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Ls 6 –TISSUES - NOTES

Tissues

1. Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure& function. Study of tissues is called
Histology
2. In unicellular organism (Amoeba) single cell performs all basic functions, whereas in multi-cellular
organisms (Plants and Animals) shows division of labor as Plant tissue & Animal tissues.

Differences between Plant and Animal Tissues

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUES

1. Dead supportive tissues are more abundant as 1. Living supportive tissues are more abundant as
compared to living tissues. compared to dead tissues.

2. Require less maintenance energy. 2. Require more maintenance energy.

3. Differentiation of meristematic and permanent 3. No differentiation of meristematic and
tissues. permanent tissues.
4. Organization is simple. 4. Organization is relatively complex.
5. Tissue organization is meant for stationary 5. Tissue organization is meant for high mobility of
habit of plants. animals.

Classification of tissues:
• Tissues are broadly classified as animal tissues and plant tissues.

Plant Tissues
Plant tissues can be broadly divided into two main types. These are Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue.

Meristematic Tissues:
• A meristematic tissue constitutes a group of actively dividing cells present in the growing region of plant, e.g., the tips
of roots and stems.
• These tissues are responsible for increasing the length and girth of the plant.

Characteristics of meristematic tissues:

• The cells of the meristematic tissue are similar in structure and have thin cellulose cell walls.
• The cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape.
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• The cells of tissue are compactly arranged and do not have intercellular space
• The cells have dense protoplasm with prominent nuclei.
• Vacuoles in these cells are either small or absent

Types of Meristematic Tissues

Type Location Function

Apical meristem Located at the growing points of the stem, roots, Enables the root and stem to grow
branches and in growing young leaves by increasing the length of
near the tips of stems and axillary buds plants
Intercalary Located at the internodes or stem regions The cells are active and they
meristem between the places at which the leaves attach and continuously form several new
at leaf bases cells
Lateral Present laterally (on the sides) on the roots and The girth and
meristem/ stem and is situated parallel to the longitudinal axis width/diameter/thickness of the stem
Cambium below the bark or root increases because of
the lateral meristem
.

Functions:

• Meristematic tissue acts as a parent tissue from which other tissues develop.
• These tissues take part in growth by formation of new cells.
• The place of injury in plants is healed up by the formation of new cells by meristems.

Permanent tissues:
• A permanent tissue is a group of cells, which is derived from the meristematic tissues, but these cells have lost the
power of division temporarily or permanently.
Note: The development process by which cells which have been derived from meristematic tissue, take up a permanent
shape, size and function is called differentiation.

• Permanent tissues are of two types: - simple and complex permanent tissue.

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Simple permanent tissues:

• These tissues are composed of cells which are structurally and functionally similar. These tissues are of three types:
parenchyma, collenchymas and sclerenchyma.

PARENCHYMA:

• Parenchyma forms the bulk of plant body. It consists of thin walled living cells.
• The cells are isodiametric, i.e., equally expanded on all sides.
• The cell wall is thin and encloses a dense cytoplasm which contains a small nucleus and a large central vacuole.
• The intercellular spaces are abundant.
• The parenchyma is present in all the organs of the plants, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds.

Function:

• The main function of parenchymatous tissue is storage of food, e.g., starch in the parenchyma of cortex of potato
tuber.
• Parenchyma forms the framework of all the plant organs and tissues like cortex. Pith etc.
• Parenchyma serves as packing tissue to fill the spaces between other tissues.
• It stores waste materials of plants such as gum, crystals etc.
• The intercellular air spaces of parenchyma cells allow gaseous exchange.

TYPES OF PARENCHYMA
• If chloroplast is present, the parenchyma tissue is called chlorenchyma and it performs photosynthesis.
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• In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants to help them float. Such a
parenchyma type is called aerenchyma.
• If a parenchymatous cell stores food materials like starch ,proteins etc it is called storage parenchyma

Collenchyma:

• Collenchyma is usually found in 3-4 layers beneath epidermis in stem, petioles and leaves of herbaceous dicot
plants.
• The cells of this tissue are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the corner.
• In collenchymas, intercellular spaces are generally absent.

Functions:

• It provides the mechanical support, protection, flexibility and elasticity to the plants organs.
• It allows easy bending in various parts of the plant (leaf, stem) without breaking.
• When cells of collenchymas contain some chloroplasts, they manufacture sugar and starch.

