World War 1: 1914-1918

Objectives

You should be able to

al describe and analyse the cmises and results of World War I and

b) explain new developments during World War 1.

Causes of World War 1

A summary of the causes

Naval race.

Arms race.

Nationalism.

Alliance system

Colonial rivalry/imperialism.

Franco-German hostility

Sarajevo assassination the immediate cause of the war.

Rise of German Imperialism

Germany began to look for colonies after its unification in 1871.

• The search for colonies led to conflict with France over Morocco: First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
and Second Moroccan Crisis (1911).

The system of alliances

Was started by Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany.

He formed the Dreikaiserbund (the League of Three Emperors) in 1872.

Members of the Dreikaiserbund were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia.

Its aim was defence against France.

The Dual Alliance was signed between Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879.

The Triple Alliance was signed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1882.

The Reinsurance Treaty was signed between Germany and Russia in 1887.

Britain abandoned her policy of splendid isolation to form alliances after German challenged
Britain on the seas from 1898.

Britain and Japan signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902.

Britain and France signed the Entente Cordiale is friendship treaty jin 1904.
Britain and Russia signed the Anglo-Rassan Entente in 1907.

Britain, Russia and France signed the Triple Entente in 1907

By 1914, the Triple Entente (France, Russia and Britain) and the Tripple Alliance (Germany, haly
and Austria-Hungary) were the two blocs of alliances

An alliance was an agreement to assist each other when attacked.

As such, if two powers from the two alliances got into conflict, nearly all European powers would
be at war.

Familiarise yourself with the terms of cach alliance.

The naval and military races

Between 1897 and 1914 Germany challenged Britain in building navies (battleships) and
dreadnoughts. This was a sign of war preparations.

Germany, Russia and France competed in raising the biggest armies in Europe.

Balkan nationalism

Austria-Hungary, Russia and Turkey fought over the control of the Slav States of Bosnia, Serbia,
Albania, Herzegovina and Montenegro.

Turkey had become weak resulting in Balkan States becoming independent from its rule.

Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 from Turkey angering Serbia which
had the biggest number of Slava. This led to the Hosnian Crisis

Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece formed the Balkan League in 1909 to regain lost territory.

In 1912 there was conflict between Balkan nationalists and foreign imperialists (Turkey) leading
to the First Balkan War

94

Sets the power of the Bakas Tekay lalmost all her ro

The Sociunt BalkanWewas fought in 1913 among The Palkay Somes aterias catrol mer Peir
semitunes

These Balkan was divided the upean powers as Serbia's wishes were binetly opposed fry Auris
Hungary

Rustis booked Serbia in order to weaken Austria Hungary's influence in the region.

The hostility terween Serbia and Austria-Hungary ind to the Sunity.Incident Anabim

You should be able to describe the Bomman Crisis, Firm Balkan War, Secund Balkas War and
The Samjovo Assassination Inculent.

Franco-German hestiilty
Was based on the French loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Gommany in 1871. The French remained
aggrieved Germany consolidated its accupation of Ahace Lomame

Whim conflict arose berween Austria-Hungary and Serbis, Germany and France were quick to
settle their scores of 1871 in 1914.

The Sarajevo assassination of 28 June 1914

It was the immediate cause of the First World War

Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, together with his wife Sofia, was shot dead by Gavril
Princip in Bosnia

Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of the murder

Serbia rejected Austrian demands to enter Serbia For investigations.

Then Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

In accordance with their alliances, Russia supported Serbia and Germany supported Austria-
Hungary.

Germany declared war on Russia, France and Belgium. Britain came in to defend the Belgians.

By 1914, nearly all the European states were at war, especially the Great powers of Britain, France
and Germany.

Italy joined the War in 1915, while the USA joined in 1917.

Course of the First World War

The two main war fronts were the Western Front and the Eastern Front

Ou the Westeris Feat Germany intern France and later the USA

The Fat Germany, Austria-Hungary and

Se Ciermany fight on two fronts flecing to split its troops in The German Schleifen Panso fight to
bots Gilled

War was fought in the air, in the set and on the ground

The USA entered the war in 1917 on the Allind siile apsinst the Central Continental powers

Genmany surrendered on 11 November 1918.

