t e rn a ti o n a l i n t e r ,

c o u rs e ge n e r a lly i m p e d e d wh e n a s y e t th e myste r i e s o f st e a m,

a n d e l e ct r icity w e re u n d r e a m e d o f b e fo r e th e bi r th e v e n o f , , ,

th e e a r li e st n e ws pa p e r his i n fo r m a ti o n w a s v e ry i n a d e qu a t e ;
,

and ,
in d e ar th o f a ccu ra t e i n t e llig e n c e th e t r an sl a t o r d re w ,

u p o n th e r e s o u r c e s o f his o w n suspici o n s T h e m o d e rn r e a d e r .

is a mus e d to fin d th a t Ty n d a l e r e g ar d e d th e d o w n fa ll o f
W o ls e y a s a lt o ge th e r a fe ign e d p ro c e du re a fe i n t a n ‘
,
’ ‘
,
’

e x e r cisi n g o f th e c a r di n a l s a n g e l wit a c a st o f his o l d ’ ‘

,
’ ‘

p ra ctic e , a tidi n g o v e r o f wha t h e h a d l e a rn e d o f his

’ ‘

n e c ro m a n cy w o uld b e a j e o p ar d o us y e a r a putti n g d o w n
’ ‘ ’ ‘

E ra s m
, ,

O f hi m s e lf u n d e r a c o l o u r us qu o t e d Wo l s e y s w o r ds .
’ ’

to th e e f fe ct th a t M o re w as th e o n ly p e rs on fi tt e d to succ e e d ‘

h i m a lth o ugh h e ( Wo ls e y) w a s n o t p a r ti a l to M o re
, But .
’

Ty n d a l e i ma gi n e d th a t W o ls e y a n d M o re w e r e in s e c re t a t
o n e ; a n d th a t it w a s by th e c a r di n a l s o w n c o n t r iv a n c e th a t
’

th e chi e fe st o f a ll his s e c re t a r i e s ( M o re ) h a d b e e n se t up i n
‘

his r o o m — on e n o thin g i n fe r i o r to his m a ste r in lyi n g fe ign

,
’
,

i n g a n d b e a r i n g tw o fa c e s i n o n e h o o d a wh e lp th a t g o e th
, ,

n o t o u t o f ki n d fr o m his si r e th e chi e fe st ta s tl e lu * wh e re
( r e ) ,

with th e c ar din a l c a ught th e ki n g s gra c e ’

.
’

Ty n d a l e h a d h e a r d o f th e A r ticl e s a ga ms t t h is c a itiff ‘ ’ ‘

C a i a ph a s a s a cc o rdin g to th e cu st o m o f th e b re th re n h e
,
’

,
‘
,
’

t e rm s W o ls e y a n d o f th e i m p e a ch m e n t ; a n d c o n c e iv e d th e
,

wh ol e busi n e ss to b e m e r e ly a wily p re te n c e T o bli n d th e .

w o rld witha l m an y q ua rre ls w e r e pick e d ; th e c ar di n a l might

n o t sp e a k with th e ki n g s g ra c e ; th e b ro a d s e a l w a s fe tch e d
’

a w a y ; high t r e a s on w a s l a id to his ch a r g e ; fi r st th a t h e h a d ,

b re a th e d (h e ar d I s ay) i n th e ki n g s fa c e w h e n h e h a d ’

th e O hypo c r ite s ! but th e v e ry tre a s o n th a t h e h a d

w ro ught w a s n o t sp o k e n o f a t a ll n o r o ught w o r thy o f a ,

t it
r a o r d e to h im a t a l l ! T h e Re fo r m e r s w r iti n gs a s
on
" ’

might b e e xp e ct e d fro m his l e n gth e n e d e xil e discl o s e l e ss ,

a cqu a i n t an c e with E n glish th a n with G e r m an a n d i m p e r i a l

af fa i r s S h ar i n g th e bitt e r an tip a thy to th e c ar di n a l c o mm o n

.

T a sse l or i c l (b c
t er eti c thi d p t l
e th
au se a th f m l er e , or r ar ,
e ss an e e a e )
w a s th e
’
ma l f th g h w k G c
e o e th ld h w k — P t
os a . ro e rs en so a s .
‘
as o n
L e tte r s .

T y nd ale s
’
W k P S ii p 33 5 S
or s, l B . 1 09 4 ( 2 )
.
, .
,
. . ee a so . v .
,
3 14 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N G L I S H R EF O R JI A T I O N .

th e b r e th re n ,
littl e r e a liz e d wh a t is n e ve r the l e ss
he
’
to

st r ictly t r u e th a t th e a mbiti o us i mp e ri o us Wo ls e y w a s e v e n
, ,

l e n i e n t a s a p e r s e cut o r in c o mp a ris o n wit h th e c o n scie n ti o us ,

Pl a to n ic M o re .

Ty n d a l e m ust h a v e quitte d M a rbu rg a fte r th e public a ti o n

th e re i n D e c e mb e r 1 5 30 o f th e Pra ctic e o f Pr e l a t e s , , .
’

L am b e r t h a d fa ll e n a victim to th e sw e a ti n g sick n e ss ; th e
t o n e o f m o ra ls w a s l o w a n d c on ti n u e d to b e s e n sibly on th e ,

d e cli n e ; a n d th e n c e fo r w a r d A n tw e r p w as fo r th e m o st p ar t
th e t ra n sl a t o r s pl a c e o f r e sid e n c e His m o ve m e n ts in th e
’
.

p re vi o us y e ar a re i n v o lv e d in s o me p e r pl e xity I n August .

it s e e ms th a t h e w a s in A n tw e r p ; for th e re it w a s th a t th e
fa m o u s b a rg a i n fo r th e pu r ch a s e o f N e w T e st a m e n ts w a s
a r ra n ge d by a c o n fid e n ti a l a ge n t f o r Tu n st a l w h o in co n , ,

j u n cti o n with M o r e h a d j us t c o n clude d th e T r e a ty o f ,

C a mb r a y .

Of this b a r g a in F o x e w r it e s : T h e bish o p thi n kin g h e ‘

h a d G o d by th e to e wh e n i n d e e d h e h a d a s a fte r h e th o ught
, , ,

th e d e vil by th e fist s a id to P a cki n gt o n his c o m m e r ci a l a g e n t

, , ,

G e n tle M r P a cki n gt o n d o y o u r dilige n c e a n d ge t th e m ( th e

.
, ,

T e st a m e n ts) a n d w ith a l l my h e a r t I wil l pay fo r th e m wh a t

,

s o e v e r th e y c o st y o u for th e b o o ks a re e rro n e o us a n d n o ught ,

a nd I i n te n d su re ly to d e stro y th e m a l l a n d bu rn th e m ,

a t P a ul s C r o ss
’
Au gu sti n e P a ckin gt o n c a m e to Willia m
.
”

Ty n d a l e a n d s a id Willi a m I kn o w th o u a r t a p o o r m a n
,
“

, ,

a n d h a st a h e a p o fN e w T e st a me n ts an d b o o ks by th e e f o r th e ,

which th o u h a st b o th e n d a n g e re d thy fr ie n ds an d b e gga re d

thys e lf ; a n d I h a v e n o w g o tte n th e e a m e r ch an t which w ith ,

r e a dy m o n e y sh a ll d e sp a tch th e e o f a ll th a t th o u h a st if
, ,

y o u thi n k it s o p r o fit a bl e fo r y o u r s e lf Wh o is th e m e r .
”

” ”
ch a n t ? s a id Ty n d a l e T h e Bish o p o f L o n d o n s a id Pa ck
.
“
,

in gto n .Oh tha t is b e c a us e h e will bu rn th e m s a id Tyn d a l e

, ,
”
.

Ye a m arry qu o th Pa cki n gt o n
, ,
I a m th e gl a dd e r s a id .
,
”

Ty n d a l e fo r th e s e tw o b e n e fits sh all c o m e th e re o f : I sh a ll
,
“

g e t m o n e y to b r i n g m ys e lf o u t o f d e bt a n d th e wh o l e w o r ld ,

will cry o u t a ga i n s t th e bu rn i n g o f G o d s W o r d ; a n d th e ’

o v e r plus o f th e m on e y th a t sh a ll r e m a i n to m e
"
sh all m a k e
‘
lv
E e en c o a r se ly -cu t ill i
u stra t o n sf tho T b cl e a e rn a e i ts fu r n i
an d

tu r e h ad a pp e a re di n th e D u tch Bibl p i t d by V t
e r n e ors e r ma n n a t A n t
 T H E PE N T A T E UCH PR I N TE D .
31 5

me m o re studi o u s to c o rre ct th e s a id N e w T e sta m e n t a n d ,

s o n e wly to i m p r i n t th e s a m e o n c e a g a i n a n d I t r ust th e ,

s e c o n d will m uch b e tt e r lik e y o u th a n e ve r did th e fi r st .

A n d so for w a r d w e n t th e b a r ga i n th e bish o p h a d th e b o o ks
Pa ckin gto n h a d th e th a n ks a n d Ty n d a l e h a d th e m o n e y ,
.

D e ma u s supp s
o e s * th a t th e v o lu me s s o ld to Tu n sta l co n
siste d chie fly o f c0 pie s o f th e v a r i o us su r re ptiti o us e diti o n s
‘

w hich h a d a l r e a dy a pp e a r e d a t A n tw e r p Th e s e G e o rg e ’
.

J oy e d e sc r ib e d a s so disfigu re d by th e blu n d e r s o f ig n o ra n t
D utch p r i n t e r s th a t th e si m pl e r e a d e r m ig h t O ftti m e s b e
t a rr ie d a n d stick But is it a t a l l like ly th a t th e s e su r
‘

.
’ ‘

o uld h a v e b e e n a m on gst T y n d a l e s
’
re titi o u s c o pi e s sh h e ap
’ ‘

p
of N e w T e st a m e n ts ?
’

I n S e pt e m b e r th e t r a n sl a t o r h a d p ro b a bly r e tu rn e d to
M a r b u rg whe re a m o n th l a t e r h e ma y h a v e r e j o ic e d in th e
,

o pp o r tu n ity o f c o mm u n ic a ti n g to Luthe r th e p r o gre ss i n

t ran sl a ti o n which h e h a d m a d e a n d w a s m a k i n g F ry th .

m ust h a v e r e m a i n e d a t M a r b u r g ; a t l e a st h e issu e d th e n c e , ,

fro m H an s Luft s p r in ti n g p re ss (July 1 2 ’

his R e v e -
,
‘

l a ti on o f A n tich r ist a t r a n sl a ti o n fro m Luth e r Ty n d a l e

,
’
.
,

h a vin g publishe d his Pra ctic e o f P r e l a t e s c o n c e n tra t e d his ‘

,
’

a tt e n ti o n o n th e P e n t a t e uch a n d th e n sup e r i n t e n d e d th e p r i n t ,

in g o fth e s e v e ra l b o o ks I t is n o t e w o r thy th a t h a vi n g his MS .

,
.

t ran sl a ti on o p e n b e fore h im h e qu o te d fr o m his v e r si o n s o f ,

’
Ex o dus a n d D e ut e r on o my in his P ra ctic e o f P re l a t e s a s ‘

th o ugh th e y w e re a l r e a dy in p r in t .

G e n e sis w as c o m pl e te d fro m th e p r e ss o f H a n s Luft

J a n u ary 1 7 1 5 3 0 a s a pp e a rs by its c o l o ph o n Th a t 1 5 30
, ,
.

w e rp pp d g i
i n 1 5 2 8, a n d a v y li d bl t th m y e a re a a n, e er ne an o e sa e , sa s

v i f Ex d
D e m a n s , i n T y n d a l e ’s F y l t th D tch e rs o n O o us . o ur e ars a er e u

Bibl e by V t m
w a s r e p i i n te d b t th l d ill t ti w o rs e r an n
,
u e o us r a ons e re

su p d d by w
e r se Th e l d ill t ti h d p b b ly b
ne one s p . e O us ra ons a ro a ee n ur

ch d by T y d l w ith m f th v pl f th m y d t k
a se n a e so e o e o er us o e one ,
’
an a en

t M
o b g ar ur .

F x otiv f Ty d l
’
e s n a rr a hip w ck p th c t f H ll d
e o n
’
a e s s re u on e oas o o an ln
,
v y gi g t H mb g d l
o a n f hi
o b k w i ti g
a ur d c m ,
an o ss o s
‘
oo s, r n s, an o e s,
’

wh by h w
e re c m p ll d t b gi th P t t ch g i — i w h i ch w k
e as o e e o e n e en a eu a a n n
.

or
h d cc di g t F x th h lp f C v d l — b id i cc ci
e u se ,
a or n o o e, e e o o er a e es es na ura es
o f d t i pp t d by th d c m t y t i t m t t b h tily
a e ,
s u n su or e o er o u en s e us no e as
re j ct d F x
e d C v d l w
e . c t mp y cl gy m i L d
o e an o er a e e re on e o ra r er en n on on
f ly t y
or n e ar i E liz b th ig en d f m C v d l
e a rs d bt n a e
’
s re n an ro o er a e , no ou
th i f m ti
e n cm or a on a e .

D m Ty d l p 225 ’ ‘ ’
e an s n a e .
, .
 3 16 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A T I O IV .

w a s th e public a ti on — a n d n o t 1 5 3 1 a s We stc o tt w a s
y e ar of
,

i n cli n e d to thi n k — s e e ms to b e re n d e re d c e rta i n by th e

a u th or it a tiv e d e n u n ci a tio n M a y 1 5 3 0 o f th e Old T e st a , , ,

m t e n tra n s l a tio n fi"

T h e re ma i n i n g b o o ks fo ll o w e d a t sh o r t
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which Tyn d a l e is k n o w n to h a v e publish e d— e xc e pt th e b ri e f
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I L a ti me r s S e r m o n s, P S ,
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 TH E T E XT OF fO N A H F O UN D A T L A S T: 317

Ty n d a le still t o il e d o n a t his Old T e st a m e n t t ra n sl a ti o n ,

k e e pi n g fa ithfully to th e H e b re w a n d c o m p a ra ti v e ly dis ,

r e g a r di n g th e V ulg a te At th e d a t e o f his m a r tyr d o m

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a s th e e n d o f th e S e c on d B o o k o f Ch ro n icl e s .

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,

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th e h e re tic a l b o o ks d e n o u n c e d a t P a ul s C ro ss Adv e n t
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th e n A r chd e a c o n o f S u dbu r y disc o v e re d a t Ickw o r th R e ct o ry , ,

b o u n d u p with a n o l d v o lum e which h a d b e e n in th e fa mily

p o ss e ssi o n fo r m ore th a n tw o c e n tu r i e s a c o py o f th e te xt o f ,

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r e p r o duc e d in 1 8 6 3 i n fa csi m il e by F ra n cis F r

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Tu n st a l a n d M o r e fo r pu tti n g a cl o g o n th e cir cul a ti on o f th e
Scr iptu re s a n d Sc r iptu ra l d o ct ri n e A p ro hibiti o n w a s in .

se r te d a g a i n st p r i n ti n g o r s e lli n g Luth e ra n b o o ks wh e th e r in ,

E ngl a n d o r th e L o w C o u n t ri e s .

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l e ss th a n a y e a r T h e go v e rn m e n t o f th e L o w C o u n tr i e s w a s
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n e xt e n t r uste d to th e D o w a g e r Qu e e n o f Hu n g a ry a sist e r o f ,

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c o mput e d c ro w n s a y e ar b e sid e s j e w e ls a n d r e a d y
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o f p e a c e ful r e l a ti o n s with F ra n c e a n d E n gl a n d T h e L a di e s ‘ '
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b e r e gar d e d a s fa v o u r a bl e to th e p ro g re ss o f th e R e form a ti on .

T h e public a ti o n by Ty n d a l e o f his v e r si o n o f th e P e n t a
te uch d re w o u t i n t o h o stility stro n gly p ro n o u n c e d th e full , ,

fo rc e o f R o m ish i n t o l e ra n c e A gre a t m e e tin g by roy a l .

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th e m o st l e a rn e d m e n fro m th e u n iv e r siti e s tw e lve fro m ‘

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tw e lv e d a ys th e bu rn i n g qu e sti o n o f r e ligi o us public a ti on s .

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this e ffe ct w as to b e publishe d by p r e a ch e r s i n th e i r s e rmon s .

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e n s u i n g p r o cl a m a ti on (Ju n e 2 2 1 5 3 0) th e ki n g whilst m a i n , ,

t a i n i n g th a t his p a te rn a l c a re d id n o t bi n d h im to giv e th e
Sc r iptu re s to his p e o pl e s in th e ir o w n l a n gu a ge s y e t a dd e d ,

th a t h e w o uld h a v e th e N e w T e sta m e n t fa ithfully a n d ‘

pu r e ly t ra n sl a t e d ; a n d i f th e p e o pl e a re m e e k a n d su b mis
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siv e a n d h e b e li e v e s it will c o n duc e to th e ir g o o d h e will giv e

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p r o cl a m a tio n issu e d th e p r e c e di n g D e c e m b e r — a ga i n st buyi n g
o r r e c e ivi n g h e r e tic a l b o o ks wh e th e r i n E n glish F re n ch o r
, ,

Du tch Th o s e in p o ss e ssi o n o f such b o o k s w e r e to su rre n d e r

.

th e m withi n a fix e d tim e to th e bish o p o r cu ra t e o r p a r ish

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p r i e st ; a n d such a s w e re u n willin g to d o this w e re to b e

ma d e by th e i r pu n ishm e n t a t e rribl e e x a mpl e to o th e r s .

An o th e r b o n fire o f v e rsi o n s o f Sc r iptu re a n d r e ligi o us tra cts

bl a z e d a t Pa ul s C ro ss ’
.

Ve n .
,
N 6 43 .
T B . iv .
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 I I — H UG H
. L A T I M ER .

T HES E d e n u n ci a ti o n s o f th e ki n g a n d hi e ra r chy w e re
a n s w e r e d by a fre sh i m p o r t a ti o n o f p r o sc r ib e d b o o ks An d .

n o w fr o m th e h e ar t o f E n gl a n d its e lf a ro s e th e livi n g v o ic e

o f p ro t e st i n supp o r t o f T n d a l e s Hugh L a ti m e r h a d
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en
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a l r e a dy e arn e d th e r e put a ti o n o f a gre a t p re a ch e r H is .

pulpit w a rfa re with F e ll o w s o f St J o h n s C a m b r idge B a yn .

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s e r v e d to sw e ll th e v o lu me o f a ccus a ti o n s r ife a ga in st h im .

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a bl e u n d e r th e b e li e f th a t th e a n gr y i m put a ti o n s o f h e r e sy
,

by his O pp o n e n ts w e re v e ry much d u e to his vigo ro us a d v o

c a cy o f th e ki n g s side i n th e div o r c e qu e sti o n H e h a d b e e n
’
.

o n e o f th e C a mb r idge d e l e ga t e s a t th e d e li b e r a ti o n s o f th e
M a y m e e ti n g His c o n tro v e r sy with Buck e n h a m p r i o r o fth e
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,

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,

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p e r s on a liti e s w e re n o t e xcl u de d fro m th e pulpit a s in a d mis

sibl e e v e n by th e m o st disti n guish e d p re a ch e r s Buck e n h a m .

o bj e ct e d a g a i n st th e r e a di n g o f th e Sc r iptu re s i n th e vulg a r
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t o n gu e th a t th e p e o pl e m ight pu t a to o lit e r a l c o n st r u cti o n

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his pl o ughin g a n d w h e r e th e n th e s o wi n g a n d th e h a r ve st
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h e a lth b e e n d an ge re d T h e i n c on ti n e n t might e v e n pluc k

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o u t his e y e s a n d th e re a l m b e c o m e full o f bli n d m e n

,
Such .

st ra n ge re a s on i n g L a ti m e r e xp o s e d w ith hu m o ro us d ro ll e ry .

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320 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R AI A TI O N .

fa il e d to a pp re h e n d m e t a ph o r T h e c o n trary w a s th e c a se . .

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o f a fr i ar s c o w l th e y a t o n c e c a ught th e i n t e n d e d m e a n i n g
’

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wh a t hyp o c r isy c r a ft a n d dissi m ul a ti o n l ie hid m an y tim e s
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i n th e s e fr i ar s c o wls willi n g u s th e re by to b e w a re o f the m

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gl a d to sli n k a w a y L a ti m e r w a s i n tro duc e d a t c o u r t b y D r . .

Butts H e n ry s s e c o n d physici a n a c o n siste n t fr i e n d to th e

,
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R e fo rm a ti o n H e p r e a ch e d b e fo re th e ki n g du ri n g th e L e n t
.

o f 1 5 30 a n d a t o th e r ti m e s with mu ch a cc e pt a n c e th e ki n g ,

him se lf e sp e ci a lly b e in g l o ud in his p ra ise fl ‘

This disti n guish e d p r e a ch e r n o w c a m e fo r w a r d a t this

j u n ctu re with sin gul ar i n tre pidity a n d a dd re ss e d to his ,

s o v e r e ign a l e tte r o f o utsp o k e n b o ld n e ss in a dv o c a cy o f ,

p e r m ittin g th e p e o pl e to r e a d th e W o r d of G o d i n th e i r n a tiv e
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l o n g for i n se r ti on ; its cl o s e h as th e fo ll o wi n g w o rds : As ‘

c on c e r n in g y o u r l a st p ro cl a m a ti o n p ro hibiti n g such b o o ks , ,

th e v e ry t r u e c a us e o f it an d chi e f c o u n s e ll o r s w e re th e y , ,

wh o s e e vil livi n g a n d cl o a k e d hyp o c risy th e s e b o oks u tte re d

a n d discl o s e d A n d h o wb e it th a t th e r e w e r e t h r e e o r fo u r
.
,

th a t w o uld h a v e h a d th e Sc r iptu re to go fo r th in E n glish y e t ,

it h a pp e n e d th e n a s it is e ve rm ore s e e n th a t th e m o st p a r t
, ,

o v e r c o m e th th e b e tt e r A n d t a k e h e e d wh o s e c o u n s e ls .

y o u r g ra c e d o th t a k e in this m a tte r th a t y o u m ay d o th a t ,

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sight with o u t th e W o r d o f G o d ; th a t y o u r g ra c e m ay b e
,

fo u n d a cc e pt a bl e i n His sight a n d on e o f th e m e m b e r s o f H is ,

Chu r ch a n d a cc o rdin g to th e o flfice th a t H e h a th c a ll e d y o u r

,

g ra c e u n t o y o u m ay b e fo u n d a fa ith ful m in ist e r o f His gifts ;

,

a n d n o t a d e fe n d e r o f His fa ith : f o r H e will n o t h a v e it

d e fe n d e d by m a n o r m a n s p o w e r but by His W o r d o n ly by
’

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 L A TI M E R VI CA R OF WE S T KI N G T O I V .
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th e which H e h a th e v e r mor e d e fe n d e d it an d th a t by a w a y ,

fa r a b o v e m a n s p o w e r o r r e a s o n a s a l l th e st o r i e s o f th e Bibl e
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m a k e m e n ti o n Wh e re fo r e gr a ci o us k i n g r e m e m b e r y o u r s e lf ;
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sa y our u i e tu s e s t s e a l e d with th e bl o o d o f o u r S a vi o u r
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, ,

H im w h o suffe re d d e a th fo r o u r si n s whic h a ls o p r a y e th to ,

His F a th er fo r g ra c e fo r us c on tin u a lly to wh o m b e a ll h o n o u r ,

a n d p ra is e f or e ve r Am e n T h e Spi r it o fG o d p re s e r v e y o u r
. .

gra c e ! A n n o D o mi n i 1 5 30 1 D ie D e ce mb ris , ,
.
’

R e a l r e sp e ct fo r a g o o d m an w a s o n e o f th e b e tt e r t ra i ts o f
H e n ry s n a tu r e H e w a s n o t o ffe n d e d by this fa ithful a pp e a l
’
.
,

which Fro ud e h a s d e sc r ib e d a s o f a l m o st u n e x a m ple d ‘

g ra n de u r I n ste a d o f t aki n g umb ra ge h e sh o r tly a fte r w a r ds

.
’

a pp o i n te d L a ti m e r a r o y a l ch a pl a i n ; a n d i n a smuch a s th e

g re a t p re a ch e r s h e a lth w a s in firm— for h e w a s t r o ubl e d with

’

‘
pl e u r isy c o lic a n d sto n e a n d m uch n e e d e d th e c a r e fu l
, , ,
’

n u r si n g o f his t r usty h o us e k e e p e r g o o d Mistr e ss Pa tch a m ,

h e c on fe r re d up o n h im a t th e s o licit a ti o n o f Butts a n d ,

C r umw e ll e a rly in 1 5 3 1 th e b e n e fice o f W e st Ki n gto n n e a r

, , ,

Chipp e n h a m Thus r e m o ve d fro m th e tu rm o il o f C a mb r idge

.

str ife a n d c o n t ro ve rsy th e p o or p ar s o n o f p o o r Ki n gt o n a s

,
‘
,
’

L a tim e r w o uld styl e hims e lf l a b o u re d with a vigil a n c e w o r thy ,

o f th e p r i m itiv e a ge His r u r a l sph e r e

. my littl e bish o p ric
o f W e st Ki n gt o n a s h e c a ll e d i t— w a s d e a r to him His
’
.
,

vic a r a g e h a s for m a n y ye a r s c e a s e d to e xist Its site is s a id .

to h a v e b e e n o n ly a fe w y a rds w ith d ra w n fr o m th e b ro o k ,

which b e tw e e n tw o sid e s o f a r a vin e with c o tta ge s o f th e

, ,

p e a s a n t ry i n t e r sp e r s e d n o w pl e a s a n tly glid e s n o w d a sh e s in a
, ,

t o rre n t— a n o t a lt o g e th e r i n a pt e m bl e m o f th e re fo r m e r s ’

p re a chin g T h e a n ci e n t chu r c h r e ma in s c o n spicu o u s on o n e

.

o f th e hillsid e s A y e w tr e e a ss o ci a te d by t r a diti on w ith th e

.
-
,

r e for m e r its t r u n k e n cl o s e d by a ci r cl e t o f st o n e
, still a d o rn s ,

th e chu r chyar d Un d e r its v e n e ra bl e b o ughs L a tim e r w o uld

.

s o me tim e s t a k e his st a n d a n d i n str uct an d ch a rm a c on gre ,

21
32 2 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R EF OR M A T I ON .

a ti o n g a th e r e d fr o m n e a r an d dist a n t p a r ts o f th e n e ighb o u r
g
h o o d to o n u me ro us to b e c o n ta i n e d withi n th e chu r ch w a lls
,
.

I n th a t a ge p r e a chi n g w a s a n e n gi n e fre qu e n tly u s e d fo r

p o litic a l a s w e ll a s spir itu a l pu r p o s e s — v e ry e ffe ctiv e wh e n
h a n dl e d by such a m a ste r o f th e a r t a s L a ti me r His c oll e ct e d .

s e rmo n s d e liv e re d o n v a r i o us o cc a si o n s a n d b e fo re v e ry
, ,

diffe r e n t a udie n c e s— a t C a m b rid ge a n d P a ul s C ro ss b e fo r e ’

th e ki n g a n d his c o u r t to pl o ugh m e n a n d a rtis a n s — a r e n o t

,

th e l e a st i n t e r e sti n g o fth e v a lu a bl e public a ti o n s o f th e P a rk e r

S o ci e ty D e spit e o cc a si o n a l b uzzi n g a n d buzzi n g h e w a s
.
‘
,
’

a bl e to d e t a i n th e list e n e r s o fte n c on sid e ra bly b e y o n d th e

,

h o u r fa st r iv e te d in th e ch a in s o fp ro fo u n d a tte n ti o n Alth o ugh

,
.

h e h a d b e e n a p a i n st a ki n g stud e n t it w as n o t a s a sch o l ar o r ,

subtl e th e o l o gi an bu t a s a pl a i n p r a ctic a l Ch r isti an th a t h e

, , ,

m i n gl e d hum o u r an d p a th o s i n his e ffo r ts to i n str uct a n d

imp ro v e Exp o siti on s o f Sc riptu re s o luti o n s o f d o ctr i n a l
.
,

d o ubts but o ft e n e r still hu m bl e c o mmo n pl a c e duti e s i n

, ,

c o n tra st to e ccl e si a stic a l will w ork s o b e die n c e r a th e r th a n

‘ -
,
’

s a c r ific e ra cy illustra ti o n s fro m n a tu r e o r a r t o f th e t o pics

,

h a n dl e d h o m e ly p r o v e rbs p e r s o n a l re m in isc e n c e s sp ir itu a l

, , ,

e xp e r i e n c e s a n e cd o t e s e n fo r ci n g s o m e m o ra l l e ss o n w ith a
,

spic e o fwit i n st r uctiv e a ll e go r i e s n o te d e x a mpl e s fro m s a c r e d

, ,

o r p r o fan e hist o r y u n v a rn ish e d d e n u n ci a ti on s o f t r icks o f

,

m an ufa ctu re a n d t ra d e di re ct a pp e als to th e c o n scie n c e form s

, ,

a n d m a t e r i a ls thus div e r s e li k e m an y c o l o u r e d th r e a d s w e r e a ll
,
-
,

w ro ught i n t o a t e xtu r e e ss e n ti a lly h a r m o n i o us by th e p re a ch e r s ’

sin gl e n e ss o f a im a n d fe r v o u r His pulpit e l o qu e n c e e x e m pli .

fi e d h is b e li e f in his o w n m a xim th a t p r e a chin g is th e fo o t ,

‘

ste p o f th e l a dd e r o fh e a v e n Th e re h a s b e e n n o such p r e a ch e r
.
’

in E n gl a n d p r o n o u n c e d D A u b ign é a s h o n e st Hugh L a tim e r

,
’

,
.

Ye t e ve n h e w a s a t this p e r i o d but a y o u n g sch o l a r in ‘

gra c e J o n a h like in w e ak n e ss Cit e d to a pp e a r a t S t P a ul s

’
- -
.
‘
.
’

M o n d ay J a n u ary 2 9
,
be fore Sto k e sl e y — o f wh o m h e
,

w r o t e It is a r a r e thi n g fo r a p re a ch e r to h a v e fa v o u r a t his
,

h an d which is n o p re a che r hims e lf a n d y e t o ught to b e — a n d ,

a ft e r w a r ds c ro ss qu e sti on e d by W a r h a m
-
his e x a mi n a ti o n s ,

s e e me d i n t e rm in a bl e S u mm o n e d b e fo re C o n v o c a ti on M a rch
.
,

1 1 1 5 3 2 h e w a s a t l e n gth i n duc e d to a ffix his sign a tu r e (Ap r il

, ,

1 0 1 5 3 2 ) to sixt e e n a r ticl e s th e fift e e n th wh e re o f w as th a t

, ,
 S CE N E [N T H E A R E A 5 CH A M B E R .
32 3

‘
im a ge s a re p r o fit a bl e a n d th e sixt e e n th th a t it is p r o fit a ble fo r
,
’

th e m to b e d e ck e d a n d t r i mm e d a n d c a n dl e s se t b e fo re th e m
‘
, .
’

T o such d e e ply p a pistic a l d o gm a s w a s e v e n L a tim e r p e r su a d e d

to p r o fe ss a ss e n t — d o g m a s whic h h e h a d i m pug n e d b e for e ,

an d which h e sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds i m pug n e d a g a i n .

