SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025

Chap 1: Solutions

Question 8. Nalorphine (𝐶19𝐻21𝑁𝑂3) ,Similar to morphine is

used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic
1. A solution containing 60 g of a non-volatile solute
users .dose of nalorphine generally given is 1.5 mg
in 250 g of water freezes at 270.67 K. Calculate
.Calculate the mass of 1.5 × 10−3 in aqueous
the molar mass of the solute.
solution required for the above dose
(𝐾𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.86 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1)
9. Derive an equation to express that relative lowering
2. A 6% solution of glucose (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 180 𝑔
of vapour pressure for a solution is equal to the
𝑚𝑜𝑙−1) is isotonic with 2.5% solution of an
mole fraction of the solute in it when the solvent
unknown organic substance. Calculate the
alone is volatile.
molecular weight of the unknown organic
substance.
10. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride
solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a
3. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by
solution containing
a solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on the
(i) 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that
(ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution?
develop in the solution.
11. Non-ideal solutions exhibit either positive or
4. Give reasons for the following : (a) Measurement of
negative deviations from Raoult’s law. What are
osmotic pressure method is preferred for the
these deviations and why are they caused? explain
determination of molar masses of macromolecules
with one example for each type.
such as proteins and polymers. (b) Elevation of
boiling point of 1 M KC1 solution is nearly double
12. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (𝐶9𝐻8𝑂4)
than that of 1 M sugar solution.
in acetonitrile (𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑁) when 6.5 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶9𝐻8𝑂4 is
dissolved in 450 g of 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑁.
5. 51. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium
chloride solution. What happens if we place blood 13. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of
cells in a solution containing (i) 1.2% sodium ethylene glycol, 𝐶2𝐻4(𝑂𝐻)2 and 200 g of water
chloride solution? (ii) 0.4% sodium chloride Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density
solution? of the solution is 1.072 g 𝑚𝐿−1, then what shall be
the molarity of the solution?
6. Define the following term: Mole fraction
14. Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in
7. Some liquids on mixing form ‘azeotropes’. What are benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105mm hg. Calculate
‘azeotropes’? the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under
OR 760 mm Hg.
Define the following term: Azeotrope

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15. What is van’t Hoff factor? What types of values can 23. Define molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic
it have if in forming the solution the solute constant
molecules undergo
(i) van’t Hoff factor (i) > 1 for solutes undergoing 24. 𝐻2𝑆, a toxic gas with rotten egg-like smell, is
dissociation used for qualitative analysis. If the solubility of𝐻2𝑆
(ii) van’t Hoff factor (i) < 1 for solutes undergoing in water a STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law
association constant.

16. Give Reason: 25. (i) Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one
Aquatic Species are more comfortable in cold water has a higher boiling point and why?
than warm water (ii) What happens when the external pressure applied
If 𝑁2 gas is bubbled through water at 293 K ,how many becomes more than the osmotic pressure of
millimoles of nitrogen gas would dissolve in 1 litres solution?
of water .Assume that nitrogen exert a partial 26. Calculate the mass of Ascorbic acid(Vitamin C ,
pressure of 0.987 bar .Given the Henry’s law 𝐶6𝐻8𝑂6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to
constant for nitrogen at 293 K is 76.48k lower its melting point by 1.5 ℃ 𝐾𝑓 = 3.9𝐾𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−1

27. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of

17. Some ethylene glycol, HOCH2CH2OH, is added to water when 10 g of 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐼𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is added
your car’s cooling system along with 5 kg of water. to 250 g of water; 𝐾𝑎 = 1.4 × 10−3, 𝐾𝑓 =
If the freezing point of water – glycol solution is - 1.86𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1.
15.00C, what is the boiling point of the solution?
(Kb = 0.52 K kg mol-1 and Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1).
28. (a) State Henry's law and mention its two
applications.
18. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373
(b) 5% aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute was
K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
made and its vapour pressure at 373 K was found to
components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa,
be 745 mm. Vapour pressure of pure water at this
respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a
temperature was 760 mm. Calculate the molar
mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35.0 g of octane?
mass of solute.

19. Henry’s law constant for 𝐶𝑂2 in water is 1.67 ×

29. A 10 % solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a
108𝑃𝑎 at 298 K .Calculate the quantity of 𝐶𝑂2 in
freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing
500 ml of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm
point of 10 % glucose in water if the freezing point
𝐶𝑂2 pressure at 298 K
of pure water is 273.15 K Molar mass of sucrose
=342 g𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 molar mass of Glucose =180 g𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
20. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows
the formation of minimum boiling azeotropes?
30. At 300 K , 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its
solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar .If the
21. Calculate the freezing point depression expected
osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the
for 0.0711 m aqueous solution of 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4. If this
same temperature , what would be its
solution actually freezes at – 0.320𝑜C, what would
concentration?
be the value of van’t Hoff factor?
(𝐾𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 1.86 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1).
31. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law?
22. State Raoult’s law for the solution containing
Give an example.
volatile components.

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32. Nisha took two aqueous solutions - one containing added to 500 g of water to lower its freezing point
7.5 g of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol) and the other by 2K , assuming 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 is completely dissociated
containing 42.75 g of substance Z in 100 g of water, .(𝐾𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.86 𝐾 𝐾𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
respectively. It was observed that both the
solutions froze at the same temperature. Calculate 34. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has
the molar mass of Z. freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing
point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of
pure water is 273.15 K. (Given : Molar mass of
33. Calculate the amount of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 (Molar masss=-111 sucrose = 342 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1molar mass of glucose = 180
g𝑚𝑜𝑙−1) which must be added to 500 g of water to g 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1)

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 2: Electrochemistry

Question 8. How would you determine the standard electrode

potential of the system 𝑀𝑔2+|𝑀𝑔?
1. Calculate emf of the following cell at 25℃:
𝑆𝑛/ 9. Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in
𝑆𝑛2+(0.001 𝑀)||𝐻+(0.01𝑀)|𝐻2(𝑔)(1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)|𝑃𝑡(𝑠) contact with solution whose pH is 10
[ Given : 𝐸𝑍𝑛
0 2+
/𝑆𝑛 = −0.14𝑉, 𝐸(𝐻 + /𝐻2) =
0
10. Name the type of cell which was used in Apollo
0.00 𝑉, log 10 − 1]
space programme.
2. Define the following terms:
11. Define: Fuel cell
(a) Faraday’s second law of electrolysis
(b) Corrosion
12. A volatile cell is set up at 25 ℃ with the following
3. A zinc rod is dipped in 0.1 M solution of 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4. half cell ;𝐴𝑙/𝐴𝑙+3 (0.0091 M) and 𝑁𝑖/𝑁𝑖+2(0.50 M)
.Calculate the cell voltage .(𝐸𝑁𝑖 /𝑁𝑖 =
𝜊 +2
The salt is 95% dissociated at this dilution at 298
K. Calculate the electrode potential. −0.25 𝑉 , 𝐸𝐴𝑙𝜊 +2 /𝐴𝑙 = −1.66 𝑉)
[𝐸°𝑍𝑛2+ = −0.76 𝑉
𝑍𝑛 13. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction :
𝐶𝑢(𝑠) + 2𝐴𝑔+(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑢+2 + 2𝐴𝑔(𝑠) Given 𝐸𝜊𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =
4. Calculate the degree of dissociation (𝛼) of acetic
0.46 𝑉
acid if its molar conductivity
(𝐴𝑚) 𝑖𝑠 39.05 𝑆𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1. 14. Give two points of differences between
(𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∶ 𝜆°(𝐻+) = 349.68 𝑆𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 electrochemical and electrolytic cells.
𝜆 °(𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂−) = 40.9 𝑆𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
15. Calculate e.m.f of the following cell at 298 K 2
5. The conductivity of 0.001 M acetic acid is 4 ×
𝐶𝑟(𝑠) + 3𝐹𝑒+2(0.1𝑀) → 2𝐶𝑟+3(0.01𝑀) + 3𝐹𝑒(𝑠)
10−5S/cm. Calculate the dissociation constant of 𝐸𝜊 =-0.74 V , 𝐸𝜊 = −0.44 𝑉
𝐶𝑟+3/𝐶𝑟 𝐹𝑒+2/𝐹𝑒
acetic acid, if molar conductivity at infinite dilution
for acetic acid is 390 S 𝑐𝑚2/mol.
16. If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a metallic
wire for two hours, then how many electrons flow
through the wire?
6. Express the relation among cell constant, resistance
of the solution in the cell and conductivity of the
17. Three electrolytic cells A, B and C containing
solution. How is molar conductivity of a solution
electrolytes 𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4, 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4
related to its conductivity?
respectively were connected in series. A steady
current of 1.50 ampere was passed through them
7. Why on dilution the 𝚲𝑚of 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 increases
until 1.45 g of Ag were deposited at the cathode of
drastically while that of 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 increases
cell B. How long did the current flow ? what mass of
gradually?