The Americans brought to food advanced weapons, medicines and loans in the Allied Powers
against the weak Germans

You should be able to describe battles fought on the Westers Front, Eastern Front, and an

Results of the War

(a) Political

Empires collapsed during the war, eg. Austria Hungary, Russia and Turkey.
World War I planted seods of nationaliam in many colonised nation

The war led to the change in the balance of power amongst the imperialists. Britain was replaced
by the USA as the world's strongest power by 1918

The war resulted in the rise of a new political and economic system called socialism which was
born in the USSR (Russia).

New countries were created, for example Yugoslavia

The Central powers were defeated.

Peace treaties were signed.

An international organisation, the League of Nations, was formed.

(b) Economic

During the war, countries borrowed money resulting in huge debts at the end.

High unemployment as industries had been destroyed

General food crisis.

High taxation as governmanis tried to get revenue.

High inflation.

War caused heavy destruction of property, France

We fenced rapid advancement in technology, eg. telephone, motor car, endio and buses

(2) Social

Loss of human lific more than 8 million people soldiers and civilians) dind and many were
daptaced and injured.

Empowerment of women: Before the war, women could neither work noe vote. After the war,
they domanded these rights.

Epidemics such as influenza broke out

Exercise

1.

(a) Name any five European countries that had interests in the Balkans

[5]

(b) Describe the events from 1907 that led to the annesation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. [12]

(e) To what extent did the annexation of Bosnia Herzegovina cause tension in Europe? [8]

CHAPTER 18
Post-War Peace Treaties and the League of Nations

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evaluate the week of the Longe op te 1945; and

discs the why the Legar faifol ponce keging o

After the First World Wat, peace tresties wete signed under the Paris Peace Settlement.

The USA dominated the Paris Peace Settlement.

The USA was behind the formation of the League of Nations

Wilson's 14 Points

No more secret treaties.

Freedom of navigation on the high seas

Free trade between countries.

Reduction of armaments by all countries.

To consider the interests of the local people when claims for colonies were made

German troops to evacuate Russian teritory

German troops to move out of Belgium.

Alsace-Lorraine to be given back to France

Restoration of Italian frontiers along nationality lines

The people of Austria-Hungary to be given self-government

Restoration of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania, and Serbian access to the sea.

Subject peoples of Turkey to rule themselves.

The creation of an independent Poland with access to the sca

An international organisation to be set up to protect the independence of all states.

The Paris Peace Conference: January 1919

At the Conference, the doongam posers were Fesnce, Britain, haly and the USA

The dominant leaders were Woodrow Wilton (USA), Georges Clemences (France, Lloyd George
(Bestan) and Vinorio Orlando (Italy).
The defeated powers of Germany, Nutria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria had no voice.

Prince wanted to revenge for the humilianon of 1870 and 1914. She wasted Germany to be
reduced and be the weakest nation in Europe so as to avoid further attack

The USA wanted a generous treatment for Germany The USA had suffered no infrastructual
damage

The USA wanted to increase its trade in Europe:

The USA feared that Germany would be too poor, and then tum communist like Russia

The peace treaties

A summary of peace treaties signed

The Versailles Treaty with Germany: 28 June 1919.

The Treaty of St German with Austria: August 1919.

The Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria: November 1919

The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary: June 1920.

The Treaty of Sevres/Lausanne with Turkey: August 1920

(a) The Treaty of Versailles: 28 June 1919

Was signed between the Allies and Germany,

Punishment imposed on Germany was severe and hurting

The Treaty was dictated to Germany. It was not negotiated.

There were territorial and non-territorial terms.

Non-territorial terms of the Versailles Treaty

A league of nations was to be formed

That Germany accepted that she was to blame and was responsible for the outbreak of the war (the
war guilt clause).

97

Germany was to paу торагатан (сотрensation for repaining Allied property mad losses)
amounting to 4500 llion pounds

Gomany was to pay the Belgian war debt

Germany was to pay Belgium. France and Italy an ammal tribute of coal for ten years

France was to mine coal freen the Naar Basin for 15

Germany to surrender her navy and merchant vessels to the Allied Powers
Germany was allowed a small navy (wandips)

Germany was not allowed to have submarines

German arnty was litmited to-100 000 soldiers down from over 4 milline

German navy was reduced to 1.5 100 men

Germany was to have no tanks or heavy artillery.

Germany was not allowed to have military aircraft cair force)

The peace uns were hard and dicuned Germany The Germansationalists complamed Later people
outside Germany were convmood that she was treated harshly

Gernaty resented the 'war-guilt" clause.

The Germans claimed that the transfer of theu colonies and turning some as mandates inconsistent
with Wilson's point 5.

