These questions cover a wide range of topics in Python, from basic concepts to more advanced topics.
Here are brief answers and explanations to some of them:
1. **What is Python? What are the benefits of using Python?**
- Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability, simplicity, and
versatility. Benefits include easy syntax, a large standard library, and a supportive community.
2. **What is an Interpreted language?**
- An interpreted language is a type of programming language where most of its implementations
execute instructions directly, without the need to compile the program into machine-language instructions
beforehand.
3. **What is Indentation in Python?**
- Indentation in Python refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line. It is used to define the level
of nesting, such as in loops, functions, and conditionals.
4. **What is mutable and immutable in Python?**
- Mutable objects can be changed after creation (e.g., lists, dictionaries), while immutable objects
cannot be changed (e.g., tuples, strings).
5. **What is Scope in Python?**
- Scope refers to the region of the code where a variable is accessible. Python uses the LEGB rule to
determine the scope: Local, Enclosing, Global, and Built-in.
6. **What are lists and tuples? What is the key difference between the two?**
- Both are sequence data types in Python. The key difference is that lists are mutable, while tuples are
immutable.
7. **What are the common built-in data types in Python?**
- Common built-in data types include integers, floats, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, sets, and
booleans.
8. **What is ‘pass‘ in Python?**
- ‘pass‘ is a null operation; it does nothing when executed. It is used as a placeholder in code.
9. **What are modules and packages in Python?**
- A module is a single Python file that can be imported and used. A package is a collection of modules
in directories that give a structure to the module namespace.
10. **How do you assign multiple variables in one line in Python?**
- You can assign multiple variables in one line by separating the variable names with commas, for
example: ‘a, b, c = 1, 2, 3‘.
11. **What is the use of ‘self‘ in Python?**
- ‘self‘ is used in instance methods to refer to the instance calling the method. It allows access to the
attributes and methods of the class in Python.
12. **What is ‘__init__‘?**
- ‘__init__‘ is a special method in Python classes that is called when an object is created. It initializes
the object’s state.
13. **What is ‘break‘, ‘continue‘, and ‘pass‘ in Python?**
- ‘break‘ exits the nearest enclosing loop. ‘continue‘ skips the rest of the loop’s code and starts the next
iteration. ‘pass‘ is a no-operation statement.
14. **What does the following code do: ‘a = b = c = 5‘?**
- This code assigns the value ‘5‘ to variables ‘a‘, ‘b‘, and ‘c‘ simultaneously.
15. **What is docstring in Python?**
- A docstring is a string literal that appears as the first statement in a module, function, class, or method
definition, used to document the object.
16. **What is slicing in Python?**
- Slicing allows you to access a part of a sequence (like a list, tuple, or string) by specifying a range of
indices.
17. **Which symbol is used for single-line comments in Python?**
- The ‘#‘ symbol is used for single-line comments.
18. **How are multi-line comments written in Python?**
- Multi-line comments can be written using triple quotes ‘""" comment """‘ or ‘’’’ comment ’’’‘.
19. **How is memory managed in Python?**
- Memory in Python is managed by the Python memory manager, with the help of an inbuilt garbage
collector.
20. **What will be the result of ‘int(’10’)‘?**
- The result will be the integer ‘10‘.
21. **Which operator is used for exponentiation in Python?**
- The ‘**‘ operator is used for exponentiation.
22. **What is the output of ‘5 // 2‘?**
- The output is ‘2‘, which is the result of floor division.
23. **What are Dict and List comprehensions?**
- Comprehensions are a concise way to create dictionaries or lists. List comprehension: ‘[x for x in
range(5)]‘. Dict comprehension: ‘{x: x**2 for x in range(5)}‘.
24. **What is lambda in Python? Why is it used?**
- A lambda function is a small anonymous function defined with the ‘lambda‘ keyword. It is used for
creating small, single-use functions without defining a full function.
25. **What is the range in Python?**
- The ‘range()‘ function generates a sequence of numbers, which is often used in loops.
