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U118ME302LM1

The document provides an overview of fluid mechanics, including its definitions, categories, and applications in various fields such as engineering, meteorology, and biomechanics. It outlines the basic properties of fluids, including density, viscosity, and specific gravity, and discusses how temperature and pressure affect these properties. Additionally, it presents specific objectives for students to understand fluid mechanics and its real-world applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views61 pages

U118ME302LM1

The document provides an overview of fluid mechanics, including its definitions, categories, and applications in various fields such as engineering, meteorology, and biomechanics. It outlines the basic properties of fluids, including density, viscosity, and specific gravity, and discusses how temperature and pressure affect these properties. Additionally, it presents specific objectives for students to understand fluid mechanics and its real-world applications.

Uploaded by

pointbreak.no2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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18ME302-FLUID MECHANICS

AND MACHINERY

Prepared by
D.Dinesh ,
AP(Sr.Grade) ,
Dept.Mechanical Engineering ,
Bannari Amman Institute of
Technology ,Sathy
EVOCATION
BROAD ASPECTS OF FLUID MECHANICS
• How do insect Fly?
• How should design the shape of the car to minimize the wind
resistance?
• How does the blood flow?
• How does the human heart act like a pump?
• How are the nutrients supplied from the groundwater into tall
branches of a tree against gravity?
• How does the birds fly in air ?
• How the ocean currents are formed?
• What are the factors that influence sports ball (Golf or cricket
ball) dynamics?
General Objective
• Students are able to understand the term fluid
mechanics and the basic properties of fluid.
Specific Objective
SO1 : Recognize the term Fluid Mechanics and its uses
in real world situations
SO 2:Discuss the basic five Properties of fluid.
SO 3 : Indicate the effect of temperature and pressure
on the Properties of fluid.
SO4: Assess the properties of fluid for the given
applications.
SO1 : Recognize the term Fluid Mechanics and its uses
in real world situations
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics: The oldest physical science that
deals with both stationary and moving
bodies under the influence of forces.
Statics: The branch of mechanics that
deals with bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The branch that deals with
bodies in motion.
Fluid mechanics: The science that deals
with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and
the interaction of fluids with solids or other
fluids at the boundaries.
Fluid mechanics deals with liquids
and gases in motion or at rest.
Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several categories.

• The study of the motion of fluids that are practically


incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at
low speeds) is usually referred to as hydrodynamics.

• A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which deals


with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

• Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo


significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through
nozzles at high speeds.
Fluid Mechanics -Categories
• The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases (especially
air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and

automobiles at high or low speeds.

• Some other specialized categories such as meteorology,


oceanography, and hydrology.

• Meteorology- is the scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses


on weather processes and forecasting.

• Oceanography and Hydrology deals with Naturally occurring flow.


What is a Fluid?
Fluid: A substance in the liquid or
gas phase.
A solid can resist an applied shear
stress by deforming.
A fluid deforms continuously under
the influence of a shear stress, no
matter how small.
In solids, stress is proportional to
strain, but in fluids, stress is Deformation of a rubber block placed
proportional to strain rate. between two parallel plates under the
When a constant shear force is influence of a shear force. The shear
applied, a solid eventually stops stress shown is that on the rubber—
deforming at some fixed strain
an equal but opposite shear stress
angle, whereas a fluid never stops
acts on the upper plate.
deforming and approaches a
constant rate of strain.
Stress: Force per unit area.
Normal stress: The normal
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Shear stress: The tangential
component of a force acting on a
surface per unit area.
Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid
at rest.
Zero shear stress: A fluid at rest is at
a state of zero shear stress.
When the walls are removed or a
liquid container is tilted, a shear
develops as the liquid moves to re- The normal stress and shear stress at
establish a horizontal free surface. the surface of a fluid element. For
fluids at rest, the shear stress is zero
and pressure is the only normal stress.
In a liquid, groups of molecules can move relative to each other, but the
volume remains relatively constant because of the strong cohesive forces
between the molecules. As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the container it
is in, and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a gravitational field.

A gas expands until it encounters the walls of the container and fills the entire
available space. This is because the gas molecules are widely spaced, and the
cohesive forces between them are very small. Unlike liquids, a gas in an open
container cannot form a free surface.
Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.
Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.
Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and molecular
ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at relatively fixed
positions in a solid, (b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid
phase, and (c) individual molecules move about at random in the gas phase.
Differences between liquid and gases
No slip Condition
No slip Condition
Application area in Fluid mechanics
Mechanics of fluids is extremely important in many areas of engineering and
science. Examples are:
Biomechanics
• Blood flow through arteries and veins
• Airflow in the lungs
• Flow of cerebral fluid.
Households
• Piping systems for cold water, natural gas, and sewage
• Piping and ducting network of heating and air conditioning systems
• refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, dish washer, washing machine, water meter,
natural gas meter, air conditioner,radiator, etc.
Meteorology and Ocean Engineering
• Movements of air currents and water currents
Application area in Fluid mechanics
Mechanical Engineering
• Design of pumps, turbines, air-conditioning equipment, pollution-control
equipment, etc.
• Design and analysis of aircraft, boats, submarines, rockets, jet engines,
wind turbines, biomedical devices, the cooling of electronic components,
and the transportation of water, crude oil, and natural gas.
Civil Engineering
• Transport of river sediments
• Pollution of air and water
• Design of piping systems
• Flood control systems
Chemical Engineering
• Design of chemical processing equipment
Fluid as coolants