T o this p e r i o d b e l o n gs a sc e n e which h e h a s hims e lf p a i n t e d

vi vidly i n o n e o fhis s e r mo n s to o ch ara cte ristic to b e o mitte d : -

O n c e I w a s i n e x a mi n a ti on b e fo r e fi ve fo r six bish o ps w he r e ,

I h a d much tu r mo ili n g At th e l a st I w a s b ro ught for th

to b e e x a m i n e d i n t o a ch a m b e r h a n ge d with a rra s wh e r e
, ,

I w a s b e fo r e w o n t to b e e x a mi n e d but n o w a t this tim e th e

ch a m b e r w a s s o me wh a t a lte r e d fo r a s b e fo r e th e r e w a s ,

w o n t e v e r to b e a fire in th e chim n e y n o w th e fir e w a s t a k e n ,

a w a y a n d a n a rr a s h a n gi n g h an ge d o v e r th e chi mn e y an d th e
,
-
,

t a bl e st o o d n e a r th e chim n e y s e n d s o th a t I st o o d b e tw e e n ’

th e t a bl e a n d th e chim n e y s e n d H e w e n t on to r e c o u n t
’ ’
.

h o w a bish o p with wh o m h e h a d b e e n v e ry fa mili a r a n a ge d

, ,

m an pu t to h i m a v e ry subtl e qu e sti o n
,
I p ra y y o u .
,

M a st e r L a ti m e r s a id h e sp e a k o u t ; I a m v e ry thick o f
, ,
“

h e ar in g a n d h e re b e m an y th a t sit fa r o ff I m a r v e ll e d a t
this th a t I w as bidd e n sp e a k o u t a n d b e ga n to mi sd e e ma n d
.
,

, , ,

g a v e an e a r to th e chim n e y A n d th e r e I h e a r d a pe n w a lk .

i ng i n th e chim n e y b e hi n d th e cl o th Th e y h a d a pp o i n te d .

o n e th e re to w r it e a l l my a nsw e r s G o d which a lw a y .
,

h a th giv e n m e a n sw e r h e lp e d m e o r e ls e I c o uld n e ve r h a v e
, ,

e sc a p e d it a n d d e liv e r e d m e fro m th e i r h an ds
’
.
,

A n o th e r c e l e b r a t e d p re a ch e r D r Edw ar d C ro me p a rs o n , .
,
‘

o f St A n th o n y n s s o m e tim e s in vite d to p r e a ch b e for e t h e

’ ’
.
,

kin g h a d sh o wn a s littl e for titud e in th e h o u r o f t r i al

, ,

a n d h a d a bju re d
" His p ri n t e d C o n fe ssi on w as c r iticiz e d
.
e ‘ ’

by th e Pro te st an ts a s n o t o n ly a v e ry fo o lish thin g b u t ‘

,

a l ie . Thus th e y e a rs 1 5 3 1 a n d 1 5 3 2 lik e 1 5 2 8 w e re
’
, ,

m a rk e d by re l e n tl e ss p e rs e cuti o n o n th e on e sid e a n d p usil

l a n imo u s w e a kn e ss on th e o th e r Th e p r e l a t e s h a d pu r c h a s e d .

a t a h e a vy p r ic e th e r o y a l c o mplicity a n d w e r e littl e i n cli n e d ,

to l e t th e o pp o rtu n ity p a ss u n us e d Eve n th e d e a d w e re n o t .

a ll o w e d to r e p o s e in p e a c e ; f o r th e b o n e s o f W i lli a m T ra cy

o f T o ddi n gt on w e re e xhum e d in o b e di e n c e to a d e c re e o f

B . v .
,
1 2 9, and pp . 318 a nd 928 .

2 1— 2
32 4 T H E D A IVN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R M A TI ON .

C o n v o c a ti T y n d a l e s b r o th e r J o h n w a s fi n e d a n d h e a n d
’
on ! ? ,

a n o th e r L o n d o n m e r ch a n t with him n a m e d P a t mo r e w e r e , ,

p ar a d e d o n h o r s e b a ck th e ir fa c e s tu rn e d to th e h o rs e s t a ils
,
’

th e ir cl o a ks hu n g ro u n d with l e a v e s o f th e N e w T e sta me n t ,

a n d m a d e a r idicul o us sp e ct a cl e to th e p e o pl e f o r th e c r im e ,

o f a ssisti n g i n th e ci r cul a ti o n o f th e p r o hibit e d b o o k B ay .

fie l d a m o n k o f B ury T e wk e sbu ry B a i n h a m a n d o th e r s
‘ ’

, , , ,

p e r ish e d a t th e st a k e a s r e l a pse d h e re tics Hu m ili a ti n g to ‘

.
’

th e P ro t e st a n ts to a l a m e n t a bl e d e g r e e
,
w a s th e p r e v a ilin g ,

t e rro r o f d e a th a n d su f fe r i n g It is th e p a ti e n t spi r it o f h e ro ic
.

c on sist e n cy wh e n th e i r d o ct r i n a l syst e m h a d b e e n m ore

,

m a tu r e ly r e a s on e d o u t an d th e i r c o n victi o n s h a d b e c o m e
,

ro o t e d which u n d e r th e sh ar p t r i a ls o f th e M a r i a n p e r se cu
, ,

ti on h a s b r a n d e d d e te st a ti o n o f R o m e in l e tt e r s o f fir e d e e p
, , ,

i n th e st a pl e o f th e E n glish ch ara ct e r .

Afte r his o w n tim id re c a n t a ti o n L a tim e r w a s c o n ducte d , ,

t o w a r ds th e e n d o f A p r il to visit J a m e s B a i n h a m a ,
l e a rn e d .

l a wy e r i n his t ro ubl e for c o n sci e n c e s a k e w h o h a d s o m e

’ ’
, ,

ti me s hu n g o n Cro m e s lips in St A n th o l in s Chu r ch a n d ’

.
’

s o m e ti m e s h a d list e n e d with u n fl a ggin g a tt e n ti o n to L a time r s

’

pulpit e xh o r t a ti o n s B a i n h a m w a s a w a iti n g d e a th in th e
.

d e e p du n ge o n o f N e wg a t e At a m o m e n t so s o l e mn L a ti me r
.
,

i n sti ll e d i n t o Ba in h a m s e ar n o i n spi r iti n g c o u n s e l— such a s

’

th a t which in his l a st a n d n o bl e st h o u r h e a dd r e ss e d to
Ridle y to pl a y th e man but a c a uti o u s w arn i n g n o t to
,
‘
,
’
,
‘

j e o p a r d his life for a d o ubtful m a tt e r I n r e ga r d to sa tisfa c .

’

t ory M a ss e s his c o n sci e n c e might b e so st a ye d s a i d L a ti m e r

, , ,

th a t h e sh o uld r a th e r d ie th a n r e c a n t but h e a d m o n ish e d

h im a g a i n st v a i n gl o ry with which th e d e vil w o uld b e
‘
,
’

re a dy to t e mpt h im wh e n h e c a me i n t o th e multitud e o fth e

p e o pl e d T h e w o r ds s o u n d lik e a fe e bl e a tt e mpt a t a n
a p o l o gy f o r his o w n r e c e n t s a d d e fe cti o n Thus e v e n L a tim e r .
,

e v e n tu a lly st o ut a n d d a u n tl e ss quit e b ro k e d o w n a t this dis ,

t re ssi n g p e r i o d o f c a pti o us h a lf h e a r t e d n e ss A n d his p r ude n t - .

c a suistry m a r ks but to o c orr e ctly th e c ra v e n spi r it p re v a l e n t

’
a m o n g th e b re th re n
‘
.

B . v ., 9 28 .
T B . v .
, 58 3 A pp dix
en ,
2 9 , 30 .
 III .
— A N E F F O R T T O R EPA I R F A I L UR E .

IN th e midst d e p re ssin g sy mpt o ms o f fa ithl e ss in co n

of

s ta n c
y ,
t h e n o bl e r spi r it o f s e lf s a cri fice fo r Ch r ist w a s a l r e a dy -

b e gi n n i n g to e x e r t its p o w e r a g a in st th e c a lc u l a ti o n s o f e x
e d ie n cy Bil n e y with a ll his s e lf d e n yi n g e arn e st n e ss h a d
p
-
.
, ,

se t a c o w a r dly e x a m pl e which h a d fo u n d to o cl o se a n d ,

fre qu e n t i m it a ti on Afte r b e a r in g h is fa go t h e h a d b e e n
.

k e pt a y e ar in p r is on a n d th e n h a d re tu rn e d in 1 5 2 9 to ,

C a m b r idge B u t d e gra de d i n his o w n e y e s h e h a d n o w

.
, ,

b e c o me quit e u n lik e his fo rm e r s e lf D ej e ct e d a n d forl o rn .

,

his h a bitu a l e a rn e stn e ss w as g o n e ; g ri e f mise ry sh a me , ,

w e igh e d d o wn his spi r its T h e th o ught th a t h e h a d b e e n .

guilty o f th e u n p a r d o n a bl e sin w a s t or tu re to h im At l a s t .

his s e lf re p ro a ch b e c a m e s o de e p a n d i n te n s e th a t h e w a s
-

r e s o lv e d to b e a r th e sti n gs o f his c o n sci e n c e n o l o n ge r .

Biddin g fa r e w e ll th e re fo r e to his m o st i n ti m a te fri e n ds o n e

, , ,

e v e n i n g a t te n o f th e cl o ck h e put his re s o luti on i n t o e ffe c t

’

, ,

a n d st a r t e d to a s h e s a id
’
o up
‘
to J e r us a l e m H e took
’

g , , .

with him c o pie s o fth e N e w T e sta m e n t a n d o fth e Ob e di e n c e ‘

.
’

N o w th a t his d e t e r mi n a ti o n w a s for me d a n d i n p a r t p u t in ,

e x e cuti o n to s a c r ific e his life for his M a st e r his o l d p e a c e

, ,

r e tu rn e d and
,
wit h it his ol d z e a l H e p a ss e d th ro ugh .

N o rfo lk Su ffo lk a n d Ess e x th e gro u n d h e h a d b e e n w on t

, ,

to t ra v e r s e for m e rly p r e a chi n g a n d t e a chi n g w ith p e r s e v e r i n g

,

in tre pidity H e e n t e re d K e n t a n d distr ibute d T e st a m e n ts

.
,

e v e n a t G r e e n wich H e th e n r e tra c e d his st e ps c o n fi r mi n g

.
,

"
th e b re th re n t e a chi n g fro m h o us e to h o us e p re a chin g in
, ,

fi e lds a n d o p e n pl a c e s a n d so w o rk e d his w a y b a ck to ,

N o rwich H e re h e visit e d a n o te d c on v e rt th e l a dy a n k e re s
.
,
32 6 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I SH R E F OR M A T I O N .

o f th e Bl a ck Fr ia r s a n d g a v e h e r a c o py o f T y n d a l e s T e st a
,
’ ’

me n t an d o f th e O b e die n c e ‘
.
’

B u t a t this p o i n t his p ro gr e ss w as i n t e rr upt e d Bli n d .

Bisho p Nix e w a s o n th e w a tch by his e m iss ar i e s fo r th e

r e n e g a d e r e tu rn e d to his o l d z e a l a n d l a b o u r s a n d p ro m ptly ,

h a d h im a rr e ste d T h e culp r it a rr e st e d N i x e fo r thwith s e n t

.
,

o S ir Th o m a s M o r e f o r a w r it to bu rn h im B ur n him
‘
u
p t .

fi rs t r e t o r t e d M o re
,
’
th e n a fte r w ards c o m e to m e fo r a w r it
,

a t my h a n d Pl a c e d b e fo r e th e j udge in th e p r e se n c e o f
.
’

Th o m a s R e e d th e M ay o r o f N o r wich Biln e y m a d e an a pp e a l
, ,

to th e ki n g pl e a di n g th e n e w titl e j ust c o n fe rre d o n H e n r y

,

by C on v o c a ti o n a n d Pa rli a me n t V o ic e s w e r e h e ar d in th e .

c o u rt M r M a y or y o u a re b o u n d to t a k e him a w a y
,
‘
.
,
But .
’
,

n o twithst a n di n g sig n s o f p o pul a r displ e a su r e a g a i n st his er

p
s e cu tors h e w a s c o n d e m n e d a n d d e liv e r e d o v e r to th e sh e r i f
, fs ,

a n d l o dg e d i n th e Guildh a ll O n e o f th e she r iffs a cc o r di n g .

,

to F o x e w a s Th o m a s N e ct o n b r o th e r O f R o b e r t N e ct o n th e
, , ,

t r a ct distr ibut o r w h o c ra v e d p ar d o n for a ctin g u n d e r co mp ul

-
,

si o n th e o ffic e o f his ga o l e r .

A p ris o n e r in th e Guildh a ll Bil n e y c omp o s e d a p or ti o n o f ,

tw o h o m ili e s n e ith e r o f which did h e fi n ish

,
T h e i n c o mpl e te .

m a n usc ripts h e ga v e to Pe llis a n a ge n t o f th e bish o p fro m , ,

wh o m th e m ay o r t o o k th e m i n t o his o w n s a fe k e e pin g H e -
.

fo rw a r de d a ls o a c o py to th e D uk e o f N or fo l k I n th e ch a p e l .

o f th e Guildh a ll a r e v o c a ti on o f c e r t a i n h e re tic a l o pi n i o n s

w a s p re s e n t e d to him by P e llis But th e st a t e m e n ts s e e m to .

b e v e ry much c o n fus e d b o th in re fe r e n c e to Bi l n e y s b e h a vi o u r
’
,

ln
p r1 so n a n d a ls o a ft e r w ar ds a t th e st a k e His m i n d w as .

i n a st a t e o f mu ch n e r v o us e xcit e m e n t a n d — a t l e a st o n , ,

min or p o in ts of d o ctr in e — his c o n victi on s w e r e fa r fro m b e i n g

s e ttl e d a n d cl e ar T h e a cc o u n t o f Bi l n e y by L a tim e r w h o
.
,

w a s v e ry i n ti m a t e with h i m d e cl a re s th e simpl e t r uth , I am

t o ld w ro te L a tim e r th a t th e bish o p (Tu n sta l) h a s i n fo rm e d
,
’

th e kin g th a t I d e fe n d Bil n e y a n d his c a us e a g a i n st his

o r di n a r i e s a n d j udge s I did n o thi n g o f th e k i n d u nl e ss it
.
,

w e r e in a d m o n ishi n g j udge s to a ct i n di ffe re n tly I h a ve .

k n o w n Biln e y a l o n g ti me much b e tte r th a n did my L or d ,

o f L o n d on f o r I h a v e b e e n his gh o stly fa th e r m an y a tim e

, .

I e v e r fo u n d h i m m e e k an d ch ar it a bl e a n d a si m pl e go o d , ,
 B I L N E Y L ED TO zll A R T YR D O/lf .
32 7

s o ul n o t fit fo r this w o rld B u t if h e h a s d o n e a n y thin g

, .

c o n tra ry to Chr isti a n o b e die n c e I d o n o t a pp r o v e it H o w .

h e o rd e r e d o r m is o r d e r e d hi ms e lf in j udg me n t I c a n n o t t e ll ;
bu t I m ust w o n d e r if a m a n livi n g so ch a r ita bly a n d p a tie n tly
sh o uld d ie a n e vil
I n th e o utski r ts o f th e city o f N o r wich is th e w e l l k n o w n -

S t L e o n a r d s Hill which for th e m o st p a r t l o oks d e s o l a t e

.
’

, , ,

a n d l o n e ly But o n S a tu r d a y Aug u st 1 9 (St M a gn us s D a y ) ’

.
.
, ,

1 5 3 1 its sl o p e s w e r e c o v e re d with a l a rg e c r o w d o fp e o pl e d r a wn
,

fro m th e city a n d its vicin ity A c a v e i n th e hillsid e still ,

b e a r s th e n a m e o f th e L o ll a r ds Pit Hith e r Biln e y w a s l e d ’

.
,

th ro ugh th e Bish o p s G a te a tte n d e d by his fri e n d D r Wa rn e r ’

, .
,

th e p a r s on o f Wi n t e r t on c e l e b ra t e d fo r his l e ctu re s a t C a m ,

b r i d g e which h a d b e e n sh a p e d a ft e r th e p a tte r n o f C o l e t s a t
,
’

Oxfo r d Bil n e y w a s c o mp o s e d a n d e v e n ch e e r ful R e s o lv e d

.
, .

to susta i n a p a in fo r th e ti m e wh e re o n n o t w ithst a n din g

‘
,

fo ll o w e th joy u n sp e a k a bl e h e a n s w e r e d to th e c o n d o l e n c e ,
’

o f fr i e n ds my ship will n o w sh o r tly b e in th e h a v e n

,
Th e .
’

n ight b e fo r e i n p r e p a r a ti o n fo r th e fi n a l o r d e a l h e h a d
, ,

‘
t a st e d th e fire putti n g his fi n ge r in th e fl a me o f th e ,
’

c a n dl e a n d h o ldin g it th e re with o ut fl in ch in g u n til it w a s

,

b u rn t to th e b o n e 1 .
’
‘

Th e re w a s a yo u n g m an o f B e n e t (C orp us Chr isti) C o ll e ge , ,

C a m br idg e p r e s e n t a m o n g th e sp e ct a to r s w h o c o uld n e v e r
,

o blit e r a t e fr o m his m e m o r y a n d h e a r t th a t m o rn i n g s sc e n e
’

a n d its l e ss o n s This w a s M a th e w P a rk e r subs e qu e n tly illus

.
,

tr i o us d e sti n e d fr o m b e i n g ch a pl a i n to A n n e to b e p ro m o t e d
, ,

u n d e r h e r d a ught e r to th e m e tro p o lit a n se e o f C a n te r bu ry , ,

a n d i n th a t e x a l t e d p o st to c r o w n a n d e st a blish o u r n a ti o n a l

r ight to th e p o ss e ssi on o f G o d s W o r d i n o r n a tiv e t o n gu e

’

u ,

a n d to th e public e n o y m e n t o f fa ith i n its t r uths f o r cl a imi n g

j ,

L a t me r to S i r E w a r a n to n —B v , 607
i d dBy . . . .

A t th e cl i
o se L a t me r w r te s, I d
n te n k m y w i th my
to m a i i e e rr

i hi hi l p ch c I v
p a r s o n e r s t s C r s tma s, fo r a ll th e so r r o w , e st hi er an e ne er
ret t th m
ur n o e .
’

S l B ee 3 72 3 73 9 2 8
a so d A ct d M m t f li ii v .
, ,
an
‘
s an onu e n s,
’
o o, .
,
pp 2 5 8 2 7 9
.
, ,
-
. .

1 B il y L ti Bi b l p v d i C p C h i ti C ll g C m
" ’
ne s a n e r e se r e n or us r s o e e, a ~

,
b idg i id t h v m g t th p g th f ll w i g W h th
r e , s sa o a e a on s o er a s sa e s, e o o n en ou
w lk t th gh th fi th h l t t b b d i th h ll th fl m
,

a es ro u e re ou s a no e ur n e ,
ne er s a e a e
ki dl p th ( I xliii
n e u m k d w i th
on p i th m gi ee sa . . ar e a en n e ar n .
32 8 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

which Bil n e y w a s n o w to su ffe r d e a th Th e r e ca n b e n o .

d o ubt th a t F o x e s a cc o u n t is p rin cip a lly d e r iv e d fro m Pa rk e r

’

hims e lf a n d thus tra n smits th e i m p r e ssi o n s o f a n e y e

,

witn e ss .

Bil n e y h a d b e e n d e gra d e d fr o m th e p r i e sth o o d a n d n o w ,

a pp e a r e d in a l a ym a n s g o w n th e sl e e v e s h a n gi n g d o w n
‘ ’

, , ,

a n d his a r m s o u t his h a i r pite o usly m an gl e d A littl e ’ ‘

, .
,

sin gul a r p e rs o n h e w as s a ys F o x e bu t a lw a ys o f a go o d
,
’

, ,
‘
,

up r ight c o u n t e n an c e B e fo re h e w a s l e d to th e st a k e h e
.
’
,

m a d e wh a t th e m a y o r c a ll e d a go o d a n d u p right e x h o r ‘

ta ti o n to th e p e o pl e H e d e cl a r e d th a t h e di e d in th e fa ith
’
.

o f Ch r ist H e e x o n e ra t e d th e fo u r o r d e r s o f fr i ar s a t th e i r
.
,

sp e ci a l re qu e st fro m th e i mpu t a ti o n o f b e i n g guilty o f his

,

d e a th an d e v e n e xh o r te d th e byst an d e r s to c o n t r ibut e th e ir
,

a lms to th e m H e r e h e a rs e d th e C re e d b o wi n g w ith l o w
.
,

re v e r e n c e a t th e n a m e o f J e sus O n c o m i n g to th e ar ticl e .
,

‘
I b e li e v e in th e Ap o st o lic Chu r ch h e m a d e a p a us e a n d ,
’

e xp r e ss e d s o l e m n ly his d e e p c o n t r iti o n th a t h a vin g sw o rn ,

n o t to p r e a ch with o ut lic e n s e fr o m h is o r d in ary h e h a d ,

b ro k e n his o a th H e l a m e n te d e xp r e ssly a l s o dis re sp e ctful

.

w o r ds which h e h a d suffe re d to e sc a p e h im a s fo r i n st an c e , ,

th a t th e p o p e s cu r s e o n ly cu r s e d me n o p e n ly a n d w a s o f n o
’

v a lidity b e fo re G o d O n th e c o n tr ary th e s e n t e n c e o f th e
.
,

Chu r ch h e s a id m u st b e fe are d a n d o b e y e d H e b e li e v e d in
, ,
.

th e C a th o lic Chu r ch Ch a stity h e h e ld to b e m e r it or i o us

.
,

but h e w o uld l e a v e h e s a id th e qu e sti o n o f th e m a rr i a ge

, ,

o f p ri e sts to th e d ispu ta ti o n o f th e d o ct o r s F a r fr o m d is a p .

p ro vin g o f fa stin g h e wish e d th a t th e p re l a te s w o uld u se

,

m o r e o fit .

P e llis pl a c e d in his h a n d a bill —th e r e v o c a ti o n which w as

r e qui re d fr o m h im — a n d d e si r e d h i m to re a d it Bil n e y r e a d .

it s o ftly to hi m s e lf— so s o ftly th a t R e e d th e ma y o r th o ugh , ,

v e ry n e ar c o uld n o t h e ar h im H e th e n fr e e ly a n d pl a i n ly
,
.
’

d e cl a re d his mi n d to th e p e o pl e ; but wh a t h e s a id diffe re d ‘

fr o m th e
Wh e n h e h a d thus fi n a lly u n bu r d e n e d his c on sci e n c e h e
m a d e r e a dy fo r d e a th His g o w n w a s put o ff a n d h e w a lke d
.
,

c a l mly to th e st a k e A littl e l e dg e h a d b e e n s o pl a c e d th a t h e
.

B . v .
,
5 2 2 , 5 60 , 5 6 9 .
 B I L N E Y S B E H A VI O UR A T TH E S TA K E
’
.
32 9

might st a n d o n it to b e b e tt e r s e e n o n a cc o u n t o f his s m a ll
, ,

st a tu re H e re h e k n e lt an d p ra ye d fe r ve n tly in s e c re t Aft e r
.
, .

e a rn e st p r a y e r b e re p e a t e d a l o ud Ps a lm cxliii re p e a ti n g th r ic e .
,

with e m ph a sis th e s e c o n d v e r s e : E n t e r n o t i n t o j udgme n t ‘

with Thy s e rv a n t ; fo r i n Thy sight sh a ll n o ma n livi n g b e

a ck e t a n d d o ubl e t w e r e n o w put o f f
j u s ti fie d His j an d h e
’
.
,

st o o d si m ply i n his h o s e a n d shir t up o n th e l e d g e A ch a in .

w as d ra wn r o u n d his b o dy a n d fa st e n e d to th e st a k e TO .

W a rn e r h e b a d e fa r e w e ll by s a yin g M a ste r d o ct o r fe e d thy ,

fl o ck th a t wh e n th e L or d c o me th H e may fin d th e e so d o i n g
,
.
’

Fi re w a s th e n s e t to th e re e ds a n d fa go ts At fi r st th e fi re .

r o s e high a n d str o n g ; but th e n th e w e a th e r b e i n g st o rmy a

, ,

vi o l e n t gus t o f win d ble w th e fl a m e s a w a y fro m th e m a r ty r s ’

p e rs o n w h o c on ti n u e d r a isi n g his h an ds a n d e j a cul a ti n g

, ,

C r e d o a n d J e sus Bu t a fte r a sh or t tim e th e fi re o bta i n e d

a fi r m e r h o ld up o n th e w o o d an d e n ci rcl e d th e b o d y which ,

w a s s o o n o bs e r v e d by th o s e st a n di n g a r o u n d to b e with e r e d
a n d b o w e d d o w n w a r ds up on th e ch a i n A n O ffic e r st r uck o u t
“

th e st a pl e with his h a lb e r d a n d Bil n e y s c or ps e fe l l i n t o th e

’
,

fl ame s .

M a n y o f th e byst an d e rs s m o t e th e ir b r e a sts a s m usi n g

‘ ’
,

o v e r wh a t th e y h a d j ust wit n e ss e d th e y tu r n e d th e i r st e ps
,

h o m e w a rds T h e p ro c e e di n gs a fte r w ards fo rm e d th e subj e ct

.

o f muc h discussi o n a n d a n e x a mi n a ti o n t o o k pl a c e b e fore th e

,

l or d ch a n c e ll or th e m ay or a n d s o m e o f th e a ld e rm e n b e in g
,

c a ll e d up on to giv e e vid e n c e in re fe re n c e to wh a t h a d o ccu r re d

b o th a t th e t r i a l an d a t th e e x e cuti o n I n qui r i e s on t h e s e .

t o pics w e re a ls o i n stitut e d in th e H o use o f C o m m o n s a n d ,

r e m a r ks w e r e l e t d r o p which b e t o k e n e d g e n e r a l diss a tisfa cti o n

a n d displ e a su r e Old bli n d Nix e w h o h a d p ro n o u n c e d th e

.
,

s e n t e n c e o f c o n d e m n a tio n b e fo re th e ki n g s p l a ce t a rr iv e d w a s ’

n o t p e r m itt e d to e sc a p e sc o t fre e n o twithst an di n g S ir Th o m a s

-
,

M o r e s dism a l j o k e but w a s m a d e to p ay a h e a vy fin e i n t o th e
’

r o y a l e xch e qu e r f or his p ar d on * .

h l
C h a p u y s w r o te to C a r e s , F e r u ar b y d y
1 1 , 1 53 4 :‘ F o u r a s a go th e
Bi h p
s o ich
o f N o rw
,
w h o i s n e ar ly i y y
n ne t bli d
e a rs o l d a n d n , w a s co n

by
d e mn e d dg
a l ay j u e to th e c c i p p y
on fis a t o n o f al l h i s b dy
ro e r t ; h is o
ki g
to b e a t th e cy n
’
s me r l
H i s fa u t i s a n
. h vi g b h ic
u rn t a s a e re t tw o
y d c
e a r s a go a o to r w h o w a s a c p i
o m a n o n a n d sw o rn b h ch
r o t e r o f th e A r
bi h p
s o b y
o f C a n te r u r
,
’
e tc — B ,
. vii
1 71 . .
3 30 T H E D A l VN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R AI A T I O N .

T h e m ar ty rd o m of
Bil n e y w as n o t with o u t h e arin g s o m e
g o o d fr uit His ch ara ct e r r e v e a l e d its e lf in its w e a k n e ss
.

a n d its s t r e n gth in th e fi n a l o r d e a l D e e p p e n ite n c e con .

,

s ci e n tio u s t r uthful n e ss d e v o ut c on st a n cy sh on e cle a rly

, ,

th ro ugh th e l a st a cts a n d w o r ds o f o n e w h o o u t o fw e a kn e ss
w a s m a d e st r o n g With th e s e b e tt e r t r a its still m in gle d m uch
.
’

di mn e ss o f p e r c e pti o n on p o i n ts o f d o ctr i n e O n th e wh o l e
’

.
,

T y n d a l e s j udgm e n t w a s but to o c o r r e ct T h e d e a th o f th e m
’

th a t c o m e a ga in a ft e r th e y h a v e o n c e d e n ie d th o ugh it b e
a cc e pt e d with G o d a n d a l l th a t b e li e v e is n o t gl or i o us
’

y e t , .

B ut B il n e y s e ffor t to r e p a i r fa ilu r e w a s th e b e gi n n in g o f
’

i n c re a s e d fi rm n e ss a n d st e a dfa st n e ss o f t e sti m on y S o o n a .

mi n d st ro n g e r a n d cl e a re r w as to y i e ld a witn e ss u n flin chin g

in st an ch n e ss fro m a mid th e sh r o u d o f fl a m e s to a b e tt e r
, ,

u n de r st o o d a n d m o re Scr iptu ra l c re e d .

ixc w l c d m d i p m i
N a s a so on e ne n a r ae un re i f i gi g th c t m
fo r n r n n e us o s of
T h tf d
e d f orthi,
ff c w
an tf
or s O en e a s se re e o n ly by p yi g ac w n ro ns

t th ki g — B vii 4 8
o e n 4 9 1 58 2 9 6
. .
, , ,
. 25 H y VI I I 29
enr .
,
0 . .
 IV .
—T H E S EA L O F S UC C E S S .

I N th e t r o ubl e d sk y o f th e e a rly E n glish R e fo r m a ti o n Ty n d a l e

a n d F ryth sh o n e with a lust re le ss fi tf u l th a t Bil n e y o r L a ti m e r .

Th u s th e w o r k o fe xti rp a ti n g h e r e sy o n which H e n ry a n d th e ,

p r e l a t e s h a d e n t e r e d c o nj o in tly with r e d o uble d e a rn e stn e ss ,

w o uld it w a s fe lt h e v e ry i n c o mpl e t e u n l e ss Ty n d a l e a n d his

, ,

s o n i n th e fa ith c o uld b e d e c o y e d b a ck to th e i r n a tiv e l an d

a n d th e i r e n e rgi e s r e st ra i n e d C rumw e ll the r e fo re c o m mis

.

sio n e d his a g e n t V a ugh a n to a cc o m plish th e d e lic a t e t a sk o f

r e c a lli n g h o m e ,
by bl a n d p e r su a si o n s th e t ra n sl a t o r o f th e ,

E n glish N e w T e st a me n t Th a t H e n ry re a lly i n t e n d e d to t a k e
.

