AC CIRCUITS

Engr. Joseph Nalunat - PECE

1
Outline

• AC Response and Polyphase Circuits

• Single Phase AC Circuit Analysis
• AC Power Analysis
• Resonance
• Polyphase Systems

2
Learning Outcomes

• Identify electrical parameters in a sinusoidal function

• Understand sinusoids, phasors and impedance in AC systems
• Analyze single-phase AC circuits
• Analyze AC powers and relate each type of power using power triangle
• Identify a polyphase system and its importance compared to single
phase.

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits

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Circle

1 sec
0

1Hz

Circle

2Hz
1 sec
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Circle

1 sec
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4Hz
Circle

1 sec
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8Hz
AC Response and Polyphase Circuits

Sinusoids
Consider the sinusoidal voltage
v(t) = Vm sin ωt
Where: Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
ωt = the argument of the sinusoid

ωT = 2 π
2π
>>> T =
ω 7
AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Sinusoids
A periodic function is one that satisfies f (t) = f (t + nT ), for all t and
for all integers n.
The period T of the periodic function is the time of one complete
cycle or the number of seconds per cycle

1
>>> f =
T
ω =2πf

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Sinusoids
General expression
v(t) = Vm sin(ωt + ϕ)
Where: (ωt + ϕ) is the argument
ϕ is the phase.
Both argument and phase can be in radians or degrees.

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Example:
Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid
v(t) = 12 cos(50t + 10°) V
Solution:
General expression >>> v(t) = Vm sin(ωt + ϕ)
The amplitude is Vm = 12 V.
The phase is ϕ = 10°.
The angular frequency is ω = 50 rad/s.
2π 2π
The period T = = = 0.1257 s
ω 50
1
The frequency is f = = 7.958 Hz
T 10
AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Phasors
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more
convenient to work with than sine and cosine functions.
A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and
phase of a sinusoid.
A complex number z can be written in rectangular form as

The complex number z can also be written in polar or exponential

form as

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Phasors
Using vectors, we notice that z can be represented in three ways

For the rectangular form and polar form (exponential)

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Transformations

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 AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Example

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Impedance and Admittance
In the preceding lessons, we obtained the voltage-current relations for resistors. For the
other passive elements (capacitor & inductor) we have
I
V = RI V = jωC V = jωLI

These equations may be written in terms of the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor
current as
V V 1 V
=R = = jωL,
I I jωC I

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Impedance and Admittance
From these three expressions, we obtain Ohm’s law in phasor form
for any type of element as
Z=V/I or V = ZI
where:
Z is a frequency-dependent quantity known as impedance,
measured in ohms.

The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to

the phasor current I, measured in ohms (Ω)
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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Impedance
As complex standard

where:
Z is the impedance
R is the resistance
X is the reactance

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Admittance
The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in
siemens (S).

where:
Y is the admittance
G is the conductance
B is the susceptance 18
AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Example
Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown
in Fig. 9.16

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Single Phase Circuit Analysis

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Single Phase Circuit Analysis
Steps to Analyze AC Circuits:
1. Transform the circuit to the phasor or frequency domain.
2. Solve the problem using circuit techniques (nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, superposition, etc.).
3. Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain

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AC Response and Polyphase Circuits
Transformations

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Single Phase Circuit Analysis
Nodal Analysis:
Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 10.1 using nodal analysis.

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Single Phase Circuit Analysis
Nodal Analysis:
Thus, the frequency domain
equivalent circuit as shown
in figure

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Single Phase Circuit Analysis
Nodal Analysis:
Thus, the frequency domain
equivalent circuit as shown
in figure

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AC Power Analysis

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AC Power Analysis
Instantaneous and Average Power:
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any instant of
time. It is the rate at which an element absorbs energy.

The average power, in watts, is the average of the instantaneous

power over one period.

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AC Power Analysis
Instantaneous and Average Power:

A resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times, while a reactive load
(L or C ) absorbs zero average power

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AC Power Analysis
Example: Given that
v(t) = 120 cos(377t + 45°) V and
i(t) = 10 cos(377t − 10°) A.
Find the instantaneous power and the
average power absorbed by the
passive linear network of Figure.

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AC Power Analysis
Apparent Power and Power Factor:
Given:

The average power is:

The effective value of a periodic signal is its root mean square (rms)
value.

