Networking and Data Communication Notes
Full Forms
HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
DNS: Domain Name System
Telnet: Telecommunication Network
POP3: Post Office Protocol version 3
IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
LAN: Local Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network
WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
NIC: Network Interface Card
IP: Internet Protocol
IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6
MAC: Media Access Control
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol
Short Answer Questions
What is Port address?
Answer: A port address uniquely identifies a process in a network.
What is the size of IPv4 & IPv6 Address?
Answer: IPv4 is 32-bit, and IPv6 is 128-bit in size.
List application Layer Protocol.
Answer: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet, POP3, IMAP, SNMP.
UDP is Connection Oriented Protocol. True or False?
Answer: False, UDP is a connectionless protocol.
What is the function of Presentation layer?
Answer: It translates, encrypts, and compresses data for applications.
What is Protocol?
Answer: A protocol is a set of rules for data communication.
Which devices operate at the physical layer?
Answer: Hubs, repeaters, cables, network interface cards (NICs).
What is Bandwidth?
Answer: Bandwidth is the maximum data transfer rate of a channel.
What is CSMA/CD?
Answer: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection.
Define Masking.
Answer: Masking is hiding certain bits using a subnet mask.
Define Jitter.
Answer: Variation in packet delay during data transmission.
Define Latency.
Answer: Time delay in transmitting data across a network.
Nyquist formula:
Answer: C = 2B log2 N
Shannon?s formula:
Answer: C = B log2 (1 + S/N)
Define routing.
Answer: Routing determines the best path for data transmission.
Define De Facto Standard.
Answer: Standards developed through common usage and market acceptance.
Define De Jure Standard.
Answer: Official standards set by regulatory organizations.
Apply bit stuffing on 01101111111111110010.
Answer: 011011111011111011110010
List components of data communication.
Answer: Sender, receiver, message, medium, protocol, encoder, decoder.
What is data communication?
Answer: Exchange of data between devices over a network.
Define Protocols.
Answer: Rules governing communication between devices in a network.
List any two channelization protocols.
Answer: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).
State any two applications of wireless LAN.
Answer: Internet access, real-time video streaming, file sharing.
Define congestion.
Answer: Network overload due to excessive data traffic.
What is a Port Number?
Answer: A unique identifier for network applications on a device.
What is internetworking?
Answer: Connecting multiple networks to function as a single network.
What is throughput?
Answer: Actual data successfully transmitted over a network.
List the control access protocols.
Answer: Polling, Token Passing, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA.
Define packetizing.
Answer: Dividing data into packets for efficient transmission.
Write IPv6 address space.
Answer: IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space.
List UDP services.
Answer: DNS, DHCP, TFTP, VoIP, SNMP, RTP.
Write the list of states for TCP.
Answer: LISTEN, SYN-SENT, SYN-RECEIVED, ESTABLISHED, FIN-WAIT, TIME-WAIT, etc.
What is full duplex communication?
Answer: Simultaneous bidirectional data transmission between devices.
Write the registered ports.
Answer: Registered ports range from 1024 to 49151.