Sclerenchyma:

• Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells and they are devoid of protoplasm.
• They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin; such cell walls are called lignified.
• The cells of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
• Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types: fibers and sclereids.
• Fibers consist of very long, narrow, thick and lignified cells. Sclereids are irregular shaped.
• This tissue is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds
and nuts. Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.

Functions:

• The sclerenchyma is mainly mechanical and protective in function.

• It gives strength, rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the plant body and, thus, enables it to withstand various
strains.

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Complex Permanent Tissues:

• The complex tissue consists of more than one type of cell having a common origin. All these cells coordinate to
perform a common function.
• Complex tissues are of two types: Xylem or wood and phloem or bast.
• Xylem and phloem are both conducting tissues and also known as vascular tissues; together both them
constitute vascular bundles.

Xylem:
• Xylem is a vascular and mechanical tissue.
• Xylem is composed of cells of four different types:
• 1. Tracheids 2. Vessels or tracheae 3. Xylem parenchyma 4. Xylem sclerenchyma (or fibers).
• Except xylem parenchyma, all other elements are dead and bounded by thick lignified wall.
• Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures.

Functions:

• The main function of xylem is to carry water and mineral salts upward from the root to different parts of shoots, hence
also called water conducting tissue.
• Since walls of tracheids, vessels and sclerenchyma of xylem are lignified, they give mechanical strength to the plant
body.
• The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideway conduction of water.

Phloem:

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• Phloem (bast) is a living conducting tissue. It also contains tubes just like xylem but does not perform mechanical
function.
• Phloem is composed of following four elements or cells:
• 1. Sieve tubes 2. Companion cells 3. Phloem parenchyma 4. Phloem fibers.
• Sieve tubes are slender, tube like structures with perforated walls.
• Companion cells are living parenchymatous cells lying on the sides of the sieve tubes.
• Sieve tube and companion cells have close cytoplasmic connection with each other through fine pits.
• Phloem fibres are thick walled fibres with simple pits.
• Phloem parenchymas are thin walled, living cell of parenchyma of phloem.

Function:

• Phloem transports (conducts) photosynthetically prepared food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and later
from storage organs to the growing regions of the plant body.

Protective tissues:
• Protective tissues are a part of plant tissue system. Protective tissues include epidermis and cork.

Epidermis:
• It is the outermost protective layer of plant organs.
• The epidermis is usually made of a single layer of cells.
• Cells of epidermis are elongated and flattened, without intercellular space. They are living cells but their inner
contents are similar to parenchyma cells.
• In leaves, epidermis bears small pores called stomata.
• In some plants living in very dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker since protection against water loss is
critical.
•
Functions:

• The function of epidermis is the protection of plant from injury and infection.
• Cuticle of epidermis also helps to reduce water loss by evaporation to prevent dessication.
• Stomata present in the epidermis allow gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration.
• It also facilitates transpiration.

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Cork (or phellem):

• Cork cells are dead cells without having intercellular spaces.
• They appear at the periphery of roots and stems when they grow older and increase in girth.
• They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water.

Functions:

• The function of cork in plant body is to provide protection. It protects plants from external injury and infection.
• It also prevents dessication.
• Since cork does not catch fire easily, it is used for insulation, shock-absorber, linoleum.
• It is also used for making sports goods, such as shuttle-cock, table tennis paddles, cricket balls, etc.

Animal Tissues
On the basis of the structure of cells and their function, animal tissues are classified into four major types:

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Muscular Tissue
3. Nervous Tissue
4. Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue:
• The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are animal tissues.
• The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and it forms continuous sheet. Indeed cells of epithelium contain very little or
no intercellular matrix.
• The skin and lining of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs and kidney tubules are made of epithelial tissue.
• Epithelial cells lie on a delicate non-cellular basement membrane which contains a special form of matrix protein,
called collagen.
Functions:

• Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and bacterial or viral infection.
• It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different body system separate.
• Epithelial tissues help in absorption of water and nutrients
• Epithelial tissues help in elimination of waste products.
• Some epithelial tissues secrete secretion, such as sweat, saliva etc.