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 copper and zinc were deposited? (At. Wts. Of 𝐶𝑢 = 26. Define the term degree of dissociation. Write an
63.5, 𝑍𝑛 = 65.3, 𝐴𝑔 = 108) expression that relates the molar conductivity of a
weak electrolyte to its degree of dissociation.

18. The conductivity of 10−3𝑀𝑜𝑙𝐿−1 solution of 27. calculate ∆𝑟𝐺0 and log 𝐾𝑐 for the following cell:
𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is 4.1 × 10−5𝑆𝑐𝑚−1.Calculate its degree 𝑁𝑖(𝑠) + 2𝐴𝑔+(𝑎𝑞 ) → 2𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞)
2+ + 2𝐴𝑔
(𝑠) Given that
of dissociation ,if for acetic acid at 25℃is 390.5 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
0 = 1.05𝑉. 1F= 96,500 𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
𝑆𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
28. Calculate the e.m.f of the following cell at 298 K :
𝐹𝑒(𝑠)|𝐹𝑒2+(0.001 𝑀)||𝐻+(0.01𝑀)|𝐻2(𝑔)(1 𝑏𝑎𝑟)|
19. Write the Nernst equation and the emf of the
Given that 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
0 = +0.44 𝑉[𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = 0.3010. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3 =
following cells at 298 K:
0.4771, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 10 = 1]
𝑀𝑔(𝑠)|𝑀𝑔2+(0.001 𝑀) ∥ 𝐶𝑢2+(0.0001 𝑀)|𝐶𝑢(𝑠)
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝐸𝑀𝑔0 2+
/𝑀𝑔 = −2.37 𝑉, 𝐸𝐶𝑢 2+ /𝐶𝑢 = +0.34 𝑉
0
29. The conductivity of 0.001 M acetic acid is 7.8
× 10−5 𝑆 𝑐𝑚−1 Calculate its degree of dissociation
20. State Faraday’s laws of electrolyte .How much if ∧0𝑚 for acetic acid is 390 S 𝑐𝑚2𝑚𝑜𝑙−1.
charge in terms of Faraday is required for reduction
of 1 mol of 𝐶𝑟2𝑂72− to 𝐶𝑟3+?
30. In a plot of ∧𝑚 against the square root of
21. Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode concentration (𝐶1/2) for strong and weak
when a current of 2 amperes was passed through a electrolyte, the value of limiting molar conductivity
solution of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 for 15 minutes. of a weak electrolyte cannot be obtained
graphically. Suggest a way to obtain this value. Also
state the related law, if any.
22. A voltaic cell is set up at 250𝐶 with the following
half cells:
𝐴𝑙/𝐴𝑙3+(0.001 𝑀)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝑖/𝑁𝑖2+(0.50 𝑀) 31. 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 are two electrolytes. On dilution molar
Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when conductivity of 'X' increases 2.5 times while that Y
the cell generates an electric current and determine increases 25 times. Which of the two is a weak
the cell potential. electrolyte and why?

23. Calculate e.m.f and ∆𝐺 for the following cell at 298 32.(a) Molar conductivity of substance ‘A’ is 5.9 x 103
K: S/m and ‘B’ is 1 x 10-16 S/m. Which of the two is
𝑀𝑔(𝑠)|𝑀𝑔2+(0.01 𝑀) ∥ 𝐴𝑔+(0.0001 𝑀)|𝐴𝑔(𝑠) most likely to be copper metal and why?
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝐸𝑀𝑔
0 2+
/𝑀𝑔 = −2.37 𝑉, 𝐸𝐴𝑔2+ /𝐴𝑔 = +0.80 𝑉
0
(b) What is the quantity of electricity in Coulombs
required to produce 4.8 g of Mg from molten
24. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K: MgCl2? How much Ca will be produced if the same
Fe | Fe2 (0.01M ) || H  | H (1 bar), Pt amount of electricity was passed through molten
(s) (1M ) 2( g ) (s )
CaCl2? (Atomic mass of Mg = 24 u, atomic mass of
Given E0cell  0.44V .
Ca = 40 u).
(c) What is the standard free energy change for the
25. Write the Nernst equation and calculate the emf of following reaction at room temperature? Is the
the following cell at 298 K; reaction spontaneous?
𝑍𝑛 | 𝑍𝑛2+( 0.001 𝑀)|| 𝐻+( 0.01 𝑀)| 𝐻2(𝑔)( 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟|) 𝑃𝑡(𝑠) Sn  2Cu2  Sn2  2Cu
(s) (aq ) (aq ) (s)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ∶ 𝐸𝑍𝑛
0 +
/𝑍𝑛 −= 0.76 𝑉, 𝐸𝐻+ /𝐻2 = 0.00𝑉,
0

33. Conductivity of 2 x 10 M methanoic acid is 8 x 10-5

-3

S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity and degree

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 of dissociation if 0m for methanoic acid is 404 S cm2 were deposited at the cathode of cell B. How long
did the current flow ? What mass of 𝑍𝑛 was
mol-1.
deposited at cathode of cell A? [Atomic mass; Cu =
34. When a steady current of 2A was passed through
63.5 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 Zn = 65 g 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1; 1F = 96500 C 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1]
two electrolytic cells A and B containing electrolytes
𝑍𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑈𝑆𝑂4 connected in series, 2 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 3: Chemical Kinetics

Question (b) A first order reaction takes 25 minutes for 25%

decomposition. Calculate t1/
1. A first order reaction has a rate constant [Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
1.25 × 10−3 𝑠−1. How long will 5 g of this [2020]
reactant take to reduce to 2.5 g? 6. (i) A reaction is first order in A and second order in
[log 2 = 0.301, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021] B.
(a) Write differential rate equation.
2. The rate of a gaseous reaction triples when (b) How is rate affected when concentration of B is
temperature is increased from 17°C to 27°C. tripled?
Calculate the energy of activation for this reaction. (c) How is rate affected when concentration of both A
[Given : 2.303 R = 19.15 J 𝐾−1𝑚𝑜𝑙−1 ,log 3 = 0.48] and B is doubled?
(ii) What is molecularity of a reaction?
3. Define the specific rate of reaction.
7. For a first order reaction, show that time required
4. Following data were obtained for the given for 99% completion is twice the time required for
the completion of 90% of reaction.
reaction: X  Y Product
8. The decomposition of 𝑁𝐻3 on platinum surface is
Exp [X]/M [Y]/M Initial Rate M zero order reaction. If rate constant (𝑘) 𝑖𝑠 4 ×
min-1 10−3 𝑀 𝑠−1, how long will it take to reduce the
1 0.1 M 0.2M 0.05 initial concentration of 𝑁𝐻3 from
2 0.2 M 0.2 M 0.10 0.1 𝑀 𝑡𝑜 0.064 𝑀 ?
3 0.1 M 0.1 M 0.05
9. In a pseudo first order hyrolysis of ester in water,
(i) Find the order of reaction with respect to X and y.
the following results are obtained:
(ii) Write the rate law expression.
T in seconds 0 30 60 90
(iii) Find the rate constant.
[Ester]M 0.55 0.31 0.17 0.085

5. (a) Visha plotted a graph between concentration of (i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the
R and time for a reaction R  P . On the basis of time interval 30 to 60 seconds.
this graph answer the following questions: (ii) Calculate the pseudo first order rate constant for
the hydrolysis of ester.

10. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60

𝑠−1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial
concentration of the reactant to its 1/10𝑡ℎ value?

(i) Predict the order of reaction. 11. For the reaction

(ii) What does the slope of the line indicate? 2𝑁2𝑂5(𝑔) → 4𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) ,
(iii) What are the units of rate constant?

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The rate of formation of 𝑁𝑂2 (g) is 2.8 × (ii) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the
10−3𝑀𝑠−1.Calculate the rate of disappearance of time interval 30 to 60 seconds. (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 =
𝑁2𝑂5(𝑔). 0.3010, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 = 0.6021)

12. For the reaction 𝑅 → 𝑃 ,the concentration of a 17. A first order reaction takes 23.1 minutes for 50%
reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 completion. Calculate the time required for 75 5
minutes . Calculate the average rate of reaction completion of this reaction .(log 2=0.301 , log 3
using units of time both in minutes and seconds . =0.4771 , log 4=0.6021)

13. Nitrogen pentoxide decomposes according to 18. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60
equation: 𝑠−1. How much time will it take to reduce the initial
2𝑁2𝑂5(𝑔) → 4𝑁𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) concentratiuon of the reactant to its 1/16th value?
The first order reaction was allowed to proceed at
400𝐶 and the data below were collected : 19. The following data were obtained during the first
[𝑁2𝑂5](𝑀) Time (min) order thermal decomposition of 𝑁2𝑂5(𝑔) at a
constant volume:
0.400 0.00 2𝑁2𝑂5(𝑔) → 2𝑁2𝑂4(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔)
0.289 20.0 S. No. Time /s Total Pressure/atm
0.209 40.0
0.151 60.0 1 0 0.5
0.109 80.0 2 100 0.512

(a) Calculate the rate constant, Include units with your Calculate the rate constant .
answer. 20. Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose
(b) What will be the concentration of 𝑁2𝑂5 after 100 and fructose according to the first order rate law
minutes? with 𝑡1/2 = 3.00 hours. What fraction of the
(c) Calculate the initial rate of reaction. sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours?
21. A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30 %
14. For the reaction 𝑅 → 𝑃 ,the rate of reaction decomposition. Calculate 𝑡1/2.
becomes twenty seven times when the
concentration of A is increased three times what is 22. How will the rate of the reaction be affected when
the order of the reaction? (a) surface area of the reactant is reduced,
(b) catalyst is added in a reversible reaction, and
15. For the reaction 2𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐴2𝐵, rate = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵]2 (c) temperature of the reaction is increased?
with 𝑘 = 2.0 × 10−6𝑚𝑜𝑙−2𝐿2𝑠−1. Calculate the
initial rate of the reaction when [A] = 0.1 23. For a first order reaction, show that time required
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝐵] = 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1. Calculate the rate for 99% completion is twice the time required for
of reaction after [A] is reduced to 0.06 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 the completion of 90% of reaction.

24. The rate constant for the first order decomposition

16. For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous of 𝑁2𝑂5 is given by the following equation: 𝑘 =
solution, the following results were obtained: (2.5 × 1014𝑠−1) 𝑒(25000𝐾))/𝑇 Calculate 𝐸𝑎for this
t/s 0 30 60 reaction and rate constant if its half-life period be
300 minutes.
[𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶𝐻3] 0.60 0.30 0.15
/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐿−1 25. The rate of a reaction becomes four times when the
(i) Show that it follows pseudo first order reaction, as temperature changes from 293 𝐾 𝑡𝑜 313 𝐾.
the concentration of water remains constant. Calculate the energy of activation (𝐸𝑎) of the
reaction assuming that it does not change with
temperature.

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[R = 8.314 J𝐾−1𝑚𝑜𝑙−1, log 4 = 0.6021] 28. For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous
solution, the following results were obtained:
26. A first order reaction is 50% completed in 40 t/s 0 30 60
minutes at 300 K and in 20 minutes at
320 K. Calculate the activation energy of the reaction. [CH3COOCH3]/mol 0.60 0.30 0.15
(Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021, R = 8.314 J L-1
𝐾−1𝑚𝑜𝑙−1)
(i) Show that it follows pseudo first order reaction, as
27. (a) A first order reaction is 25% complete in 40 the concentration of water remains constant.
minutes. Calculate the value of rate constant. In (ii) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the
what time will the reaction be 80% completed? time interval 30 to 60 seconds.
(b) Define order of reaction. Write the condition under (Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021)
which a bimolecular reaction follows first order
kinetics.

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 4: d-and f-Block Elements

Question
1. Why do transition metals have high enthalpy of (i) Na2Cr2O7 from Na2CrO4
atomization? Which element of 3d-series has
lowest enthalpy of atomization?
(ii) K2MnO4 from MnO2
2. What is lanthanoid contraction? Actinoid
contraction is greater from element to element 10. Give reasons :
than lanthanoid contraction. Why? (i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with
oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest
3. Complete the following equation: oxidation state of +4.
4  4H 
 (ii) Transition metals show variable oxidation states.
3MnO2
[2020, 2019C 1/3, Foreign 2015]
11. Assign reason for the following: Copper (I) ion is
4. Complete the following equation:
not known in aqueous solution.
2MnO4  6H   5NO2 
MnO4  8H   5e  12. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Transition metals form alloys.
5. Orange colour of Cr2O72 ion changes to yellow (ii) 𝑀𝑛2𝑂3is basic whereas 𝑀𝑛2𝑂7 is acidic.

when treated with an alkali. Why?

13. 27. How would you account for the following?
6. Complete the following chemical equation: (i) Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation
states.
SO2  MnO4  H 2O 
(ii) Transition metals and their compounds act
7. Account for the following: as catalyst.
Zr and Hf have almost similar atomic radii.
14. How would you account for the following?
8. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is
(i) With the same d-orbital configuration
well known to exhibit +2 oxidation state. (𝑑4) 𝐶𝑟2+ is a reducing agent while 𝑀𝑛3+is an
9. (a) Give reasons: oxidising agent.
(ii) Most of the transition metal ions exhibit
(i) Transition metals and their compounds
characteristic colours in aqueous solutions.
show catalytic activities.
(ii) Separation of a mixture of Lanthanoid 15. Assign reasons for each of the following :
elements is difficult. (i) Transition metals generally form coloured
(iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have low compounds.
melting points. (ii) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation
state of +7 among the 3rd series of transition
(b) Write the preparation of the following: elements.