The Germans wanted is undo the inpastices of the Versailles Treaty and this threatened pesce

However, the Germans had had an intention for war because they had a plan for war the Schlieffen
Plan; started the arms and naval race, started the alhance system, supported the aggressive Autzis
Hungary

The Germans should not have expected a generous trestment after they had dictated a harsh peace
to Russia at the Brest-Litovsk Treaty in 1918

If Germany had won the war in 1918 she would have imposed a harsh settlement on the Allies.

Compulsory military service (conscription) was hamed in Germany

The German Kaisers were to be tried as war criminals

(b) The Treaty of St Germain, August 1919

Signed between Austria and the Allied Powers

German railway engines and wagons were to be handed over to the Allied Powers

Austria lost Trieste, Istria, South Tyrol, Bobemis, Moravia, part of Silesia, Bukovina, Bessarabia,
Herzegovina, Montenegro Galicia, Transylvania. and

Germany was to surrender a quarter of her fishing fleet

Territorial terms (losses)

Alsace-Lorraine to be given back to France.

The Saar Basin was placed under the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a referendum
would decide its fate.

Malmedy, Memel and Eupen were given to Belgium

Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark.

The Rhineland was demilitarised.

Upper Silesia, Posen and West Prussia were given to Poland

Danzig became a free city controlled by Poland.

Former German colonies became mandates under the League of Nations.

The Anschluss (union between Austria and Germany) was forbidden.

Comment on the Versailles Settlement

The terms greatly humiliated Germany.

Germany complained about the reparations imposed on her. These were very heavy and unrealistic

Austrian army was reduced to 30 000 from 3 million soldiers.

She had to pay reparations.

Austrian union with Germany was banned.

Austria became separated and independent from Hungary.

(c) The Treaty of Neuilly. November 1919

Signed with Bulgaria.

Bulgaria was made to pay reparations.

Her army was reduced to 20 000.

She lost Western Thrace to Greece and her border areas to Yugoslavia

(d) The Treaty of Trianon, June 1920

Signed with Hungary.

Hungary's army was reduced.

Her armaments were reduced.

Hungary lost Slovakia, Ruthenia and Transylvania.

Hungary became a separate independent state.

She was made to pay reparations.

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(9) The Treaty of Sevtes (Lausanne). August 1920

Signed between Turkey and the victorious powers Turkey lost Syria, Lahanon, Palestine, Iraq,
Armenia, the Straits, Smyrna and Eastern Thrace

It was revised to become the Treaty Lawanne in 1923; Italy regained some of the territories she
had lost under the Sevens Trosty
To get full marks on sermerial terms, be able to link a territory lost and its recipient. The
formation of the League of Natioms was a clause is all the treaties

The League of Nations

Was a umon apsinst war

Was formed in 1920

It was the implementation of the 14th point of Woodrow Wilson "the formation of an international
organisation"

Its headquarters was in Geneva, Switzerland

Its major task was to promote and preserve world peace by preventing wars.

It was headed by a Secretary General

The aims of the League of Nations

To create a brotherhood of nations dedicated to work together for the good of all mankind.

To outlaw war and encourage the settlement of disputes through peaceful negotiations and not on
battlefields

To reduce armaments

To settle disputes by arbitration.

To guarantee national frontiers

If a nation went to war, the other League members would impose sanctions on the aggressor
(cutting off trade links and financial relations)

The League would ask the other members to supply troops to restrain the quarrelling countries

To stop drug trafficking.

To stop the selling of girls into prostitution.

To regulate labour

To administer mandates.

To repatriate refugees.

The Structure of the League

It had five permanent orgam

(4)The General Amenity

(h) The Council

(0) The Secretarial

(4) The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCU)

(e) The International Labour Organisati (110)

It set up several special Commissions

(a) The General Assembly

Was the ommal body of the League

Was the debating chamber where representatives of member nations met once year in Genevs,
Switzerland

Each member had one vote

Discussed international issues.

Voted on the annual budget of the League

Discussed and agreed on the admission of new members

Elected non-permanent Council members.

(b) The Council

Had four permanent members who were the great powers: Britain, France, Italy and Japan

11 initially had four non-permanent members elected every three years, but by 1936 it had eleven
non-permanent members.

Met three times a year and could be called quickly for emergencies.

It was an inner committee of major decisions submitted recommendations to the Assembly.

Made the final decision on punitive action.

Promoted disarmament issues that were overlooked during the Paris Peace Settlement.