26. **What are keyword arguments in Python?**
- Keyword arguments are arguments passed to a function by explicitly specifying the name of the
parameter.
27. **What are generators in Python?**
- Generators are iterators that produce items on-the-fly and yield one value at a time using the ‘yield‘
keyword.
28. **What are variable arguments in Python?**
- Variable arguments allow a function to accept an arbitrary number of arguments using ‘*args‘ for
positional arguments and ‘**kwargs‘ for keyword arguments.
29. **What is the use of ‘dir()‘ function?**
- The ‘dir()‘ function returns a list of attributes and methods of an object.
30. **What is the difference between ‘.py‘ and ‘.pyc‘ files?**
- ‘.py‘ files are Python source files, while ‘.pyc‘ files are compiled Python files that Python creates to
optimize performance.
31. **How is Python interpreted?**
- Python code is executed line by line by the Python interpreter. The interpreter reads the code,
compiles it into bytecode, and then executes it.
32. **How are arguments passed by value or by reference in Python?**
- In Python, arguments are passed by reference, but the reference is passed by value. Mutable objects
can be changed inside a function, while immutable objects cannot.
33. **What are iterators in Python?**
- Iterators are objects that can be iterated over, generating one item at a time from a sequence.
34. **Explain how to make a module in Python?**
- A module is a Python file containing definitions and statements. To create a module, write Python
code in a ‘.py‘ file and import it using the ‘import‘ statement in other files.
35. **Explain ‘split()‘ and ‘join()‘ functions in Python?**
- ‘split()‘ divides a string into a list of substrings based on a delimiter. ‘join()‘ combines elements of a list
into a single string with a specified separator.
36. **What are logical operators in Python?**
- Logical operators include ‘and‘, ‘or‘, and ‘not‘, used to combine or negate Boolean expressions.
37. **What are negative indexes and why are they used?**
- Negative indexes in Python allow you to access elements from the end of a sequence, where ‘-1‘
represents the last element.
38. **How do you create a class in Python?**
- You can create a class using the ‘class‘ keyword followed by the class name and a colon. The body of
the class contains attributes and methods.
39. **How does inheritance work in Python? Explain it with an example.**
- Inheritance allows one class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (parent
class). Example:
‘‘‘python
class Parent:
def __init__(self):
self.value = "Parent"
def show(self):
print(self.value)
class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.value = "Child"
c = Child()
c.show() # Output: Child
‘‘‘
40. **How do you access parent members in the child class?**
- Parent members can be accessed using the ‘super()‘ function or by referring to the parent class name
directly.
41. **What is the result of ‘5 % 2‘?**
- The result is ‘1‘, which is the remainder of the division.
42. **Is it possible to call a parent class without its instance creation?**
- Yes, using ‘super()‘ in a subclass allows you to call a parent class method without creating an
instance of the parent class.
43. **Which keyword is used to start a conditional statement in Python?**
- The ‘if‘ keyword is used to start a conditional statement.
44. **What does the ‘continue‘ statement do in a loop?**
- The ‘continue‘ statement skips the current iteration of the loop and moves to the next iteration.
45. **Why is ‘finalize‘ used?**
- ‘finalize‘ is not a standard Python keyword. It might refer to cleaning up resources or executing code
when an object is about to be destroyed (usually achieved with destructors or the ‘__del__‘ method in
Python).
46. **What is ‘__init__‘ method in Python?**
- ‘__init__‘ is the constructor method in Python classes. It is automatically called when an instance of a
class is created.
47. **Which of the following statements will convert a string ‘’123’‘ to
an integer?**
- ‘int(’123’)‘ will convert the string ‘’123’‘ to the integer ‘123‘.
48. **What do you know about Pandas?**
- Pandas is a Python library used for data manipulation and analysis, offering data structures like
Series and DataFrame to handle and analyze structured data.
49. **What does the ‘pass‘ statement do in Python?**
- The ‘pass‘ statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes.