T y n d a l e s life if h e c o uld ge t him i n t o his p o w e r it w o uld b e

’
, ,

t o o m uch to a ss e r t ; b u t th e r e sult o f o bt a i n i n g p o ss e ssi o n o f

th e a r ch h e r e tic s p e r s on wh o s e wh e re a b o uts M o r e d e sc r i b e d
’ ’
-
,

n o wh e re a n d e v e rywh e r e m ust o n ly to o p r o b a bly h a v e

‘ ’
as ,

e n d e d i n his c a s e to o a s a ctu a lly c a me to p a ss in th e c a s e o f

,

h is h e n ch m an F ry th P e r s o n a lly Cr u m we ll w a s by n o m e an s
.
,

i l l disp o s e d t o w ards th e Ch r isti an b ro th e r h o o d a n d his a ge n t

-
,

Va u gh a n w a s t e rm e d a Luth e ra n by th e i m p e r i a l a mb a ss a d o r
’
.

Bu t th e n a fte r a l l H e n ry s gr e a t mi n ist e r w a s o n ly th e w a ry
, ,
’

i n str u m e n t o f his roy a l m a st e r s d e te rmi n e d will T h e e pistle s

’
.

which p a ss e d b e twe e n V a u gh an a n d Ty n d a l e a n d th e i r i n t e r ,

vi e ws in th e e a rly m o n ths o f 1 5 3 1 th ro w much light up o n th e ,

’
tra n sl a t o r s ch a ra ct e r a n d his m o d e o f life .

I n his fi r st l e tt e r to th e ki n g d a t e d J a n u a ry 2 6 1 5 3 1 fro m
, , ,

B a rro w (B e rge n O p Zo o m ) Va ugh an s ays

- -
,
I h a v e w r itt e n
thre e su n d ry l e tte rs u n t o Willi a m Ty n d a ll a n d th e s am e s e n t , ,

for th e m o r e su r e ty to th re e su n d ry pl a c e s — to F ra n k fo r d e
, ,

H a mb oro ugh ( H a m bu rg) an d M a rl e b o r u gh e ( M ar bu r g) — n o t

,

kn o wi n g in which o f th e s e h e m ight b e T h e n a fte r e xp re ssin g .

’

,
332 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

his fe a r th a t th e b r uit o fwh a t h a d l a t e ly ch an c e d in E n gl an d

‘ ’

might p re v e n t th e t ra n sl a t o r s r e tu rn V a ugh a n p ro c e e ds to
’

m e n ti o n a l e tt e r which h e h a d r e c e iv e d fro m Tyn d a l e w r itt e n ,

‘

with his o w n h a n d a n d a ls o a n o th e r l e tte r fr o m h im which

,
’

h e h a d i n his p o ss e ssi on in a n sw e r to s o m e o th e r p e r s o n ; b o th
,

which a t l e a st fo r th e p r e s e n t a re l o st
, , .

A littl e l a t e r a p e r s o n a l i n t e r vi e w succ e e d e d to c o rr e sp o n d
e n ce T h e d a y b e fo re th e d a t e h e r e o f (Ap r il 1 8 I
‘ ’
.
,

sp a k e with Ty n d a ll with o ut th e g a t e s o f A n tw e rp in a fi e ld ,

lyi n g n igh u n t o th e s a me At o u r m e e ti n g D o y o u n o t k n o w
.
,

me s a id this Tyn d a ll I d o n o t w e ll r e m e m b e r y o u s a i d
.
,
”
I to him My n a m e s a id h e is Tyn d a ll
.
“
, ,
But Tyn d a ll
“ “
, ,

”
s a id I fo r tu n a t e b e o u r m e e ti n g
,
“
Th e n Tyn d a ll S ir s a id , ,

he I a m i n fo r m e d th a t th e ki n g s g ra c e t a k e th gr e a t dis
“ ’

pl e a su re w ith m e fo r putti n g fo r th o f c e r ta i n b o o ks which I

l a t e ly m a d e i n th e s e p a r ts but sp e ci a lly for th e b o o k n a m e d
T h e Pr a ctic e o f P r e l a t e s ; wh e r e o f I h a v e n o littl e m a r v e l
‘

c o n sid e r i n g th a t in it I did w a rn his gr a c e o f th e subtl e

d e m e a n o u r o f th e cl e rgy o f his r e a l m t o w a rds his p e r s o n a n d ,

o f th e sh a m e ful a busi on s by th e m p ra ctis e d n o t a littl e ,

th re a t e n i n g th e displ e a su re o f his g ra c e a n d w e a l o f his re a l m ;

i n which d o i n g I sh o w e d a n d e cl a r e d th e h e a r t o f a t r u e sub
d
je ct which s o ught th e s a fe gu a rd o f his r oy a l p e rs on a n d w e a l
o fhis C o mm o n s to th e i n t e n t th a t his g r a c e
,
th e re o f w a r n e d , ,

m ight in d u e ti m e p re p ar e his r e m e di e s a ga i n st th e i r subtl e

d r e a m s If fo r my p a in s th e r e i n t a k e n if fo r my p o v e r ty i f
'

.
, ,

fo r mi n e e xil e o u t o f my n a tiv e c o u n tr y a n d bitt e r a bs e n c e

fro m my fr i e n ds ; if fo r m y hu n ge r my thi rst my c o ld th e , , ,

gre a t d a n g e r wh e re w ith I a m e v e rywh e re c o m p a sse d ; a n d ,

fi n a lly if fo r i n n u m e r a bl e o th e r a n d sh ar p figh tin gs which I

,

e n du r e n o t y e t fe e li n g o f th e i r a sp e r ity by r e a s on I h o p e d by
,

my l a b o u r s to d o h o n o u r to G o d t r u e s e rvic e to my p r i n c e , ,

a n d pl e a su re to his C o mm o n s — h o w is it th a t his g r a c e this

c on sid e r in g m ay e ith e r by him se lf thi n k th a t in this d o i ng I

,

sh o uld n o t sh o w a pu re mi n d a t r u e a n d i n c o rr upt z e a l a n d
, ,

af fe cti o n to his g ra c e Aga in m ay his g ra c e b e i n g a , ,

Ch risti a n p r i n c e b e s o u n ki n d to G o d which h a th c o mm a n d e d
, ,

His W o r d to b e S p r e a d thro ugh o ut th e w o rld to giv e m o re ,

fa it h to wick e d p e r su a si o n s o f me n which p r e su m i n g a b o v e , ,
 L E T T E R S A N D I N T E R VI E WS .
3 33

G o d s wisd o m a n d c o n t r a ry to th a t which Christ e xp r e ssly

’

c o mm a n d e th in His T e st a m e n t d a re sa y th a t it is n o t l a w ful
,

fo r th e p e o pl e to h a v e th e s a m e in a t o n gu e th a t th e y u n d e r
st a n d b e c a us e th e pu r ity th e re o f sh o uld o p e n m e n s e y e s to
,
’

s ee th e i r wick e d n e ss ? Is th e r e m o re d a n g e r i n th e ki n g s su b
’

j e cts th an i n th e subj e cts o f a l l o th e r p r i n c e s w h o h a v e th e ,

s a m e in th e i r t o n gu e s u n d e r p r ivile ge o f th e i r s o v e re ign s As
I n o w a m my d e a th w e re m o r e pl e a s a n t to m e th an life co n
, ,

”
si d e r in g m a n s n a tu re to b e such a s to b e a r n o t r uth
’ '

Va ugh a n s p e rsu a si o n s h o w e v e r still p ro ve d i n e ffe ctu a l

’

, , .

Sh o r tly a ft e rw ar ds C r umw e ll di re ct e d his a ge n t to d e sist a n d ,

l e a v e a n y fu rth e r to p e r su a d e o r a tte mpt th e s a id Ty n d a ll to

'

c o m e in to this r e a l m i n a smuch a s his high n e ss p r ud e n tly

,
’ ‘

c on sid e re th th a t if h e w e r e pre se n t by a l l lik e lih o o d h e w o uld

,

sh o r tly (which G o d d e fe n d ! ) d o a s m u ch a s in him w e re to

i n fe ct a n d c o rrupt th e wh o l e r e a l m to th e gre a t i n qui e ta ti o n ,

an d hu r t o fth e c o mm o n w e a lt h o f th e s a m e
’
.

Ye t to th e s e w o r ds a b a n d o n i n g fu r th e r e ffo r ts o fp e r su a si o n
, ,

C r umw e ll a dd e d a p o stsc r ipt in th e fo ll o win g s o m e wh a t i n co n

sist e n t t e rms : N o tw ithst a n di n g th e p r e m iss e s in my l e tte r ,

if it w e re p o ssibl e by go o d a n d wh o l e s o me e xh o rt a ti o n s to
, ,

r e c o n cil e an d c o n v e r t th e s a id Ty n d a ll I d o ubt n o t but

th e ki n g s high n e ss w o uld b e m u ch j o y o us o f his c o n v e r si o n
’

an d a m e n d m e n t ; a n d s o b e i n g c o n v e r t e d if th e n h e w o uld
, ,

r e tu rn i n to his re a lm u n d o ubt e dly th e ki n g s r oy a l ’

m aj e sty is s o i n cli ne d to m e r cy pity an d c o m p a ssi o n th a t h e

, , ,

r e fus e th n on e which h e s e e th to sub m it th e m s e lv e s to th e

O b e di e n c e a n d g o o d o r d e r o f th e w o r l d
’
.

Va ugh a n e xhibite d this cl a us e o r p o stsc ript to Ty n d a l e

‘ ’

which o f c o u rs e re a lly e m a n a t e d fro m H e n ry hi ms e lf w h o w a s ,

m o st d e si ro us o fd r a w i n g b a ck Ty n d a l e to his n a tiv e l a n d bu t ,

n o w o n ly if c o n v e r te d T h e e ffe ct o n th e t r an sl a t o r th e a ge n t
’
.

d e sc ribe d : I n th e s e w o rds I th o ught to b e su ch sw e e tn e ss

a n d vi r tu e a s w e r e a bl e to pi e r c e th e h a r d e st h e a r t o f th e

w o rld ; an d a s I th o ught so it c a m e to p a ss F o r a fte r sight .

th e r e o f I p e r ce iv e d th e m an to b e e xc e e din gly a lt e re d a n d to ,

t a k e th e s a m e v e ry n e ar u n to his h e ar t in such wis e th a t ,

w a t e r sto o d in his e y e s a n d h e a n sw e re d : Wh a t gr a ci o us
,
”
w ords are th e s e ! I a ssu re y o u s a id h e if it w o uld st a n d , ,
“
33 4 T H E D A I VN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

with th e ki n g s m o st gra ci o us pl e a su re to gr a n t on ly a b a re
’

t e xt o f th e Sc riptu r e to b e put fo r th a m on g his p e o ple li k e ,

a s is put fo r th a m o n g th e subj e cts o f th e e m p e ro r in th e s e

p a r ts a n d o fo th e r Ch r isti a n p r i n c e s b e it o f th e t r a n sl a ti o n o f
, ,

wh a t p e r s o n s o e v e r sh a ll ple a s e his m aj e sty I sh a ll imm e d i ,

a t e ly m a k e fa ithful p ro mis e n e v e r to w r it e m o r e n or a bid e ,

tw o d a ys in th e s e p ar ts a ft e r th e s a m e ; but imm e di a t e ly to
re p a i r i n t o his r e a l m a n d th e r e m o st hu m bly sub m it m s e lf
, y
a t th e fe e t o f his ro y a l m aj e sty o f fe r i n g my b o dy to su ffe r ,

wh a t p a i n or t o r tu re — y e a wh a t d e a th — h is g ra c e w ill so th a t , ,
”
this b e o bt a i n e d e tc ,
.

This si m pl e c o n diti on thus n o bly o ffe re d H e n ry w a s u n , ,

willin g to a cc e pt O n e m o re in t e r vi e w fo llo w e d re p o r t e d to
.
,

C r u mw e ll in a l e tte r d a t e d Ju n e 1 9 fro m A n tw e r p I h ave ,

sp o k e n with Ty n d all a n d sh o w e d h im a s y o u w r o t e me th e, ,

kin g s ro y a l pl e a su r e w a s ; but I fin d him a lw a ys si n gin g o n e

’

n ote T y n d a l e s o n e n o t e — a b are t e xt o f G o d s W o r d to
’ ’ ’

b e a ll o w e d a m o n gst th e p e o pl e — w a s a s i n t o l e r a bl e to H e nry
as c o n v e r si o n b a ck to R o m ish sup e rstitio n w a s o dio us to th e
t ran sl a t o r .

S o o n a fte r war ds V a ugh a n r e tu r n e d h o m e by p e r missi o n .

But S ir Th o m a s Ely o t k n o w n a s a sch o l ar an d a fri e n d o f ,

M o re d e sc r ib e d by C h a puy s fro m his w o r ldly p o i n t o f vi e w

, , ,

as a g e n tl e m a n o f s e v e n hu n d re d o r e ight hu n d re d duc a ts o f

re n t ,
fo r me rly in th e c a rdi n a l s s e r vic e n o w i n th a t o f th e ’

l a dy s e n t a m b a ss a d o r to Ch a rl e s S e pt e mb e r 1 5 3 1 w a s co m
,
’
, ,

m issi o n e d b e sid e s th e duti e s m ore str ictly b e l o n g1n g to his

,

e m b a ssy to d e t e ct Ty n d a le i n wh a t e v e r lu rki n g pl a c e a n d
,
-
,

a pp re h e n d him o ut r ight Much m o n e y w a s sp e n t i n a cquir in g .

i n t e llige n c e but a l l e ffo r ts w e re in v a in fi T h e tra n sl a t o r w as

,
‘

m o v e a bl e like his wit Va ugh an o n his r e tu rn w as ch a rge d

,
.
’

, ,

by M o re with b e in g a fa uto r o f th e Luth e ra n s I n his d e ‘ ’

.

fe n c e h e d e cl a r e d to Cr u mw e ll th a t h e w as n e ith e r a Luth e ra n
T y n d a l y n but h a d b e e n t a u ght by Chr ist which is th e
’
n or a ,

’
H o ly Sc r iptu r e .

At this p e r i o d An tw e r p w a s on e o f th e a sylums o f
Pro te st an tis m Pr ie sts m o n ks fri ars w h o h a d r e pudi a te d
.
, , ,

See B . v869 , 1 6 1 7,
.
,
an d p ci lly
es e a El yo t s ’
l e tte r o f No v mb
e er 18,
1 53 2 , B . v .
,
1 5 54 .
 AN T WE R P, AN D TYN D A L E ’
S L IF E TH ER E .
3 35

R o m e h e r fa lse h o o ds a n d sup e rstiti o n s fo u n d th e re a r e fug e

, ,

fro m th e fa n gs a n d wil e s o f p e r s e cuti o n T h e A n tw e r p .

En glish h o us e w a s w e ll i n cli n e d to th e R e fo rm a ti o n ; an d
Tyn d a l e w a s th e ch o s e n ch a pl a i n o f th e m e r ch an ts M o n e y .
,

to o a cc o r di n g to S ir Th o m a s M o r e s st a t e m e n t w a s t r a n s
’

, ,

m i tte d fr o m E n gl a n d fo r p r i n ti n g h e re tic a l b o o ks which w e re ,

imp or te d the n c e i n t o L o n d o n a n d c a st a b r o a d in th e str e e ts ,

a t n ight — to b e t a k e n up th e n e xt d a y by p a ss e n g e r s an d ,

p e r us e d a t l e isu re Thus A n twe rp a n d L o n d o n c o m m e r ci a lly

.
,

l o n g sin c e a ss o cia te d w e re n o w d r a wn i n t o y e t m o r e i n tim a te

,

re l a ti o n ship r e lig i o usly T h e g re a t m e r c a n til e e mp or iu m o n

.

th e Sch e ldt w a s th e p r ivil e g e d sc e n e o f T y n d a l e s cl o si n g

’

l a b o u rs His m a n n e r o f life th e re h a s b e e n b r i e fly sk e tch e d

.
’

by F o x e Ev e ry M on d a y h e w o uld visit a l l such p o o r m e n

.

a n d w o m e n a s w e re fl e d o u t o f E n gl a n d f o r c o n sci e n c e sake ’
.

Ev e ry S a tu r d ay h e w o u l d w a l k r o u n d a b o ut th e e n vi r on s o f
th e t o w n an d ,
s e e k o u t his r e fuge e c o u n t rym e n in e v e ry
c o rn e r a n d h o l e Th e s e w e re his tw o d a ys o f p a sti m e
. Th e .
‘

r e st o f th e w e e k h e g a v e h im w h o lly to his b o o k W h e n th e .
’

Su n d a y c a me th e n w e n t h e to s o me o n e m e r ch a n t s ch a mb e r
,
’

o r o th e r whith e r c a m e m a n y o t h e r m e r ch a n ts :a n d u n t o th e m
,

w o uld h e r e a d s o m e o n e p a r c e l o f Sc r iptu re e ith e r o u t o f th e ,

Old T e st a m e n t o r o u t o f th e N e w ; th e which p r o c e e d e d s o
fruitfully swe e tly a n d ge n tly fro m him m uch li k e to th e
, , ,

w r iti n gs o f St J o hn th e Eva n ge list— th a t i t w a s a h e a v e n ly

.

c o mfo r t a n d joy to th e a udi e n c e to h e a r him r e a d th e

Sc r iptu r e ; a n d in like wis e a fte r di n n e r h e sp e n t a n h o u r in ,

th e a fo re s a id m an n e r
’
.

But th e e n d e a v o u r s o f th e R o ma n ist p a r ty to in v e igle J o h n

F ry th i n t o th e i r m e sh e s me t with c o mpl e t e su cc e ss F ry th .

h a d hi m s e lf e n t e re d th e c o n t r o v e rsi a l lists o n th e subj e ct o f

pu rga t o ry a g a i n st M ore R as te ll a n d Fish e r H e h a d d e a lt
, , .

h is a dv e r s a r i e s s o m e h a r d bl o ws tr e a ti n g M o r e s p o e tic a l
’ ‘
,

si m ilitud e s a s s o m e wh a t c h e a p pi e c e s o f p a in te d gl a ss v e ry
’

e a sily sh a tt e re d Thus Va ugh a n h a d b e e n dir e ct e d to try his

.

p o w e r s o f p e r su a si o n a ls o with F ryth a n d i n duc e h im to ,

r e tu rn to E n gl a n d A l e tt e r fro m V a ugh a n to th e ki n g
.

c on v e ye d th e i n t e llige n c e th a t F ry th w a s l a t e ly m a rr i e d in ‘

H oll a n d . T o uchi n g F ry th e te C r u m we ll ( M ay
’ ‘
,
’

,
3 36 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R /lI A TI O N .

th e ki ng l a m e n ts th a t h e sh o uld a pply his l e a rn i n g in s o wi n g

th e s e e ds o f d a m n a bl e h e r e si e s e tc But h e t rusts th a t ,
.

h e is n o t s o i n r o o t e d in th e s e e vil d o ct r i n e s but th a t by th e ,

g ra c e o f G o d a n d th e e xh o r t a ti o n o f go o d p e o pl e h e m a y b e
, ,

c a lle d to th e r ight w a y H e th e r e for e d e si re s y o u to a dvis e .

him to re n o u n c e his wilful o pi n i o n s a n d lik e a go o d Ch r isti a n , , ,

r e tu r n i n t o his n a tiv e c o u n t r y wh e re h e will fin d th e k i n g ,

m e r cifully Va ugh an in re ply e xp re ss e d his e x , ,

e cta ti o n th a t F ryth w o uld sh o r tly b e in A n tw e r p wh e r e h e

p ,

w o uld n o t fa il to a pp r o v e h i m by a l l p o ssibl e m e a n s f ’ ' '

It w a s a b o ut July 2 5 1 5 3 2 a cc o r din g to S to k e sl e y s r e gist e r

, ,
’

th a t F r y th a t l e n gth r e tu rn e d to E n gl a n d His fa th e r w a s a n .

i n n k e e p e r a t S e v e n o a ks : but n o thi n g is r e c o r d e d o f his s on s

’

m o v e me n ts u n til his a pp e a ra n c e is n o tifi e d a t R e a di n g Th e r e .

.

w e r e s e v e r a l m e m b e r s o f th e b r o th e rh o o d a t R e a di n g T h e .

m itr e d a bb o t o f th e gr e a t B e n e dicti n e m o n a st e ry a t this ti m e

w a s Hugh C o o k o r F a r i n gd o n a d e t e r m i n e d R o m a n ist w h o
, , ,

p e rish e d thr e e y e a r s l a t e r in th e s a m e c a use a s w e ll a s y e a r, ,

a s th e a bb o ts o f th e g r e a t B e n e dicti n e h o us e s o f Gl a st o n bu ry

a n d C o lch e st e r But th e p r i o r J o h n S h irb o u rn e w a s on e o f

.
, ,

th e b r e th re n a n d t o ge th e r with s o m e o th e rs h a d b e e n
‘
,
’

, ,

a l re a dy a rr e st e d a n d s e n t to th e T o w e r .

At Re a di n g F ry th w a s t re a te d a s a v a ga b o n d a n d put i n t o ,

th e st o cks a n d k e pt th e r e u n til h e w as a l m o st st a r v e d
,
At .

l e n gth h o w e v e r h e o bt a i n e d his r e l e a s e th r o ugh th e ki n d

, ,

o ffic e s o f th e sch o o l m a st e r o f th e t o w n This w a s L e on a r d .

C o x e a fr i e n d a n d c orr e sp on d e n t o f E ra smus 1 a n d th e a uth or

, ,

o f th e A r t o r C ra ft o f Rh e t o r ic p r i n t e d 1 5 2 4 Co x e w as
‘ ’
.
,

much pl e a s e d by th e fa cility wh e r e with th e culp r it c o n fi n e d

i n th e st o cks c o n v e rs e d with h i m in L a ti n a n d w a s d e light e d ,

by F ry th s e vid e n cin g his a cqu a i n t a n c e with G re e k by r e

’

c iti n g s o m e li n e s fro m th e fi r st b o o k o f H o m e r s Ili a d Set

’
.

fr e e fr o m th e st o cks F ry th us e d his b e st e n e rgi e s to e sc a p e

,

fr o m th e d a n g e r s which h e mm e d h i m r o u n d with a s littl e d e l a y ,

.a s p o ssibl e H e hid his h e a d w h e r e a n d h o w h e c o uld

. At .

o n e ti m e h e w a s i n L on d o n a m o n g th e fa ithful me t in a ,

w a r e h o us e i n B o w L a n e ; sh o r tly a ft e r w a r ds h e t r i e d to
B . v , . 2 48 .
T B . v .
,
311 .

i B iv p
. .
,
ar t ii .
,
3 129 .
 F R YT H I N T H E T O WE R .
337

c o n c e a l hi mse lf a m o n g s o m e o f th e a ffili a t e d c o n gr e ga ti o n s in
th e c o u n try H e fo u n d to his dis m a y h o w e v e r th a t h e
. , ,

‘
c o uld b e i n s a fe ty in n o pl a c e ; n o n o t l on g a m o n g his ,

fr ie n ds .
’

S ir Th o m a s M or e hims e lf h a d o bt a i n e d sc e n t o f th e w a n d e r
in g h e r e tic in c o n s e qu e n c e o fr e c e ivi n g th r o ugh a t re a ch e ro us
, ,

h an d a c o py o f a sh or t tr e a tis e by F ryth o n th e S a c ra m e n t
,

o f th e B o dy an d Bl o o d o f Ch r ist T h is e xpl a n a ti o n o f th e ’
.

t o pic e sp e ci a lly in dispute h a d b e e n c o m p o s e d a t th e r e qu e st

o l d fa m ili ar fr i e n d on e w h o might b e tt e r b e a
’
of an
‘ ‘

b ish o p s a id F ry th ,
’
th an m a n y th a t w e a r m itre s if th e r ul e
,
‘
,

o f St P a ul w e r e re g ar d e d in th e i r e l e cti o n Chr ist s b o dy ’ ‘ ’ ’

.
.
,

F ry th m a i n t a i n e d h a th al l th e p ro p e r ti e s o f o u r b o dy sin
,
‘
,

o n ly e xc e pt a n d c an n o t b e i n tw o pl a c e s a t o n c e It w a s ’ ‘
.
,

h e w ro te th e n o t b e li e vi n g Ch r ist s b o dily p re s e n c e in
’ ‘ ’
not , ,

th e S a c r a m e n t th a t w o uld d a m n bu t His a bs e n c e o u t o f th e
’

h e ar t N o h e re sy m o re r a n k c o uld h a ve b e e n p ro p o u n d e d
.
’

i n M or e s j udgm e n t th a n this T h e bl o o dh o u n ds o fv e n g e a n c e
’
.
,

we re a t on c e l e t slip o n th e fugitiv e s t ra ck a n d on ly fo r a ’

sh o r t tim e w a s F ry th a bl e to e v a d e th e i r p e r ti n a ci o us s e a rch .

At Milt o n sh ore n e ar S o uth e n d j ust a s h e w a s h o pin g to

-
, ,

e mb ar k i n a m e r ch an t v e ss e l u n d e r th e c on duct O f a fr i e n dly ,

c a pt a in which w as s e e n in th e o ffi n g h e w a s a pp re h e n d e d
, , ,

a n d with a s littl e d e l a y a s re m o r s e s e n t a p r is o n e r to th e

To w e r .

Th e re is a l e tt e r (Octo b e r 2 1 1 5 3 2 ) fro m S ir Edmu n d ,

Wa lsy n gh a m th e li e ute n an t o f th e T o w e r to Cr umw e ll in

, , ,

re fe re n c e to th e h e r e tics i m p r is o n e d u n d e r his ch a r g e Tw o .

o f th e m st a t e s Wa l sy n gh a m w e a r i ro n s : F ry th w e a r s n o n e
,
’
,
.

Alth o ugh h e l a cks i r on s h e l a cks n o t wit n o r pl e a s a n t t o n g ue ,

.

His l e arn i n g p a ss e s my j u d gme n t As y o u s a id it w e re gre a t .

,

pity to l o s e him if h e may b e re c o n cil e d Th re e d a ys l a t e r

,
.
’

J o h n Wh a ll e y w h o s e e m s to h a v e b e e n i n a u th o rity o v e r
,

C r u mw e l l s b r ickl a y e r s a n d c a r p e n t e r s b e sid e s a pp r isi n g his

’

m a st e r— w h o w as a t this tim e a t C a l a is with th e ki n g a n d

A n n e B o l e yn — th a t th e h o us e e r e cti n g fo r him in A u stin
Fr i ars is go in g w e ll fo r w ar d a n d th a t fo u r hu n d r e d m e n a re ,
’

a t w o r k o n th e ki n g s buildi n gs a t th e T o w e r suppli e s i n f
’
or ,

m a ti o n r e sp e cti n g th e p r is on e r s T h e pri or of R e d y n g o n e .
‘
,

22
33 8 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I O N .

of th e p ris on e r s a t th e T o w e r w a s re m o v e d th r e e d a ys a fte r ,

o u l e ft fr o m F ryth a n d his fe ll o ws to B e a tch a m T o w e r

y , , ,

a cc o mp a n i e d with th e p a r s o n o f H on y L a n e (L a u r e n c e C o o k ) ,

a n d Ch r ist o ph e r C o o to b e ,

Afte r Chr ist ma s F ry th r e c e iv e d th ro ugh a c o n fid e n ti a l

, ,

ch a n n e l a l e tt e r fro m Ty n d a le a dd r e ss e d to h im a s B r o th e r
, ,
‘

Jacob T h e n e ws o f his imp r is o n m e n t h a d n o t y e t r e a ch e d

’
.

his fri e n d T h e e a r ly p a r t o f th e l e tt e r is o ccupi e d with

.

p a st o r a l a dvic e to p re a ch b o th th e l a w a n d C h r ist a n d to
, ,

a v o id u n p ro fit a bl e c o n t ro v e r sy O n th e p re s e n c e in th e .
‘

S a c ra m e n t my m i n d is w r o t e Tyn d a l e th a t n o thi n g h e put

’
, , ,

for th til l w e h e a r h o w y o u sh a ll h a v e sp e d Th e n a ft e r ’
.
,

r e fe rr i n g to th e p roj e ct o f a g e n e ra l c o u n cil n o t o f a pu re
‘
,

h e a r t a n d for l o v e o f th e t r uth but to a v e n ge th e ms e lv e s

, , ,

a n d to e a t th e wh o re s fl e sh a n d to suck th e m a rr o w o f h e r
’

b o n e s Tyn d a l e u rge s cl e a v e fa st to th e R o ck o f th e h e lp o f
,
’
,

G o d a n d c o mm it th e e n d o f a ll thi n gs to H im ; a n d if G o d
, ,

s h a ll c a ll ou th at o u m ay th e n u se th e wisd o m o f th e
y y ,

w o rldly as fa r a s y o u p e r c e iv e th e gl ory o f G o d m a
, y o me
c
th e re o f r e fus e it n o t a n d e v e r a m o n g th r ust i n th a t th e
, , ,

Scr iptu re m a y b e i n th e m o th e r t on gu e a n d l e ar n i n g se t u p ,

in th e u n iv e r siti e s Tyn d a l e a dde d e m ph a tic a lly I c a ll G o d

.
’
,

to r e c or d a g a i n st th e d a y w e sh a ll a pp e a r b e fo r e o u r L o r d
,

J e sus to giv e a re ck o n i n g o f o u r d o i n gs th a t I n e ve r a lte re d

, ,

o n e syll a bl e o f G o d s W o r d a g a i n st my c o n sci e n c e n o r w o uld

’

this d a y if a l l th a t is in th e e a rth wh e th e r it b e pl e a su re
, , ,

h o n o ur or r ich e s might b e giv e n m e

, , G o d h a th m a d e .

m e e vil fa v o u r e d in this w o r ld a n d with o ut gra c e in th e S ight

-
,

o fm e n sp e e chl e ss a n d r ud e dull a n d sl o w witt e d

,
Yo u r p a r t ,
- .

sh a ll b e to supply th a t l a ck e th i n m e ; r e me m b e r in g th a t a s ,

l o w li n e ss o f h e ar t sh a ll m a k e y o u high with G o d e v e n so ,

m e e k n e ss o f w o rds sh a ll m a k e y o u sin k i n t o th e h e a r ts o f
me n ,
’
e tc .