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16. What are alloys? Name an important alloy which 22. Give reasons for the following:
contains some of the lantanoid metals. Mention its (a) Transition metals have high enthalpies of
uses. atomization.
(b) Among the lanthanoids, Ce(III) is esily
17. Why do transition elements exhibit higher oxidized to Ce(IV).
enthalpies of atomization? (c) 𝐹𝑒3+|𝐹𝑒2+ redox couple has less positive
electrode potential then 𝑀𝑛3+|𝑀𝑛2+ couple.
(d) Copper (I) has 𝑑10 configuration, while
18. Account for the following: copper (II) has 𝑑9 configuration, still copper
i) Transition metals show variable (II) is more stable in aqueous solution than
oxidation states. copper (I).
ii) Zn , Cd and Hg are soft metals. (e) The second and thirdtransition series
elements have almost similar atomic radii.
23. (a) Assign reasons for the following:
19. The elements of 3d transition series are given as: (i) In the series Sc(𝑍 = 21) 𝑡𝑜 𝑍𝑛(𝑍 = 30),
𝑆𝑐 𝑇𝑖 𝑉 𝐶𝑟 𝑀𝑛 𝐹𝑒 𝐶𝑜 𝑁𝑖 𝐶𝑢 𝑍𝑛 the enthalpy of atomisation of Zn is the lowest.
Answer the following: (ii) Zr and Hf have almost identical radii.
(a) Copper has exceptionally positive (iii) Transition metals show variable oxidation
𝐸𝑀𝑜 2+
/𝑀 value. Why? states.
(b) Which element is a strong reducing agent in (iv) The 𝐸𝑀𝑜 2+ /𝑀 value for copper is positive
+2 oxidation state and why? (+0.34 𝑉).
(c) 𝑍𝑛2+ salts are colourless. Why? (b) Although +3 oxidation state is the
characteristic oxidation state of lanthanoids
20. Assign reasons for the following: but cerium shows +4 oxidation state also.
(i) The second and third rows of transition Why?
elements resemble each other much more
than they resemble the first row. 24. Calculate the spin-only moment of 𝐶𝑜2+(𝑍 = 27)
(ii) 𝐾2[𝑃𝑡𝐶𝐼6] is a well – known compound by writing the electronic configuration of Co and
whereas the corresponding Ni compound is 𝐶𝑜2+.
not known.
25. Give reason and select one atom/ion which will
(iii) In transition series, with an increase in
exhibit asked property:
atomic number, the atomic radius does not
(i) 𝑆𝑐3+ or 𝐶𝑟3+ (exhibit diamagnetic behaviour)
change very much. (ii) 𝐶𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑢 (high melting and boiling point)

21. (a) Complete the following chemical reaction

equations: 26. (i) Which ion amongst the following is colourless
(i) 𝑀𝑛𝑂−(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶2𝑂2−(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻+(𝑎𝑞) → and why?
4 4
(ii) 𝐶𝑟 𝑂2−(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐹𝑒2+(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻+(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑇𝑖4+, 𝐶𝑟3+, 𝑉3+,
2 7
(b) (i) 𝑀𝑛2+ is much more resistant than 𝐹𝑒2+ (Atomic number of 𝑇𝑖 = 22, 𝐶𝑟 = 24, 𝑉 =
23)
towards oxidation.
(ii) Why is 𝑀𝑛2+ much more resistant than
(ii) Many of the transition elements are known 𝐹𝑒2+ towards oxidation?
to form interstitial compounds. (iii) Highest oxidation state of a metal is shown
(iii) Among lanthanoids, Ln (III) compounds are in its oxide or fluoride only. Justify the
predominant. However, occasionally in statement.
solutions or in solid compounds, +2 and +4
ions are also obtained.

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27. (i) Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals in its 30. Define transition metals. Why Zn, Cd and Hg are
ground state, it is still considered to be a transition not called transition metals? How is the variability
element. Justify the statement. in oxidation states of transition metals different
(ii) Why are 𝐸𝑀0 2+
/𝑀 values of 𝑀𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑛
from that of p-block elements?
more negative than expected?
(iii) Why do transition metals form alloys? 31. (a) Write any two consequences of lanthanoid
contraction.

28. Give reasons for the following statements: (b) Name the element of 3𝑑 series which
(a) Copper does not displace hydrogen from exhibits the largest number of oxidation
acids. states. Give reason.
(b) Transition metals and most of their
compounds show paramagnetic behaviour.
(c) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.

29. (i) Why are melting points of transition metals

high?
(ii) Why the transition metals generally form
coloured compounds?
(iii) Why 𝐸° value for 𝑀𝑛3+/𝑀𝑛2+couple is
highly positive?

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 5: Coordination Compound
8. Draw one of the geometrical isomers of the
Questions
complex [Pt(en) 2Cl 2]2 which is optically active.

1. Write IUPAC names of the following coordination Ans. Cis – isomer of the complex [Pt(en) Cl
2
]22
compounds (any three) is optically active.
(a) 𝐾3[𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6]
(b) [𝑃𝑡(𝑒𝑛)2𝐶𝑙2]2+ 9. Draw the geometrical isomers of complex
(c) [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)4𝐶𝑙(𝑂𝑁𝑂)]𝐶𝑙 [Pt(NH3 )2 Cl2 ] .
(d) [𝑍𝑛(𝑂𝐻)4]2−
10. Write the coordination number and oxidation
2. (a) Draw the geometrical isomers of the given state of platinum in the complex [𝑃𝑡(𝑒𝑛)2𝐶𝐼2].
complex: [𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3)2𝐶𝑙2]2+
(b) write the electronic configuration of 𝑑5 ion if 11. Using IUPAC norms write the formulae for the
∆𝑜< 𝑃. following:
(c) what is an ambidentate ligand? (i) Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III) chloride
(ii) Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II)
3. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is
mixed with AgNO3, 2 moles of AgCl are 12. (i) Write down the 𝐼𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 name of the following
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write complex : [𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3)2𝐶𝐼2(𝑒𝑛)](𝑒𝑛 =
structural formula of the complex. 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒)
(ii)Write the formula for the following
4. Which of the following is more stable complex complex: pentaamminenitrito –O- cobalt(III).
and why?
[Co(NH 3) 6]3 and [Co(en) 3]3 13. Giving a suitable example for each, explain the
following:
 (i) Crystal field splitting
5. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is
(ii) linkage isomerism
mixed with AgNO3, 2 moles of AgCl are
(iii) Ambidentate ligand
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write
IUPAC name of the complex. 2+
14. A solution of 𝑁𝑖(𝐻2𝑂)6 is green but a solution
of [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑁)4]2− is colourless. Explain.
6. What type of isomerism is exhibited by the
complex [Co(NH3 )5 Cl]SO4 ?
15. 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4. 5𝐻2𝑂 is blue in colour while 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑂4 is
OR colourless. Why?
What type of isomerism is exhibited by the
following complex: [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Cl 16. [𝐹𝑒(𝐻2𝑂)6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic whereas
[𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6]3− is weakly paramagnetic. Explain.
7. What type of isomerism is shown by the complex
17. Write the IUPAC name of the ionisation isomer of
[Co(en) 2Cl 2] ? Name the structure of an isomer
the coordination compound [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)5𝐵𝑟]𝑆𝑂4
of this complex which is optically active.