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Note: Epithelial tissue may be simple, i.e., composed of a single layer of cells, or stratified, i.e., made up of several layers of
cells.
Types of epithelial tissue: Depending upon the shape and function of the cells, the epithelial tissues are classified as follows

A. Squamous epithelium
B. Cuboidal epithelium
C. Columnar epithelium
D. Glandular epithelium
E. Ciliated epithelium
Differences between different types of epithelial tissues:

Columnar or
Characteristic
S. No. Squamous epithelium Cuboidal epithelium glandular Ciliated epithelium
property
epithelium

It consists of thin, It consists of

flat. Disc like tall, cylindrical,
It consists of cube-like It consists of tall cells with
polygonal or pillar-like cells.
Shape of cells cells of almost equal cytoplasmic hair like cilia at
1. irregular-shaped cells Basal part of
height and width. free ends.
with round and flat cell bears oval
nucleus. nucleus

The free end of

Cells may be cuboidal or
Cells appear square-like the cells consists
Adjacent cells fit columnar and are, therefore
Appearance of in vertical section but of finger-like
together like tiles on a , also called ciliated cuboidal
2. cells their free surface seems to projections
pavement or floor. epithelium or ciliated
be hexagonal. called
columnar epithelium.
microvilli.

Present in the
Forms the lining of
inner surface of Present in the lining of
Place of nose, pericardial Present in kidney tubules,
stomach, trachea, fallopian tube, nasal
3 occurrence cavity, blood vessels, salivary glands etc.
intestine, gall passage etc.
lung alveoli etc.
bladder etc.

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• Protects the
• Helps in
underlying
absorpti
parts of the
on of • Causes movement of
body from
nutrient small solid particles
mechanical • Provide
s. or mucus in a
injury. mechanical
• Secretio specific direction
• Prevent the support to the
n of through the ducts.
Functions entry of germs organs.
4. gastric • Causes movement of
inside our • Secretion of
juices. ovum and zygote
body. gastric juices.
• Provide towards the uterus.
• Prevent • Absorption and
mechani • Helps in removing
desiccation of excretion.
cal unwanted particles
organs.
support from trachea.
• Facilitates
to the
diffusion of
organs.
gases.

Muscular tissue:
• Muscular tissue constitutes all the muscles of the body of an animal.
• Muscle cells are elongated and large sized, so they are called muscle fibres.
• Muscle cells are typically arranged in parallel arrangement allowing them to work together effectively.
• This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which
contract and relax to cause movement.
• On the basis of their location, structure and function, there are following three types of muscle fibers:
1. Striated muscles (stripped, skeletal or voluntary muscles)
2. Smooth muscles (unstriated, visceral or involuntary muscles)
3. Cardiac muscles
S.No. Unstriated muscles Striated muscles Cardiac muscles

Present in the wall of

Present in limbs,
alimentary canal, blood They are present in
1. tongue, body wall
vessels, respiratory tract, the wall of heart.
and pharynx.
urinary bladder etc.

Muscle fibres are Muscle fibres are Muscle fibres are

2.
spindle- shaped. cylindrical. cylindrical.

Fibres are
3. Fibres are unbranched. Fibres are branched.
unbranched.

Muscle cells are Muscle cells are Muscle cells are

4. multinucleate. uninucleate. uninucleate.

Nerve supply from Nerve supply from Nerve supply from

5
autonomous nervous central nervous both autonomous and

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system. system. central nervous

system.

Dark and light bands Cross striations and

Cross striations absent. (cross striations) intercalated disc
6
present. present.

Exhibit rapid Exhibit rapid

Exhibit slow contraction.
7 contraction. contraction.

Involuntary. Voluntary. Involuntary.

8
Do not get fatigued. Get fatigued. Do not get fatigued.
9
Function: Cause
Function: Cause
contraction and mobility Function: cause
movement of limbs
10. in visceral organs and heartbeat.
and locomotion.
involuntary muscles.

Connective Tissue:

• The connective tissue is specialized to connect and anchor various body organs. As such, it connects one bone with
another and a bone with a muscle.
• Three components are present in all the connective tissues. These are intercellular medium, connective tissue cells and
fibers.
• The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The matrix may be jelly like,
fluid, dense or rigid.
• The nature of matrix decides the function of connective tissue.
• General functions:
• Connective tissue binds other tissues together in the organs.
• Connective tissue also provides the structural framework and mechanical support to different tissues.
• It is also concerned with body defense, fat storage, repair etc.
• The main functions of connective tissue are binding, supporting and packing together different organs of the
body.