Such fe w ch a ra ct e r istic e xtra cts fro m Tyn d a l e fir st

’
a re a s

See B
1 4 3 2 , 14 6 7 ,
.
, 9 3 , 9 43
v ., 4 vi . .

h h b b c v d
W e n S e r o u r n e h a d e e n o n e r te , C r u m w e w r o te to th e a o t
‘ ’
ll bb
i
to r e n s ta te h m
i , w o e h r i e ,
‘
I a e re e epl dour h v c iv d y l t
e te r s c c i g
on e rn n
J h
d a n o n S h i r b o u rn e , a te r o r o f t s h o u s e l pi hi h
A n d w e r e a s y o u r e u req i .

h t id
t a th e sa S h i rb o ur n e s a b e r e sto re , i t w h lla e ar d ill pp by l
h is e tte r ,
ih h
h e r e w t se n t, t a t t s i s e a n o n trar to h i s m n hi cl c ’
y i d .
 V O R E S L E T T E R I N R E PL Y T O F R YTH
’ ’
I S TR A C T .
3 39

l e tt e r b e fo r e h e w a s a s y e t a w a r e o f his fr ie n d s a ppre h e n s1 on
,
’

a n d c a ptivity S i r Th o ma s Audl e y h a d succ e e d e d M o r e a s l o r d

.

ch a n c e ll o r ( J a n u ary 2 6 a s h a s b e e n a l r e a dy s a i d e ight
, ,

m o n ths a ft e r his p r e vi o us a pp o in tm e n t to b e k e e p e r o f th e g re a t
s e a l Oth e r a uspici o us e v e n ts fo r th e p ro gre ss o fth e r e fo r mi n g
.

m o v e m e n t such a s th e c o n s e cra ti o n o f C ran m e r to th e p ri m a cy

, ,

h a d fo ll o w e d ; a n d u n d e r th e i r c o m bi n e d i n flu e n c e th e r ig o u r
, ,

o f F r th s i m p r is o n m e n t b e c a m e s o m e w h a t r e l a x e d He w as
’

y .

visit e d in th e T o w e r a n d c o mfo r te d by m a n y fa ithful ,

fo llo w e rs o f Ch r ist s G o sp e l a n d rej o ic e d to fin d th a t in th e

’

,
’

me tr o p o lis th e r e w a s n o s m a ll n u m b e r w a lki n g i n th e w a ys
‘

o f th e L o r d As h e c o uld n o t spi n a n d h a te d to b e idl e h e

’ ’
.
, ,

c o m p o s e d in his du ra n c e s e v e ra l t ra cts an d re su m e d th e ,

c o n t r o v e r sy o n P u r ga to r y .

His a r gu me n ts t o uchi n g th e b o d y a n d bl ood of Ch r i st i n

th e S a cr a m e n t w r itt e n d o w n a s h a s b e e n s a id fo r a n e st e e m e d
, , ,

C h r isti an b ro th e r h a d b e e n o bt a i n e d fro m this u n susp e cti n g

,

fr i e n d u n d e r th e p r e te n c e o f re a l c o n c e rn fo r th e t r uth by
, ,

Willi a m H o lt for e m an to M a lt e th e ki n g s t a il o r T h e tr a ct ’ ’

.
, ,

h a d thus fo u n d its w a y i n t o th e h an d o f S ir T h o m a s M o re in ,

co n s e qu e n c e o f w h ich F ry th h a d b e e n t ra ck e d a n d a rr e st e d .

M o r e h o w e v e r n o t s a tisfi e d with s e izi n g th e p e r s o n o f a n

, ,

o pp o n e n t fe lt c o n st r a i n e d to t a k e u p th e e n a n d c o n fut e his
, p
a r g u m e n ts H e t r e a te d F ry th a s a st ripli n g d e c e iv e d a n d ‘ ’
.
,

l e d a s tr a y r a th e r th a n a s a c o n fi rme d a n d m a tu r e d h e re tic
, ,
’
such a s h e th o ught Ty n d a l e M o re s L e tt e r h o w e v e r a ga in st .
,
’

F ryth w as ci r cul a t e d p r iv a t e ly a n d c a uti o usly ; a n d it w a s

o n ly wit h much di f ficulty th a t o n e w r itt e n c o py c o uld b e a t ’

l e n gth p ro cu re d fo r p e rus a l by th e p r is o n e r in th e T o w e r .

Its o n ly i m p or t an c e to p o ste r ity li e s in th e fa ct th a t it p r o v e d

th e o cc a si o n o f i n duci n g th e c a ptiv e co n tro v e r tia l ist to i n dit e
his c e l e b r a t e d a n d v a lu a ble A n s w e r ‘
.
’

I n his t e a chi n g o n th e L o rd s Supp e r F ry th tr o d v e ry

’

much in th e fo o tp r i n ts o f Z u in gl i with wh o m p ro b a bly h e , , ,

h a d c o n ve r s e d a t th e c on fe re n c e a n d o f wh o m h e w r o t e I ‘

, ,

t hi n k n o m a n i n Ch r ist e n d o m might h a v e c o m p a r e d with

him F ry th s tre a tis e must n o t b e se t si d e by sid e w ith th e
.
’ ’

ulpi t e l o qu e n c e wh e r e with Till o ts o n disc o u r s e d on T r a n su b

p
s ta n ti a ti o n still l e ss with th e e x a ct a n d e l a b o r a t e i n v e stig a ti o n
,
3 40 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

i n t o th e t r u e d o ctr in e o f th e Euch a r ist by W a t e r l a n d It .

p r e c e d e d th e e a rli e r o f th e s e th e o l o gi a n s by a c e n tu ry a n d a
h a lf an d u n d e r th e p re ssu re o f th e cu rre n t id e a s o f th e time
,

w a s si mply t e n t a tiv e a n d n e g a tiv e It o n ly m a i n ta i n e d th e .

t e mp e ra te p o siti o n th a t it is n o a r ticl e to b e b e li e v e d u n d e r
‘

p a i n o f d a mn a ti o n th a t th e S a c ra m e n t is th e n a tu ra l b o d y o f
Ch rist It p ro p o u n ds th re e e n ds o f th e S a c ra m e n t : fi rstly
.
’

it s e r ve s as a b a dge o r m a rk o f Chr isti an s ; s e c o n dly it h e lps ,

to i m p r i n t fa ith d e e p e r a s cl a ppi n g h a n ds to a p r o m is e
,

st re n gth e n s th e a ssu ra n c e o f th e lips ; a n d thi r dly it is a ,

s a c r ifice O f th an ksgivi n g b e fo re th e fa c e o f th e c o n g re ga ti on .

B u t F ry th p r o fe ss e d hims e lf c o n t e n t with Luth e r s d o ctr i n e

’

a n d willi n g to l e a v e th e disput e b e tw e e n th e S a x o n a n d Swis s

th e o l o gi an s a n O p e n qu e sti o n j ust a s wh e th e r K a th a r i n e b e ,
‘

Ki n g H e n ry s wife o r n o t ’
.
’

F ry th w ro t e u n d e r o bvi o us dis a dv an ta g e s : Wh e n s o e v e r
‘ ’
,

h e s a id I h e ar th e k e ys r i n g a t th e d oo r s st ra ight a ll must
, ,

b e c o n v e y e d o u t o f th e w a y ; a n d th e n if a n y n o t a bl e thi n g ,
’
h a d b e e n in my mi n d it w a s l o st Sh o r tly a ft e r w a rd s h o w
,
.
,

e ve r ,
o n th e s e v e r ity o f his c o n fi n e m e n t b e i n g re l a x e d h is ,

k e e p e r t r uste d to his w o r d an d p r o m is e a n d l e t h im go a t
‘
,
’

lib e r ty du r i n g th e n ight to c o n sult with go o d me n , Thus .

,

by p e r se ve ri ng p a i n s th e w o r k w as c o m pl e t e d By s e c re t .

m e a n s th e A n s w e r w a s th e n c o n v e y e d to th e C o n tin e n t a n d
‘ ’

the re p r in te d It is quite p o ssibl e th a t th e p re ss m a y h a v e

.

b e e n c o rre ct e d by Ty n d a l e hi m s e lf * .

Its m o st m e m o r a bl e p a ss a ge is a vin dic a ti o n o f his fr i e n d -

an d spi r itu a l fa th e r fro m M o r e s c a lu mn i e s w h o h a d c a ll e d

’

him a b e a st ‘
Tyn d a l e I tr ust liv e th w e ll c o n te n t with
.
’ ‘
, ,

su ch a p o or a p o stl e s life a s G o d ga v e his S on Christ a n d h is

’

fa ithful m in iste r s in t h is w o r ld which is n o t su r e o f s o m a n y

, ,

mite s a s y e b e y e ar ly o f p o u n ds :a lth o ugh I a m su re th a t fo r

’

his l e ar n i n g a n d j udgm e n t in Sc r iptu re h e w e re m o re w o rthy ,

to b e p r o m o t e d th a n a l l th e bish o ps in En gl an d Afte r ’
.

qu o ti n g th e w o r ds o fT y n d al e s l e tt e r w h e r e i n h e d e cl a r e d h is ’

c o n sci e n ti o us e x a ctn e ss as Biblic a l tran sl a t o r,F ryth p ro c e e d e d

,

to st a t e e xplicitly th e o n e c on diti o n o n w h ich a l o n e h e a n d h is

fr i e n d h a d m a d e up th e i r min d s to b e sil e n t fo r th e futu re .

S e e T y n d al e
’
s W orks ,
PS
. .
,
iii p .
, . 22 0 .
 T YN D A L E S
’
S E C ON D E PI S TL E .
34 1

Un til we s o me m e a n s fo u n d by th e which a r e a s o n a ble

se e ,

re f o r m a ti o n m a
y b e h a d a n d su ffici e n t i n str u cti o n fo r th e
,

p o o r c o mmon e r s I a ssu re y o u I n e ithe r wil l n o r ca n c e a s e to

,

sp e a k ; fo r th e W o r d o f G o d b o il e th i n my b o dy lik e a fe r v e n t
fi r e a n d will n e e ds h a v e issu e a n d b r e a k e th o u t wh e n o cc a
, ,

si o n is giv e n But this th a t h a th b e e n o ffe r e d y o u is o ffe re d

.
,

a n d sh a ll b e o f fe re d G r a n t th a t th e Wo r d o f G o d I m e a n th e ,

t e xt o f Sc r iptu re m a y go a br o a d in o u r E n glish t o n gu e a s
,

o th e r n a ti o n s h a v e it in th e i r t o n gu e s a n d m b r o th e r Willi a m
y ,

Tyn d a l e a n d I h a v e d o n e a n d w ill p ro m is e y o u to w r it e n o
,

m o re . If y o u will n o t gra n t this c on diti o n th e n will w e b e ,

d o i n g whil e w e h a v e b re a th a n d sh o w in fe w w o r ds th a t th e
, ,

Sc r iptu r e d o th in m a n y a n d so a t th e l e a st s a v e s o m e
,
.
’

A s e c o n d l e tt e r w a s w r itt e n by Ty n d a l e fr o m A n tw e rp , ,

a b o ut th e m iddl e o f M a w h e n h e h a d n o w r e c e iv e d a ccu r a t e
y ,

i n fo r m a ti o n o f his fr i e n d s se izu re a n d i m p r is o n m e n t
’
.

D e a r ly b e l o v e d h o ws o e v e r th e m a tt e r b e c o m m it y o u r s e lf
, ,

wh o lly a n d o n ly u n t o y o u r m o st l o vin g F a th e r a n d m o st ki n d
L o r d a n d fe ar n o t me n th a t th r e a t n o r t r ust m e n th a t sp e a k
, ,

fa i r ; but t r ust H im th a t is tr u e o f p r o mis e a n d a ble to m ake ,

His Wo r d g o o d Y o u r c a us e is Chr ist s Go sp e l— a light th a t

.
’

m ust b e fe d with th e bl o o d o f fa ith T h e l a m p must b e .

d re ss e d a n d sn uffe d d a ily an d th a t o il p o u r ed in e v e ry e v e n
,

i n g a n d m o rn i n g th a t th e light go n o t o u t
,
.

D e a r ly b e l o v e d b e o f g o o d c o u ra ge a n d c o m fo r t y o u r s o ul
, ,

with th e h o p e o f this high r e w a r d a n d b e a r th e i m a ge o f ,

Ch r ist i n y o u r m o rt a l b o dy th a t it m ay a t His c o mi n g b e ,

m a d e lik e to His i mm o r t a l ; a n d fo ll o w th e e x a m pl e o f a ll
y o u r o th e r d e ar b r e th r e n which ch o s e to s u ffe r in h o p e o f a
,
.

b e tt e r r e su rre cti o n K e e p y o u r c o nscie n c e pu re a n d u n

.

d e fil e d a n d s a a g a i n st th a t n o thi n g Stick a t n e c e ss a ry
,
y .

th i n gs ; a n d re m e m b e r th e bl a sph e mi e s o f th e e n e m i e s o f
Ch rist Th e y fin d n o n e but th a t will a bj u re r a th e r th a n
. ,

su ffe r th e e xt r e m ity M o re o v e r th e d e a th o f th e m th a t c o m e
”
,

a g a i n a fte r th e y h a v e o n c e d e n i e d
,
th o ugh it b e a cc e pt e d ,

with G o d an d a ll th a t b e l ie ve y e t is n o t gl o r i o us ; fo r th e ,

hyp o c rite s say H e m ust n e e ds d ie ; d e n yi n g h e lp e th n o t ;

,
“

b u t might it h a v e h o lp e n th e y w o uld h a v e d e n i e d fi ve h u n
,

ti m s but s i g it w uld o t h e lp th e m th e r e fo re o f
si d
r e e ; e e n o n ,
34 2 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

pu re p r id e a n d m a lic e t o ge th e r th e y S p e a k with th e i r m o uths ,

”
th a t th e i r c o n sci e n c e kn o w e th fa ls e If y o u giv e y o u r se lf .
,

c a st y o u r s e l f yi e ld y o u rs e lf c o mm it y o u r s e lf wh o lly an d o n ly
, ,

to y o u r l o vi n g F a th e r th e n sh a ll His p o w e r b e i n y o u a n d
,

m a k e y o u st ro n g ; a n d th a t s o stro n g th a t y o u sh a ll fe e l n o ,

p a i n a n d th a t sh a ll b e to a n o th e r p re s e n t d e a th ; a n d His
,

Spi r it sh a ll sp e a k in y o u an d t e a ch y o u wh a t to a n sw e r ,

a cc o r di n g to His p r o mis e H e sh a ll s e t His t r ut h by y o u .

w o n d e rfully a n d w o rk fo r y o u a b o v e a l l th a t y o u r h e a r t ca n
,

i ma gin e Ye a a n d y o u a re n o t y e t d e a d ; th o ugh th e hyp o

.
,

c r it e s a ll with a ll th e y can m a k e h a v e sw o rn y o u r d e a th
, ,
.

Un a sa l u s n icti s n u l l a m sp e r a r e s a l u te m T o l o o k fo r n o .

m an s h e lp b ri n ge th th e h e lp o f G o d to th e m th a t s e e m to
’

b e o v e r c o m e i n th e e y e s o f th e hyp o c r it e s y e a it sh a ll m a k e ,

G o d to c arry y o u th ro ugh thick a n d thi n fo r His t r uth s s a k e

’

i n spit e o f a l l th e e n e mi e s o f His t r uth Th e re fa ll e th n o t a .

h a ir till His h o u r h e c om e ; a n d wh e n His h o u r is c o m e

, ,

n e c e ssity c arr i e th us h e n c e th o ugh w e b e n o t wi l lin g But , .

if w e b e willin g th e n h a v e w e a re w a rd a n d th an k s
, .

F e a r n o t thre a te n in g the re fore n e ith e r b e o v e r c o m e by

, ,

swe e t w o r ds with which tw a i n th e hyp o c r it e s sh a ll a ss a il y o u

,
.

N e ithe r l e t th e p e r su a si o n s o f w o rldly wisd o m b e a r r ul e in

yo u r h e a r t ; n o th o ugh th e y b e y o u r fr i e n ds th a t c o u n s e l
,
.

L e t Bi l n e y b e a w arn in g to y o u L e t n o t th e i r viz o r b e g u il e .

yo u r e ye s L e t n o t y o u r b o dy fa i n t H e th a t e n du re th to
. .

th e e n d sh a ll b e s a v e d If th e p a in b e a b o v e y o u r stre n gth
.
,

re m e m b e r Wh a ts o e ve r y e sh a ll a sk in My N a m e I will giv e
, ,
”
it y o u . A n d p ra y to y o u r F a th e r i n th a t N a m e a n d H e ,

wi l l c e a s e y o u r p a in o r sh or te n it T h e L o r d o f p e a c e o f .
,

h O pe an d o f fa ith b e with y o u
, Am e n . .

WI L L I A M T YN DAL E .
’

Th e re foll o we d p o stsc r ipts Th e fi r st e xp re ss e d joy a t .

m ar tyr c on st a n cy a t An tw e r p R ise ll e s (Lill e ) Luk e ( Li ege ) , , ,

R o a n (R o u e n ) a n d Par is u n t o th e gr e a t gl o ry o f th e G o sp e l
, , .

Th e n th e i n te ll ige n c e w a s c omm u n ic a t e d th a t G e o rge J o ye

h a d p r i n t e d a t B arro w (B e r g e n o p Z o o m ) tw o l e a v e s o f - -
‘

G e n e sis i n a gre a t fo rm a n d h a d s e n t o n e c o py to th e ,
’ ‘

ki n g a n d a n o th e r to th e n e w qu e e n T h e fi n a l p o stsc ript .
’
 T YN D A L E E N T E R S T H E C ON T R O VE R S Y .
34 3

w as to this ffe ct : S ir y o u r wife is w e ll c on t e n t with th e

e
‘
,

will o f G o d ,
a n d w o uld n o t fo r h e r s a k e h a v e th e gl o ry o fG o d

hin d e r e d .
’

But n o t s a tisfi e d with e n c o u ra gin g his b e l o ve d b r o th e r to

p a ti e n t e n du r a n c e — n o w t h a t F ry th h a d t o uch e d this t e rr ibl e
tr a ge dy a n d th a t th e Euch a r istic c on t ro v e rsy h a d b e c o me
,
’

upp e rm o st— dismissin g th e r e s e r v e which h e h a d p re vi o usly

r e c o mm e n d e d a n d p r a ctis e d Tyn d a l e t o o k his st an d d e ,

l i b e ra te l y by his i m p r is on e d fr i e n d s sid e H e c o mp o s e d
’
.

a n d publish e d a n o n ym o usly a t r e a tis e e n titl e d T h e S o up e r ‘

,

o f th e This t re a tis e sh o r t a n d pithy w a s p r i n t e d a t , ,

N o rn b u rg ( Nu re m b e r g ? ) by Nicl a s T w o n son Ap r il 5 1 5 33 , , , ,

a s st a t e d i n its fi n a l c o l o ph on Th a t th e t re a tis e w a s r e a lly .

T y n d a l e s a dmits o f littl e d o ubt

’
B e sid e s th e i n t e rn a l e v i .
,

d e n c e th e fa ct th a t it w a s publish e d a n on ym o usly a n d th e
, ,

a uth o r s n a m e e v e n studi o usly c o n c e a l e d an d th a t it w a s

’
,

p r i n t e d a t a n e w pl a c e by a n e w p r i n t e r c on sid e r i n g wh a t ,

Ty n d a le h a d d e cl ar e d o n th e duty o f shu n n i n g c on tro v e r sy ,

m ay b e h e ld to s e r v e a s c o n fi r m a t o ry p ro o f T h e t re a tis e .

its e lf i n tim a t e d th a t M ore w o uld with o u t fa il re c o gn is e th e , ,

a u th o r M a st e r M o ck e h e k n o w e th m e w e ll e n o ugh
,
‘
,
an d

a lth o ugh M o r e s o m e wh a t d iss e mbl e d his kn o wl e dg e m e n ti o n ,

in g Ge o rge Ja y o r Jo y a s p e rh a ps th e a uth o r a n d i n a l e tt e r ,

to C ru mw e ll styl e d it th e w or k o f an u n k n o w n h e re tic y e t
’

e v e rywh e r e th r o ugh o ut his A n sw e r to th e p o is o n e d th e ‘ ‘

,
’

B e dl a m rip e b o o k th e pon tifica l p o e t a s Ty n d a l e n a m e d

-
’

, ,
’

M o re w a s e vid e n tly a w a re p e rfe ctly th a t h e w as a ga i n h a z ar d

,
’

i n g a fa ll with his fo r m e r r e d o ubt e d a n t ago n ist It is a b o o k .

o f th a t s o r t w r o te M ore th a t F ry th s b o o k th e b r e thre n m a y
,
’
,
’

n o w fo r b e ar
’
.

T o e a t th e fl e sh a n d d r i n k th e bl o o d o f Chr ist Ty n d a l e ,

a v e rr e d is to b e li e v e a n d k n o w i n th e h e ar t th a t Ch r is t
,

su ffe re d d e a th a n d sh e d His bl o o d fo r us Un like Luth e r .

,

‘
p d
T h e S o u e r o f th e L or , w h e r -u n to t a t t o u ma st b e th e b e tte r h h y
p p d
re are a n d v e r l y e r n str u te a e i c d h v h
e r e fi rs te th e d e cl a r a si o n o f th e
l t p
a er a r t o f th e 6 ca of S t o a , b e gi n n i n ge
. J h
a t th e . l
e tte r C th e .

li b
fo w e r th ne e fo r e th e r o sse , a t e se c th
w o r d is : V e r e l y , v
e re , e tc , .

i cid ly
w h e re y n n ent l
M M o r e s e tte r a ge n st o h a F ry th i s o n fu te
’
. J c d
’
. .

k
C ro sse s m a r e d th e o r t o n s to b e re a in p i u d p blic vic
se r e L e tte r s .

d
w e r e u se v
as n o w e r se s T y n d al e s fi r st e t o n h a s n e t e r
. di i —ihT y n d al e s
’ ’
.

k
W o r s, P S , iii p ,
. 2 17 . . . .
3 44 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R /l/I A T I O N .

he c o n n e ct e d J o h n vi with th e S a c r a m e n t o f th e L o r d s .
’

Supp e r e xpl a i n i n g Ch r ist s w a rn in g th e fl e sh pr o fite th

,
’

,
‘

n o thi n g to b e a r e buk e to th e J e ws fo r putti n g a lit e ra l

’

a n d c a r n a l s e n s e o n w o r ds o f S pi r itu a l i m p o r t a n d thus to ,

b e e quiv a l e n t to th e c a uti o n My fl e sh p ro fite th y o u n o thin g ,

to e a t it Sid e by sid e with This is My b o dy ’

a t al l
‘ ’
.
,

Tyn d a l e pl a c e d th e p a ra ll e l p a ss a ge This cup is th e N e w ,

‘

T e sta me n t th e wi n e in th e cup c a lle d a cup a n d th e cup

,
’ ‘
,
’

c a ll e d a T e st a me n t ‘
H e a dduc e d T e r tulli a n Augustin e .
’

, ,

a n d a p a ss a g e fr o m a w r itin g which h e supp o s e d to b e Ch ry

s os to m s i n e xpl an a ti o n th a t This is M y b o dy a cc o r din g

’ ‘ ’

, ,

to a v e ry fa mili ar m o d e o f sp e e ch m e an s simply This is ‘

, ,

th e figu re o r sign o f My b o dy A n d h e c o n clud e d with a

’
.

b r i e f a cc o u n t o f th e a me n d e d s e r vic e which h e w o uld fa i n ,

h a v e a d o pt e d in o r d e r to th e r e st o ra ti o n o f th e h o ly S a c ra
,

m e n t u n t o th e pu re u se a s th e Ap o stle s use d it i n th e i r ,

M o re s An swe r to Ty n d a l e quickly fo ll o w e d his R e ply

’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’

to F ry th th e l a tt e r fo r s o m e r e a s o n o r o th e r h a vi n g b e e n
, , ,

k e pt b a c k fro m th e public e y e fo r m o r e th a n a y e a r A n d .

th e i n g e n i o us d e fe n c e o f R o m e s a bsu r d Th o ma s ti c s a c r a
’

m e n t a l syst e m by h e r skilful ch a m pi o n h o w e ve r i n c o n clusiv e , ,

cl o se d th e c o n tro v e r sy a t this j u n ctu re Th e fl a me s o f S m ith .

fie l d w e r e to a cc o mp l ish wh a t M o r e s cl e ve r s imilitud e s w e r e
’

in c o mp e t e n t to e ffe ct .

T h e p ro sp e ct th a t a life so full o f p ro m is e a s F ry th s might

’

e t b e sp a r e d h a d s e e m e d l a tt e r ly a t l e a st to b r ight e n His
y , , .

tre a tm e n t h a d b e c o me l e ss r igid His ge n i a l s o ci a l qu a liti e s .

a dd e d g ra c e to his l e a r n i n g a n d t a l e n ts a n d w on him p e r s o n a l ,

fri e n ds B ut h e fo u n d a v e ry d e t e r m i n e d fo e in G ar din e r
.
,

w h o h a d b e e n his tu t o r a t Ki n g s C o l l e ge a n d w h o h a te d
’

bitte rly th e e n light e n e d re ligi o us t e n e ts n o w pl a i n ly a v o w e d

by his fo r m e r pupil G a rdi n e r e x a m in e d h im in D e c e mbe r in .

his o w n h o us e an d h o p e d to s h a k e his c o n st a n cy but to h is

,

gre a t a n n oy a n c e fo u n d a ll his e n d e a v o u r s futil e T o b ri n g .

a b o ut his d e st r ucti on w a s th e o n ly r e m a i n i n g pl an th a t g a v e

T y n d al e
’
s l
k T h S c m t f B p ti m d f th B dy a te r w or ,
e a ra en s o a s an o e o

d Bl d f C h i t d w ll p mi tly H b w c t m f ’
an oo o th r s , e s ro nen on e e re us o o
nami g th m m i l
n
‘
d ig f thi g w i th th
e v y m f th e or a an s ns o n s e er na e o e

thi g i g i fi d Ty d l W k P S i pp 3 4 6 9 1 ’ ’
n s n e -
n a e s or s, . .
,
. .
, ,
. .
 F R YTH TR I E D A N D C ON D E M N ED .
34 5

th e re m o t e st p ro mis e o f th e e xti rp a tio n o f his d o ctri n e s It .

w a s c e r t a i n ly with G a r di n e r s c o u n t e n an c e a n d p ro b a bly by
’

h is p ro mpti n g th a t C u r w e n a c o u r t ch a pl a in p r e a chi n g a t
, , ,

Gre e n wic h in m a i n t e n a n c e o f th e n e w roy a l m arr i a ge n o t ,

o n ly a ss a il e d th e fr i a r s with h a r sh i n v e ctiv e s but a ls o th e ,

o pp o si n g s e ct o f th o s e w h o i m pug n e d th e e st a b l ish e d d o ct r i n e

o f th e Chu r ch up on th e E u ch a r ist a n d m a d e u n mist a k a bl e ,

re fe re n c e to F r y th The r e is o n e n o w i n th e T o w e r o f
‘
.

L on d o n s o b o ld a s to w r it e i n d e fe n c e o f th a t h e r e sy a n d ,

n o m a n g o e th a b o ut his r e fo rm a ti o n T h hi n t w as n o t
’

y e t e .

l o st up o n th e ki n g w h o n o t o n ly a s D efe n d e r of th e F a i th
, ,

b u t y e t m or e a s n o w S up r e m e H e a d of th e Ch u r ch afte r Go d
, ,

d e e me d hims e lf p e culi a rly c a lle d up o n by his o ffic e to o bs e r v e

a n d pu n ish a n y d e vi a t i o n fro m th e o r th o d o x c r e e d e sp e ci a l ly ,

o v e r t d e vi a ti o n fro m o n e o f its m o st vi ta l a r ticl e s It w a s .

r e s o lv e d th e r e for e th a t F r th s c a s e sh o uld b e t a k e n in h an d
’

, y ,

wit h o ut a ny fu r th e r d e l a y a n d th a t th e h e re tic sh o uld e ithe r

,

b e b ro ught to r e c a n t o r if o bsti n a t e sh o u ld u n d e r g o th e
, , ,

e xt re m e s e n t e n c e o f th e Chu r ch .

Life s o m e ti m e s t e e ms with st a r tli n g o p po sit e s —n e v e r m o re

fr e qu e n tly so in E ngl a n d th an i n H e n ry s r e ign T h e fl a me s ’
.

o f th e m a r ty r s pil e gli n t e d b a ck n o t o n ly fr o m th e e x e cu
’

ti on e r s a x e
’
but fro m th e glitt e r i n g p a ge a n t a n d m e rry
,

fe s tiv a l A l e tt e r fr o m C ra n m e r (Ju n e 1 4 1 5 33 ) to H a wkin s

.
, ,

hi s succ e ss o r with th e e m p e ro r s m aj e sty b r i e fly t re a t e d o f

‘ ’ ’
,

th e r e c e n t m a g n ifice n t c o r on a ti o n o f A n n e a n d th e n tu rn e d ,

to th e m e l a n ch o ly th e m e o f F ry th s t r o ubl e s
’
O n e F ry th
’
.
,

h e w r ite s w h o w a s i m p r is o n e d i n th e T o w e r w a s a pp o i n te d
,
‘
,

by th e ki n g to b e e x a mi n e d by m e th e bish o ps o f L on d o n , ,

a n d Wi n ch e st e r Su f fo l k th e l o r d ch an c e ll o r a n d
, , ,

This mix e d c o mmissio n o f p re l a t e s a n d l ay n o bl e m e n a rr i ve d .

a t th e c o n clusi o n th a t F r th s t e n e t th a t th e r e is n o c o r p ore a l
’

y ,

p re se n c e o f Chr ist i n th e h o st a n d S a c ra me n t (a fte r th e

e x a m pl e o f CEco l a m a d iu s) is n o t a bly e rron e o us Th y l ft ’

p e e .

th e h e re tic th e re fo r e to b e d e a lt with by his o r di n a ry th e

, , ,

Bish o p o f L on d on By St o k e sl e y h e w a s c o n de mn e d to d e a th
.

i n St P a ul s (Ju n e 2 1 ) in th e c a n t o f th e d a y a s n o t will in g
’

,
.

tha t th o u w h o a rt wicke d sh o uldst b e c o m e m ore wick e d a n d ,

See B . vi , . 6 6 1 , 68 2 , 7 6 1 .
34 6 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

i n fe ct th e L or d s fl o ck with thy h e re sy
’
An d r e w He w e t a .
’
,

t a il o r w h o sh a re d his o pin i o n s w a s c o n d e m n e d a t th e s a m e
, ,

tim e to sh are his fa te .

