HOLY SPIRIT SCHOOL OF TAGBILARAN

J.A. Clarin St., Purok 3, Dao District, Tagbilaran City 6300

Bohol, Philippines TEL.NO. (038) 422-8808

HOME SCHOOL SESSIONS AND TASKS

General Physics 2

Module No. 1 and 2

Time Frame: Quarter 3, Week 1 and 2 Date: ________________

Learning Competencies:
a. Describe using a diagram charging by rubbing and charging by induction;
b. Explain the role of electron transfer in electrostatic charging by rubbing; and
c. Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction.

I. OBJECTIVES: At the end of one week, the learner will be able to:
1. Define what an electric charge is;
2. Explain how each charged object generates and is influenced by an
electromagnetic force;
3. Analyze the imbalance of charges on objects resulting in static electricity;
4. Examine the Van de Graaff Generator experiment;
5. Differentiate conductors and insulators; and
6. Challenge oneself to electrify, animate, and inspire others as a way of
nurturing life-giving relationships.

II. TOPIC: Electric Charge

III. SOURCE: Urone, P. et al. (2016). General Physics 2. (Philippine Edition). Vibal
Group.

IV. ACTIVITY FLOW:

A. PRELIMINARIES
Introduction:
Do you know what makes plastic wrap cling? Static electricity. Not
only are applications of static electricity common these days, but its
existence has also been known since ancient times. Static electricity is
just one aspect of the electromagnetic force, which also includes moving
electricity and magnetism.
In this module, we begin with the study of electric phenomena due
to charges that are at least temporarily stationary, called electrostatics, or
static electricity.

Pretest:
Let’s find out how much you already know about this module.
Encircle the letter that you find best answers the question. Please answer
all items. Take note of the items that you were not able to answer correctly
and look for the right answer as you go through this module.
1. What do you call the build-up of electric charge on the surface of an
object?
A. electric charge B. electron transfer
C. electromagnetism D. static electricity
2. What do you call the physical property of an object that causes it to
be attracted toward or repelled from another charged object?
A. electron B. proton
C. electric charge D. electromagnetic force
3. This refers to a material that can hold electrons securely within their
atomic orbits.
General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 1
 A. conductors B. copper C. insulators D. wire
4. This refers to a method of charging wherein a charge is created in a
nearby object, without direct contact.
A. conduction B. induction C. polarization D. rubbing
5. What do you call the separation of charges in an object that
remains neutral?
A. polarization B. repulsion
C. electrocution D. neutralization

Motivation:
For us to be motivated to learn about the concept, the following
essential questions will help:
 Why is electricity static?
 What are the basic characteristics of static electricity?
 How can rubbing two materials together create electricity?
 What allows electricity to travel?
 Is it possible for charges to transfer without touching?

B. LESSON PROPER
Activity 1. Charge and Carry
Open this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHBNWiHJaQQ.
Carefully watch the video and observe what happened with the balloon
and the glass rod.

Process Questions:
Read, understand, and answer the following questions. Write your
answers in your notebook.
1. What did the man do with the glass rod that affected the balloon?
2. What happened to the interaction of the balloon and the glass rod
after the balloon was rubbed with wool?
3. What do you think caused such interaction to happen?

Electric charge is a physical property of an object that causes it to be

attracted toward or repelled from another charged object; each charged
object generates and is
influenced by a force called an
electromagnetic force.
Basic Characteristics of Static
Meanwhile, the build-up of Electricity
electric charge on the surface
of an object is called static  The effects of static electricity
electricity. Many of the are explained by a physical
characteristics of static quantity called electric charge.
electricity can be explored by  There are only two types of
rubbing things together. For charge: positive and negative.
example, rubbing a balloon on  Like charged repel, whereas
your hair creates static unlike charges attract.
electricity which allows the  The force between charges
balloon to cling to a wall. decreases with distance.

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 2

Static electricity basically involves two types of electric charge. When
various materials are rubbed together in controlled ways, certain
combinations of materials always produce one type of charge on one
material and the opposite type on the other. By convention, we call one
type of charge positive, and the other type negative.

As an example, when glass is rubbed with silk, the glass becomes

positively charged and the silk is negatively charged. Since glass and silk
have opposite charges, they attract one another. Two glass rods rubbed
with silk in this manner will repel one another, since each rod has a
positive charge on it. Similarly, two silk cloths rubbed together will repel,
since both cloths have a negative charge.

Activity 2. Van de Graaff Generator Experiment.

Open this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRlvQhKyseA
Watch and analyze the series of experiments with a Van de Graaff
Generator.