50. **How do you declare a dictionary in Python?**
- A dictionary can be declared using curly braces ‘{}‘ with key-value pairs, for example: ‘my_dict =
{"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}‘.
51. **Which method can be used to add an element to a list?**
- The ‘append()‘ method adds an element to the end of a list.
52. **How will you identify and deal with missing values in a DataFrame?**
- You can identify missing values using methods like ‘isnull()‘ or ‘notnull()‘. To deal with them, you can
either fill them using ‘fillna()‘ or drop them using ‘dropna()‘.
53. **What is the result of ‘3 ** 2‘?**
- The result is ‘9‘, as ‘**‘ is the exponentiation operator.
54. **How can you check the type of a variable in Python?**
- You can check the type of a variable using the ‘type()‘ function.
55. **What is the purpose of the ‘range()‘ function in a for loop?**
- The ‘range()‘ function generates a sequence of numbers, often used to iterate over with a ‘for‘ loop.
56. **Which symbol is used for floor division in Python?**
- The ‘//‘ symbol is used for floor division.
57. **How would you convert a float ‘3.14‘ to an integer?**
- Use the ‘int()‘ function: ‘int(3.14)‘ will return ‘3‘.
58. **Which operator is used for string concatenation?**
- The ‘+‘ operator is used for string concatenation.
59. **What do you understand by NumPy?**
- NumPy is a Python library used for numerical computing, offering support for large, multi-dimensional
arrays and matrices, along with a collection of mathematical functions.
60. **How are NumPy arrays advantageous over Python lists?**
- NumPy arrays are more memory-efficient, faster, and support more mathematical operations than
Python lists.
61. **What is the output of ‘"hello" * 3‘?**
- The output is ‘"hellohellohello"‘.
62. **How do you define a function in Python?**
- A function is defined using the ‘def‘ keyword, followed by the function name and parentheses.
Example:
‘‘‘python
def my_function():
print("Hello, World!")
‘‘‘
63. **What does the ‘len()‘ function do?**
- The ‘len()‘ function returns the length (number of items) of an object such as a string, list, tuple, etc.
64. **Which function is used to read input from the user in Python?**
- The ‘input()‘ function is used to read input from the user.
65. **What is the result of the following expression: ‘2 + 3 * 4‘?**
- The result is ‘14‘ because multiplication has higher precedence than addition.
66. **How do you include a comment in Python code?**
- You include a comment by using the ‘#‘ symbol at the beginning of the comment.
67. **How do you define a tuple in Python?**
- A tuple is defined using parentheses ‘()‘ with elements separated by commas, for example: ‘my_tuple
= (1, 2, 3)‘.
68. **What does the ‘break‘ statement do in a loop?**
- The ‘break‘ statement exits the nearest enclosing loop.
69. **Differentiate between a package and a module in Python.**
- A module is a single file of Python code, whereas a package is a directory containing multiple
modules, along with a special ‘__init__.py‘ file.
70. **What are some of the most commonly used built-in modules in Python?**
- Common built-in modules include ‘os‘, ‘sys‘, ‘math‘, ‘datetime‘, and ‘re‘.
71. **What are lambda functions?**
- Lambda functions are small, anonymous functions defined using the ‘lambda‘ keyword, used for
creating quick, throwaway functions.
72. **How can you generate random numbers?**
- You can generate random numbers using the ‘random‘ module in Python.
73. **Can you easily check if all characters in the given string are alphanumeric?**
- Yes, using the ‘isalnum()‘ method of a string.
74. **Which method would you use to remove a specific item from a list?**
- The ‘remove()‘ method can be used to remove a specific item from a list.
75. **How can you merge two dictionaries in Python?**
- You can merge two dictionaries using the ‘update()‘ method or the ‘{**dict1, **dict2}‘ syntax.
76. **What is the output of ‘"hello".upper()‘?**
- The output is ‘"HELLO"‘.