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 .Give one chemical test to distinguish between 26. The two complexes of nickel , [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑁)4)2− and
the two compounds. 𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4 , have different structures but possess
same magnetic behaviour .Explain.
18. Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the
square planar [𝑃𝑡(𝐶𝑁)4]2− ion. 27. Give reasons:
(i) The 𝜋 −
19. Write the name, the structure and the magnetic 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦.
behavior of each one of the following complexes: (ii) [𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6]4− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [𝐹𝑒(𝐻2𝑂)6]3+ are of
(i) [𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3)2𝐶𝐼(𝑁𝑂2)] different colours in dilute solutions.
(ii) [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻)3]4𝐶𝐼
(iii) 𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4 28. i) On the basis of crystal field theory, write the
(At. Nos. 𝐶𝑜 = 27, 𝑁𝑖 = 28, 𝑃𝑡 = 78) electronic configuration (E.C) for 𝑑4 ion if Δ𝜊 < 𝑃.
ii) Write the hybridisation and magnetic
20. i) Write down IUPAC name of the following behaviour of the complex [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4] .(At no.
complex [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)5𝑁𝑂2)]𝑁𝑂3)2 of Ni =28)
ii) Write the formula for the following
complex . Potassium tetracyanidonickelate(II) 29. a) Why is [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑙)4)2− paramagnetic while,
[𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑁)4)2− is diamagnetic?
21. Write the IUPAC names of the following b) Why are low spin tetrahedral complexes
coordination compounds: rarely observed?
(i) [𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3)2𝐶𝐼(𝑁𝑂2)] (ii)
𝐾3[𝐶𝑟(𝐶2𝑂4)3] 30. Explain [𝐶𝑜((𝑁𝐻3)6]3+ is an inner orbital
(iii) [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)5(𝐶𝑂3)]𝐶𝐼 complex whereas [𝑁𝑖((𝑁𝐻3)6]2+ is an outer
orbital complex?
22. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the
following: 31. Write the IUPAC name of the following:
(i) Tetrabromidocuprate (II) (i) [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)6]𝐶𝐼3 (ii) [𝑁𝑖𝐶𝐼4]2−
(ii) Pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt (III) (iii) 𝐾3[𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6]
(iii) Pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt (III) 32. Write 𝑙𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 name of the complex
[𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝐻3)4𝐶𝐼2]+.
23. Using IUPAC norms, write the systematic names Draw structures of geometrical isomers for
of the following: this complex.
(i) [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)6]𝐶𝐼3 (ii)
33. (i) Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of
[𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)4𝐶𝐼(𝑁𝑂2)]𝐶𝐼
the complex[𝐹𝑒𝐹6]3−. (Atomic number of 𝐹𝑒 =
(iii) [𝑁𝑖(𝑁𝐻3)6]𝐶𝐼2
26)
(ii) Write the 𝑙𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 name of the given
24. Explain on the basis of valence bond theory that
complex:
[𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑁)4]2− ion with square planar structure is [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3𝐶𝐼)5]𝐶𝐼2
diamagnetic and the [𝑁𝑖𝐶𝐼4]2− ion with (i) Why is the complex [𝐶𝑜(𝑒𝑛)3]3+ more
tetrahedral geometry is paramagnetic. stable than [𝐶𝑜𝐹6]3− ?

25. Using crystal field theory, draw energy level 34. (a) Using valence bond theory, predict the
diagram, write electronic configuration of the hybridization and magnetic character of the
central metal atom/ion and determine the complex: [𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4) (Atomic number: 𝑁𝑖 = 28)
magnetic moment value in the following: (b) Write 𝑙𝑈𝑃𝐴𝐶 name of
[𝐶𝑜𝐹6]3−, [𝐶𝑜(𝐻2𝑂)6]3−, [𝐶𝑜(𝐶𝑁)6]3− [𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3)22𝐶𝑙(𝑁𝑂2)].
(c) Why [𝐶𝑜(𝑒𝑛)3]3+ is a more stable complex
than [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)6]3+ ?

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Questions 7. (a) Identify the major product formed when 2-

cyclohexylchloroethane undergoes a
1. Which of the following compounds will react more dehydrohalogenation reaction. Name the reagent
rapidly by 𝑆𝑁1 reaction and why? which is used to carry out the reaction.
(a) (b) Why are haloalkanes more reactive towards
nucleophilic substitution reactions than
haloarenes and vinylic halides?
OR
(a) Name the possible alkenes which will yield 1-
chloro-1-methylcyclohexane on their reaction
(b) Arrange the following compounds in the with HCl. Write the reactions involved.
increasing order of their boiling points : (b) Allyl chloride is hydrolysed more readily than
Bromoform, Dibromomethane, n-propyl chloride. Why? [2022 – 23]
Chloromethane, Bromomethane
8. (i) Write the structure of major alkene formed by
2. Account for the following:  -elimination of 2, 2, 3-trimethyl-3-
(a) Haloalkanes react with NaCN to form both
bromopentane with sodium ethoxide in ethanol.
cyanides and isocyanides.
(ii) Which one of the compounds in the following
(b) Haloarenes do not undergo nucleophilic
pairs is chiral?
substitution reaction easily.
(iii) Identify (A) and (B) in the following:
(c) Benzyl chloride gives 𝑆𝑁1 reaction.
[2020]
3. Why is t-butyl bromide more reactive towards SN1
reaction as compared to n-butyl bromide?

4. Write equation for preparation of 1-iodobutane

from 1-chlorobutane.

5. Write the structure of the major product in each of

the following reactions: 9. Give the IUPAC names of the following
compounds:

6. The following haloalkanes are hydrolysed in

10. What happens when 𝐶𝐻3 Br is treated with KCN?
presence of aq. KOH:
11. Give reasons:
(i) 2-Chlorobutane
(ii) 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane
Which of the above is most likely to give a
racemic mixture? Justify your answer.

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12.

19. Give reasons for the following:

(i) Haloalkanes easily dissolve dissolve in organic
solvents.
13. How the following conversions can be carried out? (ii) Halogen compounds used in industry as
(i) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol solvents are alkyl chlorides rather than bromides
(ii) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane and iodides.
(iii) Aniline to phenylisocyanide
20. How the following conversions can be carried out?
(i) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid
14. Give reasons for the following: (ii) Ethanol to propaneitrile
(i) p-nitrochlorobenzene undergoes nucleophilic (iii) Aniline to chlorobenzene
substitution faster than chlorobenzene. Explain
giving the resonating structures as well. 21. Which one of the following compounds is more
(ii) Iodoform is obtained by reaction of acetone easily hydrolysed by KOH and why?
with hypoiodite ion but not iodide ion. 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐼𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐼

15. Write the IUPAC name of the following compound: 22. Which compound in each of the following pairs will
react faster in 𝑆𝑁 2 reaction with 𝑂𝐻−?
(i) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐵𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐻3 𝐼
(ii) (𝐶𝐻3)3 𝐶𝐶𝐼 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐼

23. Write the structure of the major organic product in

16. Explain the following: each of the following reactions:
(i) Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl
cyanides as main product while 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑁 forms
isocyanides as the major product.
(ii) Neopentyl bromide undergoes nucleophilic
substitution reaction very slowly.
(iii) the treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous 24. Write the structure of the major organic
KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in product in each of the following reactions:
presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are the major
products.

17. Primary alkyl halide (A) 𝐶4𝐻9𝐵𝑟 reacted with

alcoholic KOH to give compound (B). Compound
(B) is reacted with HBr to give (C) which is an
isomer of (A) . when (A) was reacted with Na 25. How will you bring about the following
metal, it gave a compound 𝐶8𝐻18 that was conversions?
different than the compound when n-butyl (i) n-Propyl chloride to iso-propyl chloride
bromide was reacted with sodium. Give the (ii) Iso-propyl chloride to n-propyl chloride
structural formula of (A) and write the equation for (iii) Methyl bromide to acetone
all the reactions.
18. Write IUPAC name of the following:

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26. Predict the order of reactivity of the following
compounds in 𝑆𝑁1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑁2 reactions:
(i) The four isomeric bromobutanes
(ii) 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2 𝐵𝑟, 𝐶6𝐻5 𝐶𝐻 (𝐶6𝐻5)𝐵𝑟,
𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻3)𝐵𝑟, 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶(𝐶𝐻3)(𝐶6𝐻5)𝐵𝑟

27. In the following pairs of halogen compounds,

which compound undergoes faster 𝑆𝑁1 reaction?