Process
Questions:
Read,
understand, and
answer the
following
questions in your
The Van de Graaff generator in this
notebook.
experiment operates at high voltages
but low currents, similar to the static 1. What
electricity you experience after happened
rubbing your shoes on the carpet and when the
touching a doorknob on a dry day. pieces of
Styrofoam
It is an electrostatic generator and
creates static electricity by building
up very large voltages on its surface
by moving a belt over a terminal and
the electric charge accumulates on
the surface of a hollow metal sphere.
These spheres can hold high enough
potential differences to produce a
visible spark when objects are
brought close. A small, tabletop
generator can get up to 100,000 V
(volts)! This apparatus was invited in
1929 by Robert Van de Graaff, an
American scientist.

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 3

 were placed on top of the generator? Why do you think it
happened?
2. What happened to the tissue paper when it was put on top of the
generator?
3. Is it possible for the tissue paper to behave that way? If so, what do
you think caused it to happen?
4. When the woman touched the generator, what do you think caused
her hair to stand up?
5. Were all those experiments possible? Or, was it all a figment of
one’s imagination?

Electron Transfer
When rubbing two materials, electrons may be transferred from one
material to the other. When this occurs, one material ends up with an
excess of electrons and becomes negatively charged, while the other
ends up with a deficiency of electrons and becomes positively charged.
This imbalance of charges on objects results in the phenomena we
commonly refer to as static electricity.

Activity 3. Conductors and Insulators.

 What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?
 How can electric charges travel?
 What materials can be considered good and poor conductors?
Substances such as metals and salty water allow charges to move
through them with relative ease. The electrons in some metals and similar
conductors are not bound to individual atoms or sites in the material.
These free electrons are free to move away from their atomic orbit and
can move through the material as much as air moves through loose sand.
Any substance that has free electrons and allows charge to move freely
through it is called a conductor.

Superconductors allow the movement of charge without any loss of

energy. Salty water and other similar conducting materials contain free
ions that can move through them.
Recall:
 Is it possible for electric charges to travel through the air?
 What allows electric charges to travel through a circuit?
On the other hand, some substances, such as glass, do not allow charges
to move through them. These materials that can hold electrons securely
within their atomic orbits are called insulators. Electrons and ions in
insulators are bound in the structure and cannot move easily – as much as
23
10 times more slowly than in conductors. Pure water and dry table salt
are examples of insulators, whereas molten salt and salty water are
examples of conductors.

Process Questions:
List down at least 3 examples of materials belonging to each category of
conductors and another 3 examples of insulators. Write your answers in
your notebook.
Good Conductors Bad Conductors Insulators

Activity 4. Charging by Induction.

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 4

  Is it necessary to transfer excess charge directly to an object in
order to charge it?
 Why do electric charges separate? What is this process called?
A charge may occur through an induction which is the process by which
an electrically charged object brought near a neutral object creates a
charge in that object.

The figure above shows a method of induction wherein a charge is

created in a nearby object, without direct contact. It may be seen that
there are two neutral metal spheres in contact with one another but
insulated from the rest of the world.

A positively charged rod is brought near one of them, attracting a negative

charge to that side, and leaving the other sphere positively charged. This
is an example of the induced polarization of neutral objects.

Polarization is the separation of charges in an object that remains neutral.

If the spheres are now separated (before the rod is pulled away), each
sphere will have a net charge.

Note: The object closest to the charged rod receives an opposite

charge when charged by induction. Also, no charge is removed from
the charged rod, so that this process can be repeated without
depleting the supply of excess charge.

When a charged rod is brought

near a neutral substance, an
insulator, in this case, the
distribution of charge in atoms
and molecules is shifted slightly.
The opposite charge is attracted
nearer the externally charged rod,
while the like charge is repelled.
Since the electrostatic force
decreases with distance, the
repulsion of like charges is
weaker than the attraction of
unlike charges, and so there is a
net attraction. Thus, a positively
charged glass rod attracts neutral

In the figure above, both positive and negative objects attract a neutral
object by polarizing its molecules. (a) A positive object brought near a
neutral insulator polarizes its molecules. (b) A negative object
produces the opposite polarization but again attracts the neutral
object. (c) The same effect occurs for a conductor; since the unlike
charges are closer, there is a net attraction.

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 5

pieces of paper, as will a negatively charged rubber rod. Some molecules,
like water, are polar molecules. Polar molecules have a natural or inherent
separation of charge, although they are neutral overall.
Now do the following:
1. Prepare the following materials:
a. Plastic comb; and
b. Cut up pieces of paper.
2. On a flat wooden/glass surface, spread out the cut-up papers.
3. Run the plastic comb through your hair at least 15 times.
4. Place the comb near the cut-up papers and then watch the
interaction between the comb and the papers.