F ry th n o w l o o k e d e v e ry d a y to go to th e fire I n his
‘ ’
.

u n he sita ti n g firm n e ss — th e n e e d o f which in p ro fe ssi n g a

Sc r iptu r a l fa ith h a d b e e n m a d e d o ubly i m p e ra tiv e by th e
c o w a r dic e o f th e b re th r e n in th e re c e n t p a st a s h e k e e n ly ,

fe l t— h e r e fu se d to r e tra ct a sin gl e w o r d o r syll a bl e o f wh a t

h e h a d w r itt e n T o his an sw e r s in L a ti n to th e i n t e rr o g a ti o n s
.

o f his j udg e s h e p o i n t e dly subsc r ib e d I J o h n F ry th thus d o , , ,

thin k ; a n d a s I thi n k so h a v e I s a id w r itt e n d e fe n de d a n d , ,

a v o w e d a n d i n my b o o ks h a v e publish e d But his e x e cuti on ’

.
,

w a s y e t d e fe rre d Liv e ly c o mmis e ra ti o n for o n e so y o u n g

.
,

l e a rn e d a n d tr u e h e a r t e d w a s e xcit e d i n th e b re a st o f Cra n m e r
-
,

him s e lf w h o in his d e e p c o m p a ssi on s e n t fo r him thre e o r

,
‘

fo u r tim e s a n d l a b o u r e d to p e r su a d e h im to l e a v e his
,
’ ‘

o pi n i o n
.
’
But a ll th e a r chbish o p s a r gu m e n ts a n d e n tre a ti e s ’

w e re in v a in F o x e s a cc o u n t o f F ry th s j o u rn e y o n fo o t to
.
’ ’

Cr o yd o n u n d e r th e c o n duct o f Pe rl e b e a n th e a r chbish o p s ,
’

giga n tic p o r te r a n d a g e n tl e m a n o f h is h o us e h old is a m o n g

, ,

th e b e st k n o w n a n d th e m o st i n t e re sti n g o f th e m a r tyr o l o gist s

’
-

g ra phic n arr a tiv e s At B r ist o w (B r ixt on ) C a us e w a y his

.
‘ ’

guid e s sugge st e d th a t th e ir p r is on e r sh o uld plu n ge i n t o th e

w o o d which skir te d th e i r p a th a n d th e n m a k e his w ay i n t o ,

K e n t a n d fin d sh e lt e r a m o n g o l d fr i e n ds a n d r e l a tive s T o
, .

C ra n m e r his e sc a p e w o uld h a v e b e e n a sin c e re re li e f But .

F ry th w a s r e s o lut e to p r e s e n t hi m s e lf b e fo re th e a r chbish o p .

H e a ssu r e d his guid e s th a t if th e y d e cli n e d to e sc o r t him h e

sh o uld go sin gly with o ut th e m a n d w as a s fix e d i n h is ,

pu rp o s e to a pp e a r fo r t r i a l a s in his e n lighte n e d s a c ra m e n t a l
d o ctr in e .

H e w a s d e liv e re d o v e r th e r e fo r e to th e m a y or an d sh e r iffs
, , ,

by wh o m h e w a s c o n sign e d to a du n g e o n i n Ne w ga te H e re .

i n d a r k n e ss his n e ck fa st e n e d to a p o st by a n i ro n c o ll a r s o
, ,

th a t h e c o uld n e ith e r S it n o r st an d up right h e c o n tr iv e d by , ,

th e light o fa c a n dl e to i n dit e his l a st l e g a cy to th e C h ur ch o f

,

Chr ist— th e A r ticl e s whe re fo r e J o h n F ry th die d T h e c a us e .

’

o f my d e a th h e w r o te
,
’
is this : b e c a us e I c a n n o t i n my co n
,
‘

sci e n c e a bj u r e a n d swe a r th a t o u r p re l a t e s o pin i o n o f th e ’

 F R YT H AN D HE WE T B UR N T .
34 7

S a c ra m e n t —th a t is th a t th e subst an c e o f b re a d a n d win e is ,

v e r ily ch an ge d i n t o th e fl e sh a n d bl o o d o f o ur S a vi o u r J e sus
Ch ris t— is a n u n d o ubt e d a r ticl e o f th e fa ith n e c e ss a ry to b e ,

b e li e v e d u n d e r p a i n o f d a m n a ti o n
’
.

T h e e x e cuti on w a s a t S m ith fie l d o n July 4 F ry th e m b r a c e d .

th e st a k e for joy H e a n d his fe ll o w su f fe re r A n d r e w H e w e t

.
-
, ,

w e re fa st e n e d b a ck to b a ck Wh e n th e fl am e s w e re d r ive n by .

th e wi n d fr o m his o w n sid e o f th e st a k e t o w a r ds his c o m p a n i o n ,

F ryth e xp re ss e d a l o ud his s a tisfa cti o n th a t H e w e t s re le a s e ’

fr o m a g on y w o u l d b e m ore sp e e dy th a n his o w n N e ve r h a d .

m o r e t r iu m p h a n t c o u ra g e n o t e v e n i n th e c a s e o f Hus

a t C o n st a n c e — sh on e fo r th i n th e fi n a l a n guish o r th r o ugh ,

o u t a ll th e st a ge s o f m a r ty r e n du ra n c e H e re i n L o n d o n ’
‘
.
,

w ro te C ar l o C a p e ll o to th e Sign o ry o f Ve n ic e th e y h a v e ,

bu rn e d tw o h e re tics one o f wh o m w a s v e ry l e arn e d in L a tin , ,

Gr e e k a n d H e b re w
,
M a n y liv e s a ft e r w ar ds ,

n o t a bly i n th e M a r i a n p e r s e cuti o n l a m e d i n t o p o e t ry a t
‘

g e ,

th e st a k e but F ry th w a s th e fo re m o st typic a l P r o t e sta n t

’

m a r ty r .

T h e c r uci a l e v e n t in th e e a r ly st r uggl e s o f th e E n glish

R e fo rma ti o n w as thus re a ch e d i n th e h e ro ic m a r ty r d o m o f
F ry th His y o uth an d p r o m is e his a biliti e s a n d l e a rn i n g his
.
, ,

pi e ty a n d ste a dfa stn e ss i n v e st e d his c r u e l d e a th with e xtra ,

o r di n a ry i n t e re st His e x e cu ti o n w a s m a de th e subj e ct o f
.

r e m a r k i n th e H o us e o f C o mm o n s a n d b e fo re th e r e for mi n g ,

P a rli a m e n t w a s a s y e t diss o lv e d — in th e n e xt s e ssi on — a n Act

w as p a ss e d wh e r e by a susp e ct e d h e r e tic w a s r e scu e d fr o m th e

g rip e o f th e bish o p an d pl a c e d a t th e b a r o f c o mmissi o n e r s in

,

o p e n c o urt T h e n e w Act n o t e d sign ific an tly : It st a n d e th

.

n o t with r ight th a t a n p e rs o n sh o uld b e c o n vict an d put to

y
th e l o ss o f his life g o o d n a m e o r g o o ds u n l e ss it w e re by d u e
, , ,

iv
Ve n , , 9 43 . . .

hi y VII I
T T s A ct (2 5 H e n r 1 4) ll d th l w (2 H y I V .
,
0 . an n u e e a enr .
,

c . hich
1 5) w l g d i di t p w w i th th di c
h ad o d e w h m it h d nor na e o er e o e sa n , o a

e mp w dto t i mp i
e re d c ic lly c vic t d h d q i d
o a r re s ,
r so n , a n an o n a on ,
an a re u re

th h i ff t giv i m plici t c d c t h i d ci i
e s er o e t b th re en e o s e s o n , so as o u rn e

h tic i hig h pl c b f th p pl B t i t c fi m d 5 R ich d I I

e re n a a e e or e e eo e .
’
u on r e ar .
,
St t 2 c 5
a . d 2 H, y V St t 1 c 7
.
,
an e nr .
,
a .
, . .

T h ki g w t C h p y t th mp g t P li m t t p
’ ‘
e n ,
h ro e a u s o e e e ro r , as o ar a en o a ss

an A t th t h c f th
c bi h p a th cl gy m h ll t j dg
en e or no s o or o er er an s a ac as u e
y t —B vii 3 9 3
,

in ac f h a se o e re s ,
e c .
’
. .
, .
348 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N GL I S H R E F O R III A T I O N .

a ccus a ti o n a n d witn e ss A n d fur th e r : It is n o t r e a s o n a bl e

.
’

th a t an y o r di n a ry by a n y su spici o n c o n ce iv e d o f his o w n
,

fan ta sy with o u t d u e a ccus a ti o n o r p re s e n t me n t sh o ul d put

, ,
,

subj e ct o f this r e a l m in th e i n fa my a n d sl a n d e r o f h e r e sy
’
an
y .

Th e n c e fo r w ar d it w a s r e quire d th a t th e a ll e g a ti o n s sh o uld b e
p ro v e d by tw o witn e sse s th e v e r dict w a s to b e p r o n o u n c e d by
a j u r y a n d th e s e n t e n c e w a s to b e e x e cut e d o n ly o n th e ki n g s
’

w r it. T o sp e a k a g a i n s t th e Bish o p o f R o m e w a s e x p r e ssly

d e cl ar e d to b e n o h e re sy .

S uch a n e n a ctm e n t witn e ss e d to th e gr e a t ch a n ge w h ich

h a d b e e n w ro ught in th e c o n victi o n s o f th e p e o pl e Th e .

m a lign ity o f th e p re l a t e s d r e w b a ck a b a she d b e fore cl e a r

sympt o ms o f ge n e ra l displ e a su re Th e n c e fo rw a rd n o m or e
.

b o n fi re s o f T e st a m e n ts a re r e c ord e d O n th e a dv o c a t e s of a .

S c r iptu r a l c re e d F ry th s u n w a v e r i n g c o n st an cy e x e r t e d th a t
’

e n c o u ra gi n g i n flu e n c e which e m an a t e s a lw a ys a n d o n ly fr o m

con sist e n t e x a mpl e .

O th e r ci rcu m st an c e s b o d e d w e ll fo r re ligi o us re fo rm D e spite .

diffe re n c e s o f d o gm a th e ki n g hi m s e lf u n d e r th e i m puls e o f
, ,

his p o siti on w a s gra vit a ti n g to w ards th e a dh e re n ts o f a Sc rip

,

tu ra l c r e e d T h e h o stility to th e p o p e displ a y e d its e lf in

.

c o n tro v e r sy ; succ e ssiv e t re a tis e s w e re a s so m an y m issil e s

fo rge d in th e c o u n cil to b e hu rl e d by H e n ry a t his r iv a l in
,

th e V a tic a n T h e a n t e c e d e n ts o f Cl e m e n t w e r e n o t fo rg o tte n
. .

H e w a s h e l d u p to c o n t e m pt a s a b a st ar d a n d
I n a t ra ct ,
C o n c e rn in g R o y a l a n d Pr i e stly Au th o rity it w a s ,
’

e v e n m a i n t a i n e d th a t bish o ps si m ply a r e o n an e qu a lity with

o th e r p r i e sts e xc e pt in p r e c e d e n c e a n d i n th e h o n o u r sh o w e d
,

th e m in chu r ch th a t ki n gs a n d p r i n c e s a r e th e i r s o v e re ign s t -

T h e p a pists c o mpl a i n e d th a t n o w to o bj e ct to th e n e w roy a l

m a rr i a ge h a d b e c o me a w o rs e c r im e th a n h e re sy An n e h e r .

s e lf w as th o ro ughly wh o l e h e a r t e d o n th e sid e o fP ro t e st a n tism

-
.

H e r i n flu e n c e w as a s y e t sti l l p a r a m o u n t a s w a s sh o w n by ,

H e n ry s gra n ts a n d a pp o i n tm e n ts— a s fo r i n st a n c e by th e
’
, ,

n o m i n a ti o n o f h e r b ro the r G e o rge to b e w a r d e n o f th e Ci n qu e

Po r ts S h e a n d C r u m w e ll a n d Cr a n m e r w e re pilla r s o f th e
.

risin g c a us e This w a s m a n ife st e d v e ry cl e arly a little l a te r

.
,

wh e n in pl a c e o f C a mp e ggi o d e p o se d fro m S a lisbu ry a n d o f

, , ,

B . vii .
,
1 15 .
T B . vii 14 .
 F R YTH S C ON S T A N C Y TH E S E A L O F S UC CE S S
’
.
3 49

G h in u cci d e p o s e d fro m
,
S h a x to n — o f wh o m it is
n o t e d th a t his d a ily p ra y e r w a s th a t th e cl e r gy might b e
‘

re li e v e d o f c e lib a cy —a n d th e w e ll kn o w n L a tim e r w e re
’
-

e l e v a t e d to th e v a c a n t s e e s I n Ap r il 1 5 3 4 a m on g C r u mw e ll s
’
.
, ,

Re me mb ra n c e s th e r e s o lu ti o n is sta t e d T o a pp o in t p r e a ch e r s ‘

thr o ugho ut th e r e a l mto p re a ch th e G o sp e l a n d tr u e W o r d o f

,

G o d fj I n M a y p r e a ch e r s w e re w a r n e d n o t to w r e st Sc r iptu r e
' ‘ ’
,

bu t to p re a ch th e w o r ds a n d d e e ds o f Ch r ist sin c e re ly a n d
si mply! : Such d e c re e s a n d such e v e n ts m a rk e d d e cid e dly
-

th a t th e tid e h a d n o w tu rn e d a n d Pro t e st a n tis m h a d a gre a t ,

fu tu re o p e n e d to it § It w a s e sp e ci a lly F ry th s u n flin ch in g
.
’

e n du ra n c e c o n su mm a ti n g a pu r e a n d l a b o r i o us c a re e r which
, ,

h a d r e n d e re d th e su cc e ss o f th e r e fo r m i n g d o ctr i n e s a m a tte r
o fm o ra l c e r t a i n ty fr o m th a t ti m e fo r w a r d His l o gic d e r iv e d .

fo r c e fro m his ch ara ct e r His a sh e s — th a t is th e w r iti n gs .

,

which su r viv e d th e fl a m e s which c o n su m e d his b o dy — w e re

a m o n g th e p r i n cip a l m e an s o f o p e n i n g th e e y e s o f th e chi e f

a m o n g his j udg e s e v e n C r an m e r hims e lf a t a l a te r p e r i od to

, ,

a m o r e j ust c on clusi o n o n th e c e n t r a l s a c ra m e n t a l c o n t ro v e r sy .

Tyn d a l e w e lc o m e d th e n e ws which w a s d e sp a tch e d to h i m

fro m E n gl a n d wit h th e tr iumph an t jo y o f fa ith Gr i e f fo r th e
’
.

l o ss o f his d e a r e st son in Ch rist w a s sw a ll o we d up in d e v o u t

th an kful n e ss to G o d w h o h a d e n a bl e d h im to witn e ss a t a
,

m o m e n t o us c r isis a g o o d c o n fe ssio n with o ut o n e th o ught o f ,

fl in ch in g Ty n d a l e w a s a s Elish a wh e n th e ch a r i o t o f fir e a n d
.

h o rs e s o f fire h a d j ust s n a tch e d E lij a h fro m his sid e Bu t in .

this c a s e it w a s th e Elij a h hims e lf th e e ld e r witn e ss w h o w a s , ,

l e ft a littl e l o n ge r i n th e t r ie d p o st o f t e sti m on y ; it w as th e
discipl e a n d s on w h o w a s fi rst t ran sl a t e d to his h on o u r e d r e st .

A quicke n e d d e m a n d fo r th e W o r d o f G o d w a s o n e o f th e
m o st bl e ss e d fruits o fFry th s fa ithful n e ss H e re w a s a c a ll fo r ’
.

'

b
I n C ru mw e l l s R e me m r a n e s, e a r
’
c
i n 1 5 3 4 o u r th e w o r s ’
A ly , cc d ‘

Bill d
to b e ma e fo r th eki g n to a e th e s o r s of S a s urtk bi h p ic
an d li b y
c i d
W o r e ste r n to h is o w n h an s ’ — B ,
50 . vi
. . .

lv i
L a tim e r s e e a t o n w a s n e a r
’
o n e nt w t th e a ly c i cid
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n s ti B l
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.

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,
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590 B vii . . .

di c d
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( N o e m e r 1 1 ) t a t h i s st e s o u b e n o o n e r h yl h ld l g
i
A p osto l i cce se d i s l e ga tus b u t s m Il /I e tr Op o l i ta n u s
,
ply .

vc i p ii
I n C o n o a t o n a e t t o n w a s a gr e e d p
u o n fo r th e tra n s a t o n o f th e l i
Sc ip
r tu rie s ngli h l h
to E n s , a t ou
’
gh
T y n d a l e s e r s o n r e ma n e u n e r b a n v i i d d
—B vii
.

.
,
15 55 . .
3 50 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R M A T I ON .

re n e w e d e x e r ti o n to which Ty n d a l e r e sp o n d e d with p e r s e v e r in g
,

a l a c r ity u n til h e lik e wis e

, ,
a ft e r a n o l on g i n t e r v a l o f th r e e

e a rs a n d th re e m on ths fi n ishi n g his c o u rs e wi th e qu al

y ,

h e ro ism w as a dd e d to th e n o bl e a rmy o f m a r ty r s
,
.

T h e tw o Pr o te st an t m a r tyr s Ty n d a l e a n d F ryth st a n d fo r e
, ,

m o st i n cl e a r a pp re h e n si o n o f spi r itu a l t r uths a s w e ll a s in ,

p e rs o n a l c o n siste n cy a n d fa ithful n e ss a mid th e e a r ly e ffo r ts o f

,

th e E n glish R e fo r m e r s o f th e sixt e e n th c e n tu ry Th e y w e r e .

th e re a l h e r o e s o f th e m o v e m e n t a t th e p e r i o d o f its d a w n .

Wh e n m a n y h a d disc r e dite d th e c a us e by w a v e r i n g ti m idity ,

th e y w e r e th e s a lt th a t re n e w e d its vita l e n e rgy Thus .

,

b e y o n d a n y o f the ir c o n t e m p o ra r i e s th e s e w e re th e in stru
,

m e n ts wh e re by Sc r iptu r a l d o ctr in e t o o k ro o t a n d fl o u rish e d in

th e c o u n try o f th e i r bi r th .Th e y w r o t e a n d t o il e d to th e
n o bl e st e n ds b e fo r e th e v a r i o u s c o mmu n i on s u n d e r th e Pro

t e st an t b an n e r p a r t e d o ff fro m o n e a n o th e r in E n gl a n d T o .

an divisi on in th e Pr o t e st an t ra n ks th e y st e a dily o pp o s e d
y
th e ir b e st e n d e a v o u r s for u n ity Thus the y b e l o n g to th e
.

gre a t u n divid e d R e fo rme d Chu r c h The i r m e m o r i a ls a r e con

.

s ta n tl y p r e s e n t with us T y n d a l e s v o ic e is still h e a r d a s o ft e n
’
.

a s th e W o r d o fG o d is r e a d i n th e c o n g r e g a ti o n O u r A n glic a n .

Chu r ch re p e a ts a ft e r F ry th in th e Pr o te st a ti o n a n n e x e d to th e
,

O ffic e for th e Admi n ist ra ti o n o f th e L or d s Supp e r— th e v e rv ’

e m o f o u r P r ay e r B o o k s e r vic e s p e rm e a t e d by his i n fl u e n ce
g
-

th a t th e s a c ra me n t a l b re a d a n d win e re m a i n still in the i r v e ry

n a tu ra l subst an c e s a n d th e re fore m a y n o t b e a d o re d ( f
,
o r th a t

w e re ido l a try to b e a bh o rre d o f a l l Chr isti an s a n d th e n a tu ra l

b o dy a n d bl o o d o f o u r S a v i o u r Ch rist a re i n h e a v e n a n d n o t ,

he re : it b e i n g a ga in st th e tr uth o f Chr ist s n a tu ra l b o dy to b e ’

a t o n e tim e in m o r e pl a c e s th a n o n e
’
.

N e xt to o u r S a x o n Bibl e th e Pra ye r Bo o k o f o u r Re fo rm e d
,
-

Chu r ch d e s e r ve dly t a k e s ra n k It is a c o mp a n i o n b o o k to
.

o u r Bi b l e in d o ct ri n e a n d i n b e a uty Lik e o u r Bibl e th e

.
,

w o r ds o f o u r P ra y e r B o o k a lth o ugh in h a bitu a l u se a re still

-
, ,

fre sh a n d d o n o t p a l l up on th e t a st e Its d e v o ti o n a l e xc e l
,
.

l e n c e is m a de p e rh a ps m o st a pp ar e n t by c mp iso a r o n — as

wh e n fo r i n sta n c e o n sp e ci a l o cc a si o n s a dditi o n a l p ra y e r s o f
, , ,

hu m ili a ti on a n d supplic a tio n o r o f th an ksgivi n g a r e i n s e r te d

, ,

for a ti m e . F o r th e i n s e r ti o n a lth o ugh th e c o m p o siti o n o f

,
 PE R M A N E N T M A R T YR M E M OR I A L S .
351

m i n ds of gre a t a bility a n d gre a t pi e ty i n v a r i a bly sh o ws m uc h

,

li k e a pi e c e o f v e ry o r din ary fr i e z e stitch e d up o n th e fi n e st cl o th

o f g o ld . Studie d ve r b a l i m it a ti o n o n ly r e n d e r s th e e ss e n ti a l
disc re p a n cy th e m or e str ikin g Li n ke d with th e s e tw o in val u
.

a bl e b o o ks o f o u r p r ivil e g e d Chr isti a n life in th e s e m o d e r n

d a ys — b o o ks in c o n ti n u e d u se in o u r h o m e s a s w e ll a s in
o u r chu r ch e s — o u r tw o m o st e n light e n e d a n d c o u ra ge o u s
ch a mpi on s i n th e e a r ly b a ttle s fo r a n o p e n v e rn a cul a r Bibl e ,

to wh o m u n d e r G o d o u r R e fo r m a ti o n i n its vit a l spi r itu a l

, ,

a sp e ct l a r ge ly o w e s its t r iumph still h o ld a n a bidi n g p r e s e n c e

,

a m on g u s .
 BOO K VI .

EDI E V AL I S M PA S S I N G — WO L S E Y S D A YS
’
M . L AST .

M EA N WH I L E th e cu r t a in h a d a l re a dy fa ll e n on th e fo r tu n e s
a n d d o i n gs o f th e v e t e ra n st a te s m an w h o m ay j ustly b e
r e g a r d e d a s th e re p r e s e n t a tiv e o f th a t m e di ae v a l E n gl a n d

which w a s n o w p a ssi n g a w a y th e e ccl e si a stic a l re v o lu ti o n

,

d ra win g a ft e r it o f n e c e ssity g re a t civil ch a n ge s Th e r e w a s .

a g a i n s o m e fa i n t r e tu rn i n g gli m ps e h o we v e r sh or t liv e d to
,
-
,

Wo lse y o f his fo rme r gl o ry i n a n e w a n d c o mp ara tiv e ly

hu m bl e sph e re a cc o mp a n i e d h a ppily with a ge n ui n e e ste e m
, , ,

such a s h e h a d n e v e r e nj oye d in his p a lmy gre a t n e ss Th e n .

his light bu rn t d o w n a b ru ptly to th e s o ck e t a n d e xpire d .

T o a w o rk such a s th e p r e s e n t which h a s e n d e a v o u r e d ,

m or e e sp e ci a lly to illust ra t e th e ch a ra cte r s o f th o s e a ss o ci a te d

with o u r n a sc e n t R e fo rm a ti o n wh e the r a s its ch a mpi o n s o r
,

i ts o pp o n e n ts a b r i e f r e t r o sp e ct o f th e cl o si n g d ays o f th e
,

‘
ki n g c a r di n a l i n his humili a tion will fo r m a fittin g co n
’

cl u si o n .

A littl e a ft e r C an dl e m a s (F e b r u a ry 1 5 3 0 W o ls e y h a d ,

b e e n p e r mitt e d to re m o v e fr o m his u n c o mfor t a bl e r e side n c e

at Esh e r w hich with c o n ti n u a l u se th e re o f w a x e d n u
,
‘

s a v o u ry a n d to t a k e up his b r ie f s oj o u rn in th e L o dge in
,
’

Richm o n d Pa r k H e re o bs e r v e s C a v e n dish th e re w as a
.
, ,
‘

v e ry p ro p e r ga r d e n g a rn ish e d with div e r s pl e a s an t w a lks a n d

,

a l l e ys
.
’
But in his n e w dw e lli n g pl a c e his p ro ximity to th e -

c o u r t p r o v e d n o littl e o ffe n c e to his hi n d e re r s an d e n e mi e s ,

’

e sp e ci a lly to th e j e a l o us N o r fo lk Di re cti on s th e re fo r e w e re
.

c on v e ye d to him to re p a i r to his n or th e rn se e A n d wh e n it .
 '

l VO L S E Y S PR O G R E S S T O H I S N OR T H E R N
’
S EE .
3 53

a p e a re d th a t h e m a d e n o g r e a t h a st e f o r th e n o r th T e ll
p ,

h i m s a id N o r fo lk to C r umw e ll th a t if h e d o e s n o t go sh or tly
’ ‘
, , ,

r a th e r th a n h e sh o uld t a rr y h e r e I will t e a r h i m to pi e c e s ,

with my t e e th .
’

O n h e a r i n g this ch a r a ct e r istic th re a t W o ls e y r e m a r k e d , ,

‘
M a rry ! Th o ma s th e n it is ti me to b e go i n g if m y L o r d o f
, ,

N o rfo lk t a ke it so But l a ck o f m on e y c o n tin u e d a n i m p e di

.
’

me nt .Wh e n th e n e c e ss ary supply h a d c o m e Wo ls e y re ,

m o v e d i n th e b e gin n in g o f L e n t ( Ash We d n e sd a y i n 1 5 30 fe ll
o n F e b r u a r y 2 4 ) fr o m th e L o dg e i n t o th e Ch a r t e rh o us e o f
Richm o n d (Sh e n e ) which D e a n C ol e t h a d m a d e fo r hi m s e lf
,

fo r d e v o ti o n a l r e ti re m e n t By a s e c re t ga lle ry th e r e w a s a .

c o mm u n ic a ti o n with th e Ch a r t e r h o us e Chu r ch Eve ry d ay .

W o ls e y r e s or t e d to th e s e r vic e a n d S p e n t th e a fte rn o o n s i n
’

‘
g o dly c o n te m pl a ti o n a n d i n c o n v e rs e with s o me o f th e ,
’ ‘

a n ci e n t fa th e r s w h o dissu a d e d him fr o m th e v a i n gl or y o f
‘ ’

this w o rl d a n d g a v e h im div e r s shi r ts o f h a i r th e which h e

,
’
,

o ft e n w o r e a fte r w a r d
’
.

His p r o gre ss n o r thw ar d b e gan in Pa ssi o n We e k His a tt e n .

d a n ts w e re r e duc e d to 1 6 0 in n umb e r fo r s e v e ra l o f h is ,

s e r v a n ts e n t re a t e d to b e a ll o w e d to t a rry in th e s o u th b e i n g ,

l o th to a b an d o n th e i r n a tiv e c o u n t ry H e a n d his dimi n ish e d

’
.

re ti n u e p r o c e e d e d by H e n d o n th e R y e H o us e R o yst on a n d , ,

Hu n tin gd o n an d s o r e a ch e d P e t e r b oro ugh H e re h e sp e n t

,
.

Pa l m Su n d a y (Ap r il and w e n t in p r o c e ssi o n with th e

mo n ks b e ar i n g his p a lm r ight h o n o u r a bly O n M a u n dy
’
.
,

Th ur sd a y h e m a d e his M a u n dy i n o u r L a dy s Ch a p e l
‘ ’

,
’

w a shin g w ipin g a n d k issin g th e fe e t o f fifty n i n e p o o r m e n

,
-
,

b e in g hi ms e lf fifty n i n e ye ars o fa ge O n E a st e r D a y h e ro d e
-
.

i n th e m orn i n g to th e R e su rr e cti on a n d th a t d a i n his

‘

y ,

c a r din a l s v e stu re with h a t a n d h o o d h e s a n g th e high M a s s

’

, ,

v e ry d e v o u tly .
’

I n his di o c e s e o f Y o r k h e e n te r e d up o n his a r chi e pisc o p a l

d u ti e s with an e a rn e stn e ss th a t w a s quit e n e w to h im A fi a .

b il i ty me e k n e ss si n c e r e e n d e a v o u r to p r o m o t e p e a c e a n d
, ,

g o o dwill pi ty a n d ch ar ity t o w a r ds th e p o o r distin guish e d h im

, ,
.

N o w a n d the n a gle a m o f his fo rm e r s e lf e sp e ci a lly o f his o l d ,

l o ve o f ma g n ific e n t h o spit a lity b r o k e th r o ugh th e humbl e ,

r o u ti n e o f d a ily d u ti e s It w a s n o w o n d e r th a t his a lte r e d .

23
3 54 T H E D A l VN O F T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R I WA TI O N .

l ife w on h im
g o l d e n o pi n i o n s with ge n t ry a n d p e a s a n try His .

a mbiti o n h a d n o w t a k e n a h a ppi e r tu rn a n d p ro m pt e d him to ,

s e t th e e x a m pl e o f a m o d e l bish o p It is r e c o r d e d o f h im .

d u r i n g his st a y a t S o uthw e ll th a t h e w o uld t r a v e l m o st co m

m o n ly e v e ry Su n d a y a n d h o ly d a y if th e w e a th e r did s e rv e ,
‘

,
’

n o w to this p a r ish chu r ch a n d n o w to th a t a n d th e r e w o uld ,

s a y his divi n e s e r vic e a n d e ith e r h e a r o r sa M a ss hi m s e lf

, y ,

c a usi n g s o m e o n e o f his ch a pl a i n s to p re a ch to th e p e o pl e .
’

Afte r s e r vic e h e w o uld i n vit e d iv e r s o f th e p arish to sh ar e th e

di n n e r which h e h a d b r o ught with him ; o r h e w o uld di n e
a t s o m e h o n e st h o us e i n th e t o w n a n d a ft e r w a r ds w o uld dis ,

t r ibut e a gr e a t a l m s Wo ls e y w ro t e C h a pu y s to th e
.
’ ‘
,
’

e mp e ro r is l e a din g a v e ry d e v o u t life s ayi n g m a ss d a ily

‘
, , ,

p ra isi n g G o d fo r h a vi n g a ffo r d e d h i m this o pp o r tu n ity o f

a ck n o wl e dgi n g his e rro r s a n d s a yi n g to e v e ry o n e h e m e e ts
,

th a t h e n e v e r e nj oye d gre a te r p e a c e o f m i n d tha n a t th e

pre se n t
A simil a r t ra n sfo r m a ti o n s e e m e d to h a v e p a ss e d o v e r him
a s o v e r Tho m a s B e ck e t n e a r ly fo u r h u n d r e d y e a r s b e fo r e
, ,

co mm o n ly r e fe rr e d to by c on t e m p o ra r i e s a s his e x e m pl a r

w h e n th e l a tt e r withd re w fr o m th e c o u r t an d b e t o o k hi m se lf ,

t o th e c a r e o f his di o c e s e a n d th e s e r vic e o f th e Chu r ch H is .

c h a n g e d d e m e a n o u r a n d m o d e o f life i n h is n e w re m o t e sph e r e

w e re h e a r d o f by his fr i e n ds in th e m e tro p o lis a n d w e lc o m e d ,

w i th u n disguis e d s a tisfa cti o n A m on gst o th e r s Cr u m we ll

.
,

a dd r e ss e d his p e r s on a l c o n gr atul a ti o n s : I n m i n e o pin i o n ‘

,

y o u r gra c e b e in g a s y e a re I supp o s e y e w o uld n o t b e as y e

,

w e r e to w in a hu n d re d tim e s a s m u ch a s e ve r y e w e r e
,

p o ss e ss e d o f .
’

At Whitsu n tid e th e p a l a c e a t S o uthw e ll h a d u n d e rg on e

sufficie n t re p a i r fo r W o ls e y to b e a ble to t ak e u p his r e side n c e
th e r e i n H e r e m o v e d th e re fo r e fr om th e h o us e o f o n e o f th e
.
, ,

p re b e n d a r i e s his t e m p o r a ry s oj o u r n i n t o his o w n p a l a c e a n d
, , ,

r e m a i n e d th e r e fr o m Ju n e u n til th e l a tt e r e n d o f gr e a se ti m e -

( th e hu n ti n g s e a s o n ) s a ys C a v e n dish a n o bl e ,
‘

t a ble —b e i n g visite d by th e chi e f p e rs on s o f th e c o u n t ry

’ ‘
.
’

Wh e n h e r e m o v e d th e n c e to S cro b y ( Sc ro o by ) h e w a s a s m uch ,

r e g re tt e d a t S o uthw e ll a s h e w a s g re e t e d a t S cr o b y
’
.

