ICSE G+07 Plant+and+Animal+Tissue Notes (1)

Class Notes
Plant and Animal

Tissues
Grade 07
Topics to Be Covered
1 Tissues
1.1 Level of Organisation
Plant Tissues
2.1 Meristematic Tissues
2 2.2 Differentiation
2.3 Permanent Tissues
Animal Tissue
3 3.1 Classification of Animal Tissue
3.2 Epithelial Tissue
3.3 Muscular Tissue
3.4 Connective Tissue
3.5 Nervous Tissue
1. Tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work
together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
1.1 Level of Organisation
Organism
Molecule Cell Organ
Organ
Atom Organelle Tissue
System
2. Plant Tissues
There are two types of plant tissues. They are i) Meristematic
Tissues; ii) Permanent Tissues
2.1 Meristematic Tissues
• It contains small, living, and actively

dividing cells.
• The cells have a prominent nucleus
and lack vacuoles.
• They also have a thin cell wall.
• It helps plant grow taller and wider.
Classification of Meristem
Apical meristem
Location: Root and
shoot tips
Elongation of stem
and roots
Intercalary meristem
Shoot tip Root tip Location: Base of
leaves
Elongation of stem
Lateral meristem
Location: Sides of the
Node Internode stem
Increasing the girth of
the stem
2.3 Differentiation
Meristematic Permanent
tissue tissue
2.4 Permanent Tissues
• Form bulk of plant body

• Non-dividing cells
• Cells have specialised functions.
Simple Permanent Tissues - Protective
• Protective tissues form the

Epidermis outermost layer in plants.
• Epidermis - Makes up an outer
casing of all the structures in the
Cuticle
plant and contains stomata, which
allows the exchange of gases.
• Cuticle – A waxy secretion from
epidermal cells which protects the
epidermis and reduces water loss
from them.
Simple Permanent Tissues - Supportive
• Thin cell walled

• Large intercellular spaces present
• Located in soft parts of plant
• Function: Photosynthesis, storage,
Parenchyma buoyancy in aquatic plants
• Thick cell walled at edges

• Little intercellular spaces present
• Found in petioles, veins of leaves
and young stem
Collenchyma • Function: Provide flexible
mechanical support
• Thick cell walled
• No intercellular spaces present
• Located in mature parts like bark,
wood
• Function: Rigid mechanical and
Sclerenchyma structural support
Complex Permanent Tissues - Xylem
Xylem is responsible for the unidirectional transport of

nutrients and water from the roots to other plant parts.
Xylem Xylem Vessels

Parenchyma Conducts water and
Specialised for minerals upwards
food storage and laterally
Xylem Fibres Tracheids

Sclerenchymatous, Provides mechanical
provides support and helps in
mechanical upward conduction of
support water
Complex Permanent Tissues - Phloem
Phloem is responsible for the bidirectional transport of

food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Phloem
Sieve tube parenchyma
Transport of Specialised for
food materials storage of organic
food
Phloem fibres Companion cells
Provides Support sieve tubes
mechanical in transporting food
support materials
3. Animal Tissues
3.1 Epithelial Tissues
Classification of Epithelial Tissues
• Thin, flat, polygonal

• Provide Protection
Squamous
• Vertically arranged tall, cylindrical or
coumnar
Columnar • Provide secretion
• Cube-like cells
• Provide absorption
Cuboidal
• Cilia on columnar epithelium
• Cilia removes unwanted substances
Ciliated
Location of Epithelial Tissues
Squamous Ciliated
Epithelium Epithelium-
Cells of outer Lining of
layer of skin windpipe and
oviduct
Cuboidal Columnar
Epithelium- Epithelium-
Inner wall lining Inner lining of
of kidney stomach and
tubules intestine
3.2 Muscular Tissues
Classification of Muscular Tissues
Striated Muscles Unstriated Muscles Cardiac Muscles

(Skeletal Muscles) (Smooth Muscles)
• Striated,
• Striated, • Slender,
short,
voluntary, tapering,
branched,
attached to involuntary cells
involuntary
the bone. • Passage of food
• Provide
• Provide in alimentary
contraction of
movement canal
heart muscles
Location of Muscular Tissues
Striated
Muscles-
Smooth Arms, legs, face
Muscles- and neck
Alimentary
Canal, intestinal
walls, iris and Cardiac
walls of urinary Muscles-
bladder Walls of the
heart
3.3 Connective Tissues
Classification of Connective Tissues
Supportive Connective Tissue

• Bones are the main supportive structure
of vertebrates.
• They form the framework of the body.
It consists of a highly calcified,
extracellular bone matrix.
• Cartilage provides support and

flexibility to our body.
• It is found in our nose, respiratory tract,
etc. The cartilage matrix is composed of
collagens.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
• Tendon connects bone to muscle
• Ligament connects bone to bone
• Areolar tissue helps in binding other

tissues.
• Adipose tissue acts as a fat storage.
Fluid Connective Tissue

• Blood is a type of fluid connective
tissue that consists of plasma, blood
cells and platelets.
• Blood circulates throughout our body
delivering oxygen and nutrients to
various cells and tissues
• Lymph is a colourless fluid that circulates
throughout the lymphatic system of the
body.
• Act as a filter against microbes, organic
wastes, toxins and other debris.
3.4 Nervous Tissue
Brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of the

nervous tissue. These structures make up the nervous
system of the body.
• The nervous tissue controls all

important physiological
functions of the body.
• This tissue is composed of cells
called neurons and glial cells.
• This tissue senses stimuli and
sends electrical signals
throughout the body.
Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: Dendrites:

Contains nucleus Receive information
and cytoplasm from other neurons
Axon
Relays information
from cell body to axon
terminal Myelin sheath
Insulating layer
Axon Terminal
Passes
Nodes of Ranvier information to
The periodic gaps in other neurons
the myelin sheath
Mind Map
Plant
Tissues
Meristematic
Tissues
Permanent Apical Meristem

Tissues
Intercalary
Lateral
Protective
Tissue Parenchyma
Supporting
Collenchyma
Tissue
Conducting
Sclerenchyma
Tissue
Xylem Phloem
Mind Map
Animal
Tissues
Muscular
Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Skeletal
Epithelial Connective Smooth
Tissue Tissue
Cardiac
Fibrous
Squamous
Areolar
Adipose
Tendon
Cuboidal
Ligament
Supportive
Columnar
Bone
Cartilage
Ciliated Fluid
Blood
Lymph

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Class Notes

Plant and Animal

1.1 Level of Organisation

2.1 Meristematic Tissues

• It contains small, living, and actively

2.4 Permanent Tissues

• Form bulk of plant body

• Protective tissues form the

Simple Permanent Tissues - Supportive

• Thin cell walled

• Thick cell walled at edges

Complex Permanent Tissues - Xylem

Xylem is responsible for the unidirectional transport of

Xylem Xylem Vessels

Xylem Fibres Tracheids

Complex Permanent Tissues - Phloem

Phloem is responsible for the bidirectional transport of

3.1 Epithelial Tissues

Classification of Epithelial Tissues

• Thin, flat, polygonal

3.2 Muscular Tissues

Classification of Muscular Tissues

Striated Muscles Unstriated Muscles Cardiac Muscles

3.3 Connective Tissues

Classification of Connective Tissues

Supportive Connective Tissue

• Cartilage provides support and

• Tendon connects bone to muscle

• Ligament connects bone to bone

• Areolar tissue helps in binding other

• Adipose tissue acts as a fat storage.

Fluid Connective Tissue

Brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of the

• The nervous tissue controls all

Cell Body: Dendrites:

Permanent Apical Meristem

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