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1.Basic Operations in Python: Add,
Subtract, Multiply, and Divide Two

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Numbers

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Introduction

In Python, we can perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division using simple arithmetic operators. This tutorial will guide you step by

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step on how to take two numbers as input and perform these operations.
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Step-by-Step Theory
Step 1: Understanding Arithmetic Operators
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Python provides arithmetic operators for performing calculations:

●​ + → Addition
●​ - → Subtraction
●​ * → Multiplication
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●​ / → Division

Step 2: Taking User Input

●​ In Python, we use the input() function to take user input.

●​ Since the input is taken as a string, we must convert it into a number using float() or
int().
●​ We use float() to handle decimal numbers.

Step 3: Performing Operations

 ●​ We apply arithmetic operations on the two numbers.
●​ Store results in variables for clarity.

Step 4: Displaying the Results

●​ Use the print() function to show the results to the user.

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num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))

addition = num1 + num2

subtraction = num1 - num2
multiplication = num1 * num2

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division = num1 / num2 # Handles decimal division

print("\nResults:")
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print(f"Addition: {num1} + {num2} = {addition}")
print(f"Subtraction: {num1} - {num2} = {subtraction}")
print(f"Multiplication: {num1} × {num2} = {multiplication}")
print(f"Division: {num1} ÷ {num2} = {division}")
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Explanation of the Code

1.​ Taking Input
○​ input("Enter the first number: ") asks the user to enter a number.
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○​ float() converts the input string into a number.

2.​ Performing Calculations
○​ We store the results of each operation in separate variables:
■​ addition = num1 + num2
■​ subtraction = num1 - num2
■​ multiplication = num1 * num2
■​ division = num1 / num2
3.​ Displaying Results
○​ print(f"Addition: {num1} + {num2} = {addition}") prints the
formatted result.
Example Output

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Input:

Enter the first number: 10

Enter the second number: 5

Output:

Results: ig
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Addition: 10.0 + 5.0 = 15.0
Subtraction: 10.0 - 5.0 = 5.0
Multiplication: 10.0 × 5.0 = 50.0
Division: 10.0 ÷ 5.0 = 2.0
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Key Takeaways

✅ input() is used to get user input.​

✅ float() converts input to a number.​
✅ Arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /) perform calculations.​
✅ print(f"...") helps display formatted output.
2.Even or Odd: Python Program to Check
if a Number is Even or Odd

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Introduction
In Python, we can determine if a number is even or odd using the modulus operator (%). This

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tutorial explains how to take a number as input and check whether it is even or odd.
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Step-by-Step Theory
Step 1: Understanding Even and Odd Numbers

●​ Even numbers are completely divisible by 2 (e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10).

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●​ Odd numbers are not completely divisible by 2 (e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9).

●​ In programming, we check if a number is divisible by 2 using the modulus (%) operator.

Step 2: Using the Modulus Operator (%)

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●​ number % 2 == 0 → The number is even.

●​ number % 2 != 0 → The number is odd.

Step 3: Taking User Input

●​ We use the input() function to get a number from the user.

●​ Convert the input to an integer using int().

Step 4: Applying Conditional Statement

●​ Use an if statement to check if the number is even or odd.

 ●​ Display the result using the print() function.

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num = int(input("Enter a number: ")

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if num % 2 == 0:

print(f"{num} is an Even number.")

else:

print(f"{num} is an Odd number.")

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Explanation of the Code
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1.​ Taking Input

○​ input("Enter a number: ") prompts the user to enter a number.
○​ int() converts the input into an integer.
2.​ Checking Even or Odd
○​ num % 2 == 0: If the remainder when divided by 2 is 0, it is even.
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○​ num % 2 != 0: If the remainder is not 0, it is odd.

3.​ Displaying the Result
○​ print(f"{num} is an Even number.") prints the result.
Example Outputs

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Key Takeaways
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✅ The modulus operator (%) helps check divisibility.​
✅ Even numbers have num % 2 == 0.​
✅ Odd numbers have num % 2 != 0.​
✅ if-else conditions help make decisions in Python.
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3.Leap Year: Python Program to Check if a

Year is a Leap Year
Introduction
A leap year is a year that has 366 days instead of 365 because February has 29 days. Leap
years occur every 4 years, but there are some exceptions.

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Step-by-Step Theory

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Step 1: Understanding Leap Year Rules

A year is a leap year if:

1.​ It is divisible by 4 → year % 4 == 0

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2.​ Except when it is also divisible by 100 → year % 100 == 0 (not a leap year)
3.​ Unless it is also divisible by 400 → year % 400 == 0 (leap year)
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Step 2: Taking User Input

●​ Use input() to get the year from the user.