After accomplishing the quick experiment above, answer the following

questions in your notebook:
a. What happened to the pieces of paper when the comb was put near
them?
b. What do you think caused such an occurrence?
c. Based on what you’ve learned from your readings above, what
happened to the comb when brushed through your hair?
d. Do you think there was an exchange of charges?

Activity 5. Coulomb’s Law.

The mathematical formula to calculate the electrostatic force vector
between two charged particles is called Coulomb’s Law, named after the
French physicist Charles Coulomb (1736-1806). Coulomb was the first to
propose a formula to calculate electrostatic force.
q1 q 2
F=k 2
r
The electrostatic force (also called the Coulomb force) is defined as the
amount and direction of attraction or repulsion between two charged
bodies. The Coulomb force also known as electrostatic force is a vector
quantity and is expressed in units of newtons. The force is understood to
be along the line joining the two charges.

The magnitude of
the electrostatic
force F between
point charges q1
and q2 separated
by a distance r is
given by Coulomb’s
law. Note that
Newton’s third law
(every force
exerted creates an
equal and opposite
force) applies as usual – the force on q 1 is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the force it exerts on q2.

Coulomb’s Law
q1 q 2
F=k 2
r

Coulomb’s Law calculates the magnitude of the force F between two-

point charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r. In SI units, the
constant k is equal to
2 2
9 N .m 9 N .m
k =8.988 x 10 2
≈ 8.99 x 10 2
C C
General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 6
 Calculate the magnitude of forces in the following problems. Copy the
problems and show your solutions in your notebook.
1. Compute the electric force between two charges of 5 ×10−9 C and
−3 ×10−8 C which is separated by r = 10 cm.
2. Compute the electric force between two charges of 10 ×10−9 C and
5 ×10−9 C which are separated by r = 20 cm.

C. COMPARISON AND ABSTRACTION

Every day, we are surrounded by one of the most important innovations of
all time, electricity. While it is a force of energy used all over the world,
before discovering it, people have been living for centuries without it,
which you could imagine contributed to one dark world at night with the
exception of a candle here and there.

Nevertheless, even though humans have survived without it, the chances
of the human race thriving without it is highly unlikely.

Electricity is playing a vital role in the world. It is an important basic

industry for the country’s economy and social development. To meet the
growing demand for electricity, power-generating plants of all types are
being installed. Even then, the gap between supply and demand is
continuously increasing due to the depletion of natural resources. To
overcome the problem of the energy crisis, the generation of electricity
from industrial wastes is most significant. Basically, it has become a part
of human life.

To deepen your understanding of electricity, ponder the following

questions. Write your reflections in your notebook.
 How are the subatomic particles vital in the production of
electricity?
 What makes electricity static?
 When touching a Van de Graaff generator, what happens to the
charges that caused one’s hair to stand up?
 “Electricity is everywhere, even in the human body.” How is
electricity involved in our body’s daily functions?

D. ENRICHMENT
To enhance your understanding of the workings of electricity, answer the
following questions and write them in your notebook.
1. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it becomes positive and the
silk becomes negative – yet both attract dust. Does the dust have a
third type of charge that is attracted to both positive and negative?
Explain.
2. Why do you think a car always attracts dust right after it is polished?
(Note that car wax and car tires are insulators.)
3. There are very large numbers of charged particles in most objects.
Why, then, don’t most objects exhibit static electricity?
4. Do the electric charges of protons and electrons the same? What
parts are they the same or not?
5. How do electric charges travel in a solid conductor?

E. GENERALIZATION/CLOSURE ACTIVITIES
Copy and answer this question and this table below in your notebook.
 What is your major takeaway about this topic on electricity?

Fill up the table according to what is asked in each column.

What else do I need What I would like to
What did I learn
to learn about this share to others
about this topic?
topic? about this topic?
General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 7
V. EVALUATIVE ASSESSMENT
I. KNOWLEDGE
Directions: Answer the following questions/statements in the space provided
in the separate answer sheet. Choose your answer from the box below.
1. This refers to a method of charging wherein a charge is created in a
Charles Coulomb Electric Charge Static Electricity
Electromagnetic Force Positive Negative
Electron Transfer Free Electrons Superconductors
Insulators Contact Induction
Conductor Electrostatic Repulsion Polarization
nearby object, without direct contact.
2. This refers to a conductor that allows charge movement without any
energy loss.
3. These are any substances with free electrons that allow charge to
move freely through them.
4. This refers to the technique of charging an uncharged material by
bringing it into touch with some other charged material.
5. This refers to two particles of the same charge that drive away each
other.
6. This refers to a physical property of an object that causes it to be
attracted toward or repelled by another charged object.
7. This refers to the build-up of electric charge on the surface of an
object.
8. This occurs when an electron relocates from one atom or molecule
to another.
9. This refers to materials that can hold electrons securely within their
atomic orbits.
10. He was the first to propose a formula to calculate electrostatic force.
11. This refers to the separation of charges in an object that remains
neutral.
12. This refers to a specific subatomic particle that is free to move away
from its atomic orbit.
13. This refers to a force that generates and influences each charged
object.
14. This occurs when an atom has more protons than electrons.
15. This occurs when an atom has more electrons than protons.