30. Compound ‘A’ with molecular formula 𝐶4𝐻9𝐵𝑟 is

treated with aq. KOH solution. The rate of this
28. Give reasons for the following observations:
reaction depends upon the concentration of the
(i) Haloarenes are less reactive than haloalkanes
compound ‘A’ only. When another optically active
towards nucleophillic substitution reaction.
isomer ‘B’ of this compound was treated with aq.
(ii) The treatment of alkyl chloride with aqueous KOH
KOH solution, the rate of reaction was found to be
leads to the formation of alcohol but in the presence
dependent on concentration of compound and
of alcoholic KOH, alkene is the major product.
KOH both.
(i) Write down the structural formula of both
29. Which alkyl halide from the following pairs would
compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’ .
you expect to react more rapidly by an 𝑆𝑁2
(ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be
mechanism? Explain your answer.
converted to the product with inverted
configuration.

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Questions (b) Ethanol and dimethyl ether

(c) 1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol

1. Give the structure of the major product expected 8. Write the equations for the following reactions:
from the following reactions : (a) Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride
(a) Reaction of ethanal with methyl magnesium
bromide followed by hydrolysis. in the presence of conc. H2SO4.
(b) Hydration of but-1 ene in the presence of dilute (b) tert-Butyl chloride is treated with sodium
sulphuric acid.
(c) Reaction of phenol with bromine water. ethoxide.
(c) Phenol is treated with chloroform in the
2. Write chemical equations for the following
reactions (Do any three): presence of NaOH.
(a) Hydroboration - oxidation reaction 9. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound:
(b) Williamson synthesis
(c) Friedel-Crafts alkylation of anisole
(d) Reimer-Tiemann reaction
10. Give the strcture and IUPAC name of the product
3. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound:
formed when propanone is reacted with
methylmagnesium bromide followed by hydrolysis.
11. Write the structures of the main products in the
4. Write the preparation of phenol from cumene. following reactions:

5. Write the structures of the main products in the

following reactions:

12. Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between

the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Ethanol and phenol
(ii) Propanol and 2-methylpropan – 2 –ol.
6. Write the product(s) in the following reactions: 13. How do you convert
(i) phenol to toluene?
(ii) formaldehyde to ethanol?
14. Explain why p-nitrophenol is more acidic than
phenol.
15. Ortho and para - nitrophenols are more acidic than
7. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the phenol. Draw the resonance structures of the
corresponding phenoxide ions.
following:
16. Write the main product (s) in each of the following
(a) Phenol and 1-propanol reactions:

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 23. Give reasons for the following:
(a) Protonation of phenols is difficult whereas
ethanol easily undergoes protonation.
(b) Boiling point of ethanol is ethanol is higher
than that of dimethyl ether.

17. (a) Arrange the following compounds in the 24. How do you convert the following:
increasing order of their acid strength: (i) Phenol to anisole
𝑝 − 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙, 𝑝 − 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙, 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙 (ii) Propan-2-ol to 2-methylpropan-2-ol
(b) Write the mechanism (using curved arrow (ii) Aniline to phenol
notation) of the following reaction:
𝐻3𝑂+ +
𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻2 →−−→ 𝐶𝐻3 − 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐻2𝑂 25. Explain why is orthonitrophenol more acidic than
orthomethosyphenol?
18. Answer the following question:
(i) Dipole moment of phenol is smaller that the of 26. Give Reasons:
methanol. Why? (i) Relative ease of dehydration of alcohols is 30 >
(ii) In Kolbe’s reaction, instead of phenol, 20 > 10.
phenoxide ion is treated with carbon dioxide. (ii) 𝑜 − 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙 is more acidic than 𝑜 −
Why? 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑙.
19. Explain the following behaviours:
(i) Alcohols are more soluble in water than the 27. (a) Answer the following questions.
hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. (i) Among HI, HBr, HCI, HI is most reactive towards
(ii) Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho- alcohols. Why?
methoxyphenol. (ii) Of the two alcohols: (a) 𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 −
(iii) Cumene is a better starting material for the 𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏)𝐶𝐻2 = 𝐶𝐻 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻,
preparation of phenol. which one will react more easily with conc. HCI in
the presence of 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝐼2?
20. Write the main products (s) in each of the (b) Arrange the following compounds in the
following reactions: increasing order of their acid strengths: 4-
nitrophenil, phenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol

28. How are the following conversions carried out?

(i) Propene → Propan – 2 - oI
(ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan – 1- oI
(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide bromide → 2-
21. How do you convert the following?
Methyl-propan -2-oI
(i) Phenol to anisole
(ii) Propan – 2- oI to 2- Methyl propan – 2- oI
29. Arrange the following sets of compounds in order
(i) Aniline to phenol.
of their increasing boiling points:
(a) Pentan-1-oI, butan-1-oI, butan-2-oI,
22. A compound ‘A’ having molecular formula 𝐶4𝐻10𝑂
ethanol, propan -1-oI, methanol
is found to be soluble in concentrated sulphuric (b) Pentan -1-oI, n-butane, pentanal,
acid. It does not react with sodium metal or
cthoxyethane.
potassium permanganate. On heating with excess
of HI, it gives a single alkyl halide. Deduce the
structure of compound A and explain all the
reactions.

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Questions 9. (i) Distinguish with a suitable chemical test:

(1) CH3COCH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH2CHO
(2) Ethanal and Ethanoic acid
1. Write the stepwise mechanism of nucleophilic
addition reactions in the carbonyl compounds. (ii) Write the structure of oxime of acetone.
(iii) Identify A to D.
2. Write the reaction involved in the following:
(a) Wolff-Kishner reduction
(b) Decarboxylation reaction
(c) Cannizzaro reaction
10. Draw the structures of the following:
3. Write the reaction involved in the following: (i) 𝑝 − 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑒
Stephen reduction. (ii) 4 − 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 3 − 𝑒𝑛 − 2 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒
11. Arrange the following in the increasing order of
4. How do you convert the following: their reactivity towards nucleophilic addition
Toluene to benzoic acid? reaction: 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝑂, 𝐶6𝐻5 𝐶𝑂𝐶𝐻3, 𝐻𝐶𝐻𝑂
12. Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting
5. Do the following conversion in not more than two material, reagent or products.
steps:
Ethyl benzene to benzoic acid

6. Write the equations involved in the following

reactions: [Delhi 2017]
(i) Clemmensen reduction
(ii) Cannizzaro reaction
13. Give chemical tests to distinguish between the
7. (a) Write the product in the following reaction: following pairs of compound :
(i) Propanal and Propanone
(ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone
(b) Give simple chemical test to distinguish (iii) Phenol and Benzonic acid
between the following pair of compounds: 14. How would you bring about the following
Butanal and Butan – 2 – one. [2/5, Al 2017] conversions? Write the complete equation in each
8. An organic compound ‘A’ having the molecular case.
formula C3H8O on treatment with Cu at 573K, (i) Ethanal to 3-hydroxybutanal
gives ‘B’. ‘B’ does not reduce Fehling’s solution (ii) Benzoic acid to m – nitrobenzyl alcohol
but gives a yellow precipitate of the compound (iii) Benzaldehyde to benzophenone
‘C’ with l2/NaOH. Deduce the structures of A, B
and C. 15. Arrange the following in order of property
indicated for each set.