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Types of connective tissue:

In animals, there are following five types of connective tissues:

1. Areolar (loose) connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue
3. Adipose connective tissue
4. Skeletal tissue
5. Fluid connective tissue
Aerolar (loose) connective tissue:

• It is a loose and cellular connective tissue. Its matrix consists of two kinds fibers: white collagen fibers and yellow
elastic fibers.
• Aerolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow.
• It fills the spaces between different tissues and organs, hence called packing tissue.
Functions:

• It acts as supporting and packing tissue between organs lying in the body cavity.
• It provides rapid diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels.
• It helps in repair of tissues after an injury.
• It helps in fighting foreign antigen and toxin.

Dense connective tissue:

• It is a fibrous connective tissue. It is characterized by ordered and densely packed collection of fibers and cells.
• It is the chief component of ligaments and tendons.
• Ligaments: These are elastic structures made up of yellow elastic fibrous tissue s which connect bone to another.
It has considerable strength. Ligaments contain very little matrix. Ligaments strengthen the joint and they
permit normal movement but prevent over-flexing or over-extension. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling
(stretching) of ligaments.
• Tendons: Tendons are cord like, strong inelastic structures that join skeletal muscles to bones. They are
composed of white collagen fibrous tissue.
• It has great strength but its flexibility is limited

ADIPOSE TISSUE.

• It consist of large number of oval and rounded adipose cells(adipocytes) filled with fatglobules.
• The adipose tissue is abundant below the skin, between the internal organs (e.g., around the kidney) in yellow bone
marrow.

• Functions:
• It serves as a fat reservoir.
• Adipose tissue acts as food reservoir by storing fat.
• It acts as an insulator and regulates body temperature.
•
Skeletal tissue:

• Skeletal connective tissue forms the endoskeleton of the body of vertebrates. It includes cartilage and bone.
S.No. Bone Cartilage
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They are hard and flexible They are soft and flexible
1.
endoskeleton. endoskeleton.
2. Porous in nature. Non-porous in nature.
3. Blood vessels are present. Blood vessels are absent.
Matrix not arranged in Matrix (chondrin) arranged
4.
lamellae. in lamellae.
Bone cells are known as The cells in matrix are called
6.
osteocytes. chondriocytes.
Matrix contains protein and Matrix made up mainly of
7.
mineral salts. protein.
Long bones contain bone
Bone marrow absent.
8. marrow in hollow, narrow
Cartilage is always solid.
cavity.
Cartilage are present at the
Bones are present in the
joints of bones, in external ear
9. whole body forming internal
(pinna), nose tip, epiglottis,
skeletal framework.
trachea etc.
Functions:
Functions:
• It provides shape to
the body. • Cartilage provides
10. • It provides skeletal support and flexibility
support to body. to the body parts.
• It protects vital body • It smoothens body
organs such as brain, surfaces at joints.
lungs etc.

Fluid connective tissue: Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of the body and maintains continuity in the body. It
includes blood and lymph.
Blood:

• Blood is fluid connective tissue. In this tissue cells move in a fluid or liquid matrix or medium called blood plasma.
• The blood plasma does not contain protein fibres but contain cells called blood corpuscles or blood cells. These blood
corpuscles and cells are:
• Red blood corpuscles (RBC) or erythrocytes
White blood corpuscles (WBC) or leucocytes
Platelets
RBCs and WBCs are living, while plasma and platelets are non-living.

NERVOUS TISSUE
• A tissue which is specialized to transmit messages in our body is nervous tissue. Brain, Spinal cord and nerves are all
composed of nervous tissue.
• Nervous tissue contains highly specialized unit cells called nerve cells or neurons
• These cells are specialized for the conduction of impulse over great distance at great speed.

STRUCTURE OF NEURON

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• A neuron consists of a cell body (cyton or soma) with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair- like parts
arise called dendrons.
• Dendrons further branched out to form dendrites. From the distal part of cyton arises a very long process called axon.

Functions:

• The nervous tissue is responsible for the reception and transmission of information between different parts of the body.
• The dendrites receive impulses and the axon takes impulses away from the cell body

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