77. **Define PIP.**
- PIP stands for "Pip Installs Packages" and is the package manager for Python, used to install and
manage Python packages.
78. **Which data type is mutable in Python?**
- Lists, dictionaries, and sets are mutable data types in Python.
79. **How do you access the last element of a list in Python?**
- You can access the last element of a list using the index ‘-1‘, for example: ‘my_list[-1]‘.
80. **How can you update an element at index 2 in a list named ‘my_list‘?**
- You can update the element using assignment: ‘my_list[2] = new_value‘.
81. **Write a Python function that takes a variable number of arguments.**
- Example:
‘‘‘python
def my_function(*args):
for arg in args:
print(arg)
‘‘‘
82. **Write a program that takes a sequence of numbers and checks if all numbers are unique.**
- Example:
‘‘‘python
def all_unique(numbers):
return len(numbers) == len(set(numbers))
‘‘‘
83. **How do you delete an item from a list by index?**
- You can delete an item by index using the ‘del‘ statement: ‘del my_list[index]‘.
84. **Write a program to check and return the pairs of a given array ‘A‘ whose sum value is equal to a
target value ‘N‘.**
- Example:
‘‘‘python
def find_pairs(A, N):
pairs = []
for i in range(len(A)):
for j in range(i+1, len(A)):
if A[i] + A[j] == N:
pairs.append((A[i], A[j]))
return pairs
‘‘‘
85. **How do you access a value in a dictionary using a key?**
- You access a value using the key: ‘my_dict[key]‘.
86. **What will be the result of slicing the list ‘[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]‘ with ‘list[1:4]‘?**
- The result will be ‘[20, 30, 40]‘.
87. **Write a Program to match a string that has the letter ‘a’ followed by 4 to 8 ’b’s.**
- Example using regular expressions:
‘‘‘python
import re
def match_string(s):
pattern = r’a(b{4,8})’
return re.match(pattern, s)
‘‘‘
88. **Which method would you use to get the number of elements in a tuple?**
- The ‘len()‘ function is used to get the number of elements in a tuple.
89. **Write a Program to combine two different dictionaries. While combining, if you find the same keys,
you can add the values of these same keys. Output the new dictionary.**
- Example:
‘‘‘python
def combine_dicts(dict1, dict2):
combined = dict1.copy()
for key, value in dict2.items():
if key in combined:
combined[key] += value
else:
combined[key] = value
return combined
‘‘‘
90. **How do you concatenate two lists ‘list1‘ and ‘list2‘?**
- You can concatenate two lists using the ‘+‘ operator: ‘list1 + list2‘.
91. **What will ‘len([1, 2, 3])‘ return?**
- It will return ‘3‘.
92. **How do you convert a tuple to a list?**
- You can convert a tuple to a list using the ‘list()‘ function: ‘list(my_tuple)‘.
93. **What does the ‘pop()‘ method do in a list?**
- The ‘pop()‘ method removes and returns the last item of a list or an item at a specified index.
94. **What will be the result of ‘list[::2]‘ if ‘list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]‘?**
- The result will be ‘[10, 30, 50]‘.
95. **How do you remove all elements from a list?**
- You can remove all elements using the ‘clear()‘ method: ‘my_list.clear
()‘.
96. **What will ‘list[::-1]‘ return if ‘list = [1, 2, 3]‘?**
- It will return the reversed list ‘[3, 2, 1]‘.
97. **What is the result of ‘list[1:4]‘ if ‘list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]‘?**
- The result will be ‘[2, 3, 4]‘.
98. **How do you slice a tuple from index 1 to index 3?**
- You slice a tuple using the slicing syntax: ‘my_tuple[1:4]‘.
99. **How do you find the maximum value in a list?**
- You can find the maximum value using the ‘max()‘ function: ‘max(my_list)‘.
100.
‘‘‘python
my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
max_value = max(my_list)
print(max_value)
‘‘‘
In this example, ‘max_value‘ will be ‘50‘, as it is the highest number in the list.