(c) The Secretariat

Was based in Geneva

Was drawn from all member states.

Was headed by a Secretary-General appointed by the Assembly and the Council.

It carried out decisions of the Council.

Did the day to day work of the League

Its duties included:

99

Beeting reciend

preparing rерниос
translating reports atte ама пpages,

proyseng agendas fe meetings

deganising meating

being in charge of the docsiments and offices of the langu

(d) The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCII)

Was set at at The Hagan, the Netherlands in 1921.

Had filees judges whose major task was to settle deputes suchhresches of trusties, frontier omllicts
between countries, enc

Member nations ware supposed to bring their international disputes to the court, that only a few
did

Dealt only with cases referred to it and it was voluntary

Governments did not want judgements given against then, whether right or wrong

Only twenty-two cases were handied in 22 yeurs.

(e) The International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Set up in 1919.

Its major task was to promote the framing and applying of international rules that governed
conditions of labour

Was mdependent of the League bot paid from League funds

It was established after the realisation that economic problems and social injustice threatened
world peace.

Four representatives from each nation: two from the government, one employer and one worker
mot to discuss the working condmons and wages of workers to improve them

It dealt with issues of child labour, women labour, workers' rights, etc.

It only had persuasive powers but was very successful.

It managed to bring about co-operation between workers and employers in improving working
conditions

In 1946, when the League was abolished, the ILO and the CII were incorporated into the United
Nations

The Special Commissions (Committees) of the League

The Mandates Commission

The Minorities Comms

The Disarmmanent Commission

The Drugs Commision

The Labour Commission

The Military Affairs Comanission

The Slavery Commission

The Undeveloped Countries Commision

The Financial Organisation Comuni

The Women and Children Compussion

The Transpert and Communication Commission

The Health Coumission

Refugees Commission

Drug Trafficking Commission

You should be able to describe the aims and work of these commisalons

International disputes dealt with by the League

1921, dispute between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands.

1921, dispute between Albania and Yugoslavia

1922, dispute between Peru and Cohimbia over borders

1923, dispute between Poland and Lithuania over Vilna.

1923, dispute berween Italy and CGreece over Corlis

1925, dispute between Greece and Bulgaria over a border

1926, dispute between Germany and Poland over Lipper Silesia

Dispute between Hungary and Czechoslovakia

1926, dispute between Turkey and iraq over Mosul

1933, dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay over the Gran Chaco region.

1931 and 1937, dispute between Japan and China over Manchuria.

1935, dispute between Italy and Ethiopia

You should be able to describe these disputes in detail and establish how the League resolved
them.

100

Successes of the League

Set up a health service which did valuable work during the epidemics in the post-war yea

Provided fanine relief

Helped with the resettletiont of prisoners of war and refugees, eg. for white Rasstans, Greeks and
Turks

Estabiuhed nternational control over upium and other dangerous drugs

Worked to abolish all forms of slavery and forced labour

Managed to settle disputes between small states.

Weaknesses of the League

The USA brought the idea of the league, but did not Join it

At no given time did all the major powers of the League belong to it together. Russia joined in
1934 and was expelled in 1939. Germany joined in 1926 and left in 1933. Japan left in 1933,
while Italy left in 1936, after criticism over invasions of China and Ethiopa, respectively.

Britain and France constantly quarrelled and were divided on major issues

Constitutional defects: Many nations were against the constitution which gave one vote each to
every state, big or small. It was very difficult to get a unanimous vote.

The League was dominated by Britain and France, making other states look like second class
members.

The League had no podia and arry. It relint on the goodwill of its members, Cullective security did
not work. So the Laagse had no coercive powers to maka smembers comply

The Longse had no funds. It depended on vuluntary contributions which were also et farting

It was associated with the Versailles Treaty, cach time the testy was condemned, the League was
also condemned

The League failed to stop the othersk of Wadd War 11 and was dissolved in 1946

The weaknesses of the League were bath constitutional and non-constitutional

Exercise

1. (a) Identify any five countries that dominated the Paris Peace Settlement (5)

(b) Describe the territorial terms of the Trusty of Versailles [12]

(e) Were the terms fair to Germany? Explain your answer

2.

30

fu

1.
(a) Identify any five members of the League of Nations before 1926

151

(b) Describe the disputes dealt with by the League up to 1935.