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AC Power Analysis
Apparent Power and Power Factor:
The apparent power (in VA) is the product of the rms values of voltage
and current.

The Power factor is the ratio of the average power to the apparent
power.

The power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage
and current. It is also the cosine of the angle of the load impedance. 31
AC Power Analysis
Power Triangle:

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AC Power Analysis
Power Triangle:

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AC Power Analysis
Example:
The voltage across a load is
v(t) = 60 cos(ωt − 10°) V and the
current through the element in the
direction of the voltage drop is
i(t) = 1.5 cos( ωt + 50°) A.
Find:
(a) the complex and apparent
powers,
(b) the real and reactive powers, and
(c) the power factor and the load
impedance
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AC Power Analysis
Power Factor Correction:
The process of increasing the power factor
without altering the voltage or current to
the original load is known as power factor
correction. PF =1
Most load are inductive and modeled as a
series combination of an inductor and a
resistor.
PF correction is done by addition of a
reactive element (capacitor) in parallel with
the load to make the PF closer to unity.
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 AC Power Analysis
Example:
When connected to a 120-V (rms), 60-Hz power line, a load absorbs 4 kW
at a lagging power factor of 0.8.
Find the value of capacitance
necessary to raise the pf to 0.95

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RESONANCE

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RESONANCE
Series Resonance:
The RLC circuit shown has, under The circuit is said to be in series
open-circuit conditions, an input resonance (or low-impedance
or driving-point impedance. resonance) when Zin(w) is real
(and so |Zin(w)| is a minimum);
that is, when

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RESONANCE
Parallel Resonance:
A parallel RLC network shown in The network will be in parallel
figure. Under the open-circuit resonance (or high-impedance
condition, the input admittance. resonance) when Yin(w), and thus
Zin(w), is real (and so |Yin(w)| is
a minimum and |Zin(w)| is a
maximum); that is, when

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POLYPHASE

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POLYPHASE
Three-Phase Systems:
1. More power can be transmitted by the polyphase transmission system
using the same amount of conducting material.
2. In the case of induction motor polyphase induction motors are self-starting
and more efficient ut single-phase induction motor is too self-starting.
3. The output of 3 phase machine is always greater than the single-phase
machine of the same size.
4. A polyphase transmission line requires less conductor material a single-
phase line for transmitting the amount of power at the same voltage.
5. Polyphase motor has a uniform torque where most of the single-phase
motor has pulsating torque.
6. Per the unit of output, the polyphase machine is very much cheaper.
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POLYPHASE
Three-Phase Systems:
Three-phase generators contain three sinusoidal voltage sources with
voltages of the same frequency but a 120°-phase shift with respect
to one another. This is realized by positioning three coils at 120°
electrical angle separations on the same rotor. Normally, the
amplitudes of the three phases are also equal. The generator is then
balanced.

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POLYPHASE
Three-Phase Systems:
Assuming that the pole shape and corresponding magnetic flux
density are such that the induced voltages are sinusoidal, the result
for the three coils is as shown in Figure. Voltage B is 120 electrical
degrees later than A, and C is 240° later. This is referred to as the ABC
sequence. Changing the direction of rotation would result in … A-C-B-
A-C-B…, which is called the CBA sequence

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POLYPHASE
Wye and Delta Systems

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Any questions?

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Problem Solving
1. Given the sinusoid 45 cos(5 πt + 36°), calculate its amplitude,
phase, angular frequency, period, and frequency.
(Answer: 45, 36°, 15.708 rad/s, 400 ms, 2.5 Hz)

2. Evaluate the following complex numbers:

(a) [ 5 + 𝑗2 −1 + 𝑗4 − 5∠60𝑜
10+𝑗5+3∠40𝑜
(b) + 10 ∠30𝑜 + 𝑗5
−3+𝑗4
(answer: (a) -15.5-j13.67, (b) 8.293 +j7.2

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Problem Solving
3. Determine v(t) and i(t)
Answer: 8.944 sin (10t + 93.43°) V, 4.472 sin(10t + 3.43°) A.

4. Calculate the instantaneous power and average power

absorbed by the passive linear network of Fig. 11.1 if v(t) = 330
cos(10t + 20°) V and i(t) = 33 sin(10t + 60°) A.
(Answer: 3.5 + 5.445 cos(20t − 10°) kW, 3.5 kW)
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