The document discusses temperature coefficients of resistance, categorizing materials into positive, negative, and zero coefficients based on how their resistance changes with temperature. It explains the principles and types of Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and Thermistors, highlighting their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it includes examples and equations for calculating resistance changes with temperature for both RTDs and NTC Thermistors.
The document discusses temperature coefficients of resistance, categorizing materials into positive, negative, and zero coefficients based on how their resistance changes with temperature. It explains the principles and types of Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and Thermistors, highlighting their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it includes examples and equations for calculating resistance changes with temperature for both RTDs and NTC Thermistors.
The document discusses temperature coefficients of resistance, categorizing materials into positive, negative, and zero coefficients based on how their resistance changes with temperature. It explains the principles and types of Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and Thermistors, highlighting their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it includes examples and equations for calculating resistance changes with temperature for both RTDs and NTC Thermistors.
The document discusses temperature coefficients of resistance, categorizing materials into positive, negative, and zero coefficients based on how their resistance changes with temperature. It explains the principles and types of Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) and Thermistors, highlighting their applications and characteristics. Additionally, it includes examples and equations for calculating resistance changes with temperature for both RTDs and NTC Thermistors.
Date: __________________ LECTURE: Temperature Measurements
Temperature Coefficients Change in resistance of a material per degree change in temperature is called temperature coefficient of resistance (α). Positive Coefficients of Temperature If resistance of a material increases with temperature, it has positive coefficient of temperature. For example, metals have positive α. Negative Coefficients of Temperature If resistance of a material decreases with temperature, it has negative coefficient of temperature. For example, carbon, silicon and germanium have negative α. Zero Coefficients of Temperature If resistance of a material doesn’t change with temperature, it has zero coefficient of temperature. For example, some metal alloys have α near to 0. Formula for Change of Resistance with Temperature
1 TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF RESISTANCE, AT 20 DEGREES C Material Element/Alloy "alpha" per degree Celsius ========================================================== Nickel -------- Element --------------- 0.005866 Iron ---------- Element --------------- 0.005671 Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 0.004579 Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 0.004403 Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 0.004308 Copper -------- Element --------------- 0.004041 Silver -------- Element --------------- 0.003819 Platinum ------ Element --------------- 0.003729 Gold ---------- Element --------------- 0.003715 Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 0.003847 Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 0.003 Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 0.00017 Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 0.00013 Manganin ------- Alloy ------------ +/- 0.000015 Constantan ----- Alloy --------------- -0.000074 * = Steel alloy at 99.5 percent iron, 0.5 percent carbon
Example 01
Solution
2 At T = 20o Celsius, VLoad = 12.5 volts V wire= (0.75 + 0.75) = 1.50 V At T = 35o Celsius, Use of copper wire (α = 0.004041) we get:
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
A resistance temperature detector (RTD) can also be called a resistance thermometer as the temperature measurement will be a measure of the output resistance. Principle of working: The main principle of operation of an RTD is that when the temperature of an object increases or decreases, the resistance also increases or decreases proportionally. The main difference between a RTD and a Thermistor is that the sensing element used in a RTD is a metal and a thermistor uses ceramic or polymer material. As platinum is the most commonly used metal for making RTD’s, the device can also be called Platinum Resistance Thermometers (PRT’s). RTD Types RTD types are broadly classified according to the different sensing elements used. Platinum, Nickel and Copper are the most commonly used sensing elements. Platinum is considered the best as it has the widest temperature
3 range. This is shown in the resistance versus temperature graph below. Platinum type RTD is also known for its best interchange ability than copper and nickel. It also has the highest time stability. PRT’s can also be used in unsuitable environments where it can reduce atmospheric metallic vapours and also catalizable vapours if the element is bare. It can also be used in radioactive environments. In industrial applications, a PRT is known to measure temperatures as high as 1500 degree Fahrenheit while copper and Nickel can measure only to a maximum of 400 degree Fahrenheit.
RTD-Resistance Versus Temperature Graph
4 Platinum Resistance Thermometers (PRTs) offer excellent accuracy over a wide temperature range (from –200 to +850 °C). The most common type (PT100) has a resistance of 100 ohms at 0 °C and 138.4 ohms at 100 °C. There are also PT1000 sensors that have a resistance of 1000 ohms at 0 °C.
The relationship between temperature and resistance is approximately linear over a small temperature range: for example, if you assume that it is linear over the 0 to 100 °C range, the error at 50 °C is 0.4 °C. For precision measurement, it is necessary to linearise the resistance to give an accurate temperature. The most recent definition of the relationship between resistance and temperature is International Temperature Standard 90 (ITS-90).
The linearization equation is:
Where: Rt is the resistance at temperature t,
R0 is the resistance at 0 °C,
Example 02
Find resistance of Pt100 at
(i) 0 o C (ii) -200 o C (iii) -100 o C (iv) 500 o C (v) 850 o C
5 Solution
Example 03 Find Rg.
Solution
6 Thermistor
NTC Thermistors are non-linear resistors that alter their resistance characteristics with temperature. Simply put, as temperature increases the thermistor’s resistance decreases. The manner in which the resistance of a thermistor decreases is related to a constant known in the thermistor industry as beta (β). Beta is measured in degrees Kelvin (K) and is computed based on the formulation given below:
Thermistor Equation
Where: T1 is the first temperature point in Kelvin T2 is the second temperature point in Kelvin R1 is the thermistors resistance at temperature T1 in Ohms R2 is the thermistors resistance at temperature T2 in Ohms Example 04 If R1 = 1000 Ω, R2= 100Ω , T1 = 20 o C , T2 = 100 o C. Find β Solution
Example 05 A 10kΩ NTC thermistor has a B value of 3455 between the temperature range of 25 to 100 oC. Calculate its resistive value at 25oC and at 100oC. Data given: B = 3455, R1 = 10kΩ at 25oC. In order to convert the temperature scale from degrees Celsius, oC to degrees Kelvin add the mathematical constant 273.15 The value of R1 is already given as its 10kΩ base resistance, thus the value of R2 at 100oC is calculated as:
7 Giving the following two point characteristics graph of:
Note that in this simple example, only two points were found, but generally thermistors change their resistance exponentially with changes in temperature so their characteristic curve is nonlinear, therefore the more temperature points are calculated the more accurate will be the curve.