[12]

(e) Why did the League fail in its peace-keeping work in the 19302

[8]

CHAPTER

19

Objectives

Viethod beto

The Emergence of Dictatorships in Italy and Germany: 1918-1939

10 male and din problems that led to the me finaly and Germany,

ef describe and value the domestic and finge policies of the dieser of

41. discue Husticos gracitisod fry the Naste and

What is dictatorship?

Dictances are rulers with complete power over their Mates

A dictatorship is a system of government where one person or one party creates a totalitarian state
controlling mast aspects of people's lives

Eichmoes do not allow opposition parties.

They demand exterme forms of nationalism, such secang members to wear uniforms

Dictators do not tolerate criticism, and they spy on hots friends and enemies

Dictators depend on the army and the party organs to enforce their ideas.

Dictatorships are often very violent.

Reasons for the rise of dictators in Europe between 1919 and 1939

Italy and Germany dictatorships arose out of oppositon to the terms of the 1919-1920 Peace
Settlement, especially the Versailles Treaty-loss of territories

The democracies crested after the First World War were unable to form stable governments
Coalitions formed could not last long, cg. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy was weak and failed to
control various political groups which tried to rin the country.

In Germany, after the Kaiser there were mumerous parties that could not make effective decisions.
People feared the rise of communism after World War 1. Democracies allowed parties to have

private armies and youth movements who sperad porty propaganda

Dictators promised people stable governments and the removal of commamam

Dictators promised an end to violence and the revival of big, strong armies which people wanted

The armies were not happy and were sympathetic to nationalistic, often militant parties.

Fascism in Italy, 1918-1939

Reasons for the rise of Fascists to power in Italy

(n) Social and Economic

Poverty: Italy was very poor

Unemployment was high

Strikes and demonstrations.

Hunger and starvation (food shortages).

War debts.

High inflation.

Crime.

Low wages

(b) Political

Disappointment with the Peace Settlernent: Italy was not given the promised territories of
Trentino, Trieste, Istria, and South Tyrol Dalmatia.

Growing contempt of the parliament system.

Mussolini and the Fascist Party offered attractive promises through propaganda

Fear of communism

Use of violence, force, terror and intimidation.

Too many political parties in Italy

A weak democracy/government.

Mussolini was an orator (public speaker).

Political instability.

Brigandage

Banditry
Political parties in Italy by 1922: Communists (Red Guards), Socialists, Nationalists (Blue Shirts),
Reformists, Fascists (Black Shirts), Liberal Democrats(Radicals), Christian Democrats (Popolari),
Liberals (Grey Shirts), The People's Party

02

Mussolini's domestic policy

(A) Political policies

Mussolini established Fast dictatorshup herwern 1925 and 1930

1923, be passed the Acerbo Law in parliament

1906, Manolini (IL Door) passed a law enabling him sex govern by decree

All opposition parties were suppressed

He cañed or murdered opponents, eg. Gacums Matteutti and Giovanni Amendola

Parliances met, but all cracial dections were made by the fascist Grand Council led by Mussolini

Mussolint was worshipped as a hero

Local governments run by elected mayors and town councils were abolished

Fascists believed in extreme nationalisen and totalinarianin

Propaganda was spread through radios, newspapers, schools and at party meetings.

Slogans were used, eg. "Mussolini is always right".

Mussolini killed Fascist Party opponents.

Signed the Lateran Treaty (1929) with the Cathohe Pope recognised the Vatican City as a
sovereign state

(b) Social policies

Women were proclaimed inferior to men.

There was a strict press censorship.

Radio, films and theatre were controlled.

Schools and universities were closely supervised.

Teachers wore uniforms, and new textbooks were re-written to glorify the Fascist system.

School children criticised teachers who were not supporters of the Fascists.

Sports were brought under the strict control of Fascism.

(c) Economic policies

Before 1935, Mussolini introduced public works programmes to reduce unemployment:

construction of roads, railways, bridges, flats, stadiums, schools and new towns.
Electrified main railways.

The Battle fut What pad food

Eatablished the corporate site pride cooperation between employers and workers

Strikes, domesnations wadlocks Fortiidden

Trade ntions were hanned and the Fascists Unlim regulated wages, conditions and hours of wh

As compensation for last freedom, kas got benefits as free Sundays and holidays with pay

Propagands was also used in the coопови вестни Mussolins crested military names for projects,
eg Battle for Wheat", "Battle for Girain', 'Battle of Barihs

Bachelors were taxed to encourage them to marry.

