Operations on Matrices.

Addition of Matrices
If A(aij)mxn and B(bij)mxn are two matrices of the same order, then their sum A + B
is a matrix, and each element of that matrix is the sum of the corresponding
elements, i.e. A + B = (aij + bij)mxn

Example 1: Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 3 x 1 (Vectors). Then, the
sum is given by:

1 1
A=(0) and B=(2)
4 4

1 1 1+1 2
A+B = (0) + (2) = (0 + 2) =(2)
4 4 4+4 8
Example 2:

Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 3 x 2. Then, the sum is given by:

1 −3 1 0
A=(0 3 ) and B=(2 3)
4 −1 4 1

1 −3 1 0 1 + 1 −3 + 0 2 −3
A+B = (0 3 ) + (2 3) = (0 + 2 3 + 3 ) =(2 6 )
4 −1 4 1 4 + 4 −1 + 1 8 0
Properties of Matrix Addition:
If A, B and C are matrices of the same order, then

(a) Commutative Law: A + B = B + A

(b) Associative Law: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

(c) Identity of the Matrix: A + O = O + A = A, where O is a zero matrix which is the

additive identity of the matrix,

(d) Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the
sign of every element of A, which is the additive inverse of the matrix,

1 −1 2 −1 1 −2
Given that A=(2 3 −4) then –A=(−2 −3 4 )
4 −1 1 −4 1 −1

Subtraction of Matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then we define

A−B=A+(−B).
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 3 x 2. Then, the sum is given by:

1 −3 1 −2
A=(0 3 ) and B=( 2 3)
4 −1 −4 1
1 −3 −1 2 0 −5
Then A-B=A+(-B) = (0 3 ) + (−2 −3) = (−2 0 )
4 −1 4 −1 8 −2
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If A = (aij)m×n is a matrix and k any number, then the matrix which is obtained by
multiplying the elements of A by k is called the scalar multiplication of A by k, and it is
denoted by k A, thus if A = (aij)m×n,

Consider the t matrix A, of order 3 x 2 and k any number (k=3)

1 −3
A=(0 3)
4 −1
Then, the scalar multiplication of A by 3:

1 −3 3x1 3x(−3) 3 −9
3A = 3(0 3 ) =(3x0 3x3 ) = ( 0 9)
4 −1 3x4 3x(−1) 12 −3

Properties of Scalar Multiplication:

If A and B are matrices of the same order and λ and μ are any two scalars, then,

(a) λ(A + B) = λA + λB

(b) (λ + μ)A = λA + μA

(c) λ(μA) = (λμA) = μ(λA)

(d) (-λA) = -(λA) = λ(-A)

Multiplication of a row matrix by a column matrix

Definition: Let n be a non-zero natural number.

Let A be a row matrix 1Xn and B a column matrix nX1 (so the number of
columns in À is equal to the number of rows in B).

Then the product AB is the matrix P 1×1 with one element a11 real.
b11
b21
AB = (a11, a12, a13, a1n) b31 = a11.b11 + a12.b21 + a13.b31 +… + a1n.bn1

(bn1)

Pour I =1 à n

P = ∑ a1i.bi1 so P is the dot product real.

Multiplication of a two matrices

Matrix multiplication is a fundamental operation in mathematics that
involves multiplying two or more matrices according to specific rules.
Understanding how to multiply matrices is crucial for solving various
mathematical problems.

Matrix multiplication combines two matrices to produce a new matrix,

known as the product matrix. Each element of the product matrix is
derived from the dot product of the rows of the first matrix and the columns
of the second matrix. This operation is defined only when the number of
columns in the first matrix equals the number of rows in the second matrix.
For example, if matrices A and B satisfy this condition, their product
results in a new matrix whose order is determined by the rows of A and
the columns of B. Amxn . Bnxp = (AB) mxp

Let A be a matrix mxn and B a matrix nxp (so the number of columns in A is
equal to the number of rows in B).
 A3x2

f
R3 R2
g A2x2
gof
R2
A3x2

Practical layout of the product of two matrices.

 a) Property: Noncommutativity of Matrix Multiplication

If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are matrices of orders 𝑚×𝑛 and 𝑛×𝑚, respectively, then

generally, 𝐴𝐵≠𝐵𝐴.

In other words, matrix multiplication is noncommutative.

Example 1: Calculating the Multiplication of Two Matrices in Both Directions

1 4 2 0
Given ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 ( ) find 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴.
−1 1 3 −1
Answer

In this example, we want to determine the matrix multiplication of two 2×2 matrices
in both directions.

Since both 𝐴 and 𝐵 have order 2×2,their product in either direction will have
order 2×2.Let us consider the calculation of the first entry of the matrix 𝐴𝐵.We have

2 0
B ( )
3 −1
1 4 14 −4
A( ) ( ) 𝐴𝐵
−1 1 1 −1

1 4
A( )
−1 1
2 0 2 8
B ( )( ) 𝐵𝐴 AB ≠ BA Noncommutativity.
3 −1 4 11
 b) Property: Associativity of Matrix Multiplication

Let 𝐴 be a matrix of order 𝑚×𝑛,𝐵 be a matrix of order 𝑛×𝑝,and 𝐶 be a matrix of

order 𝑝×𝑞.Then, we have (𝐴𝐵)𝐶=𝐴(𝐵𝐶).

That is to say, matrix multiplication is associative.

1 4 2 0 1 4
Given ( ) ,𝐵( ) and C( )
−1 1 3 −1 −2 1
Find (𝐴𝐵)=𝐴(𝐵𝐶).

1 4
C( )
−2 1
14 −4 22 52
𝐴𝐵 ( ) ( ) (AB)C
1 −1 3 3

1 4
C( )
−2 1
2 0 2 8
𝐵( )( ) BC
3 −1 5 11
2 8
𝐵𝐶 (
)
5 11
1 4 22 52
𝐴( )( ) A(BC)
−1 1 3 3

Then (AB)C = A(BC)

c) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition i.e

(i) A (B + C) = AB + AC

(ii) (A + B) C = AC + BC whenever both sides of equality are defined.

AB
 d) If A is an m×n matrix, then Im A = A = A In. multiplicative identity

For any square matrix A:

IA = AI = A. Where I is he identity matrix.
1 −2 1 1 0 0
A = (−1 3 0) and I = (0 1 0)
2 0 1 0 0 1

1 −2 1 1 0 0 1 −2 1
AI = (−1 3 0) . (0 1 0) = (−1 3 0)
2 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1

1 0 0 1 −2 1 1 −2 1
IA =(0 1 0) . (−1 3 0) = (−1 3 0)
0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1

e) If A is m×n matrix and O is a null matrix, then

the product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix.

1 −2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
A0 = (−1 3 0) . (0 0 0) = (0 0 0)
2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Positive Integral Powers of a Square Matrix

For any square matrix, we define

(i) A1 = A
(ii) An+1 = An. A where n ∈ N
(iii)
It is evident from this definition that
A2 = A.A A3 = A2A = (A.A) A etc.

By convention A0 = In
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
Let A= ( ) A0=( )
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
Let A= (𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 ) 0
A =(𝟎 𝟏 𝟎)
𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