• Power Plants.(Water flows through Pipe)


• Engines. (Cooling system, Supply Petrol/Diesel from fuel tank)
• Machining Process.(Coolant used to reduce heat generation)
• Ordinary coolants like air, water ,Mineral oils and other
organic Liquid have low heat transfer characteristic.
• What’s New ?
Nanoparticles incorporated in the base metal to enhance the
Thermal conductivity and Heat transfer.
• The number of fluid engineering applications is enormous:
breathing, blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines,
airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles,
icebergs,engines, filters, jets, and sprinklers, to name a few.
• When you think about it, almost everything on this planet
either is a fluid or moves within or near a fluid.
Application Area of Fluid Mechanics
Application Area of Fluid Mechanics
Application Area of Fluid Mechanics
SO2:Discuss the basic five Properties of
fluid.
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
•Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T,volume V, and mass m.
•Other less familiar properties include viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus
of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity
and elevation.
Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.

An intensive property is one that does not depend on the mass of the substance or
system.
Temperature (T), pressure (P) and density (r) are examples of intensive properties.

An extensive property of a system depends on the system size or the amount of


matter in the system.

Volume, energy, and mass are examples of extensive properties.


Density or Mass density
Density or Mass density
Specific Weight or Weight Density
Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between
the weight of a fluid to its volume.
Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is called weight density
and it is denoted by the symbol w.
Mathematically,
Specific Volume
Specific Gravity or Relative density
Specific Gravity or Relative density
Specific Gravity or Relative density
Specific Gravity or Relative density
Specific Gravity
• It is a property which defines the object will
sink or float.
Why does the ice Floats on Water ?
When any object floats, it depends upon
its density. There is a scientific reason
behind it and Archimedes' principle also
states about it.
According to Archimedes' principle for any
object to float on water, the amount of
water should be equal to the weight of
the object that has to be displaced or in
other words, it states that for any object
to float on water, it must displace an
equal amount of water. We all know that
solid objects have more density as
compared to liquids. As, the molecules are
bonded more closely to each other in a
solid object, due to which they are hard
and has more weight.
Why does the ice Floats on Water ?
Often when any fluid turns into a solid
substance, its volume decreases and it
becomes heavier. Ice floats on water because
the density of ice is less than that of water. In
common language, we can say that ice floats
on water because it is light as compared to
water, or after solidifying ice occupies a lot of
space, due to which the density of ice is
reduced by the density of water and for this
reason Ice started floating on water.
Water has hydrogen bond due to which it is
different from the rest of the substances. Its
molecules consist of two atoms of hydrogen
which is positively charged and is connected by
the hydrogen bond with an oxygen atom which
is negatively charged. Do you that water
freezes at 4 degrees Celsius and converted in
to the crystal lattice known as ice.
Viscosity
Viscosity
•The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer
while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top
layer.
•This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity
with respect to y. It is denoted by symbol t called Tau.
Newtons Law of Viscosity
Units of Viscosity
Units Of Viscosity
SO 3 : Indicate the effect of temperature
and pressure on the Properties of fluid.
Variation of Viscosity with
Temperature
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
• SO4: Assess the properties of fluid for the
given applications.
1.Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of one
liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N.
2.A 6-kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.18 m is filled with liquid water.
Assuming the density of water is 1000kg/rn3, Determine the weight of the
combined system.
3.Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them
being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil
if the upper plate is moved with a velocity of 2.5 rn/s.
Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them
being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil
if the upper plate is moved with a velocity of 2.5 rn/s.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
4. A vertical, gap 23.5 mm wide of infinite extent contains oil of specific
gravity 0. 95 and viscosity 2.45 N/s-m2 .A metal plate 1.5m x 1.5 rn x l.5 mm
weighing 49 N is to be lifted through the gap at constant speed of 0.1 m/s. if
the plate is in middle of the gap Estimate the force required.
A cylinder of 150mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
155mm radius. both the cylinders are 300mm long. Determine the viscosity of
the liquid which fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.98 N-rn
is required to maintain an angular velocity of 60 rpm.
A cylinder of 150mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
155mm radius. both the cylinders are 300mm long. Determine the viscosity of
the liquid which fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.98 N-rn
is required to maintain an angular velocity of 60 rpm.
A cylinder of 150mm radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
155mm radius. both the cylinders are 300mm long. Determine the viscosity of
the liquid which fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.98 N-rn
is required to maintain an angular velocity of 60 rpm.

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