Mussolini's foreign policy

Mussolini followed a very ambitiuus extermal policy The aim was to make Italy look like a great
power:

1923, Italy attacked Greece: the Corfu Incident,

1924, Italy took over Fume Island from Vegalava

1925, Italy signed the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Germany and Belgium.

1928, signed the Kellog-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) Signed the Non-Aggression Pact with Russia
m1933.

1933, attended the disarmament conference but later withdrew

1934, Mussolini sent forces against German seizure of Austria (The Brenner Pass Commission
Incident)

1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia in avenge the defeat of Italy at Adowa in 1896.

1936, Italy was involved in the Spanish. Civil War to support General Franco

1936, Italy withdrew from the League of Nations.

1936, Italy signed the Rome-Berlin Axis, an aggressive treaty, with Germany under Hitler.

1936, Mussolini attended the Stressa Conference with Britain and France.

1937, Italy, Germany and Japan signed the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Pact (the Anti-Comintern Pact).

1939, Italy annexed Albania.

Built ancient buildings to encourage tourism.

1939, Mussolini signed the Pact of Steel, a full alliance with Germany.

Improved industries, e.g. by 1930 iron and steel production doubled.

1940, Italy invaded France, already defeated by Germany.

He reclaimed land by draining marshes.

Started irrigation schemes and afforestation programmes

1943, Italy was defeated and forced out of the Second World War

Signed trade agreements with Austria and Hungry

103

Nazism in Germany 1918-1939

Dutators rose from the ranks of weak slemocracies that had bom creud at the Parts Peace
Conference came out of collapsing toonarchs

Core keen to get strongerment which would gade rebuild their economies

bitially, detates were popular but hos popularity when they started abusing people

Princal Partics Germany: Social Democrats. Conservatives (national, Catholic Centre Party,
Bavarian People's Party, National Socialist Party (Nam

Reasons for the itse of Adolf Hitler in Germany

(4) Social und Economic

From 1922 Dere was high inflation which worsened 2024

Wiges faded to keep pace with inflation and workers suffered greatly

Frons 1929, there was the Great Depression.

Banks and factories clound down.

Unemployment rose sharply

Hitler and the Nari offered attractive policies in face of the economic crisis

Promised so get rid of the Communists, the Jews and overthrow the Versailles Settlement and
unite all Germans

As the economic crisis worsened, the Nazi grew more popular. This crisis created Hitler, the

(b) Political

The collapse of the Weimar Republic (democratic government) which failed to control violence.

Because government could not keep law and order, and police were powerless, people began to
favour return to some form of authoritarian system of government.

Genmans did not appreciate democracy as a system of government. It was foreign democracy.

Most Germans felt the Weimar politicians had "stabbed them in the back" by rushing to sign the
treaty of Versailles. Hence the Weimar Republic collapsed
The existence of too many political parties

The scheming tactics of Von Papen.

Hitler created a Nazi private army (the SA-Storm Troopers)

He had extraordinary political ability and a gift of public speaking.

He acted like a caviour for the Germans

Haler eliminated opponents, created laws to give hon tonal power and prepared fin an election.

Hitler's steps to powar

1933, he prepared a military wing of the Nazi Party, the SS and the SA (Suim Troopers)

1933, hefore elections, the Reichstag Bakding (Germany Parliament building) was burnt down

The Nazi accused the Conununists of having set the fire. The inocent communists were arrested
The Nazi had set the fire to the Reichstag building

1913, Hitler was appointed Chancellor by Hindenburg

1933, Hitler passed the Enabling Law, giving himself power to make laws without the Reichstag's
appmyal

1933, he appointed Nazi leaders to top posts in government, eg. Herman Goering as head of the
Gestapo (secret police) and Joseph Goebbels as Minister of Propaganda.

1933, he banned trade unions and other political parties.

1933, he legalised one-party state through a law banning the formation of new parties.

1934, President Hindenberg died and Hitler combined the offices of Chancellor and President as
Furbrer.

Hitler's domestic policy

(a) Political policies

Hitler turned Germany into a dictatorship by use of force.

Hitler used the secret police, Gestapo, to control many aspects of people's lives.

Hitler's government could not be opposed or criticised for fear of persecution.

In 1933 Germany became a one-party state.

All other political parties were banned except his National Socialist German Workers' Party
(NAZI)

All elections were banned.

• Communism was totally banned.

Hitler dominated all parliamentary affairs.

Conscription was re-introduced in 1935 through the re-armament programme:

He started to re-arm Germany in 1934.