Sp .
,
iv .
,
232 .
 W OL SE Y f O UR N E YS 70 CA W O OD .

"
Ab o u t th e F e a st o f St Mich a e l n a rra t e s Ca v e n dish he .
,
‘

t o o k his j o u rn e y fro m S cr o b y t o w a r d s C a w o o d C a stl e o n ly ,

a b o ut te n m il e s dist a n t fro m Y o r k its e lf O n th e r o a d h e l a y .

tw o n ights a n d a d a y a t St Osw a ld s P r i o ry o f N o Ste l

‘ ’ ’
.
.

C a v e n dish s St Os w a ld s Abb e y ’
H e re h e w a s th e gu e s t o f
‘
.
’

.
’

Alv e r e d (o r A l u r e d ) C o myn th e tw e n ty n i n th p r i o r o f th e ,
-

Augustin i a n h o us e — a p o pul a r e ccl e si a stic th e n i n th e sixth ,

y e a r o f his o ffic e I n W r a gby Chu r ch built for th e n e igh b o u r .

,

h o o d a n d a lth o ugh n o t d e p e n d e n t o n th e p r i o ry y e t s e r v e d
, , ,

by th e m o n ks which st a n ds a st o n e s th ro w fr o m th e l o n g ,
’

st o n e gr an a ry th e o n ly p a r t o f t h e a n ci e n t p r i o ry still ,

r e m a i n in g 1 Wo ls e y w a s s e dul o usly e n ga ge d i n c o n fir mi n g
,
~

child r e n fr o m e ight i n th e m o rn i n g u n til tw e lv e o f th e cl o ck

‘

a t n o on M a ki n g a sh o r t din n e r h e r e s o r te d a ga i n to th e
.
’ ‘
,
’ ‘

chu r ch a t o n e o f th e cl o ck a n d th e re b e ga n a ga in to c o n fir m ,
’

m ore child r e n u n til fo u r o f th e cl o ck At l a st h e w a s co n .

’

str a i n e d for w e a r i n e ss to sit d o wn in a ch a ir th e n u mb e r o f

‘ ’
,

child re n w a s such Afte r this h e s a id his e v e n — s on g a n d .

’

,
‘
,

w e n t to supp e r a n d r e ste d him th e re a l l th a t n ight , .

’

B e fo r e th e R e fo r m a ti o n it w as th e cust o m fo r th e bish o p to ,

a d m i n ist e r th e r it e o f c o n fi r m a ti o n by r e p e a ti n g a fo r m o f

w o rds o v e r th e child i n L a ti n ch a rm i n g h i m c ro ssi n g h im , , ,

a n o i n ti n g h i m with o il a n d tyi n a li n e n b a n d (g e n e r a lly th e

g
b a ptis m
,

a l ch r i s o m ) a r o u n d th e n e c k ! : Thus th e r it e a s th e n ,

v di h W l y
Ca en i t ti g s R p
’
s M
‘
w o se
’
as n e re s n as o er s
’
o re
’
as
w ri tt y ig by G g th ld b th f W illi m th ’
i M en n ar s re n e or e ,
e e er ro er o a ,
e
p g i t f th h
ro en f D v
or hi
o T hi bi g phy by th e o u se o e ons re . s o ra ,
e ca r
di l na g tl m ’
s h l th gh w i th t d b t
en e by S h k p
an us e r, a ou ou ou se e n a s e re ,
w as n o t p bli h d til 1 6 4 1 u d th ly i g bl d f m
s e un ,
an e n on n a ar e or

1 Th y l t C m y b il t th ch ch ch i S B k W lk
.

‘ ’
re e e ar s a er o n u e ur o r . ee an s a s
a b t W k fi ld pp 2 7 4 2 79 d H t
ou a e e S th Y k hi
’
Th , an un e r s
’ ‘
ou or s re
’
e
id d N v mb 2 0 (3 1 H y V I I I ) by R b t F
.
, .

p i y w
r O1 a s s u rr e r e re o e er e nr . o er e rr a r

or F — p t p b bly i t th p i
arr e r t fu th p p — ft w d ro a n o e r o ra e or e ur ose a er ar s

Bi h p f S t D vid
s o o d v t lly . d M y m ty a
’
s an e en ua ,
un er ar , a ar r
dd d th t C m y pl c d h i w p t i t i th
.

It m y b a e a te a o n a e s o n o r ra n e e as

wi d w wh
n o w i th ,fig f S t O w ld th g i
e re n o l i f m wh m s e ur e o . s a ,
e en us oc ro o

th t k —O g d (O w ld ) — C i m d S t O w ld C
'

’
w p
e a en a e s oo s a r o ss s na e . . s a s r o ss ,

i
n o l d ti m t d i th m iddl e f P
,
t f c t T h p t i t f C my
s oo n e e o on e ra . e o r ra o o n,
b h d d d k li g i w i
ar e ea e an th w i d w nee n ,
s no n a so u n o .

3: B P y P S p 23 4
’ ’
e co n s ra e rs, . . .
, .

Ty d l w tn Y a e d f th v y cl t ( th
ro e ch i m ) w hich th ‘
e a , an o e er ou e r so ,
e
bi h p h i ch pl i th t t d th by k i tt th b t child
s o ,
or s a ck a n, a s an e ,
n e a ou re n s n e
’
s

t c fi m ti w h t l y p d b b ld t l th k
’
a on r a on , t a a e r so n ar e e so o as o u n oo se e no ?

— W k P S i p 2 25
~
or s, . .
,
.
, . .

2 3— 2
3 56 THE D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

a d m i n ist e re d r e qu i re d s o m e littl e tim e a n d e x e r ti o n Ye t th e

,
.

v e ry n e xt m o rn in g e re h e t o o k his l e a v e o f th e e n e rge tic

,

p r i o r th e c a r di n a l w a s a g a i n stre n u o usly e n g a ge d in co n firm

,

i n g a l mo st a hu n d r e d child re n m o r e ; a n d a fte r this h e r o d e ‘

o n his j o u r n e y As h e p ro c e e d e d h e fo u n d a ss e mbl e d a t a
.
’

sto n e c ro ss st an di n g up o n a gre e n a t B ro th e r t on j ust a c ro ss

, ,

th e Ai re fr o m F e rryb r idg e a b o u t th e n u m b e r o f tw o hu n d re d ,

c h ild r e n w h o a pp e are d g a th e re d th e r e a w a iti n g his a r chi

,
’

e pisc o p a l bl e ssi n g Alightin g fr o m his m ul e h e n e v e r

.
,
‘

r e m o v e d his fo o t u n til h e h a d c o n fi r m e d th e m a l l a n d th e n ,

r e m o u n ti n g his mul e h e ro d e to C a w o o d
’
.
,

Y o r k is r a th e r l e ss th an te n mil e s dista n t fro m C a w o o d

( C a v e n dish st a t e s th e dist a n c e to b e se v e n m il e s ) a n d th e ,

a r chbish o p s i n st a ll a ti on i n th e Mi n st e r hith e r t o p o stp on e d

’

fro m l a ck o fm on e y w a s n o w a t l e n gth fix e d to b e s o l e m n iz e d
‘
,
’

th e n e xt M o n d a y a ft e r All h a l l o w n D a y T h e c o n v o c a ti o n
’
on -
.

w a s su mm o n e d to m e e t a t Y o r k th e s am e d ay T h e re qu e st .

w a s a dd r e ss e d to W o ls e y a n d it w a s g e n e r a lly mu ch d e si re d ,

th a t h e sh o uld c on s e n t to go up o n cl o th fro m St J a m e s ‘
,
’
.

Ch a p e l o utsid e th e city ga t e s to his th r o n e in th e Min ste r

, , .

H e r e plie d with s o b e r cir cu m S pe ction : Alth o ugh o u r p r e ‘

d e ce s so r s w e n t up o n cl o th r ight su m ptu o usly w e d o i n t e n d , ,

G o d willi n g to go fr o m th e n c e with o ut a n y su ch gl ory i n th e

, , ,

v a m ps o f o ur h o s e n — th a t is b a re fo o t It w a s o n b a re fe e t
"
,
.

th a t Ad ri a n h a d e n t e re d St Pe te rs a n d s o e n k in dl e d th e .
,

e n thusi a stic a d m i r a ti on o f a ll Ch r is te n d o m ; a n d a p r o ph e cy

h a d ga i n e d ci r cul a ti o n o f a d e v o t e d p o n ti ff w h o w a s to a r is e ,

n a m e d A n g e l o w h o sh o uld o b a r e fo o t 1
’

g
'
.
,

But m e an ti me his e n e m i e s a t C o u r t w h o r e c e iv e d i n te ll i ,

ge n c e o f th e g ro wi n g e st e e m in which h e w as h e ld in th e
N o rth n o t with o ut a n i n c r e a si n g a l a rm fo r th e ms e lve s in th e
,

s o m e wh a t r ick e ty p o siti o n s to which th e y h a d b e e n e x a lt e d

by his fa ll d e te r m i n e d to build up on his d o i n gs a n d n o v e l
,

p o pul a rity a n a ccus a tio n o f tre a son a b l e d e sign s A d istin ct .

pp — f m th e F nch
U e rs tpi d ro re a va n e .

T T hi p ph cy w ppli d t C di l S t C c St A g l
‘

s ro e as a e o ar na an a ro e , or n e o,
c mm ly c ll d — F ci Q ifi — w h t pi ty t
.

18 h w e as o on a e ran s u one s o se e a r ne s e a

R m w tig m tiz d m i F m l t t f G di t W l ‘ ’
o e as s a e as an a . ro a e er o ar ne r o o se

(J y 31
a n uar i t i pl i th t th
, p ti ti chbi h p h d s a n a e su e rs o u s ar s o a

m k d th p ph cy
ar e S B iv p t ii 4 9 7 7 5 0 1 4 5 2 3 7
e ro e . ee . .
,
ar .
, , , .
 A C C US A TI ON S OF H I S C O N T I N UA L L Y A B UI L D I N G
‘ ’
.
3 57

no e of
t w ar n i n g h a d b e e n s o u n d e d by th e fa ithful C ru mwe ll ,

in a l e t te r to his o l d m a st e r d e sp a tch e d in Aug u st Yo u a re, .

m uch b o u n d to G o d th a t y o u h a v e o b t a i n e d th e g o o d wish e s
,

o f th e p e o pl e in th o s e p a r ts a n d th e r e p o r t o f it h a s a ug m e n t e d
,

th e g o o d o pi n i o n o f m a n y t o w a rds y o u ; y e t n o twithst a n di n g ,

y o u r ch a r it a bl e d e m e a n o u r is misi n t e r p re te d h e re by y o u r
e n e m ie s
. Ye t fo ll o w a ll such t h i n gs th a t sh a ll st a n d b e s t
with th e pl e a su re o f G o d a n d th e k i n g S o m e a ll e ge th a t .

y o u r gra c e d o th k e e p to o gre a t a h o us e a n d fa m ily a n d th a t ,

y e a r e c o n ti n u a lly a buildi n g F o r th e l o v e o f G o d th e r e fore . , ,

h a v e a r e sp e ct a n d re fr a i n
,
T h e buildi n gs b e l o n gi n g to th e
.
’

S e e o f Y o r k w e r e in a v e ry dil a pid a t e d c o n diti o n My h o us e s ‘ ’

.
,

in W o l s e y s o w n w o r ds b e b y th e o v e r sight d e sp o il e tc
’ ‘ ’
.
, , , ,

Th a t th e c o mpl a i n t — Ye are c o n ti n u a lly a buildin g ‘

w as .
’
-

fo u n d e d up o n fa ct w as d u e for th e m o st p a r t to th e w o r k o f
,

n e c e ss a ry r e p a i r st o ppin g h o l e s a n d c o ve r i n g th e h o us e s
,
‘

,
’ ‘

a b o ve h e a d a g a i n st th e At S o u thw e ll th e p a l a c e ,

h a d b e e n fo u n d u n t e n a n t a bl e u n til r e p a i r e d At C a w o o d .
,

h o w e v e r th e dil a pid a ti o n s w e r e y e t m o r e e xtr e m e

, H e re .
,

th e r e fo r e th e d e c ay e d st a t e o f th e a n ci e n t c a stl e re n d e re d
,

r e p a i r s up o n a f a r m o r e e xt e n siv e sc a l e r e quisit e s o th a t th e ,

c a rdi n a l h a d a cc o rdi n g to H o li n sh e d an d C a v e n dish i n

, ,

r e c e ipt o f d a ily w a g e s a s m a n y a s th r e e hu n d re d w o rkm e n

,
.

It is c e r t a i n ly i n t e re stin g to c a tch this l a st gli mps e o f th e

gre a t st a t e s m a n whilst still fre e vig o ro us a s e ve r a m id his
, ,

c r um bli n g w a lls o ccupi e d with t o ils suc h a s h a d a cc o m p an ie d

,

his p ro gr e ss th r o ugh life His c a r e e r is illustr a t e d i n s o m e .

s o r t by a r chit e ctu ra l a chi e v e m e n ts Its m o rn in g is a ss o ci a te d .

with th e a l mo st u n iqu e M a gd a le n T o w e r ; its m e r idi a n w ith

H a mpt o n C o u r t wh e r e — a lth o ugh l a t e r Dutch t a st e h a s
,

w ro ught a g e n e ra l m e t a m o r ph o s e — y e t th e h a ll a t l e a s t
r e fl e cts W o l se s g r a n d e u r o f c on c e pti on his w o rk b e i n g
’

y ,

m a r ke d by th a t ch a r a ct e r istic a s m uch a s by its m e di ae v a l

ch a ra cte r a n d b y th e c on t ra st o fth e di ffe r e n t l o o kin g m a te r i a l
,
-

e m pl oy e d th e plum c o l o u re d b r icks
,
-
Ass o ci a te d to o with .
, ,

th e gl o r i e s s o m e r e a liz e d m o r e i n c o n t e mpl a ti o n o f C a r di n a l
, , ,

C o ll e ge a n d with th e su m ptu o us Y o r k Pl a c e wh e r e th e
, ,

v e stige s o f his skill a n d ta ste h a v e a ll b e e n o blite ra te d by

See B . iv .
, p ar t iii .
,
6 329 , 63 4 4 , 6 44 7
. .
3 58 TH E D A WN OF T H E EN G L I S H R E F O R IlI A TI O N .

fire . v e n i n g twilight fi n ds h im a ctiv e a s e v e r th e e arly

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p a ssi on u n a b a t e d l a b o u r i n g to r e e dify C a w o o d C a stl e th e

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gift i n a re m o t e a ge o f Ath e lst an e to th e S e e o f Y o rk Of

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th e ti m e w o r n buildi n g l o o ki n g d o w n o n th e t a w n y Ous e ‘ ’
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which cl e a v e s with its pl a cid w a t e r s th e city o f Y o rk v e ry ,

sc a n ty r uin s r e ma i n to u s— o n ly a g a te w a y a n d a c o u r t h o us e .

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bul e n t a m biti o n th e v e t e r a n st a t e s ma n w a s su r p r is e d by th e
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r oy a l a r r e st quickly fo ll o w e d by th e sup r e m e a rr e st
,
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,

w h o h a d a s e c r e t u n d e r st an di n g with his j e a l o us r iv a ls a t

C o urt O n e c e r t a i n ly — p r o b a bly m o r e th a n o n e — i n his

.

e m pl o y d e t a il e d his p ro c e e din gs a n d p r o g n o stic a te d his

, ,

i n t e n ti o n s to his e n v e n o m e d fo e s T h e p r i n cip a l tr a it o r w a s .

u n qu e sti o n a bly D r A u gusti n e ( Ag o sti n o )

. th e V e n e ti a n phy ,

s i ci a n J o h n J o a chi m d e V a ux fo rm e rly a m e diu m o f com

.
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m u n ica tio n b e tw e e n W o ls e y a n d L o ui se h a d n o w su cc e e d e d ,

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dipl o m a tic s e r vic e o f F r a n c e w a s it will b e re m e mb e r e d by , , ,

bi r th a G e n o e s e a n d on t e rms o f i n ti m a cy with D r Augusti n e

,
. .

J o h n J o a chim h a d b e c o m e e st ra n ge d fro m th e c a r d in a l H e .

i n for me d th e V e n e ti a n a mb a ss a d o r (V e n i e r) th a t by th e .
‘

physici an s o w n confe ssi on th e c a r din a l h a d s o licit e d th e

’

p po e a t R m e to e x co m u ca te th e k i gf a n d l ay a n i n te r
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dict on his ki n gd o m u n l e ss h e dis m iss e d th e l a dy,

Fra n cis .
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to o w a s ch a n g e d i n his s e n tim e n ts t o w a r ds W o ls e y
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c o n tr a ry to his fo r m e r p a r ti a lity p r e fe rre d n o w th e fe e ble r ,

st a t e s ma n ship o f N o r fo lk wh o s e a ssist an c e w a s l e ss c o stly

,
.

a n d wh o s e c a p a city w as m o re o n a l e v e l with his o w n On a .

p re v i o u s o cc a si o n Fr a n cis h a d s o wn suspici o n o f Wo l s e y s ’

fid e lity by in sin u a ti n g to Su ffo lk th a t in a s e c re t c o rre sp on d

, ,

e n ce w i th . Cl e m e n t th e c a r di n a l h a d o pp o s e d th e div o r c e
,
.

T h e m o tiv e s fo r such a n i n si n u a ti o n c a n n o t b e fa r to s e e k .

N o d o ubt th e F re n ch m o n a r ch h a d r e a s o n to d re a d Wo l s e y s ’

p e n e t ra ti on a n d a c u t e n e ss in n e g o ti a ti on a n d his sin c e re ,

d e v o t e d n e ss to th e re a l i n t e r e sts o f E n gl a n d Thus th e .

a ccus a ti o n b e fo r e m a d e by A n n e a n d h e r p ar ty w a s st re n gth

S e e C h a pu y s es d p tch
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 T H E KIN G I UI S S E S W OL SE Y .
3 59

e ne d a n d r e fur bishe d to s e r v e a s a d e cisiv e w e a p on fo r Wo l se y s ’

fi n a l r ui n .

Wa s th e fa ll e n m i n ist e r a ctu a lly guilty o fth e d o ubl e d e a lin g -

i m put e d to h im ? T o this i n te r e sti n g i n qui ry it m ust b e

a n sw e r e d th a t n o s o u n d e vid e n c e o f th e t r uth o f th e a ll e g a
,

ti on b ro a ch e d s o p e rsist e n tly h a s e v e r b e e n fo r thc o mi n g

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, ,

w e r e tu r n e d i n t o u n d o ubt e d fa cts by th e i r m a n y a d h e r e n ts ,

a n d w e r e ci r cul a t e d i n dust r i o usly C o n sci o us n e ss o f i n fe ri o r i ty .

m a d e th e n e wly p ro m o t e d m o r bidly suspici o us a n d s o m e w e ll

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r e m e m b e r e d w o r d s o f th e ki n g th o ro u hly sti r r e d th e r a gi n g
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.
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g o n e a cc ordi n g to his wish H e n ry h a d e xcl a i m e d in a r a ge ,

tha t th e c a r din a l w a s a b e tt e r m an th a n a n y o f the m ‘ ’

r e p e a ti n g th e s e w o r ds twic e I m iss th e C a r di n a l o f Y o r k .
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,
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th e p e r pl e x e d m on ar ch h a d blu r t e d o u t with a sigh wh e n ,

s o me puzzlin g qu e sti on h a d p r o tra cte d d e lib e ra ti o n Th e re .

w e r e th o s e to o w h o m a i n t a in e d th a t E n gl a n d h a d l o st s o m e
, ,

m e a su re o fh e r w e ight in Eu r o p e si n c e th e e xp e r i e n c e d pil o t
'

h a d b e e n r e m o v e d fr o m th e h e l m T h e whisp e r ci r cul a t e d . ,

th a t th e l o rds o f th e c o u n cil w e r e re a lly a pp re h e n siv e th a t

the y w o uld sh o r tly b e c o mp e ll e d to c a ll fo r my l o r d c a r din a l s
‘ ’

gra c e a g a i n T h e whisp e r r e a che d B o n n e r Wo l se y s ch a pl a in

.
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,
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a n d r e viv e d h o p e s n o t e t e x ti n ct T h e c a r di n a l h a d n o t
y .

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c on fid e n ce Thus b e fo r e h e st a r te d for th e N o r th h e s e n t
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his physici an D r Augustin e o n th re e s e v e ra l o cc a si on s to

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p ro ffe r th e disc a r de d st a te sm a n s s e rvic e s to Ch a r l e s ’

.

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.

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36 0 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

he p re s e n t e d to N o r fo lk a s p r e sid e n t o f th e c o u n cil T h e , .

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p , nne .
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.

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n o thi n g w o uld s atisfy h e r e xc e pt th e a r r e st o f th e c a r di n a l

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cl e a r his r e put a ti o n — so th e ki n g p r o fe ss e d to h o p e — fro m a

h o st o f c a lum n i e s .

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o f th e E a st a n d Middl e M a r ch e s to p r o c e e d with o ut d e l a y to ,

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sudd e n ly th e F r id a y ( N o v e m b e r 4 ) b e fo r e th e i n te n d e d e n
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th r o n e m e n t w hich h a d b e e n a r r a n g e d to t a k e pl a c e o n th e
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fo ll o win g M on d a y Wh e n th e y a b r uptly e n t e re d th e c a stle .

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l an d

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r e ma i n e d st a n di n g a s it w a s Th e n givi n g his h a n d to .
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.

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W a lsh e w h o h a d b e e n busy in a rr e sti n g o f D r Augusti n e

,
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, ,

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i n hims e lf a suffici e n t w a rra n t with o ut th e c o mm issi o n th e ,

c ar di n al su rr e n de re d T h e k e ys o f th e c a stl e w e re d e liv e re d .

o v e r to N o r th u m b e r l an d D r Augusti n e ti e d u n d e r a h o r s e s
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e sc a p e n o tic e h e w a s t r e a t e d lik e a ‘
,

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r ue fu l t e r ms a n d w a t e r y e y e s th a t it w o uld h a v e c a us e d th e ,

fl in tie s t h e a r t to h a v e re l e n t e d an d bu r st fo r s o r ro w 1 am .
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a t r u e m an h e p ro te ste d— I a m a t r u e m an C a v e n d ish
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kn e lt b e fo r e h im e ss a y e d to i n stil c o m fo r t a n d v e n tu re d to
, ,

e xp r e ss th e h o p e th a t c o m in g to his a n sw e r his m a st e r ,
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w o uld so cl e a r hi m s e lf o f a l l th e i r fe ign e d a ccus a ti o n s th a t ‘

B iv p . .
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 TH E D A IVN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

he w o u ld b e r e sto r e d to h is fo r m e r dign ity a n d e st a t e ‘

.
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me o f a n y u n tr uth
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.

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(N o v e mb e r wh e n th e j o u rn e y t o w a r ds th e m e tro p olis
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.

r e m a i n e d with him to th e l a st Th e y m e t h im by th o us a n ds .
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G ra c e ! G o d s a v e y o u r G ra c e ! T h e r o ut e l a y by P o n t e fra ct ’
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h v b e o f si n iste r o me n —but in St J o h n s Pr i ory T h e

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n ight withi n th e Bl a ckfr i a r s T h e n e xt d a y th e y r e m o v e d .

’

to Sh e ffi e ld P a rk H e re th e i r i n t e n ti on h a d b e e n to re p o s e
.

fo r th e thi r d n ight u n d e r th e h o spit a bl e r o o f o f th e E a r l o f ‘

Shr e wsbu ry a n d the n a t o n c e to p ro c e e d o n th e i r r o ut e Bu t

,
.

a l o n g e r r e st w a s fo u n d to b e n e c e ss ary f o r W o ls e y h a d b e e n ,

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, .

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with Sh re wsbu ry fo r l o n g e r th an a fo r tn ight p ro v e d to b e

r e uisit e
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.
,

Thus th e r u m o u r re c e iv e d c on fi r ma ti o n th a t W o ls e y w a s to b e
e sc o r t e d to th e T o w e r to b e l o d g e d i n th e v e ry ch a m b e r — so

th e p e o pl e su r m is e d pl e a s e d to a n ticip a t e th e h a n d o fr e tri b u
,

W o l se y
xcl i m d S h ll I g t th C
e a e ,
‘
a o o e as t el d l i th
an d di e e re , an e

lik b t —Si g
e a C v di h i p 2 92
e as n er s
’
a en s ,
’
.
,
. .

T T h I ti y f W l y
e l tj y
ne r a r o o se
’
s as ourn e sa y S h ffi l d P k w h
s,
‘
e e ar e re

d igh t d y t —S i g
,
h c ti C v di h ii p 2 9 6
’ ’ ’
e on nue e een a s, e c n er s a en s ,
. . .
,

It h ld b
S wh
ou h c ti d till the e re e on nue e e igh t th d y f m l vi g
een a ro ea n

C w a d oo .
’
 KI N G S T ON A R R I VE S IVI T H TH E G UA R D S .
36 3

tiv e j ustic e which h a d wit n e ss e d th e l a st h o u r s o f th e

ill fa t e d Buc k i n gh a m *
-
.

W o lse y w a s sitti n g a t th e upp e r e n d o f th e g a ll e ry up o n a

tr ussi n g (p a cki n g) c h e st his b e a ds a n d st a ff in his h a n d ,
’
,

wh e n e spyi n g C a v e n dish c o m in g fr o m th e e a rl h e i n qui re d

’

Wh a t n e ws
‘
T h e b e st n e ws th a t e v e r c a me to y o u if y o u r G ra c e ca n ,

t ak e it w e ll .
’

I p ra y G o d it b e a n sw e r e d W o ls e y Wh a t is it
,
’
.

F o rs o o th s ir m y L o r d o f Shr e wsbu r y p e r c e ivin g by y o u r

, , ,

o ft e n c o mm u n ic a ti o n th a t y e w e re a lw a ys d e si ro us to c o m e

b e fo re th e k i n g s m aj e sty a n d n ow a s y o u r m o st a ssu re d fr i e n d
’
,

h a th tr a v a ile d s o with his l e tt e r s u n to th e ki n g th a t th e ,

ki n g h a th s e n t fo r y o u by M a st e r Ki n gst o n a n d tw e n ty fo u r -

o f th e gu a r d to c o n duct o u to his high n e ss

’

y .

By n o m e an s th e l e a st sup e r stiti o us in tha t sup e r stiti o us

a e w a s th e fo r e m o st m a n i n a l l th e w or ld a t th a t ti m e a s a
‘

g
st a t e sm a n W o ls e y h a d b e e n w a r n e d by a s o r c e r e r to
.
’

b e w a re o f Ki n gst o n H e h a d shu n n e d th e t o w n But n o w

’
. .
,

s o m e w h a t l ik e H e n ry IV w h o h a d fo u n d th e J e r us a l e m o f .
,

his d o o m n o t in th e h o ly city but in a ch a m b e r a t W e st

, ,

m i n st e r s o W o ls e y t r e m bl e d b e fo r e a fl e sh a n d bl o o d Ki n gst o n
,
.

R e p e a ti n g th e n a m e a l o ud twic e o r thr ic e a n d cl a ppi n g h is ,

h a n d o n his thigh h e h e a v e d a gre a t sigh ,

’
It w a s to n o ‘
.
’

pu r p o s e th a t C a v e n dish stro v e to ch e e r h im a n d a ssu r e d h im ,

th a t th e ki n g w a s h is v e ry g o o d fr i e n d a n d i n t e n d e d to h e a r ,

his c a us e hi m s e lf a n d e v e n n o w h a d s e n t s o m e o f th e
,

c a r di n a l s o l d a tt a ch e d se r v a n ts m e n fo rm e r ly a m on gst his
’
w

y e o me n to p ro t e ct h im o n his r o a d
,
I p e r c e iv e a n s w e re d .
‘
,
’

W o ls e y m o r e tha n y ou ca n i ma gin e o r ca n k n o w ; e xp e ri e n c e
,
‘

o f o ld h a s t a ught m e
’
.

Kin gst o n w a s i n t ro duc e d a n d a cc o r di n g to th e fa shi o n , ,

-
,

k n e lt d o w n to th e c a rdi n a l I p r a y y o u st an d up e xcl a i me d .
,
’

W o lse y kn e e l n o t u n t o a v e ry w r e tch re pl e t e with m is e ry ,

lv l c
W o l se y s m t h v t ck d v
’
ma th e co en e se e s o a e ra e e en e so n s
’
o u r se .

