Ravi foundation nedunuru

Computer
Foundamental

Compiled by:s.satya
What is computer?
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set of instructions(called program) and gives the
result (output) and saves output for the future use. Lt can process both numerical and non-
numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.
A computer has four functions:
a.accepts data input
b.processes data processing
c.produces output output
d.stores results storage
input(Data):
input is the raw information entered intoa computer from the input devices. lt is the
collection of letters,numbers,images etc.
process:
process is the operation of data as per given instruction.lt is totally internal process of the
computer system.
Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called
as result.we can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.
Computer system
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM=HARDWARE+SOFTWARE+USER
 Hardware=internal Devices+peripheral Devices
All physical parts of the computer(or everything that we can touch) are know
as Hardware.
 Software=Programs
Software gives “intelligence”to the computer

 USER = Person,who operates computer


 Major parts of the computer

Input Devices

1.mouse 2.
keyboard

3.scanner 4.Digital
camera

5.Web 6.joystick
camera s

7.Track 8.Touch
Ball pad/scre
en

9.Light pen 10.Bar

Code
Reader
11.Microp 12.
hone Graphics
Tablets

13.magane 14.Optica
tic ink l mark
character Reader
reader (Used for
(used in Answer
bank) sheet
Marking
Purpose)

15.Magnetic Card 16.Biometric

Reader (Used in Devices
shops,colleges,Station
etc)

17.Bluetooth
Processor
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNLT (CPU)

The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all events inside the
computer.lt controls all internal and external and external devices,performs arithmetic and
logic operations. The CPU (Central processing Unit) is the device that interprets and executres
instructions.

Output Devices

1.Monitor

2.printer

(Dot Matrix)

3.Projector
Lnkjet
 4.plotter

laser

5.Speaker

Storage Devices
1.primary memory (main memory)
A.RAM (Random Access Memory/Read-Write Memory)
 B.ROM (Read-only-memory)

2.secondary memory (storage devices)

A.Hard Disk (Local Disk)
B.Opitcal DISKS: CD-R,CD-RW,DVD,R,DVD-RW
C.pen Drive
D.Zip Drive
E.Floppy Disks
F.Memory cards
G.External Hard Disk

A.Hard Disk
B.Optical disk c.pen
Derive

D.Zip Disk E.Floppy

disk
(super disk)

F.Memory G.External
cards Hard Disk

Periphereal devices

1.the 2.Swiches/
Modem/inter Hub
net Adapter
 3.Router 4.TV Tuner
card

Internal components

1.the Mother 2.expansion

Board slots

3.CMOS.Battery 4.cooling fan

5.Network Card 6.graphics

card

7.power supply 8.memory

unit (SMPS) slots
Software
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the computer in the
from of a program is called software. Software is the set of programs,which are used for
different purpose. All the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called
sofrware.

Types of software
1. System software:
a) Operating System Software
DOS,Windows XP,Windows Vista,Unix/Linux,MAC /OS X etc.
b) Utillity software
Windows Explorer (file/Folder Mangement), Windows Media player, Anti-Virus
Utilities,Disk Defragmentation,Disk Clean,BackUp,WinZip,WinRAR etc…..
2. Application software:
 Package Software
Ms, Office 2003, Ms. Offfice 2007, macromedia (Dreamweaver Flash,
Freehand),Adobe (PageMarker,Photoshop)
 Tailored or Custom Software
SAGE(Accounting), Galileo/Worldspan (Traveel) etc.

3.computer Languages & scripting:

a) Low Level Language

i) Machine Level Language

ii)Assembly Language
Machine Language:these language instruction are directly executed by CPU

Assembly language: the endeavor of giving machine language instruction a name

structure that means bit strings of instructions of machine language are given name here

High level language: the user friendly language…..more natural language than assembly
language.
Assembler is needed to convert assembly language into machine language
Complier is needed to convert high level to machine language

b) High Level Language

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC
(Beginner’s All-purpose symbolic instruction code),c C++etc.are the examples of Hight Level
language.
Types of computer
On the basis of working principle
a) Analog computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a from of computer that uses
continuous physical phenomena such as electrical,mechanical, or hydraulic quantitie to
mode the problem being solved.

1.Thermometer 2.Speedometer
3.Petrol Pump lndicator 4.Multimeter

b) Digital computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.

c) Hybrid computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both
digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective
method of performing complex simulation.
On the basis of size
a) Super computer
The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations.for example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer.Other use
of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculation, nuclear
energy research, and petroleum exploration . the chief difference between a
supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into
execting a few programs as fast as possible,whereas a mainframe uses its power to
execute many programs concurrently

b) Mainframe computer
A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds,or even
thousands, of users simultaneously. ln the hierarchy that starts with a simple
microprocessor (in watches,for example) at the bottom and moves to
supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just blew supercomputers.ln some
ways, mainframes are more powerful that supercomputers because they support
more simultaneouse programs.But supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe.
 c) Mini computer
A midsized computer. Ln size and power,minicomputers lie between workstations
and
Mainframes. Ln the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and
small mainframes has blurred ,however, as has the distinction between small
minicomputers and workstations,But in general ,a minicomputer is a multiprocessing
system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously

d) Micro computer
i. Desktop computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a
desk

ii.laptop computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard .lt
is generally smaller in size that a desktop larger than a notebook computer.
iii) palmto computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have
no keyboard but the sceen serves both as an input
e) Workstations
A terminal or desktop computer in a network. Ln this context,workstation is just a
generic term for a users machine (client machine) in contrast to a “server” or
mainframe

On the basis of Brand

a) lBM/lBM compatible computers

c)Apple/ macintosh

Booting
The process of loading the system files of the operating system from the disk
into the computer memory to complete the circuitry requirement of the
computer system is called booting. The system files of MS. DOS are:

Types of Booting:
There are two types of booting:

 cold Booting: if the computer is in off state and we boot the computer by pressing
the power switch’ON’ from the CPU box then it is called as cold booting
 warm Booting: lf the computer is already ‘ON’ and we restart it by pressing the
RESET button from the CPU box or CTRL and DEL key simultaneously from the it is
called warm booting

How to start the computer in MS. Windows mode?

There in nothing special you need to start this system just,
1. switch ON the power supply.
2. Switch ON the CPU and,
3. Switch ON the screen (Monitor)

How to shutdown (Turn off) the computer?

Before shutting down the computer,close all opened windows at first. Then,
1. Click on start button.
2. Click on shoutdown (Turn off computer).
Then,computer asks you:
What do you want the computer to do?
 Standby
 Shutdown (turn off )
 Restart
 Restart in MS –DOS mode.

Note: the options will be