He enlarged the army.

Built the navy and air-force

Hitler organised mass rallies where he addressed millions of Germans.

(by

104

(b) Suctal policies

Jews were permacun and excluded

ftrum uivil service

Marriage Ierweon Geness and lows

Edimathon was closety contered and chil wary mamad with Nas propaga

School swore te wettes to suit Nazi Meas

Hider Burmed youth slovementy Hitler Youth Movement for boys and Longe of German Maideen
Fe girls

Cachoshe, television, пожарареек, таркrines, books, thea maic and art were controlled and
supervised by the Minister of Propagands, Joseph Goebbels

Religion was put under state contrel Signed the Concordat with the Catholic Pope

(c) Economic policies

Trade union were abolished and their leaders were arrested

Trade unions soere replaced by the German Labour Forum which controlled all workers.

Hitler controlled the country's economy to reduce unemployment and made Germany self-
sufficient through increasing exports and reducing imports.

Industrialists were told what to produce and farmers, what to grow.

Food prices and rents were controlled

Foreign exchange rates were manipulated to control inflation.

Hitler introduced public works: land drainage, road construction, shum clearing, to reduce
unemployment

Workers were given subsidised holidays, cheap thestre, paid bolidays and insurance.

Between 1933 and 1935, Hitler reduced unemployment greatly from about six million to about
two million and by 1939 had totally wiped out unemployment.
Hitler's foreign policy

(a) Aims

To restore Germany to a great power status

Destroying the Versailles Treaty's war-guilt clause, arms limitations and reparations.

Building a strong army.

Recovering lost territories like the Saar and Polish Corridor.

Amoms of Austria, Poland and Crochlovakia in bring alt Goomans into los ampre

Policies

1913, Hitler withdrew Ommany from the world Disarmament Confirmon

1933, withdrew from the Lange of Nati

1934, he signed de Nom-aggression Agreement with Poland:

1934, Haler announced катните

1935, he signed the Anglo-German Naval Agtemnost with Britain and so strengthened his army

1935, be re militarsed the Rhineland against the Versailles Treaty. Britain did not object.

1936, he supported General Franco in the Spanish Civil War, with the support of Mussolins of
Italy

1936, be signed the Rome-Berlin Axis (agremont) with Manolini of Italy.

1936, he signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and Italy joined it in 1937.

1937, he signed the Rome Berlin Tekyo Axis with Italy and Japan.

1938, he annexed Austria, against the Versailles Treaty

1938, he attended the Munich Conference

1938, he occupied the Sudetenland

1938, he attacked the rest of Czechoslovakia

1939, he signed the Pact of Steel with Italy

1939, he signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Russia and agreed to partition Poland together.

On 1 September 1939, he invaded Poland. Britain and France came in to support Poland and the
Second World War broke out.

Exercise...

1. (a) Identify any five reasons for the Fascists' rise to power. [5]

(b) Describe Mussolini's domestic policy. [12]

(c) To what extent did the policy affect Italy's economy" [8]

2. (a) List any five aims of Hitler's domestic policy.

[5]

(b) Describe the problems of the Weimar Republic. [12]

(e) To what extent did the weaknesses of the Weimar Republic contribute to the rise of Hitler to
power by 1933?

[8]

105

CHAPTER 20

Objectives

Boom, Depression and Recovery in the USA: 1918-1939

Influence of partnership collaboration betw business and the Federal Garvernment rod tases on the
rich to increase wealth

ahelyve the feature boot

Professional factory nunagement and fan production methods encouraged a growth in the USA
economy.

Banks made Ing profita by lending people miney to buy expemive dams on credit (hure purchas
system)

Res

TE

all

00 P

Be

21

Gic

M
tre

col

Th

Th

H Tr

He

put

and

watten sind evaluate the everyt thout with the degrestton

Boom is a raped ic growth, or a period when demand for goods is high, factories operate at fali
capocity, wages are high and unemployment is low

Racevery refers to a period when the economy goes back to mormal. New asdastries begin and the
economy begins to experience normal growth again

When Einvpe was at war, the USA was experiencing an economic boom in 1918,

The LISA supplied Europe with food, loans, and

The boom ended in 1929 and the USA experienced the Great Depression.

A depressionvalimp is a period of reduced business activity, high unemployment and poverty, or a

period when demand drops, production in factories goes down, output is reduced, wages fall and
unemployment rises.