At l H y S t ff d c m pl i d t th ki g f h vi g b
e a s t, e nr a m or o a ne o e n o a n een co

p l l d by m y l d c di l t
e e b k p h i h h ld or d h i g
ar na o rea u s o u se o an ,
av n no

fi tti g d w l i g pl c
n th l d giv h i m b y th ki g t b d t
e l n -
a e on e an s en e n o o ar a an
—B iv
,

abb y thi f y
e d y w ith 1
s w if
o urd v ch ild e a rs
’
a 1 18 e an se en re n .
’
~
. .
,

p t ar 6 1 23 .
3 64 TH E D A WN OF T H E E N G L I S H R E F O R III A T I O N .

st a n d up o r I will m ys e lf k n e e l d o wn to y o u I n v a i n did
,
.
’

Ki n gst on e ss a y a ll his skill to c o n s o l e h im by i n sisti n g o n th e

ge n uin e g o o d w il l which th e kin g b ore to his fo rm e r m in ist e r ,

a n d th e a bs o lut e n e c e ssity o f th e e x a m i n a ti o n i n o r d e r to

pu rge his ch a r a ct e r fr o m grie v o u s i mput a ti on s F r o m th e s e .

a dd e d h e o u will e a sily s e t y o u r r e put a ti o n fr e e Al as !

y ,
.

r e t or te d W o ls e y th e s e c o mfo r t a bl e w o r ds a r e o nl y to b r in g
,

me i n t o a fo o l s p ar a dis e I k n o w wh a t is p r o vid e d fo r m e
’
. .

N o twithstan di n g I th a n k y o u a n d will b e r e a dy to m o rr o w, ,
-
.
’

Du r i n g th e n ight th e m a l a dy h a d p a ss e d i n t o a m o re
c ritic a l s tage fi Ye t —a ft e r a n o th e r d a y s i n t e r va l — o n Thu r s
‘ ’

d a y N o v e mb e r 2 4 th e j o u rn e y w a s re s u m e d
,
W e a k th o ugh
, .

h e w a s with th e c on ti n u e d dys e n t e ry so th a t h e c o uld ,

sc a r c e ly sit up r ight up o n his m ule b e ye t succ e e d e d in ,

r e a chi n g H a r dwick up o n Lin e ( N o tts ) th a t d a

y ; a n d th e n e x t
- -

d a y h e w a s a bl e to r id e a s fa r a s N o tti n gh a m S a tu r d a y .

( N o v e mb e r 2 6 ) t h e v e n e ra bl e w a lls o f t h e Augusti n ia n

Abb e y o f St M a ry d e Pr a tis L e ic e ste r r e v e a l e d th e m se lv e s

.
, ,

in d im o utli n e This w a s a n a bb e y o f s o m e imp or ta n ce j

.
‘

situ a t e n e a rly a m il e to th e n o r th o f th e t o w n It p r o v e d .

th e g o a l o f his w e a r is o m e j o u rn e y Night w a s c r e e pin g o n .

b e fo re th e a bb e y w a s a t l e n gth a pp r o a ch e d I n th e dusk th e .

a bb o t a n d a ll th e b r e th r e n o f th e c on v e n t c a m e fo r th to
w e lc o m e th e c a r d in a l with th e light o f m an y t o r ch e s T o ‘
.
’

th e i r r e v e re n t gre e ti n g Wo ls e y a n sw e r e d si m ply : F a th e r ,
‘

A bb o t I a m c o m e to l e a v e my b on e s a m on g o u Kin gsto n ’
, y .

t o o k him by th e a r m a n d li fte d him u p th e sta ir s Gl a d w a s , .

h e a ft e r his fa tigu e a n d su ffe r i n gs to b e pl a c e d in b e d a n d

, , ,

to o bt a i n s o m e r e st But w rit e s C a v e n dish h e gr e w sick e r .

, ,

a n d sick e r
’
.

His life w a s n o w to b e m e a su re d b y h o u rs It is n o te .

w o r thy th a t a mid th e w e a kn e ss an d fa i n tn e ss p re c e di n g
,

d e a th h e e xhibit e d n o littl e c o n c e rn fo r his r e put a ti on a s a

,

‘
c d h i m till c ti lly f m ti m t
H is ne w di se a se a u se s on n ua ro e o
ti m t g t th et l ll th t igh t ; i
o o m ch f m th ti m th t h i
o e s oo a a n n so u ro e e a s
di t k h im
se a se t th xt d y h h d b v fi fty t l
oo Th
un o e ne a ,
e a a o e s oo s . e
m tt th t h v id d w w d bl ck t — S i g C v di h
’ ’ ’
a er a e o e as on ro u s a e c n er s a en s
i p 3 10
, ,

. .
, .

1 It v “

cc di g t D gd l w
s re 9 5 1 li 1 4 05d
e n u e s, a M or n o u a e ,
e re . s . .
’
o nas
tic A glic
on m (f li ) p 1 04 1
n an u o o , . .
 WO L S E Y S L A S T H O UR S
u
’
.
35 5

Mil an e s e a m b a s
"

m an of t ruth a nd fid e lity . S e a r p in e ll o , th e
s a d o r in a d e spa tch to th e D uk e o f Mil a n st a t e d th a t th e
'

, ,

c a rd i n a l in his a n xi e ty to i m p re ss th e c o n st a bl e a n d his
,

gu a r ds w ith his i n n o c e n c e h a d a s m a n y a s th e ch a m b e r ,

w o uld h o ld su m m o n e d i n t o his p r e s e n c e a n d th e n r a isi n g , ,

hi ms e lf in his b e d with s o m e e ffo r t s a id to th e m : I re c e iv e d ,

‘

m y M a k e r y e st e r d a y a n d I p ra y G o d th a t s a c r a m e n t m a y b e
,

to th e d a m n a ti o n o f m y s o ul if e v e r I th o ught to d o dis .

s e r vic e to my
M o nd a y th e d ay b e for e h is d e a th th e su pp or t o f fo o d
, ,

be i n g e ss e n ti a lly n e e dful h e s w a ll o w e d a sp o o n fu l o r tw o o f ,

wh a t th e c o o k h a d p re p a re d ; a n d th e n l e a rn i n g it w a s a ,
‘

cullis m a d e o f a chick e n h e i n st a n tly e xcl a i m e d Why it i s ,

’
.
‘

a fa st d a y ! a n d n o e n tr e a ty c o uld p r e v a il up o n h i m to t a k e a
“
’

S p o o n fu l m o r e .

Wh a t a sc e n e th e ch a m be r o f th e dyi n g c a r di n a l p re s e n ts ,

wh e n a t s e v e n o cl o ck th e n e xt m o rn i n g ( Tu e sd a y N o v e mb e r
,
’

Kin gst o n st a n ds by his b e dsid e : th e a r ro g a n t h a ughty ,

fa v o u r it e w h o h a d b e e n w o n t to b e s o i n e xp re ssibly l o fty a n d
,
‘

s o u r t o w a r ds th e o v e rb e a r i n g fe ud a l a rist o c ra cy o f th e ti me
’

whe n th e y th w a r t e d h i m no w him s e lf d isgr a c e d a n d ,

p r o st rat e d e a th o n his su n k e n fa c e a n d th e ga u n t c a pt a i n o f
,
‘

th e gu a rd th e v e ry sight o f wh o m m a d e ma n y t r e m bl e
, ,

l e a n i n g o v e r his dyi n g b e d ! M a ster Ki n gsto n if it ch a n c e ‘

,

o u to b e o n e o f th e ki n g s p r ivy c o u n cil a s f o r y o u r wisd o m

’

y ,

a n d o th e r qu a liti e s e a r e m e e t to b e I w a r n
y y o u to b e w e ll ,

a dvis e d a n d a ssu r e d wh a t m a tt e r y e u t i n his h e a d f

p or
ye
~

sh all n e v e r p ut it o u t a ga i n I a ssu r e y o u I h a v e o fte n .

k ne e l e d in his p r ivy c h a mb e r o h — my k n e e s th e sp a c e o f a h ou r
o r tw o to p e r su a d e
,
him fro m his will a n d a pp e tit e ; bu t I
c o uld n e v e r b r i n g to p a ss to dissu a d e h im th e r e fr o m B e tt e r .
’

k n o wn a re th e w o r ds : M a ste r Ki ngst o n I s e e th e m a tte r ‘

,

aga i n st m e h o w it is fi a m e d ; but if I h a d s e r v e d my G o d a s
,

dilige n tly a s I h a v e d on e th e ki n g H e w o uld n o t h a v e giv e n ,

I C o v e r i n my g ra y h a i rs T With fa lte r i n g v o ic e h e u rg e d ’
II .
.

Ve n .
,
iv .
,
63 7 .

T S a hkp s e re ma k es W o lse y
ch w d t C mw a dd re s s su or s o ru ell
O C m w ll C m w ll ! ‘
ro e ,
ro e
Ha d I b t vd m y G od wi th h l f th z l
u se r
’
a e ea
d m y ki g H w ld t i mi g
’
I se r v n
,
e ou no n ne a e
Ha e v l ft m k d t mi
e mi
e na e o ne e n e es .
’
366 T H E D A l VN OF T H E E N GL I S H R E F O R JI A T I O N .

I r e qu e st his G ra c e to h a v e a vigil a n t e y e to d e p r e ss this n e w

s e ct o fLuth e ra n s a n d th e n with tr e m u l o us e ffo r t h e e ss ay e d ,

to e n l a r g e a cc o r di n g to C a v e n dish o n th e h e in o us m ischi e f o f
, ,

h e re sy a n d th e d an ge r o f p o pul a r m o bs
,
.

E a rli e r i n th e m o rn i n g h e h a d b e e n in cl o s e c on fe ssi o n for ,

th e sp a c e o f a n h o u r with D r P a lm e s his ch a pl a i n A n d ,
’
.
,
.

n o w a s d e a th w a s with o u t fa il n e a r a t h a n d Abb o t Rich a r d

, , , ,

( Pe x a l l fi w a s su m m on e d to a n n e a l T him As th e cl o ck
’
‘
.

str uck e ight i n c o n tin e n t i n fulfil me n t o f his o w n p r e dicti o n

,
‘
,
’

utte r e d to C a v e n d i sh —J by e ight o f th e cl o ck y e sh a ll l o s e
y o u r m a st e r —h e g a v e u p th e gh o st I C a v e n dis h a n d th o s e .
’

st a n di n g a b o u t his b e d a s th e y m a rk e d his d e p a r tu re l o o k e d , ,

o n e up o n a n o th e r r e m e mb e r i n g his w o r ds , .

I mme di a te ly Ki n gst o n s e n t a y e o m an o f th e gu a r d e m po st ’

to th e ki n g but r e s o lv e d o n n o a cc o u n t to p o stp on e th e
,

fu n e r a l T h e c o r ps e in th e h a i r shi r t which W o ls e y h a d
.
,

b e e n a cc u sto me d to w e a r n e xt th e ski n w as pl a c e d i n a r ud e ,

c o ffin o f r o ugh b o ar ds a n d l ay in st a te with m itr e c ro ss , , , ,

a n d rin g i n th e a r chi e pisc o p a l r o b e s

, I n th e a fte rn o o n .
,

b e tw e e n fo u r a n d fi ve o cl o ck th e c orps e w a s c arri e d to th e ’
,

chu r ch a n d s e t i n th e L a dy Cha p e l a n d t or c h w a tch w a s k e pt

, , ,

th e c a n o n s si n gi n g Di r ig e a n d o th e r d e v o ut o ris on s u n til
’
, ,

fo u r o cl o c k in th e m orn i n g Th e n M a ss w a s su n g a n d th e
’
.
,

i n t e rme n t t o o k pl a c e T w o h o u r s l a t e r Kin gst o n C a v e n dish .

, ,

Bi h p L gl d i j c ti t th w ll k w A bb y t
F ro m s o on an
’
s n un on s o e e - no n e a

L ic t
e i 1 5 32 w
e s e r, g th th t th A bb t h d t id M i th
n ,
e a er a e o a no sa a ss n e
ch ch f t h y
ur or th t h t lik th p i f W l i g h m
re e e ar s a e oo, e e r or o a s n a ,

k p t f l ( c ) w h m ch d t th h d f th c
e a oo s ur r a h th y ,
o ar e a e ea o e an on s w en e

w t t ch p l
en t — Ch
o h Q t ly R
a i w A t vii J
e ,
e y 1 89 0
c urc ua r e r ev e ,
r . .
,
a n u ar ,
.

T A d mi i t x t m cti n s er e re e un on

C t ff i th bl m f my i u o e en
’
n e o sso o s ns
,
U h l d di pp i t d ld ’ ’
n o u se ,
sa o n e u n an e ,
,

m th G h t H ml t ’
o an s e os 1 11 a e .

T h C di l f Y k w di d S t A d w D y ’
t Ch p y ’
e ar na o or ro e a u s, e on n re s a
+ ,
.
,

a t pl c w h R ich d w kill d T h y b th th m ch ch
a a e e re ar as e . e a re o ln e sa e ur ,

w hic h th p pl c ll th T y t S p lch ’
e eo e a e ra n s e u re .

W l y h w v o se l ly di d S t A d w
,
o E N v mb
e e r, re a e . n re
’
s ve , o e er

an d R ich d I I I w b i d th C h ch f th F ci c
ar . t f thas ur e ln e ur o e ran s a n s, n o o e

A g ti i u us n an s .

D A g ti
r d G vill J
u us 1 5 3 1 th t W l y h d
n e a ss u r e tb r an e, un e , a o se a no ee n

p i d S B iv p t iii 6 75 7 ; V 2 83 S i g C v di h
.

’
en n er 3 a en
°
o so n e ee . .
,
ar .
,
.
, ,
s ,

i p 32 5
.

,
. . .

B w re c ib W l y d th t f igh t
e r as r es o se
’
s ea o
‘
r .
’
 WO L S E Y S D E A T H A N D B UR I A L
’
.
36 7

an d th st t o o k h o r s e fo r H a m pt o n C o u r t
e re I h a d li e v e r .
‘

,
’

e xcl a i m e d H e n ry o n r e c e i v i n g th e i n t e llig e n c e th a n twe n ty

, ,

th o us an d p o u n d s th a t h e h a d liv e d An n e o n h e r p a r t
, .
’
, ,

with h e r ch a r a cte r isti c si n c e r ity did n o t a ffe ct to c o n c e a l h e r ,

th o r o ugh s a tisfa ctio n By n o m e a n s h o w e v e r d o e s it r a is e .

, ,

o u r e st im a t e o f h e r o r o f h e r fa th e r th a t a cc o r di n g to a
, , ,

d e sp a tch o f th e i m p e r i a l a mb a ss a d o rfl d a ught e r a n d fa t h e r ‘

sign a lize d th e e v e n t by a su pp e r w h e n th e re w a s pl a y e d a ,
‘

fa r c e o f th e g o in g o fth e c ar di n a l to h e l l .
’

S o di e d a n d s o w a s i n t e rr e d th e o n c e a l l p o w e r ful ki n g
, ,
-
‘

c a r din a l th e h a ughtie st m a n i n al l p ro c e e di n gs th a t the n

,
’ ‘

liv e d s o l o n g a t l e a st as for tu n e s m il e d on h i m
,
’

,
With , .

hu m a n sh o r tsighte d n e ss h e w a s a ccust o me d to k e e p by h im ,

th e s u m o f — e n o r m o us fo r th a t a e — i n p re p a ra ti o n fo r
g
his o bse qui e s His p o ss e ssi o n o f this s u m w a s n o tifi e d to
.

H e n ry by N o r th u mb e rl a n d a n d e xcit e d th e m o n a r ch s liv e ly ,
’

cu r i o sity so th a t h e di r e ct e d Kin gst o n to m a k e i n qui r ie s a n d

, ,

a ft e r w a r ds hi m s e lf p e r s o n a lly qu e sti o n e d C a v e n dish W o l se y s .

’

m o n u m e n t to b e e re ct e d i n C ar di n a l C o ll e g e i n c o n n e cti o n
, ,

with a n a lt a r h a d b e e n in c o u r s e o f e x e cuti o n fo r s o me y e a rs
, .

I t is thus quit e i n c o n s o n a n c e with fa ct th a t Sh a ksp e re h a s

pl a c e d i n th e c a r din a l s m on th a n a n ticip a ti o n o f th e p e r i o d ’

w h e n h e sh o uld s l e e p i n dull c o ld m ar bl e T h e to m b w a s
‘ ’
.

th e w o r k o f B e n e dict th e Fl o r e n ti n e sculpt o r w h o w a s p ro ud , ,

to a ss e r t i n his s im pl i city T th a t it w o uld su r p a ss th e

‘ ’
-
, ,

m o n um e n t o f H e n ry V II tw o fo ld o r m o r e in c o stlin e ss a r t .
‘

, ,

a n d b e a uty
’
.

‘
Al a s ! c o mm e n t e d E ra s m us th e slipp e ry tu rn s o f this
’

,
‘

w o r ld ! I n st e a d o f l a vish m a g n ific e n c e a n d a ll th e p o mp o f
’

d p ch
S e e C h ap uy s e s a t , v , 62
’
B . . .

B dic l
T S e e e ne
’
J
t s e tte r, a n u a r , 1 5 2 9 , ,
ar t , 5 743 e ne t y B iv p . . iii . . B dic
b pl y d
h ad e e n e m o e o n th e to mb si n ce J u n e 1 5 2 4 '

, .

‘
T he ki g i d
n n te n s i t to se r e fo r mse f, p os t mu l tos e t fe l i ce s a n u o s , v hi l
h a vi g c d c di l
n a u se th e a r n a s a r ms to b e e r a se fr o m i t — L e tte r o f A u u s
’ ’
d . g
i iv
t n o S ca r pi n e l l o , V e n , ,
637 . . .

h y
T e r e i s a n e n tr i n th e ‘
Pr E x p e n ce s , D e e m e r 3 0, 1 5 30
’
To ivy c b
. ll
M r C ro mw e , fo r th e ki g n s to m , £ 1 3 6 3 8 d
’ —
B v , 753
’
b p . . . . . .

b v d
T h e to m w a s r e s e r e fo r a n o e r u e s The one s of En an
’
s bl g t b . gl d
g d i l l h
re a te s t a m r a s e e p t e r e O n e w h o w a s i n a te r e a r s D e a n a n d h i s
. l y
t i l i
o r a n o f S t Pa u s , w tne ss e
’
. a s a b o y th e n te r m e n t a n d se e me
, to e a r d i d h
a su pp d il
r e ss e wa fr o m th e ue j a e ts a s N e so n s r e m a ns w e r e a bl
in -
ck l i ’
l id
bl
th e m a r e —
il
M ma n s S t Pa u s
.
’ ’ ’
. l .
36 8 TH E D A WN OF TH E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A TI ON .

d e a th th e bu r i a l w as a l m o st i n d e c e n tly m e a n a n d h a sty A n d
, .

s e v e n y e a r s l a t e r th e a bb e y its e lf w a s suppre ss e d th e h a n d o f
vi o l e n c e r u sh e d to th e sp o il a n d n o r e c o r d re m a i n s to 1i s o f ,

th e sp o t wh e r e r e p o s e th e b o n e s o f p e rh a ps th e g re a t e s t o f
E n glish st a t e sm e n Ev e n th e si te o f th e bu r i a l gr o u n d is
.
-

n o w u n k n o w n ; a n d e v e ry v e stig e o f th e ch a p e l its e lf h a s

l on g sin c e d isa ppe a r e d fi Ye t th e bu r i a l o f W o lse y with h o w

‘
,

e v e r littl e c e r e m o n y a n d h o w e v e r hu rr i e d w a s th e bu r i a l o f a n
, ,

e x lor
-
d ch an c e llo r w h o h a d b e e n a t th e s a m e tim e a ls o a r ch
-
,

bish o p c a rdi n a l an d p a p a l l e ga t e ; o f th e l a st a n d imm e a su r

, ,

a bly th e m o st e xt ra o rdin a ry o f a l o n g li n e o f disti n guish e d

p re l a te st a t e s m e n ; th e bu r i a l o f a syste m a n d n ot on ly o f a n
-
,

i n dividu a l .

h th A bb y c t d w m ld m i
'

N e ar w e re e e on e s oo no ou er so e ru ns of a

m i c t d by th h
an s o n e r e f D v hi p tly w i th m t i l
e e o u se o e ons re ,
ar a er a s fr o m
th e ld m o t y O ly p ti f th high w ll w h ich f
onas e r n a or on o e a or me r ly
cl d th d m i — w p k f th p pl — d g t w y
.
,

en o se e o a n no a ar or e eo e an a a e a ,
un d er
w hich th c di l i t i i d m d h i l t id
e ar vi v i c d
na , s sa ,
a e s as r e , s ur e n re or of th e

p t
as .
 A PPEN D I X .

BO O K I II .
,
CH . II .

J O HN S KEL T O N m u ch p r a is e d by E r a s m us cl a ssic a l tut or to

, ,

H e n ry p o e t l a u re a t e a n d R e ct o r o f Diss h as a musi n gly

,
-
, ,

sk e tch e d th e cl e r gy o f his ti me i n his viv a ci o us d o gge re l .

S ke lton is c om p a r e d to J on a th a n Swift b u t w a s th e b e tt e r ,

m an o f th e tw o His life w as n o t so r o ug h a s his v e r s e H e

. .

w as a c o n cubi n a ry p r i e st but r e g a r d e d his c on cubi n e a s h is

,

wife It w a s th e fa ult o f th e Chu r ch h e s a id th a t th e y we re

.
, ,

n o t m a rr i e d . His n a m e o ccu r s a m on g th e c o mm issi o n s o fth e

p e a c e fo r N or fo lk M a r ch 1 5 3 1 (B v
, ,
M e n ti o n is
. .
,

m a d e in C r um w e ll s R e m e mb ra n c e s o f th e J e st e s o f Sk e lt o n
’ ’ ’
‘

B vii I n his B o k e o f C o li n Cl o ut it is e sp e ci a lly

’

(
‘
.
,
.

th a t h e p a i n ts th e cle r gy o f his d a y with r a cy vig o u r— th e i r

GNORA N C E
I .

‘
An d h w wh o y g v
en e e e or d e rs
y
I n our r o n a p vi ci l b d
o r e r s,
A s i n si pi e n te s ,
S o m e a r e i n su ffi ci e n te s ,
p pi
S o me a r u m s a e n te s,
S o me n ihil i llig
n te e n te s
,

v ld glig
S o me a e n e e n te s ,
ll
S o m e n u u m s e n su m h a b e n te s,
b i lly
B u t e st a gh
a n d u n ta u t .

h h y h v c c gh
B ut w an t e a e on e au t
by
D o mi n u s vo b is cum th e b e d ,
h h y v d
T a n r e n n e t e i n e e r e s te e
h
G o d w o t w it d r o n k e n n o l l e s ,
k c l
Y e t ta e u r e o f so u e s,
v h hy d
A n d w o te th n e e r w a t t e r e e ,
d
Pa te r n o ste r n o r C r e e ,
h hi l
C o n s tr u e n o t w o r t a w st e ,
ih pl i tl
N e t e r G os e n or P s e ,
i
T h e y r ma tt ns m a dly sa y d e ,

N ot n hi g d v ly p id
e ou t ra ,
70 TH E D A WN O F TH E E N G L I S H R E F O R IP
I A TI O N

hi l i g ll
T e r e a r n n i s so s ma ,
hi h
T e r pr y m e s a n d o n r e s fa l ,
lp h i lipp
A nd e e o ut of t e r e s,
L yk d
e sa w u st o r d r
y ch i pp e s .

pk
I s e e n o t n ow of al ,
tp
B u t th e mo s g
a r te i n e n e ra l .

A p i t w i th t l tt
r es ou a e e r,
W i th t h i v t b g t
ou s e r ue e re a e r ,

D b tl
ou w m ch b t t
e sse e re u e er,

Up h im f
on t t k or o a e

A m tt k a koc e or a ra e .

Al f as v y hm or er s a e,
S m c
o e t d l y th i
ann o ec ne e r n ame ,

S m c
o et ly d
an no s ca rs re e ,

A d y t w ill
n td d
e no re e
F t k p
or oc e e a u re ,

A d n thi g i
no n s su r e ,

T hi D mi s bi om ne v o scu ,

A wys T m th
se a m o a ru
,

A h pl yc a ft at ne o rus e ,

L y th l l i th d t
’
a a n e us e .

IMO N Y S .

W h t h th l y m t d
a a a en o oe ,

Th g y ge f t
ra h oo s e or o s oe ,

L ik h d e f h ll
oun es o e ,

Th y e
y d th y y ll
cr an e e ,
H w th t y
o ll a e se
Th g c e f th H ly G
ra e o e o o s t,
Th th y m k th i h
us e a e e r o st
Th gh v y c t
r ou e er os .

M e n sa y fo r s ylv
e r and og lde
i
M te r s a re o u b gh ld
t a n d so e ,
h
T e re s a n o e r h ll cl gy pp
a o se
A m y te r n or a rosse , c
B u t a fu u r se ll p .

A s tr a w fo r G o d d e s u r se c
F o r a si mo n i a k e ,
I s b u t a h e r mo n i a k e ,
A n d n o m o r e y e ma e k
O f sy mo n y m e n sa y
But a ’
e s child
a
’
pl y .

L E C HER Y .

p k
I s e a e n o t o f th e go d w fe i
h i p l li
B u t o f t e r a o st e s fe .

C u m i p si s v e lillis

Q u i ma n e n t i n v ill i s,
x
E st u or v e l a n cill a,

lc J k ll
W e o me a e e a n d G i a ,
 A PPE N D I X .
37 1

p y
M y r e t Pe tr o n y l l a ,
An d y o u w ill
be s tilla,

Y ou s h ll h v y w ill
a a e ou r a .

O f ch p t
su t pk
a er nos er e e s,
Al l th w l d e p k or e s ea es .
’

N EGLE C T O P REA C HING F .

F or if y w ld t k p y e o e a e a ne
T p
o h
r e ac w d tw y
e a or e or a ne,
T h gh i t w
ou v pl y e re ne e r so a ne ,
W i th cl tw th
a u se s o or re e
,

SO as th y m i gh t b e e e

C m p di
o en ly c v y d ous on e e ,
Th w
o se d h ld b m w id
or es s ou e ore e
A d b tt
n p c iv d
e er er e e ,

A d th
n kf lly an y d u r e ce ve ,

A d b tt
n eh ld m y
er s ou e re a ne

Am g th p
on e pl pl y e e o e a ne ,

T h t w ld y
a w
o d e t y ou r or e s re a ne ,

A d
n h re th m g y
e r se e a a ne ,

Th an ath d th d th
o u sa n o u sa n o e r,
T h bl b
e b k d b l th
a er, ar e an o e r,

A d m k W l hm h ’
n a e a a s an s o se
O f th t x t e d th gl
e an e o se .
’

THE BEGGING F I S C U NN ING R AB

’
.

‘
N w w ill I g
o oe ,

A d t ll f th
n e m o o er oe,

S mp
e p t t d
er ro e s an o

D e n on i mp g d u n an o

Th f e d ff y
o u re o r e rs o r e rs ,

T h gh ou m f th m b l y
so e o e e e r s,
A li mi t
s tl g e rs a ar e

W y l l ch g d di ch g
ar e an s ar e,
A m y
s fy
an G d w t a r ar o o
P re a ch f h i g t es or s ro e ,

F l tt i g f
a er n w c t or a n e o e,
A d f
n t h v hy f
or o a e s e e s,

S m t g th
o e ch
o a er e e se ,

L th th y
o e t l e ar e o e se

E y th c er m lt orn e or au ,

S m ti m
o e b c fli k e a a on c e,

T h t i th
a fi g th y k
s re e n e rs c e,

Ofl d ar d fg e an o r e a ce

Th i c v tt c ’
e r o en o en r e a se .

UN S T HE N .

A d th
n lf m g m e se e sa e a e
Bge d w w i th h m
on an no s a e

Am g t th
on ly se s e se n unne s

M y l dy w h
a no s e r un n e s ,

D m S yhly
a e bb o ur a e sse ,

D m D a th
e d l dy B or o e an a e sse
,

24 2
372 TH E D A WN O F T H E E N G L I S H R E F OR M A T I ON .

D am e S a r e o ur p r y o r e sse ,
hi
O ut o f t e q r cl o y s te r a n d u e re ,
W i th h vy an ea ch e e r e ,

M t c t p th i bl ck
us as yl u e r a va e s,
W h t C li th
a th
o h il n e re ou s a e s,

Y t th
e w i th y l l h yl
us a e s,
T h l y p pl
e a yl eo e ra es .
’

OMP
W O L S EY S ’
P .

Ov thi th f
er yd l y
s e or sa a e
R p t h w th P p m y
e or o e o e a e
A h ly ok c ll an er a

O t f th
u t y w ll
o e s on a ,

A d h im
n by h p m k a ss O a e

If h h im d
e on t k a re a e

T k p
o h d
e l
e so ar a ru e ,

T o ryd p m l
e u on a u e,

W i th g ld l l b t pp d
o e a e ra e ,

I pl d p l b l pp d
n p ur e an au e e a e ,

S m h tt d
o e d m c pp d
a e an so e a e ,

R y h l y b w pp d
c e e ra e ,

G d w t t th y g
o o tp yo e r re a a n e s,

I n rot h tt ffic y
e es o n e re ne s
,
W hi t m w
e as m ylk oro es

Th i t b t
e r ffi
a ilk er es o ne s e,
Th i ti p
e r s f m ix t g ld b g d d
ro s o o e e ar e ,

Th i m y
e r c tb p d a no os e s ar e ,

T h i m yk
e r g ld d th t
o s* o o ea e,
Th y e igh br ne dy f m t o ur s e or ea .
’

Sk lt B k f C li C l e on s
’
o e o o n ou t
’

C h lm E gli h P t ’ ’
a e rs n s oe s .

D ome st ic s — 677 9 6 9 w h c en e S k lt e on c i d Bp
o ne w uco i.
 I N D E X .

y
A BB EY o f S t M a r d e P ra i s, L e e s e r ,
. t ic t tt i d B ill
A a n e r, o r A ct o f, 2 5 7 , 2 8 7

364 A u d a i e ( A u d e ) r iv e r , 2 2 3
b l
A e a rd , 8 4 ly
A u d e , S ir T , 2 4 3 , 2 4 7, 2 8 6 , 2 9 6 , 2 9 9 ,
b t i
.

A se n e e s m , 1 5 339
c y Fl
A ade m , i
or e n t n e , 2 3 , 3 0 t
A u gu s i n e , D r , 2 5 2 , 3 5 8 -3 61
th l t Ki ti
.

A d e l s to n e ( A e s a n e ) , n , 58 A u gu s n e , S t , 3 3
g
i
.

A d r a n V I , 1 59 , 1 6 1
v ti pl B c F ci 4 4 1 2 2 1 3 1
.

A d o ca o n , p a a , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 a on, ra n s,

lb
, ,

bb y
A a n s, S t , A e 4 7, 2 38 , 2 6 6 R g 12 o e r,

lbi B i h m J m 323
.
,

A ge n se s, t h e , 2 6 4 a n a a e s,

B cl t ty f 2 2 3 2 2 4
,

A le x a n d e r V I 5 a r e o na , re a o

b i i l
, ,

A m o se , C a r d n a d , 4 4, 4 8 , 1 5 5
’
B ar owl , J e ro me , 1 1 1 , 1 1 2
A i m s, M r , 8 7 J oh n , 1 1 1, 1 9 5, 2 6 8
t ty b t
.

