The document outlines the impact of various pests on crop production, highlighting their classification into invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing these pests and their damage to effectively manage crop yields, which can suffer up to 30% loss due to pest interference. The document also details specific pests and diseases affecting economically important crops, along with their symptoms and implications for crop yield.
The document outlines the impact of various pests on crop production, highlighting their classification into invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing these pests and their damage to effectively manage crop yields, which can suffer up to 30% loss due to pest interference. The document also details specific pests and diseases affecting economically important crops, along with their symptoms and implications for crop yield.
The document outlines the impact of various pests on crop production, highlighting their classification into invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing these pests and their damage to effectively manage crop yields, which can suffer up to 30% loss due to pest interference. The document also details specific pests and diseases affecting economically important crops, along with their symptoms and implications for crop yield.
The document outlines the impact of various pests on crop production, highlighting their classification into invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds, and pathogens. It emphasizes the necessity of recognizing these pests and their damage to effectively manage crop yields, which can suffer up to 30% loss due to pest interference. The document also details specific pests and diseases affecting economically important crops, along with their symptoms and implications for crop yield.
Pests are among the biotic components of agroecosystems that effect crop production. They consist of invertebrate animals such as insects, mites and mollusks, vertebrate animals such as rodents, birds, pathogens, and weeds. These pests attack or infect crops in various ways and consequently reduce yields. Some of them directly damage the leaves, stems, roots and branches of crops and impair physiological processes such as photosynthesis, absorption of water and nutrients, translocation of assimilates and transpiration. Some of them compete with crops for resources needed for establishment and growth such as water, nutrients, sunlight and CO2 or thus affecting the quantity and quality of grains, fruits or produce. Others completely kill seedlings of crops. Worldwide pre-harvest crop losses due to pests have been estimated to be about 30%. Pests are among the constraints to higher crop yields. Unless deliberate efforts are made to minimize these losses, optimum crop yields may not be sustained.
Capability to recognize the major pests in economic crops and their corresponding damage or symptoms is the first requirement in effective pest management. However, some of these pests like the pathogens are not visible to the naked eye while others including many of the insect pests, are very small. Therefore, recognizing these pests through the damage/symptoms that they case is a more practical and convenient way of identifying the pests attacking our crops.
Objectives
At the end of the exercise, the student should be able to:
1. Identify the major pests of some economically important crops
2. Describe the damage caused by the major pests in selected crops 3. Explain how the different pest damage and symptoms affect important physiological processes and crop produce that consequently lead to reduction in crop yield
Learning Content
PEST – biotic components of agroecosystems that intervene or interfere crop production
a. Invertebrate Pests . Insects . Mites . Mollusks b. Vertebrate Pests . Rodents . Birds c. Weeds d. Pathogens PEST NATURE OF DAMAGE
1. Directly damage the different plant organs
2. Impair physiological processes such as photosynthesis, absorption of water and nutrients, translocation of assimilates and transpiration 3. Directly or indirectly compete for the requisites of the hosts such as water, nutrients, sunlight and CO2 4. May completely kill the seedlings 5. Influence the quality and quantity of produce
INVERTEBRATE PESTS
a. Insects - belong to Class Insecta/Hexapoda (six-legged) in the Phylum Arthropoda - have 3 body regions namely: head, thorax, abdomen - have three pairs of legs - have one pair of antennae (rarely no antennae) - wings either present or absent
b. Mites - belong to Class Arachnida (e.g. spider) - all stages have piercing and sucking mouthparts - scrape off the leaf surface and sucks up the fluids from the top layer of cells which causes the leaf to turn a silvery color
c. Mollusks - belong to Class Gastropoda - e.g. golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) - direct feeding damage by attacking rice seedlings VERTEBRATE PESTS
a. Rodents - belong to Class Mammalia - have hairs and mammary glands - have gnawing incisors, whiskers, poor eyesight - nocturnal - attack rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables and root crops - genus Rattus
Important Species of Rats
1. Rattus tanezumi (common rice field rat)
- most common species of rats - medium-sized rat; adults averaging 175 g - serious pest in upland and lowland rice field and gardens 2. Rattus argentiventer (Asian field rat) - smaller than R. tanezumi - grassland inhabitant; restricted in Mindoro and Mindanao; found in habitat highly disturbed by man - wasteland and rice paddies 3. Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) - urban rat - large and heavy, about 250-350 g - commensal species common in port areas and human dwelling places - potential problem in rice fields near homes and buildings
4. Rattus exulans (Polynesian rat)
- smallest of the typical rat - occurs in every island in the Philippines - most predominant species in rice field of Palawan
b. Birds - belong to Class Aves - diurnal, have feathers, horny beak (adapted for different modes of feeding) and uniform body temperature (homeothermy) - e.g. Philippine weavers or maya – most destructive pest of rice (of the genera Lonchura and Passer) - chew rice grains in the milky stage causing whitehead or unfilled panicles
WEEDS – plants that are unwanted or undesirable at a particular place and time
- short life cycle
- wide environmental tolerance - high competitive ability - high nutrient uptake - adapted to disturbed areas
Types of Weeds
a. Grass - belongs to family Poaceae - has round and hollow stem known as ‘culm’ - has nodes and internodes - leaves are narrow with parallel venation arising in alternate manner along the stem
Examples:
1. itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis)
2. barnyard grass (Echinocloa glabrescens) 3. cogon (Imperata cylindrica) b. Sedge - belongs to family Cyperaceae - has solid and triangular stem - ligule and nodes are absent
PATHOGENS – any living agent that causes diseases in plants
