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Assessment

Chapter Test B
Teacher Notes and Answers
Subatomic Physics
CHAPTER TEST B (Advanced)
1. b 13. Reactor fuels must be processed or enriched
Solution to increase the proportion of uranium-235,
number of protons in Pb = number of protons which undergoes fission and releases energy,
in Pb-210 = 210  128 = 82 number of to a level that will sustain the reaction.
neutrons in Pb-206 = 206  82 = 124 14. The atomic number indicates the total
2. c number of protons in the nucleus, while the
3. c mass number indicates the total number of
4. d nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the
Solution nucleus. The neutron number is the
Mass number of X = 200  216 = 4 difference between these numbers.
Atomic number of X = 86  84 = 2 15. Leptons appear to be fundamental, meaning
From the periodic table, the nucleus that they do not break down to smaller
with an atomic number of 2 is He. particles. Hadrons are particles that are made
5. b from combinations of smaller particles called
6. c quarks.
Solution 16. 333.72 MeV
12.5 percent = 0.125 = 1/8 = (½)3 Given
The substance undergoes 3 half-lives. Z of39
19 K =19
7. b
N of39
19 K =39 −19 =20
8. a
9. c atomic mass 11of
H =1.007 825 u
10. gamma particles, beta particles, alpha m n =1.008 665 u
particles
atomic mass 39
of
19 K =38.963 708 u
11. 42 He
Solution c2 =931.49 MeV/u
Solution
Mass number of unknown
=
230 −226 =4
Δm =Z(atomic mass 11of
H) +
= €
Atomic number of unknown
Nm n −atomic mass
90 −88 =2
From the periodic table, the nucleus with an =(19)(1.007 825 u)+
€
atomic number of 2 is He. (20)(1.008 665 u)
−38.963 708 u
12. neutron =0.358 267 u
€
Ebind =(0.358 267 u)(931.49 MeV/u)
=
333.72 MeV

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Holt Physics 1 Chapter Tests
 Name:_______________________________Class:___________________Date:____________________
17. 7.9157 MeV/nucleon
Given ⎛1⎞
3
1
0.125 = =⎜ ⎟
8.00 ⎝ 2 ⎠
Z of197
79 Au =79
1
It takes 12.3 years for
the sample to
N of197
79 Au =197 −79 =118 2
atomic mass 11of
H =1.007 825 u decay. Therefore,
the sample decays to
3
m n =1.008 665 u 1 ⎛1⎞
=⎜ ⎟ of its original strength in
8 ⎝2⎠
atomic mass 197
of
79 Au =196.966 543 u
3(12.3 years)
=36.9 years
.
c2 =931.49 MeV/u
Solution

€
€ Δm =Z(atomic mass 11of
H+
Nm n −atomic mass
=(79)(1.007 825 u)
+
(118)(1.008 665 −196.966
u) 543 u
=1.674 102 u
Ebind =(1.674 102 u)(931.49 MeV/u)
=
1559.4 MeV
1559.4 MeV
Ebind/n = =
197 uncleons
7.9157 MeV/nucleon
18. 2.0 h
Given
initial activity
=800.0 counts/s
€
final activity
=200.0 counts/s
t =4.0 h
Solution
t = 4.0 h

€ amount of sample remaining =

200 counts/s
=0.2500
800.0 counts/s
0.2500 =(0.5)2 , so 2 half
-lives have passed.
1 1
T1/2 = t = (4.0 h)=2.0 h
2 2
19. 36.9 years
Given
T1/2 =12.3 years
€
percentage of hydrogen-3 remaining after
decay = 12.5
Solution
€

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Holt Physics 2 Chapter Tests
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20. 5.5  1014 Bq
Given
3
fraction of iodine
- 131 decayed=
4
t =16.14 days
N =number of iodine
- 131 nuclei
=
20
5.5× 10
Solution

3
If of the sample decays in a given
4
1
time, then of the sample remains.
4
2
1 ⎛1⎞
=⎜ ⎟
4 ⎝2⎠
2
1 ⎛1⎞
The sample decays to
=⎜ ⎟ of its
4 ⎝2⎠
original strength in 16.14=2T1/2 .
days
16.14 days
T1/2 = =8.070 days
2
0.693
T1/2 =
λ
0.693
λ= =
T1/2
0.693
(8.070 days)(24 h/day)(3600 s/h)
=9.94 × 10 −7 s−1
=λN =
activity
(9.94 × 10 −7 s−1 )(5.5 × 1020 decays)
=5.5 × 1014 decays/s
=5.5 × 1014 Bq

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Holt Physics 3 Chapter Tests
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Assessment

Subatomic Physics
Chapter Test B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.