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 (i) 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻𝑂, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐶𝐻3, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻3 21. How would you account for the following:
(increasing order of boiling points) (i) Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones
(ii) towards nucleophiles.
(𝐶𝐻3)2𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻(𝐵𝑟)𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻(𝐵𝑟)𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (ii) The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones
(increasing order of their acid strengths ) are lower than of the correspoinding acids.
(iii) ethanol, propanal, propanone, butanone (iii) The aldehydes and ketones undergo a number
(increasing order of reactivity in nucleophilic addition of addition reactions.
reactions)
22. An organic compound ‘X’ having molecular
16. A and B are two functional isomers of compound formula 𝐶4𝐻8𝑂 gives orange-red ppt. with 2, 4-
𝐶3𝐻6𝑂. On heating with Na OH and 𝐼2, isomer A DNP reagent. It does not reduce Tollens’ reagent
forms yellow precipitate of iodoform whwereas but gives yellow ppt. of iodoform on heating with
isomer B does not form any precipitate. Write the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐼. Compound X on reduction with 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝐼𝐻4
formulae of A and B. gives compound ‘Y’ which undergoes dehydration
reaction on heating with conc. 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 to form but -
17. An alkene ‘A’ molecular formula (𝐶5𝐻10) on 2-ene. Identfy the compounds X and Y.
ozonolysis give a mixture of two compounds ‘B’
and ‘C’. Compound ‘B’ gives positive Fehling’s test 23. Illustrate the following reactions giving a suitable
and also reacts with iodine and 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution. example for each:
Compound ‘C’ does not give Fehling’s test but (i) Cross aldol condensation
forms iodoforms. Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ (ii)Decarboxylation
and ‘C’ giving suitable explanation and write the
reactions of ozonolysis and iodoform formation 24. What is meant by the following terms? Give an
from either ‘B’ or ‘C’. example in each case.
(i) Cyanohydrin
18. Write down functional isomers of a carbonyl (ii) Semicarbazone
compound with molecular formula 𝐶3𝐻6𝑂. Which (iii)Hemiacetal
isomer will react faster with HCN and why? Explain (iv)Ketal
the mechanism of the reaction also. Will the (v) 2, 4-DNP derivative.
reaction lead to the completion with the
conversion of whole reactant into product at 25. An organic compound ‘A’ with molecular formula
reaction conditions? If a strong acid is added to the 𝐶8𝐻8𝑂 gives positive DNP and iodoform test. It
reaction mixture what will be the effect on does not reduce Tollens’ or Fehling’s reagent and
concentration of the product and why? does not decolourise bromine water also. On
oxidation with chromic acid (𝐻2𝐶𝑟𝑂4), it gives a
19. An organic compound with the molecular formula carboxylic acid (B) with molecular formula 𝐶7𝐻6𝑂2.
𝐶9𝐻10𝑂 forms 2, 4-DNP derivative, reduces Deduce the structures of A and B.
Tollens’ reagent and undergoes Cannizzaro 26. Predict the products of the following reactions:
reaction. On vigorous oxidation, it gives 1, 2-
benzenedicarboxylic acid , Identify the compound.

20. Arrange the following in the decreasing order of

their acidic character.
(i) HCOOH, 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐼𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐹3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐶𝐼3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
(ii) 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐹𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝑁𝑂2𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
(iii)
𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐼𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐹𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 27. Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting
material, reagent or products.

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 31. Account for the following:
(a) Aromatic carboxylic acids do not undergo
Friedel- Crafts reaction.
(b) 𝑝𝐾𝑎 value of 4-nitrobenzoic acid is lower than
28. (a) Account for the following: that of benzoic acid.
(i) 𝐶𝐼 − 𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 is a stronger acid than 32. Give chemical tests to distinguish between:
𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻. (i) Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde
(ii) Carboxylic acids do not give reactions of (ii) Propanone and propanol.
carbonyl group.
(b) Out of 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 33. (a) Give reasons for the following:
𝐶𝐻3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝑂 − 𝐶𝐻3 , which (i) Ethanal is more reactive than acetone towards
gives iodoform test? nucleophilic addition reaction.
(ii) (𝐶𝐻3)3𝐶 − 𝐶𝐻𝑂 does not undergo aldol
29. How will you bring about the following conversions condensation.
in not more than two steps? (iii) Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than
(i) Propanone to Propene alcohols.
(ii) Benzoic acid to Benzaldehyde b) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish
(iii) Ethanol to 3-Hydrozybutanal between:
(iv) Benzene to m-Nitracetophenone (i) Acetophenone and Benzophenone
(v) Benzaldehyde to Benzophenone (ii) Benzaldehyde and Ethanal

30. Arrange the following compounds in increasing 34. Predict the products of following reactions
order of their property as indicated: (𝑖)𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4/𝐾𝑂𝐻

(i) 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻(𝐵𝑟)𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻 (𝐵𝑟)𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, (i) 𝐶6𝐻5 − 𝐶𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐻3 →−−−−−−−−−−→

(𝑖)𝑁𝐻3/∆
(𝐶𝐻3)2𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻, 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 (acid strength) (ii) 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 →−−−−−→?
(ii) Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzonic acid, 3, 4 –
Dinitrobenzoic acid, 4- Methoxybenzoic and (acid
strength)

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 9: Amines

Questions (ii) Ethanoic acid into methanamine

1. A compound ‘X’ with molecular formula 𝐶3𝐻9𝑁 7. Propanamine and N, N- dimethylmethanamine

reacts with 𝐶6𝐻5𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙 to give a solid, insoluble in contain the same number of carbon atoms, even
alkali. Identify ‘X’ and give the IUPAC name of the though propanamine has higher boiling point than
product. Write the reaction involved. N, N-dimethylmethanamine, Why?

2. (a) Carry out the following conversions: 8. An aromatic compound ‘A’ on treatment with
(i) Nitrobenzene to aniline aqueous ammonia and heating forms compound
(ii) Aniline to phenol ‘B’ which on heating with 𝐵𝑟2 and KOH forms a
OR compound ‘C of molecular formula 𝐶6𝐻7𝑁. Write
(b) (i) Write a chemical test to distinguish between the structures and IUPAC names of compounds A,
dimethyl amine and ethanamine. B and C .
(ii) Write the product formed when benzene
diazomium chloride is treated with Kl.
9. Arrange the following compounds in the order of
3. Write equations involved in the following property indicated for each set :
reactions: (i) 𝑁𝐻3, 𝑅𝑁𝐻2, 𝑅2𝑁𝐻, 𝑅3𝑁 (increasing order of
(i) Ethanamine reacts with acetyl chloride. their basic strength in aqueous solutions)
(ii) Aniline reacts with bromine water at room (ii) Ammonia, triethylamine, amiline,
temperature. ethylamine and dethylamine.
(iii) Aniline reacts with chloroform and
ethanolic potassium hydroxide.
10. Arrange the following compounds in the order of
property indicated for each set:
4. An aromatic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula (i) 𝐶𝐻3𝑁𝐻3, (𝐶𝐻3)3𝑁, (𝐶𝐻3)2𝑁𝐻 (increasing
C7H7ON undergoes a series of reactions as shown oder of their basic strength in aqueous
below. Write the structures of A, B,C,D and E in the solution)
following reactions: (ii)
𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻3, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻𝐶𝐻3, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁(𝐶𝐻3)2(increas
ing order of basic strength)

11. Write the reactions involved in the following :

(i) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
(ii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
Or
5. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound: IIIustrate the following reactions giving
suitable example in each case:
(i) Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction
(ii) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis.

12. Give chemical test to distinguish between

𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2𝑁𝐻2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2.
6. How will you convert the following :
(i)Nitrobenzene into aniline

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13. Arrange the following in increasing order of their (iii) Methylamine in water reacts with ferric
basic strength: chloride to precipitate hydrated ferric oxide.
(a) (iv) Although amino group is o, p- directing in
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝑁𝐻3, 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁𝐻 aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions,
(b) aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁𝐻, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2 of m-nitroaniline.
(c) (v) Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts
𝐶𝐻3𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶𝐻3)2𝑁𝐻, (𝐶𝐻3)3 𝑁, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2𝑁𝐻2 reaction.
.