●​ Convert it into an integer using int().
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Step 3: Applying Conditional Statements

●​ Check divisibility using if-elif-else.

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year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):

print(f"{year} is a Leap Year.")
else:
print(f"{year} is NOT a Leap Year.")

Explanation of the Code

1.​ Taking Input
 ○​ input("Enter a year: ") prompts the user to enter a year.
○​ int() converts the input to an integer.
2.​ Checking Leap Year Conditions
○​ year % 4 == 0: The year is divisible by 4.
○​ year % 100 != 0: The year should not be divisible by 100 unless...

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○​ year % 400 == 0: If divisible by 400, it is a leap year.

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3.​ Displaying the Result
○​ print(f"{year} is a Leap Year.") prints the result.

Example Outputs ig
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Key Takeaways
✅ A leap year must be divisible by 4.​
✅ It must not be divisible by 100, unless also divisible by 400.​
✅ The modulus operator (%) helps check divisibility.​
✅ if-elif-else statements help in decision-making.
4.Factorial: Python Program to Find the
Factorial of a Number

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Introduction
The factorial of a number (n!) is the product of all positive integers from 1 to n.

●​ Example:
○​ 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
○​ 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24 ig
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○​ 1! = 1
○​ 0! = 1 (By definition)
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Step-by-Step Theory
Step 1: Understanding Factorial Calculation

The factorial of a number n is calculated as:

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n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×...×1n! = n × (n-1) × (n-2) × ... × 1n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×...×1

For example:

●​ 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
●​ 6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 720

Step 2: Taking User Input

●​ Use input() to get a number from the user.

 ●​ Convert it into an integer using int().

Step 3: Using a Loop to Compute Factorial

●​ Initialize a variable factorial = 1.

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●​ Use a for loop to multiply numbers from 1 to n.

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num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

factorial = 1

if num < 0:
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print("Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.")
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elif num == 0 or num == 1:
print(f"The factorial of {num} is 1")
else:
for i in range(1, num + 1):
factorial *= i
print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial}")
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Explanation of the Code

1.​ Taking Input
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○​ input("Enter a number: ") prompts the user to enter a number.

○​ int() converts it into an integer.
2.​ Handling Special Cases
○​ If num < 0: Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.
○​ If num == 0 or num == 1: The factorial is 1 by definition.
3.​ Using a Loop to Calculate Factorial
○​ Start with factorial = 1.
○​ Use a for loop from 1 to num, multiplying each value.
Example Outputs

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Key Takeaways
✅ Factorial (n!) is the product of all numbers from 1 to n.​
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✅ 0! = 1 by definition.​
✅ Factorial is not defined for negative numbers.​
✅ Loop and recursion can be used to compute factorial.​
✅ Using a loop is more memory-efficient than recursion.
5.Palindrome: Python Program to Check if
a String is a Palindrome

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Introduction

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A palindrome is a word, phrase, number, or sequence of characters that reads the same
forward and backward.

Examples of Palindromes

✅ "madam" → Palindrome​
✅ "racecar" → Palindrome​
✅ "level" → Palindrome​
❌ "hello" → Not a palindrome​
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❌ "Python" → Not a palindrome
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Step-by-Step Theory
Step 1: Understanding String Reversal
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To check if a string is a palindrome:

1.​ Reverse the string.

2.​ Compare it with the original string.
3.​ If both are the same → It’s a palindrome.
4.​ If not → It’s not a palindrome.

Step 2: Taking User Input

●​ Use input() to get a string from the user.

Step 3: Ignoring Case Sensitivity

 ●​ Convert the string to lowercase using .lower().

Step 4: Reversing the String

●​ Use slicing: string[::-1] to reverse the string.

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Step 5: Comparing the Strings

●​ If original_string == reversed_string, it's a palindrome.

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text = input("Enter a string: ").lower() # Convert to lowercase

reversed_text = text[::-1]
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if text == reversed_text:

print(f'"{text}" is a Palindrome.')

else:
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print(f'"{text}" is NOT a Palindrome.')

Explanation of the Code

1.​ Taking Input
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○​ input("Enter a string: ") gets the string from the user.

○​ .lower() converts it to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison.
2.​ Reversing the String
○​ text[::-1] creates a reversed version of the string.
3.​ Comparing the Strings
○​ If original_string == reversed_string, it is a palindrome.
○​ Otherwise, it is not a palindrome.

Example Outputs
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Key Takeaways
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✅ A palindrome reads the same forward and backward.​
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✅ Use string[::-1] for quick string reversal.​
✅ Convert to lowercase to ignore case sensitivity.​
✅ A loop-based method can also be used for checking.
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