______ 1. If there are 128 neutrons in Pb-210, how many neutrons are found in
the nucleus of Pb-206?
a. 122 c. 126
b. 124 d. 130
______ 2. What is the binding energy of a nucleus?
a. the energy needed to remove one of the nucleons
b. the average energy with which any nucleon is bound in the nucleus
c. the energy released when nucleons bind together to form a stable
nucleus
d. the mass of the nucleus times c2
______ 3. If the stable nuclei are plotted with neutron number versus proton
number, the curve formed by the stable nuclei does not follow the line
N  Z. Which of the following influences the binding energy so that
this "valley of stability" forms?
a. the volume of the nucleus
b. the size of the nuclear surface
c. the Coulomb repulsive force
d. the proton-neutron mass difference
220 216
______ 4. In the radioactive formula, 86 Rn → 84 Po+ X, what does X represent?
a. −10 e c. 
b. 10 e d. 42 He
€
______ 5. Samples of two different isotopes, X and Y, both contain the same
number of radioactive atoms. The half-life of Sample X is twice that of
Sample Y. How do their rates€of radiation compare?
a. Sample X has a greater rate than Sample Y.
b. Sample X has a smaller rate than Sample Y.
c. The rates of Sample X and Sample Y are equal.
d. This cannot be determined from the information given.

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Holt Physics 4 Chapter Tests
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Chapter Test B continued

______ 6. How many half-lives does it take for a radioactive substance to decay
to 12.5 percent of its original amount?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
______ 7. At around what mass number is the binding energy per nucleon
greatest?
a. 26 c. 111
b. 58 d. 235
______ 8. Which of the following did not occur once the universe had cooled to a
temperature of 3000 K?
a. Quarks combined to form hadrons.
b. Electrons and protons combined to form hydrogen atoms.
c. Matter and radiation no longer interacted strongly.
d. The removal of photon-scattering electrons made the universe
“transparent.”
______ 9. Which of the following is not one of the current questions regarding the
standard model?
a. Why do quarks carry fractional charge and electrons carry whole
charge?
b. What determines particle mass?
c. How many quarks make up a proton?
d. Can quarks exist in isolation?

SHORT ANSWER
10. List alpha, beta, and gamma radiations in order of decreasing speed.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
11. Complete the following nuclear reaction.
230 226
90Th→ 88 Ra + ______________________.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
€
___________________________________________________________________
12. In the nuclear chain reaction of uranium-235, what particle reacts with the
uranium nucleus to become a product of the reaction?
___________________________________________________________________

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Holt Physics 5 Chapter Tests
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Chapter Test B continued

13. In a fission reactor, what must be done to overcome the tendency of uranium-238
to absorb neutrons instead of undergoing fission?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
14. How is the neutron number for an isotope determined from the mass and
atomic numbers?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
15. How do leptons differ from hadrons?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

PROBLEM
16. Calculate the binding energy of the potassium-39 nucleus.
(c2  931.49 MeVu; atomic mass of atomic mass of
)

17. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of the gold-197 nucleus.
(c2  931.49 MeVu; atomic mass of atomic mass of
)

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Holt Physics 6 Chapter Tests
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Chapter Test B continued

18. A radioactive material initially is observed to have an activity of 800.0

counts/s. If 4.0 h later it is observed to have an activity of 200.0 counts/s, what
is its half-life?

19. Tritium (hydrogen-3) has a half-life of 12.3 years. How many years will have
elapsed when the radioactivity of a tritium sample has decreased to 12.5
percent of its original value?

20. Three-fourths of a sample of iodine-131 decays in 16.14 days. What is the

activity for a sample of iodine-131 that contains 5.5  1020 atoms?

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Holt Physics 7 Chapter Tests