14. In the following cases rearrange the compounds as 19. Write short notes on the following:
directed: (i) Carbylamine reaction
(i) In increasing order of basic strength: (ii) Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction
(a) Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine
(b) 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻𝐶𝐻3, 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2𝑁𝐻2
(ii) In increasing order of solubility in water: 20. Write short notes on the following:
𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁𝐻, 𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2 (i) Ammonolysis (ii) Acetylation
(iii) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas
phase: 21. Arrange the following:
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁𝐻, (𝐶2𝐻5)3𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝐻3 (i) In decreasing order of the 𝑝𝐾𝑏 values :
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐻2,
15. Arrange the following in increasing order of their (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2
basic strength: (ii) In increasing order of basic strength:
(i) 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2𝐶6𝐻5𝑁(𝐶𝐻3 )2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐻3𝑁𝐻2
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝑁𝐻3, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻 (iii) In increasing order of basic strength:
(ii) (a) Aniline, p-nitroaniline and p-toluidine
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻, (𝐶2𝐻5)3 𝑁, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2 (b) 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻𝐶𝐻3 , 𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝐻2𝑁𝐻2 .
(iii) 𝐶𝐻 3𝑁𝐻 2, (𝐶𝐻 )
3 2 𝑁𝐻, 𝐶𝐻 3 𝑁, 𝐶 𝐻
6 5𝑁𝐻2 (iv) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas
phase :
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻 (𝐶2𝐻5)3 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁𝐻3
16. Arrange the following: (v) In increasing order of boiling point :
(i) In decreasing order of the p𝐾𝑏 values: 𝐶2𝐻5𝑂𝐻 , (𝐶𝐻3 )2𝑁𝐻, 𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2
𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻𝐶𝐻3, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2 (vi) In increasing order of solubility in water :
(ii) In increasing order of basic strength: 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻, 𝐶2𝐻5𝑁𝐻2

𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻2, 𝐶6𝐻5𝑁𝐻𝐶𝐻3, (𝐶2𝐻5)2 𝑁𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝐻3𝑁𝐻2

(iii) in increasing order of boiling point: 22. IIIustrate the following reactions giving a chemical
𝐶2𝐻5𝑂𝐻, (𝐶𝐻3)2𝑁𝐻, (𝐶2𝐻5)2𝑁𝐻2 equation in each case:
(i) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis

17. Account for the following: (ii) Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction

(i) 𝑝𝐾𝑏 of aniline is more than that of
methylamine. 23. Write the reactions of the final alkylation product
(ii) Although trimethylamine and n- of aniline with excess of methyl Iodide in the
propylamine have the same molecular weight, presence of sodium carbonate solution.
but the former boils at a lower temperature
(276 K) than the latter (322 K). Explain.
(iii) (𝐶𝐻3)2𝑁𝐻 is more basic than (𝐶𝐻3)3𝑁 in 24. Convert:
an aqueous solution (i) 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene
(ii) Aniline into 1, 3, 5, -tribromobenzene.
18. Account for the following:
(i) 𝑝𝐾𝑏 of aniline is more than that of
methylamine.
(ii) Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas 25. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the
aniline is not. following pairs of compounds.

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 (i) Ethylamine and aniline
(ii) Aniline and benzylamine. 28. Give reasons:
(i) Ammonolysis of alkyI halides is not a good
26. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the method to prepare pure primary amines.
following pairs of compounds: (ii) Aniline does not give Friedel-Crafts
(i) Ethylamine and aniline (ii) reaction.
Aniline and N-methylaniline (iii) Although −𝑁𝐻2 group is o/p directing in
electrophilic substitution reactions, yet aniline
27. Account for the following: on nitration gives good yield of m-nitroaniline.
(i) Ethylamine is soluble in water, whereas
aniline is not. 29. Write equations involved in the following
(ii) Although amino group is o- and p-directing reactions:
in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions, (i) Ethanamine reacts with acetyl chloride.s
aniline on nitration gives a substantial amount (ii) Aniline reacts with bromine water at room
of m-nitroaniline. temperature.
(iii) Aniline does not undergo friedel- Crafts (iii) Aniline reacts with chloroform and ethanolic
reaction. potassium hydroxide.

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 SURE SHOT QUESTIONS 2025
Chap 10: Biomolecules

Questions [Delhi 2019]

13. Enumerate the reactions of glucose which cannot
be explained by its open chain structures.
1. Classify the following sugars into monosaccharides
14. Write down the structures and names of the
and disaccharides : Fructose, Lactose, Glucose, products formed when D-glucose is treated with
Maltose. (i) Hydroxylamine
(ii) Acetic anhydride.
2. Define the following terms with a suitable example
15. Write down the structures and names of the
of each: products formed when D-glucose is treated with
(a) Anomers (b) Essential amino acids (i) Bromine water
(ii) Hydrogen iodide (Prolonged heating).
(c) Denaturation of protein
16. What is essentially the difference between a-
3. What is the difference between fibrous protein glucose and 13-glucose? What is meant by
and globular protein? pyranose structure of glucose?
4. What is the difference between acidic amino acids 17. Differentiate between the following :
(i) Amylose and Amylopectin
and basic amino acids?
(ii) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage
5. Write the name of the vitamin whose deficiency (iii) Fibrous proteins and Globular proteins.
causes bleeding of gums. 18. Where does the water present in the egg go after
boiling the egg?
6. Deficiency of which vitamin causes night –
19. Write the main structural difference between DNA
blindness? and RNA. Of the four bases, name those which are
7. Deficiency of which vitamin causes rickets? common to both DNA and RNA.

8. Deficiency of which vitamin causes scurvy?

20. What is difference between a nucleoside and
9. Enumerate the reactions of glucose which cannot nucleotide?
be explained by its open chain structures.
10. Define denaturation of protein. What is the effect 21. Define the following with an example of each
(i) Denatured protein
of denaturation on the structure of protein? (ii) Essential amino acids
11. Define the following terms:
(i) Glycosidic linkage (ii) Invert sugar 22. Define the following terms:
(i) Glycosidic linkage (ii) Invert sugar
(iii) Oligosaccharides [Al 2014]
12. Differentiate between the following: 23. A non-reducing disaccharide ‘A’ on hydrolysis with
(i) Amylose and Amylopectin dilute acid gives an equimolar mixture of D-(+)-
glucose and D-(-)-Fructose.
(ii) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage 𝐷𝑖𝑙.𝐻𝐶𝐼

(iii) Fibrous proteins and Globular proteins. 𝐴 + 𝐻2𝑂 →−−−→ 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6 + 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6

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 [𝛼]𝐷 = +66. 50 + 52. 5𝑜 − 92. 4𝑜 31. The melting points and solubility in water of amino
Identify A. What is the mixture of D-(+)- acids are generally higher than that of the
glucose and D-(-)- Fructose known as? Name corresponding halo acids. Explain.
the linkage that holds the two units in the 32. Write chemical reactions to show that open
disaccharide. structure of D-glucose contains the following:
(i) Straight chain
24. How do you explain the amphoteric nature of (ii) Five alcohol groups
amino acids? (iii) Aldehyde as carbonyl group.
25. What is the effect of denaturation on the structure 33. What happens when D-glucose is treated with the
of proteins? following reagents?
26. How do you explain the presence of an aldehydic (a) 𝐵𝑟2 water (b) 𝐻𝐶𝑁
group in a glucose molecule? (c) (𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂)2𝑂
27. Give any one property of glucose that cannot be 34. Differentiate between the following:
explained by the open chain structure. (i) Amylose and Amylopectin
(ii) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage
28. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a
(iii) Fibrous proteins and Globular proteins.
nucleotide?
35. Give the plausible explanation for the following:
29. What type of bonding helps in stabilizing the
(a) Glucose doesn't give 2,4 − 𝐷𝑁𝑃 test.
𝛼 −helix structure of proteins? (b) The two strands in DNA are not identical
30. Write one difference between 𝛼 − Helix and but are complementary.
𝛽 −pleated structures of proteins.

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