II. PROCESS
I. Directions: Carefully read the following problems and calculate
what is asked in each. Show your work.
1. Compare the repulsive force between two pith balls that are 8.00
cm apart and have an equal charge of -30.00 nC?
2. Two-point charges, q1 = +8 µC and q2 = -5 µC, are separated by a
distance r = 10 cm. What is the magnitude of the electric force?

II. Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Why does a car always attract dust right after it is polished? (Note
that car wax and car tires are insulators.)
2. There are very large numbers of charged particles in most objects.
Why, then, don’t most objects exhibit static electricity?

III. UNDERSTANDING
1. Current electricity is a constant flow of electrons. Psychologists
liken electricity to a person’s flow state (a feeling where, under the
General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 8
 right conditions, you become fully immersed in whatever you are
doing). How do you assess yourself now? Are you in your flow
state, or are you still finding your purpose?

Submitted by: Submitted to:

MR. JOHN NIÑO M. DACULLO MRS. MARY GRACE S. PRIETO

Subject Teacher Coordinator, Science Area

HOLY SPIRIT SCHOOL OF TAGBILARAN

J.A. Clarin St., Purok 3, Dao District, Tagbilaran City 6300
Bohol, Philippines TEL.NO. (038) 422-8808

HOME SCHOOL SESSIONS AND TASKS

General Physics 2

ANSWER SHEET | MODULES 1 AND 2

Time Frame: Quarter 1 – Week 1 and 2 Date: ________________

Name: _______________________________ 12 - _______________ Score:

________

EVALUATIVE ASSESSMENT
A. KNOWLEDGE
Directions: Answer the following questions/statements in the space provided in
the separate answer sheet. Choose your answer from the box below.
Charles Coulomb Electric Charge Static Electricity
Electromagnetic Force Positive Negative
Electron Transfer Free Electrons Superconductors
Insulators Contact Induction
Conductor Electrostatic Repulsion Polarization
1. _______________This refers to a method of charging wherein a charge
is created in a nearby object, without direct contact.
2. _______________This refers to a conductor that allows charge
movement without any energy loss.
3. _______________These are any substances with free electrons that
allow charge to move freely through them.
4. _______________This refers to the technique of charging an
uncharged material by bringing it into touch with some other charged
material.
5. _______________This refers to two particles of the same charge that
drive away each other.
6. _______________This refers to a physical property of an object that
causes it to be attracted toward or repelled by another charged object.
7. _______________This refers to the build-up of electric charge on the
surface of an object.
8. _______________This occurs when an electron relocates from one
atom or molecule to another.
9. _______________This refers to materials that can hold electrons
securely within their atomic orbits.
10. _______________He was the first to propose a formula to calculate
electrostatic force.
General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 9
 11. _______________This refers to the separation of charges in an object
that remains neutral.
12. _______________This refers to a specific subatomic particle that is free
to move away from its atomic orbit.
13. _______________This refers to a force that generates and influences
each charged object.
14. _______________This occurs when an atom has more protons than
electrons.
15. _______________This occurs when an atom has more electrons than
protons.

B. PROCESS
Directions: Carefully read the following problems and calculate what is asked in
each. Show your work.
1. Compare the repulsive force between two pith balls that are 8.00 cm
apart and have an equal charge of -30.00 nC?

2. Two-point charges, q1 = +8 µC and q2 = -5 µC, are separated by a

distance r = 10 cm. What is the magnitude of the electric force?

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Why does a car always attract dust right after it is polished? (Note that
car wax and car tires are insulators.)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. There are very large numbers of charged particles in most objects. Why,
then, don’t most objects exhibit static electricity?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 10

C. UNDERSTANDING
1. Current electricity is a constant flow of electrons. Psychologists liken
electricity to a person’s flow state (a feeling where, under the right
conditions, you become fully immersed in whatever you are doing). How
do you assess yourself now? Are you in your flow state, or are you still
finding your purpose?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

General Physics 2: Force of Electricity | 11