During the depression there was loss of money. industrial collapse; a fall in the share prices,
wages fell, bank closures, unemployment increased as hankruptcy rose in firms, insurance benefits
and pensions vanished

This economic collapse also spread to Europe and the whole world.

The economic boom in the USA

Causes of the boom

Between 1914 and 1918, American industries expanded to supply European powers with war
needs such as food.

The USA benefited from huge loans and interests on money borrowed by the European powers
during the War.

The opening of the interior by the trans-continental railways improved the economy and enabled
cheap transportation of goods

Ship-building was improved which meant cheap transport charges

American scientific inventions, eg the automobile

The wriff system made foreign goods expensive encouraging Americans to buy local goods
resulting in a growth in the local economy.

Features of the boom

High economic outpot (high factory production).

Employment and high wages.

More telephones

Advanced transport.

More radios (music from every house).

Advanced construction, buildings, new industries and vast cities being built.

Adequate food.

Causes of the Great Depression in the USA

Wall Street Crash: In September 1929, speculation and gambling brought about the crash at Wall
Street in New York.

Individuals and companies made quick profits by selling shares for more than initially paid for

Over-reliance on credit hire purchase.

Overproduction of goods resulting in low prices on farm and industrial products. The fall in prices
reduced profits.

Big business over-produced and did not pay their workers enough to buy these products. So as
Europe recovered, the American corporations went into severe depression.

Huge profits made by the industrialists were not shared evenly among the workers.

106

Under compton due to low incomes

kencur tad not benefited fran the boom as bem prices were generally low so profits were low
Agriculture was the first to be hit by the depression

protectionists high tarniths

inflation also led to the Cirest Depressi

pitects/consequences of the depression

The stock market crend niimod millions of investors millions of people had bought shares on
credu wah berewed money

Thousands of banks closed down as millions of people rushed to withdraw their savings. Debt and
hankruptcy spread

Banks failed to pay back money and people failed to get money to repay loans
stars workers lost their jobs (unemployment) as Jusodes closed.

People failed to pay their mortgages.

Many became homeless leading to a rise in suicide

Drug abuse and prostitution increased

To reduce poverty and bring of the

Roosevelt's intervention measures

The Emergency Banking Act (ix) cuable banks to function agsm. Go provided funds to guarantee
people's deposits -control hauka

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) increase agricultural purchasing powered the problem of
overproduction

Government provided cheap di facilities to farmers and raised the prices of agricalhunt produce

Government established the Security Exchange Act of 1933 which regulated the Stock Exchang to
protect the public agama unscrupulous stock manipulators

In June 1933, Roosevelt passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) to crable him to
embark on a scheme of public works to cmate employment. This meant that the economy would
become ensured and also more balanced.

Demand for goods of all types fell

Prices collapsed and those who had bought shares were nuned

The Social Security Act introduced pension and unemployment benefits.

duction)

Prices of goods fell, business profits and shares sank

The Federal Relief Emergency Act (FERA) wal passed to assist the unemployed.

There was huge unemployment, starvation, begging, political and civil unrest in many countries of
the world.

industries

The USA and Britain devalued their currencies.

An Economic Act of 1934, cut Federal pensions and salaries so as to balance the budget, legalised
the sale of beer and provided jobs for the unemployed

The Farm Credit Administration Act of 1933 provided mortgages for farmers who were in danger
of losing ownership of their land.

The home ownership loan corporation gave mortgages to home owners

A culation all Street

ofits by

prices prices

ay their So as ns went

ere not

Industrial production fell in 1933.

Farmers lost property.

Living standards fell as shown by bread queues, near-starvation for many and charity soup
kitchens.

The depression was felt worldwide as the USA withdrew loans and demanded repayment of short-
term loans. Germany, Austria, Japan were hard hit by the effects of the depression in the USA.

Recovery measures: the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

In 1933, the Republicans of President Hoover, lost to the Democrats of FD Roosevelt. FD

Roosevelt introduced a recovery plan called 'The New Deal whose aims were

Relief.

Recovery.

Reform.

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) brought about conservation projects

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) of 1935 financed projects such as roads, schools and
hospitals. These provided jobs for the unemployed.

The Wagner Act, 1935 encouraged trade anienises and workers to bargain with management

The Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for artists.

Roosevelt passed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA) which planned to provide flood
control of the Tennessee River, the reforestation and proper use of marginal lands in the
Tennessee Valley

There were plans to build dams so generate cheap electricity and organising conservation,
imigation and afforestation to stop soil erosion.

107