a. Bacteria - typically one-celled prokaryotic (lack nuclear membrane and a well-defined nucleus) organisms possessing a unit membrane and cell wall - reproduce through binary fission - mostly flagellated (responsible for motility) b. Fungi - small, eukaryotic, usually filamentous, spore-bearing organisms that lack chlorophyll - cell walls are composed of chitin and glucan in a matrix of polysaccharides c. Fungal-like Oomycetes d. Virus - ultramicroscopic obligate parasites (replicates only in living hosts) consisting of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat - virus disease symptoms range from local lesions to systemic ones such as reduction in plant size, mosaic patterns, and ringspots e. Viroid f. Mycoplasmas g. Flagellated Protozoans h. Parasitic Plants Disease – abnormal change in structure or function manifested in the form of symptoms
. Biotic Disease – caused by pathogens
. Abiotic Disease – caused by environmental stresses, nutritional deficiencies/excesses, phytotoxic chemical
Plant Disease Diagnosis – defined as identification of diseases based on signs and symptoms
. Sign – a pathogen or a part of a pathogen found associated on a host plant
. Symptom – manifestation or expression of a plant as a result of a disease a. Local symptoms – expressed as physiological or structural changes in a limited area of the tissues of the host (e.g. galls, spots, cankers) b. Systemic symptoms – expressed as the reaction of a greater part or all of the plant parts (e.g. dwarfing, wilting, yellowing)
Bacterial Diseases
1. Bacterial blight of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)
2. Bacterial leaf streak of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola) 3. Bacterial soft rot of vegetables (Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum) 4. Bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum) 5. Bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria)
Fungal Diseases
1. Downy mildew of corn (Peronosclerospora philippinensis)
2. Leaf blight of corn (Helminthosporium maydis) 3. Corn rust (Puccinia graminis) 4. Banana sigatoka a. yellow sigatoka – (Mycosphaerella musicola) b. black sigatoka – (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) 5. Banana anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae) 6. Mango anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 7. Stem-end rot of mango (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) 8. Mungbean rust (Puccinia sorghi) 9. Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean (Cercospora cruenta)
1. The student should accomplish the worksheets and answer the study questions. Agri 121 Worksheet 3.1 Crop Pests
A. Direction: Draw and describe the infected plant organ of each of the pests indicated below. Reflect in your drawing the shape, size, and color of spots or lesions or abnormalities. Provide the following information required for each sample worksheet.
1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ a. Approximate percent of organ affected: a. Approximate percent of organ affected: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually affected/attacked: ____________________ affected/attacked: ____________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Discuss the implication of the damage on c. Discuss the implication of the damage on crop yield: ___________________________ crop yield: ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ DISEASE: FUNGI
Choose two:
1. Downy Mildew of Corn
2. Northern/Southern Leaf Blight of Corn
3. Sigatoka of Banana
4. Fruit Disease of Mango and/or Banana
5. Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean
6. Mungbean Rust
3. _______________________ 4. _______________________ a. Approximate percent of organ affected: a. Approximate percent of organ affected: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually affected/attacked: ____________________ affected/attacked: ____________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Discuss the implication of the damage on c. Discuss the implication of the damage on crop yield: ___________________________ crop yield: ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ DISEASE: BACTERIA
Choose two:
1. Bacterial Wilt of Tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum)
2. Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice (Xanthomonas oryzae)
3. Soft Rot of Pechay or Cabbage (Pectobacterium carotovorum)
4. Bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas campestris)
5. _______________________ 6. _______________________ a. Approximate percent of organ affected: a. Approximate percent of organ affected: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually affected/attacked: ____________________ affected/attacked: ____________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Discuss the implication of the damage on c. Discuss the implication of the damage on crop yield: ___________________________ crop yield: ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ INSECTS
Choose four:
1. Rice Stemborer 6. Fruit fly of Ampalaya/Patola/Mango
2. Rice Bug 7. Fruit and Shoot Borer of Eggplant
3. Asiatic Corn Borer 8. Corm Weevil of Banana
4. Seedling Maggot of Corn 9. Aphids in Banana
5. Aphids in Legumes 10. Diamond-back Moth of Pechay or
Cabbage
7. _______________________ 8. _______________________ a. Approximate percent of organ affected: a. Approximate percent of organ affected: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually affected/attacked: ____________________ affected/attacked: ____________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Discuss the implication of the damage on c. Discuss the implication of the damage on crop yield: ___________________________ crop yield: ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 9. _______________________ 10. _______________________ a. Approximate percent of organ affected: a. Approximate percent of organ affected: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually b. Growth stage/s of the crop usually affected/attacked: ____________________ affected/attacked: ____________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Discuss the implication of the damage on c. Discuss the implication of the damage on crop yield: ___________________________ crop yield: ___________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ WEEDS
List down five weed species (common and scientific names) commonly found in corn and rice fields.
Common English Name Scientific Name
a. _____________________________ ______________________________
b. _____________________________ ______________________________
c. _____________________________ ______________________________
d. _____________________________ ______________________________
e. _____________________________ ______________________________
Study Questions:
1. Why is it important to identify the pests of our field crops?
2. How can an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program help in controlling pests and in achieving a healthier environment?
Full download (Ebook) Best Practice in Professional Supervision: A Guide for the Helping Professions by Allyson Davys, Liz Beddoe ISBN 9781843109952, 9780857003843, 9781843105565, 9781843105152, 1843109956 pdf docx
Full download (Ebook) Best Practice in Professional Supervision: A Guide for the Helping Professions by Allyson Davys, Liz Beddoe ISBN 9781843109952, 9780857003843, 9781843105565, 9781843105152, 1843109956 pdf docx
