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Computer_Networking_Web_and_HTTP

The document provides a comprehensive overview of computer networking, detailing its history from ARPANET in the 1960s to the modern internet. It discusses network application architectures, including client-server and peer-to-peer models, as well as transport layer services and security measures. Additionally, it explains the World Wide Web, key components, and the differences between HTTP and HTTPS, emphasizing the importance of understanding these principles for developing secure applications.

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bonthavenkat1990
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10 views

Computer_Networking_Web_and_HTTP

The document provides a comprehensive overview of computer networking, detailing its history from ARPANET in the 1960s to the modern internet. It discusses network application architectures, including client-server and peer-to-peer models, as well as transport layer services and security measures. Additionally, it explains the World Wide Web, key components, and the differences between HTTP and HTTPS, emphasizing the importance of understanding these principles for developing secure applications.

Uploaded by

bonthavenkat1990
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comprehensive Guide to Computer Networking, Network Applications,

and the Web

1. History of Computer Networking and the Internet


Computer networking has evolved significantly from basic communication systems to the
modern internet that connects billions of devices worldwide. Below is a timeline of key
developments:

1.1 Key Milestones


- **1960s:** ARPANET, the precursor to the internet, was developed by the U.S. Department
of Defense.

- **1970s:** TCP/IP protocol was introduced, standardizing communication across


networks.

- **1980s:** The Domain Name System (DNS) was introduced, making web addresses easier
to use.

- **1990s:** The World Wide Web (WWW) was created, leading to the rapid growth of the
internet.

- **2000s-Present:** The internet became widely available, enabling cloud computing, IoT,
and AI-driven applications.

2. Principles of Network Applications

2.1 Network Application Architecture


Network applications follow structured architectures to enable efficient data exchange.

a) Client-Server Model
In this model, a centralized server hosts resources, and multiple clients request services
from it.

Examples:
- Web Browsing (HTTP/HTTPS)
- Email Communication (SMTP, IMAP, POP3)

b) Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model


In P2P, devices communicate directly without a centralized server.

Examples:
- BitTorrent for file sharing
- Early versions of Skype
2.2 Transport Layer Services
- **TCP:** Reliable, connection-oriented protocol used for web browsing and email.

- **UDP:** Faster, connectionless protocol used for video streaming and gaming.

2.3 Security in Network Applications


Security measures protect users from cyber threats.

- **Encryption (SSL/TLS):** Used in HTTPS to secure communication.

- **Authentication:** Ensures only authorized users access resources.

3. The Web and HTTP

3.1 What is the Web?


The **World Wide Web (WWW)** is a system of interlinked web pages and applications
accessed via web browsers.

3.2 Key Components of the Web


- **Web Pages:** Built using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

- **Web Servers:** Store and deliver web content.

- **Web Browsers:** Retrieve and display web pages.

- **URLs:** Unique addresses that identify web pages.

3.3 What is HTTP?


HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) governs data transmission between web browsers and
servers.

3.4 HTTP Request and Response Example


Example **GET request**:

```
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Accept: text/html
```

Example **HTTP response**:

```
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 2048
<html>
<head><title>Example Page</title></head>
<body><h1>Welcome to Example.com</h1></body>
</html>
```

3.5 HTTP vs HTTPS


- **HTTP:** Sends data in plain text, making it vulnerable to attacks.

- **HTTPS:** Uses SSL/TLS encryption for secure communication.

Conclusion
Computer networking, network applications, and the web are fundamental to modern
communication. Understanding their principles helps in developing secure and efficient
applications.

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