Complete Python Functions Cheat Sheet
### Built-in Functions
1. print() - Displays output on the screen.
Example: print("Hello, World!") -> Hello, World!
2. input() - Takes user input as a string.
Example: name = input("Enter your name: ")
3. len() - Returns the length of an object.
Example: len("Python") -> 6
4. type() - Returns the type of a variable.
Example: type(5.0) -> <class 'float'>
5. id() - Returns the memory address of an object.
Example: id(10)
6. isinstance() - Checks if an object is an instance of a specific class.
Example: isinstance(5, int) -> True
7. range() - Generates a sequence of numbers.
Example: list(range(1, 5)) -> [1, 2, 3, 4]
8. abs() - Returns the absolute value of a number.
Example: abs(-10) -> 10
9. round() - Rounds a number to a specified decimal places.
Example: round(3.456, 2) -> 3.46
10. pow() - Returns x raised to the power y.
Example: pow(2, 3) -> 8
### String Functions
1. upper() - Converts a string to uppercase.
Example: "hello".upper() -> "HELLO"
2. lower() - Converts a string to lowercase.
Example: "HELLO".lower() -> "hello"
3. capitalize() - Capitalizes the first letter.
Example: "python".capitalize() -> "Python"
4. title() - Capitalizes the first letter of each word.
Example: "hello world".title() -> "Hello World"
5. strip() - Removes leading and trailing spaces.
Example: " hello ".strip() -> "hello"
6. replace() - Replaces part of a string.
Example: "hello".replace("h", "y") -> "yello"
7. split() - Splits a string into a list.
Example: "a,b,c".split(",") -> ['a', 'b', 'c']
8. join() - Joins a list into a string.
Example: "-".join(["a", "b", "c"]) -> "a-b-c"
### List Functions
1. append() - Adds an item to the end.
Example: lst = [1, 2]; lst.append(3)
2. extend() - Extends a list with another iterable.
Example: [1, 2].extend([3, 4]) -> [1, 2, 3, 4]
3. insert() - Inserts an item at a given index.
Example: lst = [1, 3]; lst.insert(1, 2)
4. remove() - Removes the first occurrence of a value.
Example: [1, 2, 3].remove(2)
5. pop() - Removes and returns an item.
Example: [1, 2, 3].pop(1) -> 2
### Tuple Functions
1. count() - Returns the number of occurrences of a value.
Example: (1, 2, 2, 3).count(2) -> 2
2. index() - Returns the index of the first occurrence of a value.
Example: (1, 2, 3).index(2) -> 1
### Dictionary Functions
1. keys() - Returns a view of all keys.
Example: {"a": 1, "b": 2}.keys() -> dict_keys(['a', 'b'])
2. values() - Returns a view of all values.
Example: {"a": 1, "b": 2}.values() -> dict_values([1, 2])
3. items() - Returns key-value pairs as tuples.
Example: {"a": 1, "b": 2}.items() -> dict_items([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
4. get() - Retrieves a value by key (returns None if key is not found).
Example: {"a": 1}.get("a") -> 1
### File Handling Functions
1. open() - Opens a file.
Example: file = open("test.txt", "r")
2. read() - Reads the contents of a file.
Example: file.read()
3. write() - Writes to a file.
Example: file.write("Hello")
4. close() - Closes the file.
Example: file.close()
### Math Functions
1. sqrt() - Returns the square root.
Example: import math; math.sqrt(16) -> 4.0
2. ceil() - Rounds a number up.
Example: math.ceil(3.2) -> 4
3. floor() - Rounds a number down.
Example: math.floor(3.7) -> 3
4. factorial() - Returns the factorial.
Example: math.factorial(5) -> 120
### Random Functions
1. random() - Returns a random float between 0 and 1.
Example: import random; random.random()
2. randint() - Returns a random integer within a range.
Example: random.randint(1, 10)
3. choice() - Returns a random element from a sequence.
Example: random.choice(["a", "b", "c"])
### OS Module Functions
1. getcwd() - Returns the current working directory.
Example: import os; os.getcwd()
2. chdir() - Changes the current directory.
Example: os.chdir("/path/to/dir")
3. listdir() - Lists all files in a directory.
Example: os.listdir(".")
4. mkdir() - Creates a new directory.
Example: os.mkdir("new_folder")
5. remove() - Deletes a file.
Example: os.remove("file.txt")