A m i e n s, r e a of , 1 82 B a r n e s, Ro e r , 3 2 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 0,

ph l
A m t il , 2 9 4
i t ph
A n d e rso n , C h r s o e r , 6 4, 6 8 , 8 3 , 8 8 B w (B g p Z
a rr o er e n -o -
oo m ), 3 2 9
B t l mm F 2 9
.

89 ar o o e o, ra,

l l t
A n ge o , C a rd i n a S a n a C r o e , 1 8 9 , 3 5 6 c B t E li z b th th
a r o n, a e e N un of K t en
t i t
, ,

A n n a e s, 1 6 A ct i n r e s tr a n o f, 2 9 6 2 85 2 8 7, 3 0 0
-

’ ’
A n s w e r , F ry th s , to M o r e , o n th e B a s l e , 3 7, 1 2 5 , 1 2 6

E ch t
u a ris 3 3 9 , 3 40 , 3 4 1 B y
a a r d , 1 6 4, 1 7 1

p ch d
, . ,

’
B a y fie ld , R i a r , 4 3 , 3 2 1
’ ’
‘
A n s w e r , M o re , to T y n d a l e s S o u e r
s
‘

’
o f th e L or d , 3 4 4 Bc t
e k e , T h o ma s , 3 2 , 4 5 , 3 5 4
’
A n s w e r , T y n d a l e s, 1 4 1
’
Bce on , C ra n m e r s
’
h a l a n , 38 , 4 1 c p i
t
A n w e r p , 7 7, 8 8 , 1 0 5 , 1 2 9 , 1 7 2 , 3 1 4 , B i t
e d m n s e r , 1 08

3 3 4, 3 3 5 ch
B e d yl l , R i a r d , 1 5
p l
A pa re , 1 8 , 1 9 B ella , y Jh
o n d u, i s o p a n d a m assa b h b
A pp l l i H y
e a to a G e n e r a C o u n c l, e nr s,
’
d o r , 20 5 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 7, 2 2 8 , 2 6 0, 3 5 8
3 0 6 , 3 07 B b
e m o , C ard n a , 6 i l
p l i t
A pe a s to R o me , A ct a ga n s , 3 0 5 B e n e d i cti n e mon k s, 1 2
'

A q u i n a s, T h o m a s , 3 2 , 46 , 1 8 1 B e n ge l 88
i t
,

A r o s o, 6 B e re n g 84
a r,

p i
A r ma d a , S a n sh , 3 0 1 B k er ly b
e e a r o n s o f, 5 7- 5 9
th ic W
,

A r u r, P r n e o f a l e s , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2, 2 0 9 B e r n a rd ,S t , 1 88
th h B i bl x
.

A r u r, T o ma s , 3 8 43 , 9 3 e , ou r S a o n , 3 4 8

il tWl y
,

A r t c e s a ga i n s o se , 248 , 2 49 B i b l e me n , 7 , 7 5
dl cb hp
A r u n e , A r h is o , 7 7 B y h
il n e , T o m a s , 3 8 -4 0, 9 3, 3 2 3 3 2 8 -

A scu e , A n n e , 1 3 8 B c
la k fr ia r s, 2 1 4 , 2 4 1
‘
A sse r ti o V I I S a cra me n to ru m, 1 5 9 ,
’
B t B i
l o un , e ss e , 1 8 0 , 2 4 8

Bl t
.

1 60 u n , Pr o fe ss or , 4 1
3 74 IN D EX .

B h mi
o e a, 2 47 C a re ,y Willi a m , 2 04

B ly
o e A n n e , 8 8 , 8 9 , 1 0 5, 1 1 9 , 1 79 ,
n, h i
C a r t us a n m o n k s , 2 9
1 8 4 1 8 6 , 1 9 2 , 1 9 7 2 00 , 2 0 4 , 2 1 3 , 2 3 6 ,
- -
l
C a sa e , G re go r , 1 9 0 1 9 1 , 2 1 0 y
i
,

2 3 8, 2 5 4, 2 6 1 , 2 9 1 , 2 9 3 , 3 0 6 , 3 0 8 , 3 3 7 , C a v e n d sh , G e o r ge , 1 7 7, 1 7 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 3 7,
3 48 , 3 6 6 , 3 6 7 2 5 3 , 2 5 6 , 3 5 0 , 3 5 2 , 3 5 7, 3 6 1 , 363 ,
B ly
o e n , G e or ge , 1 8 5 , 2 5 5 , 2 9 2 3 6 6, 3 6 7
h
S i r T o m a s , r e a e d L or d R o c t ch d
Ca w oo C a s e , 35 8 tl
fo r d ; a f e r w a r d s t
a rl o i s i re , E Wilt h xt
C a o n , 2 2, 5 9 1 5 2
li y
,

1 8 4, 1 8 6 , 2 6 7 , 2 6 9 , 3 6 7 C e b a c , 2 , 1 33
B l
o o n a , 2 6 9 , 2 78
g ll
C e a r , S a l t-fi sh , O for d , 1 04 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 x
B o n n e r, D r Ed
mu n , a f e r w a r s s o , d t d bi h p vi
C e r a, 2 2 1
c ll
.

2 33 , 2 5 4, 2 6 2 , 3 06 , 3 5 9 C h a n e o r , L or d , 4 9 , 2 3 8 , 2 3 9
B i
or g a , C aesa r , 5 c y
C h a n e r , th e C o u r o f, 4 9 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 3 t
c ti
” L u re a 5 y
C h a n ce r , th e R o m a n , 8
B th F i l
o sw or e d , 8 , 3 01 l cl
C h a pe , L i n o n C ol e ge , 1 0 8 l
B b h l D
o u r o n , C a r e s, uk e o f, 1 6 1 1 6 4 , -
C h a pu y s, E c
u s ta e , 1 2 0 , 2 34 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 9 ,

2 4 1 , 2 4 9 , 2 7 1 , 2 72 , 2 7 5 , 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 ,
B d C h l D k f S ff l k 2 2 0
ra n on , a r e s, u e o u o , , 2 88 , 2 9 3 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 0, 3 01 , 3 09 , 3 2 7,
2 2 1 2 3 1 2 32 2 57 3 3 2 , 3 5 2 , 35 9
B tf d 1 65 h l
, , ,

re n or C a r e s _V , th e E
m p e r o r , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7,
B th
, .

re th 7 6 9 7 1 0 7 1 1 0 3 41
re n , e , , , , , 1 5 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 7 1 , 2 0 6 , 2 0 7, 2 2 2 - 2 2 4 , 2 30 ,
B re w e r , Pr o fe sso r, 1 8 4 , 2 1 8 , 2 3 0, 2 5 4, 2 69 2 9 1 , 2 9 7 , 3 00 , 3 01 , 3 1 5 , 3 3 2
2 68 h l
C a r e s V I I o f ra n e , 1 5 5 F c
i l h l F c
.

B r e f,
pa pa , 2 09 2 1 2
-
C a r e s V I I I o f ra n e , 1 5 5
itl ih
.

B r s o , 6 9 , 1 08 C h a rn o ck , R c a r d , 3 1 , 3 2
B ru
g 77e s, h c
C a u e r, Ge o f fr e , 1 9 , 1 1 3 y
B ry S i F ci 2 00 2 2 7
an , r r an s, hl
C e se a , 1 2 4
H ti gd 2 9 3
,

B uc kd e n , n e ar un n on , M a n o r -h o u s e , 1 2 4 , 1 3 7, 1 86
B uck h m P i 3 1 9 3 2 0
en a r o r,
‘
hit
C r s ma s, th e s l , 9 1
’
ti l
ck i gh m E d d S t ff d D
, ,

B u n a w ar a or uk e hy t
C r so s o m , S t , 2 1
h
, , .

o f, 2 3 3, 2 4 6 C u r ch , th e 1 4 1 , 1 4 2
B u ck l e r s b u r y , 1 2 8 th e A n g lic
a n , 3 , 2 75

B d
u e ( B u d ae u s ) , 2 2 th e R o m a n , 2
B ll p l
u , p
a a , 3 6 , 1 6 0, 1 88 , 2 0 9 h ll H y
A ll a o w s ,
-
on e L an e , 1 05
B t il b t bi p
ur n e , G er , sh o , 1 , 1 0 , 2 0 7 hlC e se a , 1 4 5
B y
ur E St d m u n d s, 43
. dy
O ur L a t p ’
s, at A n w e r , 1 2 9

B yu r i n g o f th e M a s s,
’
112 d li
S t A e n e s , 63
’

B ch bi H W t
.

e ( Eu s e e rma n v on , 1 1 5
’
us u s ), S t D u n sta n s i n th e e s , 73

B tt W ll tp l t t
.

i ia m , M D 2 0 4 , 2 5 2 , 3 2 1 S t S e h e n s , C o e m a n S re e , 75
’
u s,

l h
. . , .

B y rch ma n , A r no d , 8 3 B
C h u r c me n ro a d , 3 4

l tt
,
’
C i ta to r i a l e e r s, 2 2 5
Ca is t or Cas tl e, 17 i it cch
C v a Ve ia , 2 1 3
C a a s,li 291
”

l c x
C a r e n i e u , k in g— a t a r m s, 1 7 5 , 1 7 6 -

b y t
C a m ra , r e a o f, 2 2 1 2 2 4 ty -
l t J i dici
C e me n V I I , u l o d e M e .
, 6 7, 1 6 1 ,
’

b
C a m r i d ge , 3 9 , 41 1 6 9 , 1 7 3 1 7 5 , 1 8 8 - 1 9 0, 2 1 2 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 3 ,
-

C a mpa n o , 2 1 2 3 04 3 08
-

b ll
C a m p e , L or d , 4 6 , 1 36 , 2 6 0 l yb
C e r g , e n e fi o f, 7 - 9 t
i
C a m p e gg o , L a w r e n e , C ar d n a , 5 0, c i l l J
C e rk , o h n , B
i sh o o f a , 2 05 , 2 0 9 p B th
1 8 7 2 0 3 2 0 5 , 2 0 7, 2 0 8 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 8 2 2 0,
- -
ca n o n , 5 3 , 1 0 7 -1 0 9

Jh
,

C o ch l ae u s , o n ( D o b n e ck ) , 7 9 , 8 4 , 9 0
t b y
C an e r u r , 32 c li c
C ogn a , Al a n e o f, 1 6 9
p ll l
C a e o Ca r o, 34 6 ltJ
C o e , oh n , 3 2 3 5 , 4 7, 1 3 1 -

p
,

C a on , D r , 5 2 , 9 4 J
S ir o h n , 2 7
i l c l l t
.

C a r d n a o f A n o n a , 2 78
’
‘
C o in C ou , 1 1 2
o f O sm a , 2 7 9 ll di l x
C o e ge , C a r n a , O fo r d , 3 5 , 5 1 , 2 35
Ar chb h p
is o o f R a e n n a , 2 78 v c I p sw i h , 3 5 , 5 2
t
S t Q ua u or , P u
. L or e n o, 1 9 0, cci z vi l
G un w e ll ( G on l e ) , C a m r d ge , bi
212
S t C c an a ro e Q in u on e s F ra n ci s, H e nr y V II I ’
s 51
dl x d
.
,

1 89 3 56 M a
g a e n, O fo r , 59
 IN DE X .
375

Co ll e ge St J o h n s, Cam
’
b id g r e, 36 D un s S ct o us, J oh n . 39
i i ty th b t H ll ) bl
.
,

Tr n (S t C u er
’
s a , D u n s ta e, 293, 294
x d 12 t th y i
.

O fo r D un s a n , A n on Pr or, 1 07
C l g
, ,

o o 79 8 0 ne , 83 , 85
C ll q i E t li g 9 3
, ,

o E o u e s,
’
ra s mu s s , 1 3 , 3 2 , 1 2 7, 1 2 9
’
as e r n s,

C l o P mp
on na , o e o, 1 74 E h J h M y
c o n e e r, 90
C lp t E d it i t
,

f E mu s s G re e k T e s
’
o 19 o r e ur s , 97 99 -
o ns o ra s a

C l mb t
,

o u 22 u s, men 81
D c t l E diti t t ch
,

C o mmi ssi o n e r e a , 2 08 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 4 on s o f T y n d a l e s P e n a e u
’

, 31 4

pl
C o mm iss i o n , p a a 1 9 1 E dit ’
i o n s o f T y n d a l e s V e rs o n , o a o , i ct v
pt Willi
,

C om on , S ir a m, 2 0 0 , 2 0 4 85 8 7 -

y
C o m n , A l u re d , 3 5 5 E ti ’
d i o n s o f T y n d a l e s V e rs o n , qu a r o, i t
c bi pi t
C o n u n a ge o f r e s s, 1 1 a n d A pp en e tc , 8 7 8 9 -

dix Ed
.

w a r d I I I , 9 6, 2 39
f i K th i 2 08 d
. .

C 1 4 131
o n e ss o n , a a r n e s,
’
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C f t ti E lb v
, .

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on u a M 1 44 on, o r e s, e , th e r i e r , 8 0

C t ti pl c pt f 2 1
ons an no e a u re o El Wil i
e a n or , y it l a m C a re s s s e r, 2 02
’

H y
, ,

C t ty
on s an G g 8 6 1 37 ne e or e w i fe o f e nr I I , 188
vic 9 8 E l z b th i H y
.
, , ,
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‘
a r, e nr

v t f Wilt 2 02
,

C on en o o n, V I I , 1 5 3, 1 5 4
v c ti 2 6 6 8 77 2 4 5 2 5 8 2 72 E li z b th
.

C on o a o n, a e , Q ue e
n , 307

E h
, , , , ,

2 9 2 2 9 3 2 9 5 32 1 35 6 l t am, 9 1
F i gd ) H gh 33 5 Ely h
, , , ,

C k (oo or ar n on u o t, S i r T o m a s , 2 73 , 3 33

C p ic 2 2 E chi idi
, ,

o e rn u s, n r E on ,
’
ra s m u s s, 6 6 , 6 7, 7 8
’

C tt i f d D
o 1 06 1 08
s or r - E D d i
ra s m u s , e si e r u s , 4 , 2 5 , 3 0 3 3 , 3 6 , -

il th 2 3 9 2 86 2 87 3 47
.
, ,

C ou n c e 3 7, 6 1 , 6 6 , 1 1 5 , 1 2 7 1 2 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 9 4 , -

C v d l M il
, , , , ,

o er 39 9 3 31 3
a e, e s,

C x L d 33 5 E h ( A h ) 2 37 2 5 2
, ,

o e e o na r s er or s er

E t t th th
, , , ,

C
’
b
ra n k 96 ro o e, s a 2 45 e s, e re e

Th m E i p id 3 3
,

C m
ra n 4 3 5 9 1 9 9 2 66 2 7 4
e r, o a s, -
ur e s,

E xp ct t iv g c 1 6
, , , ,
’
2 9 3 , 2 9 4 , 3 0 7, 3 2 7, 3 4 5 , 3 46 , 3 4 9 e a e ra e s,

C r e sa cr e , A n n e , 1 2 4
C r o me , D r d w a r , 3 2 3 , 3 24 E d F lia L o d o co , 2 1 7
e r, vi
l g y
.

C ru m w e l , G r e or , 2 73 F a s tol f, S ir o h n , 1 7 J
l
C r u m w e l , T o ma s, 1 3 , 2 4 9 , 2 53 2 5 5 , h -
F a u s t, 85

2 6 6 , 2 73 , 2 7 4, 2 8 6 , 2 9 9 , 3 00 , 30 9 , 3 3 1 , F d
e r i n an d , n
g Ki
o f A ra gon , 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 ,

3 3 2 , 336 , 3 4 1 , 3 4 7, 3 4 9 , 3 5 3, 3 5 4 , 3 5 7 1 5 6 , 1 5 7, 1 9 0
Cur w e n , D r Rich d a r , 3 45 F ici n o , M a rs o, 29, 3 0 ili
F i ld J
.

e o h n , 1 37

A th y 5 2 5 3 1 0 6 1 0 7 1 1 0 F l th ld
,
’
D l ba a e r, n on
‘
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Fi h J h Bi p
,

D t 1 1 84 2 6 4
, , , , ,

an e, s e r, o n, sh o , 3 6 , 4 9 , 9 3 , 1 0 1

D cy L d 2 48
, ,

ar or 1 4 7, 1 6 0 , 2 09 , 2 1 0, 2 1 8 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 7,
D cy T h m L d 2 48
, ,

ar o a s, or 2 8 5, 2 9 2 , 2 9 5 , 3 00
D A b i g é th hi t i ic d B i h p
, ,

F i tz Ja m e s, R h a r , s o , 2 7 , 3 6 , 71
’
u 3 22 n e s or an ,

y ) Wil li m 1 2 4 ch d chb i h p
,

D y (
a u n ce D t or a un e se a F i tz R a l ph , R i a r , A r s o , 12

A ch b i h p 4 6 F itz y H y
, ,

D e an , r s o ro , a rr , 1 8 0 , 2 3 4 , 2 6 0 , 3 1 2

D th th Bl ck 5 4 Fl i
,

ea , e a e m ngs , th e , 7 7, 9 6 , 9 7
D f d f th F i th titl Fl c 22 29
,
’
e en f 1 60er o e a e o o re n e

F m R b t 1 05
, , , ,

Dm eR 5 5 1 47 3 1 4
a ns , or an o er

M d i i th Ed d 2 66 267
.
, , , , ,
’
D e 29 e c e F ox D r w ar
D mci R i h d bi h p 46 4 7 1 5 2 1 5 8
, , , .
, ,

e 1 25 o r tu s, F ox c ar s o

F x th m ty l gi t 3 9 42 4 3 5 4
, ,

D t D 58
, , , ,

e n on , r o e ,
e ar ro o s , , , , ,

D z 84 e ut , 6 0 6 5 79 2 6 2 2 6 3 3 1 4 3 3 5 ,

Di l g M F ci I 1 5 7 1 58 1 6 3 1 6 4 1 69 1 70
, , , , ,
’ ’
a o 1 39 ue , or e s , ra n s , , ,

D i y i th A p git 3 0
.
, , , ,

on s u s, e re o a e, 1 7 1 , 1 75 , 2 32 , 2 7 6 , 2 83, 3 06 ,
D i p ti p p l 1 9 2
s e n sa on , a a 3 0 7, 3 5 8
D mi ic G zm S t 1 1 F ci
,

o n u a n, ra n s B e r n a rd on e , S t , 1 1

D mi ic F d ic E l t x y
. .
,

o th 214 n a ns, e, re e r e c o r o f S a on , 1 1 5

D t M q i f 45 it i
,

o rse , ar u s o F r e e m a n , th e h s o r a n , 4

D c
,

F re n d sb e rg, G e o rge , 1 7 3, 1 74
‘ ’
15
ou e u rs,
 3 76 INDE X .

F ri d e s w id e s, S t , 5 1 , 1 0 7, 1 0 8
’
H a r p sfi e l d , N h o a s, 1 2 7 ic l
h t i W lli
.

F r o u d e , th e is o r a n , 1 2 , 1 1 0 , 1 8 4 , 3 2 1 H e b i l th w a y te , i a m, 7 2
F ry , F
ra n ci
s, 3 1 5 , 3 1 7 H y
e n r , G ra ce d e e u , 48 Di
F r y th , Jh
o n , 6 2 , 7 6, 1 1 9 - 1 2 3 , 1 4 1 , 3 1 3 , H
enr y
I I , 1 88
E p
.

333 349 -
y
H e n r I I I ( m e r o r ), 6 .

F u r se y , 4 4 H
enr y
I V , 36 3 .

F y sh e , S i mon , 9 8 H
enr y
V I , 8 , 2 44
y
.

H
enr V I I , 1 5, 4 6 , 1 5 3
y
.

G a in s fo r d , M rs , 1 1 9 H
e nr V I I I , 8 , 1 0, 8 1 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 4,
p th t y
.

b
G a m a ra , ro o n o a r , 1 9 0 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 1 7 1 , 1 75 , 1 7 6 , 1 87 , 1 9 0
di
G a r n e r, D r S e e n , 5 0, 1 03 , 2 06 ,
. t ph 1 9 2 , 2 06 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 7 ,
2 1 1 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 1 , 2 33, 2 34, 2 5 1 , 2 53 , 2 2 0, 2 2 3 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 , 2 41 , 2 4 4 ,
2 6 0, 2 6 6 , 2 6 7, 2 7 1 , 2 9 3 , 2 9 5, 2 9 7, 3 02 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 9 2 5 6 , 2 7 5 -2 7 8 , 2 80 2 8 4 , 2 88 ,
- -

2 8 9 , 2 9 1 3 0 0, 3 0 5 3 09 , 31 1 , 3 1 2 , 3 1 8 ,
- -

t h
G a r ra , T o m a s, 1 05 -1 08 , 1 1 0 3 2 0, 3 2 1 , 3 5 9 , 3 6 7
t F ci i
G a sq u e , ra n s A d an , 1 3, 2 5 6 H l
e ro n , G i e s, 1 2 4

J
G h i n u cci , e ro m e d e , 6 7, 1 9 0, 2 1 0, 3 47 H vy d th bi h p
e r e , L or A r ur , s o , 317

i d
G ffo r , D r , 8 7 H te w e , A n d r e w , 3 45

t
.

G i ggs , M a r ga re , 1 2 4 H igd e n , R a n ul ph , 5 9
i li
G g , S y l v e s tr o d e , 6 7 H d Jh
ig o n , o n 1 08 , 1 09
il t t Hi b d
,

G e s , P e e r ( Pe r u s ZE gi d iu s ) , 1 2 9 y
l d e r a n , G re go r V I I , 2 , 5 1
il d H y
.

G for , S i r a rr , 71 bb
H ul d e ga r d , A e ss , 8 4

l c t h
G o u e s e r s i re , 5 8 H lb
o H e in, a n s, 1 2 6 , 1 8 4

ch J h
G o , o n o f, 6 H li h p l
o ns e d , R a h a e 9 1 2
1 5, 2 1 7 3 5 7
l Jh H lt i h l
, ,

G oo d a e , o n , 1 0 5 o , N c o a s, 2 5

p ll
G o s e e rs , th e , 9 1 H D
o o k, e a n , 74 , 2 45 , 2 6 2

Gou dh t ur s , 9 6 H y h ll
o rs e , C a n ce d or of L on on , 9 , 1 0

G o u gh , J o h n , 1 0 4 , 1 05 H t l B ll
o e , u b id
, a t C am r ge , 4 1
t
G ra f o n , 2 2 7 H d H y
o w ar , y
e n r , L o r d S u r r e , 1 85 , 2 3 4

G r a mm a r , L i n a cr e s , 2 4
’
y E liz b th
L ad a e 1 84
c l c d
,

o f S t Pa u l s S h oo , 2 5 , 2 6 T h o ma s, s e on d u k e S e e N or
’

c l l
. .

G ra mma r S h o o s , 2 3 fo k
t b i l Bi h p h Bi h icl
.

G ra mm o n , G a r e , b
s o of T a r e s H ug , S t , s o p of L n o n , 1 2

h d
.

1 83 H u n n e , R ic a r , 9

vl
G r a e in e s , 1 5 8 H un t ’
s C ou r t 5 5

it i Jh
,

G r e e n , th e h s o r a n , 1 3 7 H u s, o n , 7 5
ti
S t A us n s, 6 9
’
H u tt l
e n , U ri c v o n , 1 1 5

ic h l
.

G re e n w h , 3 0 8 H y th l o d a y , R a p a e , 1 2 9
G r ocy n , Will i a m , 2 4, 2 5 , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 3
b t
G r o ss té te , R o e r , 1 2 I a mb l ich u s , 3 0
p b ttl
G u in e ga te , o r th e S ur s , a e o f, 48 ch t li
I mpe a t y
m e n , P a r a me n a r , 2 4 7, 2 4 8
1 55 dl c
I n u ge n e s, 1 6
l
Gunn e , M r , 2 4 c t
I n n o e n I I I , 5 1 , 30 1
p d i v ti c t
. .

G u n o w e r , n e n o n o f, 1 7 I nn o e n V I I I 5
t b
G u e n e rg, 85
‘
t t v
I n s r um e n u m n o u m, 1 2 9
’

I on a, 50
H c k J h 75
a e r, o n, ih
I r s , th e , 3 02
H l C h i t ph 2 2 9
a e s, r s o e r, b ll tl
I sa e a o f C a s i e , 1 5 1 1 53 , 1 9 0 -

H ll E d d th ch icl 6 8 1 76
a ,
w ar ,
e ron e r, , , E p m r e ss, 1 6 8

H ll C
a t b y 12
an er ur J m S E pi tl 7 5
a e s, t s e

c 2 08
.
, ,

Cl
, ,

39 are , J fF
e anne , o ra n e,

Gl c t ( W c t
ou e s e r n ow or e s e r J e ro me , S t , 3 2 .

C ll g ) 1 2
o e e J e w s, th e , 7 8
H ll M gd l 5 9 him bb t
,

a a a e n, J o ac A o 84
Jh i
, ,

S t A lb
,

1 06 1 07 d e P a ssa n o, d e V aux,
’
a n s, o n s e ur

H ll m th h i t i 2 1 3 5 1 1 3 1 35
.
,

a a e s or a n , 1 63 , 1 6 5 , 2 3 0 , 3 5 8
J h Ki
, , , ,

H a mb u r g 7 7 8 0 - o n, n g, 3 0 1

J h v i
,

H a n se T o w n s , L e a gu e o f, 7 7
’
on a , T yn d al e s
’
e rs on , 3 1 6, 31 7
H a rm a n , R ich
a rd , 8 6 , 9 8 , 1 05 J b l
o r d a n, I sa e l a , 2 0 2
 IN D E X . 37 7

Jyo ( J a y ), G e o r e , 8 8 , 9 4, 1 3 6 , 1 3 7,
e or g L u thM a r n , 3 7 , 5 5 , 6 6 , 75 8 1 , 8 2 ,
e r, ti , ,

3 1 4, 3 4 1 84, 85, 9 0 9 2, 1 31 2 01 , 3 4 3 , -

J u an a of C a s e , 2 08 til 3 44
J l
u iu s I I , 5 , 1 5 3 , 2 6 5
c l y L d 263
.

M a au a or

ch i v l li 2 9 2 6 4
, ,

K (ar n e C a r n e ) , S ir E d w , 2 8 2
or M a a e

ki t h S i J m
,

K th i
.
,

a a r n e , Q u e e n , 1 5 1 -1 5 4 , 1 80 , 1 8 3 , M ac n os 1 44 r a e s,

d id t ty f 1 69 2 2 2
,

1 9 1 , 1 9 7 , 2 08 2 1 0 , 2 1 5 2 1 8 , 2 2 5 , 2 7 9
- -
M a r re a o ,

i M ig l 2 1 9 2 78 2 79
, ,

2 8 1 , 2 8 7 2 8 4 , 2 9 3, 2 9 4
-
M a ue

itl d D 7 8 1 0 4
, , ,

K
,

e m e , 77 M a an r
p
h Ch l
, ,

Ki W lli
.
,

n s ton , S i r
g i a m, 3 6 2 3 6 6 -
M a n or - o u se124 e se a ,

K ht l bi h b g 1 1 4 1 1 9 c f c t 1 21
,

ni
g , S a mu e , D D , th e M
o ra p e r , on e re n e a
g . . ar ur , , , ,

2 3, 2 7 1 22 224
Ki t W l L dy D
,

n
gh , i l i a m,H y LL D , enr s
’
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a re g fS y e a ow a er o a vo ,

c t y
.
.
,

s e r e a r , 1 89 , 1 9 0 4 6 7 7 1 72 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 6 3 1 7 3 1 8 ,

t l B ld
, , , , , ,

M arg i
a re d f C h w th ow o ar es e o ,

L mb t J h
,

a 43
er o n, 31 7
F ci 1 0 6 1 1 5 t i t c
,

ra n s, M arg i ue r f F ei I 1 87 s s er o ra n s .
, ,

y C h l d 1 6 2 1 6 4 1 72
, ,

L anno ar e s e, 1 98 222
L ti m H gh (bi h p ig b t l f 1 5 7 1 58
, , , ,

a e r, 14 15 u s o M ar na n o, a t e o ,

y f B g dy 1 5 7
, , , , ,

2 7 , 4 0 , 9 1 , 9 2 , 9 4 , 9 5 , 1 1 0, 3 1 1 3 2 4 , -
M ar o ur un

y P i c 1 54
,

M ar r n 1 77 2 8 8
e ss , , , ,

Wi li
,

L a ty me r , l a m, 2 5, 6 8
dt F x
L a u tr e e , O e d e o i , 1 6 1 , 2 06 M t R ich d 2 8 5
a s e rs , ar

M tth
,

L e a gu e , H ly
o 1 5 5, 1 5 6 a d M ew k 79 8 3 8 6
an ar , ,

i mi l i 1 5 6 1 5 7
,

tl
,

I a ia n , 1 6 9 M ax an ,

M d i ci th
,

L ee, E t
d w a rd (a f e r w a r d s a r s o ), chbi h p e 224 e

J li
, ,
’
1 5 , 7 9 , 9 0 , 1 6 0, 1 8 2 , 2 0 7 , 2 1 0, 2 3 6 , d u 1 61 a no e
J li d Cl m t V I I
,
’
2 8 8, 2 9 2 u S o e ee e en .

l t d bi h p K t h i d 2 05
.

’
L e e , R o a n d (a f e r w a r s s o ), 2 9 2 a ar ne e ,

t
L e ga e , P a a l , 4 7 p L z d 161 ore n o e
’

P t
,

L e m p e re u r , M a r n , 8 8 ti M ghe e n, 27 e e r,

L eo I 6 M l e ch th Phi l ip 4 0 76 8 1
an on , ,

M m i l M
. , ,

L eo 1X r un o , 6 B e or a 1 46 1 4 7
,
o re s .
’

L e o X , 5, 6, 1 6 1
’
Ty d l 55 n a e s,

t l I ig d bi h p 1 78
.

L e o n o ra , o w a ge r D
o f Por u a ,
g 1 6 9, M en d z o a, n o e s o , ,

M i d dl t
,

1 71 , 2 2 2 , 2 23 Al e i 1 25
on , o u sa ,

tt
L e er ply t M il
‘
or
‘
Re a ga in s F ry th , 1 6 1 1 63
a n,

M i lt J h 2 3 1 44
,
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M o r e s, 3 3 9 , 3 44 on , o n, ,

Le yv t i
a , A n o n o d e , 1 6 4, 1 7 2 M i lt h 336
o n -s o re

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